Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
CA 02412583 2003-02-07
DescriJ~tion.
This Turbine is founded on the principle invented two thousand years ago by
Heron, the ancient Greek. This Turbine is also known as the Se~ner Wheel. The
eftlciency of the Segnner Wheel is considered bad; in that it cannot exceed
66%. For
this reason, it is not used for the generation of electricity; it is only used
in watering
lawns. The abandonment of its development was caused by ignorance of the fact
that
the theoretical efficiency of a water Turbine can only be 100% if the
direction of
water in it is bent by 180 degrees in comparison with the surface of the
Earth. The
water must also exit the canals of the wheel with zero absolute speed measured
according to the surface of the earth.
The alternator of this Turbine is fixed on its hollow shaft. The rotary
tangential
speed of the wheel must be braked by the alternator, to match the speed of the
water
entering the canals. The speed is measured by comparison to those canals, but
in the
opposite direction. The canals are bent to the left so that the water going
through
_. _ ____ .. .. __.. ___. _......_..._. ._ _ . . __.........__.__.~ _ . __ _
___..__. . _.-... ___.._.____ _.._ .
CA 02412583 2003-02-07
them bends its direction 180 degrees, measured according to the surface of the
earth.
If the canals are bent further to the left, the direction of the water in them
will also
bend further to the left, The water must still exit the canals in a counter-
direction of
the wheel's rotation, with a zero absolute speed measured according to the
surface of
the earth.
The tangential speed to the right of the wheel, measured according to the
surface of the earth, must be the same as the speed of the water entering the
canals to
the left, as measured according to the canals, because only then will the
water exit the
canals with zero absolute speed, measured according to the surface of the
earth. The
wheel spins to the right, while the water in the canals turns to the left.
Spiral Water Turbine - Drawings.
F_ ig.l.
Horizontal section of the wheel, made through line B-B (shown on Fig.2.)
Fi~.2.
Vc;rtical section of the Turbine, made by line A-A (shown on Fig.l .)
Fig.3.
Horizontal section of the wheel on a degree-bend variation. The vertical
section of
this 'turbine is not shown here.
Fi .4.
Horizontal section of the wheel on another degree-bend variation. The vertical
section of this Turbine is not shown here.
F_ i~_.5.
Horizontal section of the wheel on yet another degree-bend variation, made
through
the line A-A (shown on Fig.6.)
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Fi~.6.
Vertical section of the Turbine shown on Fig.S., made by the line B-B (show on
Fig.S.)
Fi~.7.
Frontal view of the vertical section of the regulator ( l 4) which is in the
wheel (4), of
the 'Turbine, with its shaft ( 11 ) under its bottom { I 0) and under the
bottom of the
Turbine.
Fi~.8.
Frontal view of the regulator ( 14) of the Turbine, with its shaft under its
bottom ( 10)
and under the bottom of the turbine, and the opening (13).
F_ i~19.
T'c~p view of the regulator ( 14) of the Turbine, with its wall ( 12), and its
shaft ( 11 ),
and also the bottom (10) of the regulator ( 14). rfhe top of this regulator is
circular.
NumberinE.
1 shows the hollow shaft of the wheel of the turbine.
2 shows the canals.
4 shows the wheel of the turbine.
shows the regulator for duantity of injected water into the canals (2).
6 shows the arrows denoting the direction of water exiting the canals (2).
7 shows parallel lines to the direction N-S.
8 shows the screws.
9 shows the dotted circular line.
shows the bottom of the regulator ( 14).
11 shows the shaft of the regulator ( 14).
12 shows the wall of the regulator ( 14).
13 shows the openings in the wall ( 12) of the regulator (14).
14 shows the regulator in the wheel (4) of the Turbine.
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C shows the center of the wheel (4).
E shows the points where the canals (2) exit the wheel.
N shows the North.
S shows the South.
G shows the spots where the water exits the canals (2) when the wheel (4)
spins.
In the explanations, I use the terms:
Absolute speed of the water.
Absolute tangential speed of the wheel (4).
Absolute direction of the water.
A I 1 of these speeds are measured according to the surface of the earth.
Operation of the Spiral Water Turbine.
In books which explain the operation of water turbines it is written: "In
order
that the theoretical efficiency of a water turbine be I 00%, the water in the
canals (2)
of the wheel (4) of the turbine must turn from its initial absolute direction
N-S, in
which the water exits the hollow shaft ( 1 ) by 1 ~0 degrees. This means that
the
absolute direction of the water must not be measured in comparison to the
wheel (4),
but must be measured in comparison to the surface of the earth.
Fie.l. and Fig, 2.
Shows the horizontal section of the wheel (4) of this Turbine, and the ~er-
tical section of this turbin8.
Composition.
This water Turbine is composed of the wheel (4), of the hollow shaft ( 1 ), of
the
two canals (2), of the two regulators (5), of the quantity of injected water
into the two
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canals (2) of the Turbine, and of the two screws (8). The length of the canals
(2) can
be' measured on the drawings.
The diameter of the wheel (4) is 1 ~ cm. The length of each canal (2) is 12
cm,
and they are bent to the left in the wheel (4) by 136 degrees. The cross-
section of the
canals (2) can be square or rectangular. The canals (2) themselves must be
round, not
angular.
Function:
Let us suppose that the wheel (4) of this water turbine does not spin for this
example. For further simplification of the explanation ofthe operation of the
water
'turbine, instead of water, we may insert a lead ball into each canal (2) of
the wheel
(4) from the hollow shaft ( 1 ), with the speed of l 2 cm per second. Because
the length
of each canal is also 12 cm, each ball traverses its respective canal (2) to
the left in
one second, and exits from the point E in the direction of the arrow 1~. The
angle
between the line E-C and arrow 1? is 117 degrees. The angle between arrow
l~,and
line (7) (going from point E; parallel to the direction N-S) is 199 degrees.
This 199
degree angle is the absolute curve of each ball in each canal (2) of the wheel
(4), from
their initial direction N-S, to the direction of the arrow ~°~, going
through the point E.
Do not forget that in this case, the wheel (4) does not spin.
Refer to FiQ.I.
In this case, the wheel (4) spins to the right with an absolute tangential
speed of
12 cm per second. The length of each canal (2) is also 1 ? cm.
Instead of water, we insert a lead ball into each canal (2) of the wheel (4)
from
the hollow shaft ( 1 ), with the speed of 12 em per second measured according
to the
canals (2). Each ball traverses its respective canal (2) to the left in 1
second, and
exits. However, during the same time, point H turns to the right, also with an
absolute
speed of 12 cm per second. To calculate the position of point H after one
second of
__........ . .,...-~--.~~.~~.,..~.,..~.-,..~.....~..~.. .... .
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rotation of the wheel (4), we must measure (on the circumference of wheel
(4)), from
point H 12 cm to the right. This new spot will be designated point G. Due to
the spin
of the wheel (4), the initial position of point G is where the ball will exit
point E from
its canal (2) in the direction of arrow 1?. It can be pictured as exiting
point E in the
same way as sparks from a grinding wheel; since point G turns with the wheel
(4).
Therefore, after one second of traversing the canals (2) to the left, and with
coincidental movement of points H to the right, each ball exits its canal at
point E
(now coinciding with the initial position of point G) in a straight line,
(like sparks
from a grinding wheel,) shown by the arrows (6); and then falling to the
ground by
gravity.
The angle formed by the arrows (6) and the line (7) (which is parallel to the
direction N-S), going from the point G, is 108 degrees. This angle shows the
absolute
directional curve of the balls in the canals (z) of the wheel (4), from their
initial
direction N-S (in which the balls entered the canals (?)), to the direction of
the arrow
(6) exiting the points G. This angle is 108 degrees, where 180 degrees is
needed, so
that the theoretical efficiency is 100%. Do not forget that for this case, the
wheel (4)
has been spinning.
Refer to Fi~.l.
Note that at points E, absolute curve of the lead balls in the canals (2) of
the
wheel (4), from their initial direction N-S to the direction of the arrows 1?,
(and
going through points E), is 199 degrees. 'This, however, is for the case where
the
wheel (4) did not spin. The wheel (4) actually will spin. When it spins to the
right, its
rotation will diminish the absolute curve of the lead balls (traveling left)
in the canals
(2) of the wheel (4). We will need to know, therefore, the absolute curve of
the balls
in the canals (2) exiting the points G when the wheel (4) spins, NOT exiting
point E
when the wheel does not spin. Do not forget that when the wheel (4) spins, the
points
G also turn with it.
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We must find the direction of the arrows (6) exiting the points G. The angle
between the arrow 1? (going through the point E), and the line E-C is 117
degrees.
This angle stays the same regardless of the wheel (4) turning or not.
Therefore, the
angle between the arrow (6) (gaing from the point G ), and the line G-C is
also 117
degrees.
It must be emphasized that if the rotary speed of the wheel (4) on the turbine
is
not braked by an alternator, it will increase speed so that the turbine will
have no
force. When the correct speed of the wheel (4) is set by the braking action of
the
alternator, the turbine will have its full strength. 'This alternator is fixed
on the hollow
shaft ( 1 ).
The water in the canals ( 2) pushes the wheel (4 ) into rotation to the right.
Since the water in the canals (2) runs very fast, it constantly bends its
absolute
direction to the left. At the same time, the centrifugal force of the water
constantly
pushes it against the outside walls of the canals (2) to the right. This is
how the water
pushes the wheel (4) into constant rotation to the right until it exits the
canals (2), and
falls to the ground.
If the canals are concentric to the center C of the wheel (4), the water will
not
push the wheel (4) into rotation. However, the canals are actually not
concentric
anywhere, to the center C of the wheel (4). Therefore, the wheel (4) spins to
the right
with its full strength.
The theoretical efficiency of this Spiral Water Turbine is not 100%, because
the water in the canals (2) of this turbine does not curve its absolute
direction by 180
degrees, but only by 108 degrees. This is because the canals do not turn
sufficiently
in the wheel (4); only by 136 degrees.
Refer to Fi~.l.
Operation of the regulators (5) in the canals (2) of the wheel (4) of the
turbine.
The compressed water enters from the hollow shaft ( I ) into the canals (2)
with (for
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example) a speed of 100m per second. If the regulators (5) are open, the
maximum
quantity of water enters and leaves the canals. if the regulators (5) are
pushed slowly
unto the canals, the quantity of water admitted is diminished, however, the
speed
remains undiminished at 100m per second. 'Therefore, the efficiency of the
water
turbine does not diminish; it stays the same, regardless of maximal or minimal
quantity of water entering the turbine. It is not necessary that the
regulators (5)
remain completely open. Because the canals (2) are not full of water,
atmospheric air
enters into the canals from the outside, preventing cavitation. With these
regulators,
it is also possible to close the canals (2) of the Turbine either partially or
completely.
Refer to Fi~.2.
Showing the vertical section of the turbine shown on Fig. l . and Fig.2.
Composition:
This water turbine is composed of the wheel (4), the hollow shaft (1), and the
screws (8). The wheel (4) of this water Turbine is composed of its superior
part (16)
and its inferior part ( 15). lts alternator is not shown here.
Function.
Compressed water enters into the canals (2) through the hollow shaft ( 1 ) of
the
turbine with a high speed, where it turns to the left, pushing the wheel (4)
into
rotation to the right. It is necessary to explain that the vertical section of
all the other
Spiral Water turbines shown are approximately the same as the one shown on
Fig.2.
Similarly, the operation of all the other Spiral Water turbines shown are
approximately the same as Fig. l . and F ig.2. as well.
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Manufacture
This water Turbine is composed of the hollow shaft ( 1 ), the superior part (
16)
and inferior part (15) of the wheel (4), and of the screws (8). Every part of
this water
Turbine must be manufactured individually, and assembled in a straightforward
manner.
Refer to Fig 3.
The canals (2) in the wheel (4) of this particular Water Turbine are bent to
the
left by 225 degrees. The length of each canal is 17.7 cm, measured from point
(3) to
point E. The cross section of these canals can be square or rectangular.
This Turbine is almost the same as the one shown on Fig.l. and Fig.2., and it
also operates in the same manner. It is not necessary to repeat the
explanations. There
is a difference in angles however; the angle between arrow (6) and line (7)
(exiting
point G) is 161 degrees. Therefore, the efficiency of this Turbine is better
than the
rme shown in Fig.l. and Fig.2., because the angle on their wheel is only 108
degrees.
These angles show the absolute curve of the water going from the hollow shaft
( 1 )
into the canals(2) in the direction N-S, to the direction of~the water shown
with arrow
(6) exiting from the canals (2) at the points G.
Fig.3. shows that the angle between the arrows (6) and the line (7) (exiting
from the points G) is 161 degrees. An angle of 180 degrees is required.
The vertical section of the 'Turbine on Fig.3. is not shown here. The
alternator
of this 'Turbine is fixed on the hollow shaft ( 1 ).
Refer to Fi~.4.
The wheel (4) of this Water Turbine is almost the same as that shown on Fig.3.
There is a difference.
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'The canals (2) in the wheel (4) of this Water Turbine are bent to the left by
287
degrees. The length of each canal (2) is 24.7 em, measured from the point {3)
to the
point E. The cross section of these canals can be squaa-e or rectangular.
Oueratiou of this Water Turbine.
It operates in the same manner as the Turbine shown on Fig.l . It is not
necessary to repeat the explanations. It must be understood that the wheel (4)
of this
Water Turbine spins.
Refer to Fi .4.
By seeming chance, point E and point G on the wheel (4) of the Water Turbine
are perfectly aligned. For this reason, the arrows (6) and the tines {7)
(exiting point E
and point G) exit the canals (2) in the same direction. 'l,his phenomenon
requires
some explanation. If we assume that the wheel (4) were to be stopped from
spinning,
thf~n lead balls in each canal (2) of the wheel (4) would turn by 360 degrees,
and exit
at the points E. If we then allow the wheel (4) of the Turbine to spin (to the
right),
while the lead balls in the canals (2) turn to the left, they will turn an
absolute
direction of only 180 degrees. Since 180 is half of 360" the points E and G
are in the
same place.
What is important is the fact that the angle between the arrows (6) and the
line
(7) (exiting from the point G) is 180 degrees. Therefore, the theoretical
efficiency of
this Water Turbine is 100%.
The wheels (4) of the Water Turbine in Fig. l ., Fig.3., and Fig.4. is shown
so
that it can be proven that if the canals ( 2) in the wheels (4) bends more
towards the
left, the water in those canals also turns its absolute direction more to the
left, even if
the wheel of the Turbine spins to the right. If those ~;anals (2) in the wheel
(4) are
sufficiently bent, the water in them will turn its absolute direction by 180
degrees,
and the theoretical efficiency wi l1 be 100°io.
..
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This is the Spiral Water 'Turbine that is needed.
Refer to Fi~.4.
Consider the question: What is the difference if the lead balls are inserted
into
thf: canals (2) of the wheel (4) of this turbine with an absolute speed of
24.7 cm per
second, or if they are inserted with a speed of 24.7 cm per second measured
according to the canals (2)?
If the wheel (4) were to be stopped from spinning, there would be no
dii~erence. This is because the balls traverse and exit the canals with the
same speed
of 24.7 cm per second. This means that the absolute speed and the speed
measured
according to the canals is the same (24.7 cm per second). The kinetic energy
of the
balls entering and exiting the canals remains the same. Therefore, a stopped
Turbine
does not work.
However, when the wheel (4) of the Turbine spins to the right with an absolute
tangential speed of 24.7 cm per second, the absolute speed of the balls
entering the
canals must also be 24.7 cm per second. Within the canals, their absolute
speed
continually diminishes, and when they exit the canals, their absolute speed is
zero,
and so their kinetic energy is also zero. The speed of those balls exiting the
canals,
measured according to the canals, stays the same; 24.7 cm per second.
The principle of this Spiral Water 'I"urbine's operation has already been
explained. I underline that the same Turbine can be used for a small water
pressure or
a very high water pressure. Only the tangential speed of the wheel (4) must be
different.
On the drawings, the diameter of the wheels (4) of the Turbines is 1 Scm. It
can
be as large as 2 m or even 4 m. 'fhe number of the canals (2) can be more than
just
two. In any event, the cross section of the canals (2) is small, but they can
be made
much larger, so that a large quantity of water can be passed through the
Turbine.
11
..._. .. _ _ ..~ __ ..,:.m . . .. , . . _
CA 02412583 2003-02-13
Refer to FiQ.S»
This shows the horizontal section of the wheel (4) of this Spiral Water
Turbine,
(made by the line A-A shown on Fig.6.). In this view, the cross section of the
canals
(2 ) is as large as possible; this Turbine admits the biggest quantity of
water possible.
In the wheel {4) of this Turbine, the canals (2) are bent to the left by 290
degrees. The length of each canal is 29.5 cm, measured from point (3) to point
E. The
diiameter of the wheel (4) is 16 cm. On the dottad circu2ar line 9 are all
t.:he poi:n~.s ~, and all the poin a ~.
Composition:
This water turbine is composed of the wheel (4), the hollow shaft ( 1 ), the
canals (2), the regulator ( 14), the shaft ( 11 ) of the regulator ( 14), and
the screws (8).
Operation:
The wheel (~) of this Turbine spins. This Turbine operates in the same manner
as shown on Fig.l . and Fig.2. It is not necessary to repeat the explanations.
However,
the regulator ( 14) is different. It :resembles a pot, with the bottom ( 10)
fixed to its
shaft ( 11 ). This regulator can be turned right or left by the shaft ( 11 ),
respectively
closing or opening the entry ( 3) of'the canals (2), where the compressed
water enters
from the hollow shaft ( 1 ). (A complete explanation of the function of the
regulator
( 14) is given below for Fig.6.)
The angle formed between the arrows (6) and the lines {7) (exiting point G),
is
1'77 degrees. This angle shows tine absolute directional curve of the water in
the
canals (2) of the wheel (4) of this Spiral Water Turbine. The water in the
canals (2) in
the wheel (4) of this 'turbine must have an absolute directional curve of 180
degrees,
therefore the canals (2) must be bent a little more than 290 degrees.
12
CA 02412583 2003-02-07
Refer to Fie.6.
Showing the vertical section of the Spiral Water Turbine made by the line B-B
(shown on Fig.S.), in which the cross section of its canals (2) is as large as
possible,
so that this Turbine admits the biggest quantity of water possible. The
alternator is
not shown here.
Composition:
This Turbine is composed of the wheel (~), the hollow shaft ( 1 ), the canals
(2),
the screws ($), and the regulator (14). The wheel {4) is composed of its
superior part
( 16) and its inferior part ( 15). The regulator ( 14) resembles a pot, with
the bottom
( 1 ~7) fixed to its shaft ( 11 ). rfhe alternator of the Turbine is fixed on
its hollow shaft
( 1 ).
Operation:
Compressed water enters into the hollow shaft ( 1 ), and then from there
enters
the canals (2) of the wheel {t~). From there, it exits the canals (2) and
falls to the
ground. The water in the canals bends its absolute direction to the left,
pushing the
wheel (4 j into rotation to the right. A mechanism is fixed on the end of the
shaft ( 11 )
of the regulator ( 14), turning the shaft so that the regulator turns right or
back left,
respectively opening or closing the entry ( :3 ) of the canals (2). The
compressed
water enters them from the hollow shaft { 1 ) of the Turbine in a small or
large quantity
as needed.
Refer to Fi~7., Fig S.~and Fi~.9.
These drawings show the regulator ( 14), which has the shape of a pot. It is
composed of its bottom { 10) and its circular wall ( 12). On the opposite
sides of the
wall are two openings ( 13), of the same dimensions as the cross section of
the canals
13
- _ ~_...~..~....,w w.....,..~..-,...a.~ ~..,ri~.. .. .~
CA 02412583 2003-02-07
(?) of the wheel (t~) of this Turbine. Through these openings, compressed
water
enters from the regulator (14) into the canals.
Operation:
Refer to Fi~.S.
This shows the horizontal section of the regulator ( 14) in the middle of the
wheel (~) of the Turbine. On opposite sides of the wall ( 12) are openings ( I
3), of the
same dimensions as the cross section of the canals (2). If these openings are
open, the
compressed water enters from tlae regulator ( 14) into the canals (2). The
regulator
( 14) can be turned to the right with its shaft ( 11 ) to close the openings
either partially
or completely.
Refer to Fi~.7.
This shows the vertical section of the regulator ( 14), in the middle of the
wheel
(41 of the Turbine. The shaft ( 11 ) can be fixed to the bottom ( 10) of this
regulator
fxc~m under the Turbine, or from above the hollow shaft ( 1 ), as shown on
Fig.6. To
prevent cavitation and turbulence, the regulator must not turn around. It can
only
rotate to the right or back left.
Refer to Fi~.B.
This shows the front view of the regulator ( 14), with its shaft ( 11 ). The
form of
the opening ( 13) is also shown. ,A mechanism can be fixed on the shaft ( 11
), turning
the regulator right or back left, respectively opening or closing the entry (
3) of the
canals (2) on the wheel (4) of the Turbine.
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CA 02412583 2003-02-07
Refer to Fi~.9.
This shows the top view of the regulator ( 14 ). It also shows the shaft ( 11
), of
the regulator, its bottom ( 10), and its circular wall ( 12). 'this regulator
must not turn
around, only rotate to the ri~,ht and back left.
Refer to Fi~.S.
The regulator ( 14) with its wall ( 12) must not turn around, but only rotate
to
the right to close the openings ( 13) and then rotate back left to open the
openings for
admission of water into the canals (2). Only then can the water enter the
canals (2)
without turbulence. The cross section of the shaft ( 1 ) must be larger than
the cross
section of the two canals (2) together.
Considering the drawings and explanations, it is evident that the old Heron
principle for the construction of Water Turbine is correct, if the canals (2)
are
sufficiently bent gradually to the left from the center C to the circumference
of the
wheel (4).
Refer to Fi~.6.
The diameter of the wheel (~) of this Turbine is 18 cm, and the area of the
cross section of the canal (2) of this 'Turbine is 9.68 cm square.
If the diameter of the wheel (4) of this Turbine is 180 cm ( 10 times bigger),
the
length and width of the cross section of the canal (2) is also ten times
bigger. But the
area of the cross section of this Turbine is 968 cm square.
Note that in the previous example, the diameter c>f the wheel (4), and the
length
and width of the canal (2) are both ten tunes larger. However, the area of the
cross
section of the canal (2) is 100 times larger.
Because the quantity of the water going through this Turbine depends on the
cross section of the canals (~), (which does not increase proportionally with
the
_.... ~.. ....." .~ aa,.~ ..~.... ~~.~v ..~.. . , _...~ W.._..m...~~.~.~ .._
CA 02412583 2003-02-07
dimensions of the wheel and canals, but instead increases enormously), it is
advantageous to manufacture a bigger Turbine rather than a smaller one.
Advantages of this Spiral Water Turbine
This Turbine is simple and practical. Unlike the Turbines Francis and Kaplan,
it does not need an aspirator-diffuser, because the water exits the Spiral
Water
Turbine with zero absolute speed. It also does not need to be placed in a box,
like the
Pelton Turbine, because the water exits tl~e Spiral Water Turbine with zero
absolute
speed quietly.
It is both cheap and easy to manufacture, and it is also cheap to maintain. It
can
replace all the Water Turbines. It is also not prone to cavitation. Because
its rotary
speed is two times greater than the Pelton Turbine's, its alternator will be
four times
smaller and four times cheaper than the Pelton's alternator.
Furthermore, the Spiral Water Turbine can be fabricated with such precision,
that it will be balanced not only to one rotary speed, but to all rotary
speeds.
Also, if the quantity of water injected into this Turbine diminishes, its
efficiency will stay the same. It does not diminish in the Spiral Water
Turbine.
The construction of Hydraulic power stations will be cheaper with this
Turbine, because it is not necessary to dig profound canals for the aspirator-
diffuser,
which are needed for the Kaplan and Francis Turbines. It also does not need
the spiral
canvas cover.
Because this Spiral Water Turbine is simpler than the Kaplan and Francis
Turbines, (consisting of three pieces), its diameter can be larger than that
of the
Kaplan, Francis and Pelton Turbines. It will also be easier to manufacture and
transport than the Kaplan, Francis and Pelton 'TurbinesR
In particular, the eff ciency of the Spiral Water Turbine will be the best of
all
the Water Turbines.
l6
~. . .. ~ ..~,. ~ . . .,.. ..., ., .. ...~ . w ..,...... . .
CA 02412583 2003-02-07
In addition, it is not necessary to manufacture a small model of this Turbine
in
order to find out if it will operate properly; all the dimensions of the
Turbine can be
calculated precisely beforehand. It can then be precisely manufactured so that
nothing
wrong will happen in the operation of this Spiral Water Turbine.
What is the difference between the Pelton Turbine and this Spiral Water
Turbine? The Pelton turbine spins in the same direction as the ejected water
against
the buckets of the Turbine wheel. Tn the Spiral Water Turbine, however, the
water in
the canals (2) turns to the left, while the wheel (4) spins to the right.
Consequently, if
the water is ejected against the buckets of the Felton 'Turbine with a speed
of e.g. 100
rn per second, the absolute tangential speed of the Pelton wheel must be 50 m
per
second. But if the water is injected into the canals (2) of the Spiral Water
Turbine
with a speed of 100 m per second (to the left), the absolute tangential speed
of its
wheel (4) must be 100 m per second (to the right).
Consequently, the alternator of the Spiral Water Turbine will be four times
smaller, and four times cheaper than the alternator of the Pelton Turbine.
This is
because the Spiral Water Turbine spins two times faster than the Felton
Turbine.
17
