Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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TOPICAL COMPOSITIONS FOR PROSTAGLANDIN 8, DhLIVRRY
Technical Field of the Invention
~ This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions
for transdermal or transmucasal administration of prostaglandin
drugs~to a patient.
Hackgrous~d of the Invention
Prostaglandin $1 is a derivative of prostanoic acid,
a 20-carbon atom lipid acid, represented by the formula:
vH
and is commercially available, e.g., from Chinoin
Pharmaceutical and Chemical Works Ltd. t8udapest, Hungary)
under the designation "Alprostadil USP~ and from The Upjohn y
Company (Kalamazoo, Michigan) under the designation ~Prostiri.
VR."
Prostaglandin F.~ is a vasodilator useful to maintain
open blood vessels and therefore, to treat peripheral vascular
disease among other ailments.
CA 02442479 2005-02-15
lb
Intravenous infusions or injections of prostaglandin E~ have been reported to
be an effective treatment of leg ulcers. See Beitner, H., et al.,
Prostaglandin
E, treatment of leg ulcers caused by venous or arterial incompetence, Acta
Dermatovener (Stockholm) 1980 60:425-430. In addition, prostaglandin E~
administered intravenously or infra-arterially has previously been shown to
be an effective treatment of Raynaud's syndrome, also known as Raynaud's
disease, or Raynaud's phenomenon. See Bartolone, S., et al., Efficacy
evaluation of prostaglandin El against placebo in patients with progressive
systemic sclerosis and significant Raynaud's phenomenon, Minerva
Cardioangiol. 1999 May; 47(5):137-43; Seemann, J., et al., Remission of
secondary Raynaud phenomenon using infra-arterial prostaglandin El infusion.
A case report, Int Orthop. 1994;18(6) :3 72-4; Langevitz P, et al., Treatment
of refractory ischemic skin ulcers in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon
with PGE1 infusions. J Rheumatol. 1989 Nov;l6(11):1433-5.
Intravenous drip of Prostaglandin E1 has been reported to be an effective
treatment of inflammatory skin lesions (Tohjima, T., & Shiokawa, Y., Effect
of prostaglandin El in collagen disease patients with inflammatory skin ulcer,
Int J Tissue React. 1983;5(1):1-10). A report of a single patient indicated
that
intravenous treatment using a liposome formulation of prostaglandin El
appeared to be to be an effective treatment of livedo reticudaris (Nonaka, Y.,
et al., Lipo-prostaglandin E1 therapy for livedo reticularis with ulceration.
Acta Derm Venereol. 1997 May;77(3): 246-7).
A study of twelve patients reported that infra-arterial treatment with
prostaglandin El appeared to be an effective treatment of Buerger's disease
(thromboangiitis obliterans) (Gruss, J.D., et al., Conservative treatment of
inoperable arterial occlusions of the lower extremities with infra-arterial
prostaglandin E1. Br J Surg. 1982 Jun; 69 Suppl: S 11-3).
CA 02442479 2005-02-15
lc
Reports of successful treatment of frostbite in animals models has led to the
proposal of use of infra-arterial prostaglandin E~ in the clinical treatment
of
frostbite patients. See Yeager, RA., et al., Treatment of frostbite with.
intra-
arterial prostaglandin E1. Am Surg. 1983 Dec; 49(12):665-7.
Several publications have reported that treatment with intravenous
prostaglandin Ei improves healing from infections, e.g. recovery of liver
function in viral hepatitis (Sinclair, S.B., et al., Biochemical and clinical
response of fulminant viral hepatitis to administration of prostaglandin E. A
preliminary report, J Clin Invest. 1989 Oct;84(4):1063-9), protection of liver
function in E.coli infection (Mokuno, Y., et al., Prostaglandin E(1) protects
against liver injury induced by Escherichia coli infection via a dominant
Th2-like response of liver T cells in mice. Hepatology, 1999 Dec;30(6):1464-
72), and increasing oxygen extraction capabilities in sepsis (Zhang, H., et
al.,
Prostaglandin E1 increases oxygen extraction capabilities in experimental
sepsis. J Surg Res. 1994 Oct; 57(4):470-9.
Reports of animal studies in which wound healing was measured by
hydroxyproline content, bursting pressure and histology showed
improvement in wound healing by intravenous prostaglandin E~ treatment.
See Cali, R.L., et al., Effect of prostaglandin El and steroid on healing
colonic anastomoses. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993 Dec; 36(12):1148-51.
Intravenous prostaglandin El treatment has been reported to improve
atherosclerosis. See Creutzig, A., & Caspary, L., Prostanoids in therapy of
peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Therapie. 1991 May-Jun; 46(3):241-S;
Sinzinger, H., et al.,. Effect of prostaglandin El on deposition of autologous
labelled platelets onto human atherosclerotic lesions in vivo. Postgrad Med J,
1987 Apr;63(738):245-7 and Das, U.N., Atherosclerosis and prostaglandins.
Int J Tissue React. 1982;4(2):127-32.
CA 02442479 2005-02-15
ld
Treatment of proliferative skin lesions, specifically psoriatic lesions, with
topical prostaglandin
compositions (various compositions comprising prostaglandin E~, prostaglandin
Ez or
prostaglandin F,_a) has been reported to enhance the rate of healing of these
skin lesions. See
Remy, W., et al., Prostaglandin E2 gel improvement of psoriatic lesions. Int.
J. Dermatol, 1986
May; 25(4):266-8 and Jacobs K.F., Jacobs M.M" Prostaglandin treatment of
psoriatic skin.
Clinical observations, Rocky Mt. Med. J. 1974 Sep;71(9):507-10. However, the
disclosures of
these two reports neither teach nor suggest the topical compositions of the
present invention.
While the potential benefits
from transdermal delivery of prostaglandin El have long been.
recognized, prior efforts at developing a topical composition
for prostaglandin delivery have not~been fully successful.
. In particular, there is presently no commercial
source for a topical semi-solid formulation that is useful
without a supporting device such as a patch, adhesive strip,
and the like. For example, U.S. Patent No.~5,380,76o to Wendel
et.al. is directed to a topical prostaglandin formulation that
includes a pressure-sensitive, adhesive sheet of
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polyisobutylene.
Working alone most drugs, prostaglandin formulations
included, do not sufficiently permeate the skin to provide drug
concentration levels comparable to those obtained from other
drug delivery routes. To overcome this problem, topical drug
formulations typically include a skin penetration enhancer.
Skin penetration enhancers also may be referred to as
absorption enhancers, accelerants, adjuvants, solubilixers,
sorption promoters, etc. Whatever the name, such agents serve
to improve drug absorption across the skin. Ideal penetration
enhancers not only increase drug flux across the skin, but do
so without irritating, sensitising, or damaging skin.
Furthexmore, ideal penetration enhancers should not affect
available dosage farms (e. g. cream or gel), or cosmetic quality
of the topical composition.
A wide variety of compounds have been evaluated as to
their effectiveness in enhancing the rate of penetration of
drugs through the skin. See, for eacample, Percutaneous
Penetration Enhancers, Maibach ~I. I , and Smith H. E. (eds. ) ,
2 0 CRC Press , Inc . , Boca Raton, F . T... ( 5.995 ) , which surveys the use
and testing of various skin penetration enhancers, and
Buyuktimkin et al., Chemical Means of Transdermal Drug
Permeation Enhancement in Transdermal arid Topical Drug De3~.very
Systems , Gosh T.K., Pfister W.R., Yum a.I. (Eds.), Interpharm
Press Inc., Buffalo Grove, I.L. (1997).
A fully successful formulation for prostaglandin E,,
has not yet been identified. Unfortunately, prostaglandin E~
is readily transformed by rearrangement and other reactions.
This relative instability tends to complicate efforts at
formulating composition for transdermal delivery.
The present invention addresses these problems by
providing a semi-solid, separation resistant composition for
relatively rapid, sustained delivery of prostaglandin E1.
Sumanary of the Tnvention
A pharmaceutical composition s~zitable for topical
application comprises prostaglandin E1, a penetration enhancer,
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r ~ -
a polysaccharide gum, a lipophilic cotr~pound, and an acidic
buffer system. The penetration enhancer is an alkyl-~-(N,I3-
disubstituted amino)-alkanoate ester, an (N,I~T-disubstituted
amino)-alkanol alkanoate, or a mixture of these. The
lipophilic compound may be an aliphatic C1 to Ce alcohol, an
aliphatic CB to C3o ester, or a mixture of these. The
composition includes a buffer system capable of providing a
buffered pH value for said composition in the range of about 3
to about 7.4. If desired, stabilizers and emulsifiers may be
included.
Compositions of the present invention can take the
form of a semi-solid suitable for topical application. In use
as a topical agent, these compositions exhibit relatively high
prostaglandin penetration and bioavailability without requiring
a wasteful overloading prostaglandin concentration. The
compositions further exhibit reduced skin irritation,
sensitivity and damage.
The prostaglandin compositions of the present
invention are useful for the treatment of diseases such as
Raynaud's phenomenon, Itaynaud's disease, Buerger's disease,
livedo retcularis, acrocyanosis atherosclerosis, frostbite,
vitiligo, alopecia areata, impending gangrene, and other
ischemic disorders. Moreover, the ability of the topical
prostaglandin compositions of the present invention to increase
peripheral circulation renders them useful to enhance the rate
of healing of wounds, ulcers, infections and proliferative and
inflammatory skin lesions including atopic dermatitis, acne and
psoriasis' to treat impotency; or to enhance the rate of
absorption of pharmaceutically active agents. In addition, the
topical prostaglandin compositions of t:he present invention may
be employed to improve skin color and to promote blush.
The compositions of the present invention can thus be
used for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and
medicaments that are suitable for the prolonged treatment of
' 35 peripheral vascular disease, including the conditions listed
above, male erectile dysfunction, female se~cual dysfunction and
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4 _
other disorders treated by prostaglandin Ei, while avoiding the
low bioavailability and rapid chemical decomposition associated
with other delivery methods.
Other and further aims, purposes, features,
advantages, embodiments and the like will be apparent to those
skilled in the art from the present specification and the
appended claims.
Brief Description of the Drawings
In the drawings,
FIGURE 1 is a graph of the cumulative prostaglandin
E1 penetration through shed snake skin of seven prostaglandin
El compositions prepared according to the present invention;
FIGURE 2 is a comparison graph of the cumulative
prostaglandin 81 penetration through shed snake skin of t~uo
prostaglandin E,~ compositions prepared according to the present
invention and two comparative compositions.
Detai3.ed Description of the Invention
The pharmaceutical composition of the present
invention comprises prostaglandin E1, an alkyl (N,N-
disubstituted amino ester, a polysaccharide gum, a lipophilic
compound, and an acid buffer system.
Prostaglandin E1 is well known to those skilled in
the art. Reference may be had to various literature references
for its pharmacological activities, side effects, and normal
dosage ranges. See for example, Physicaanes Desk Reference,
51st Ed. ~19~7), The Merck Inde~c, 12th Ed., Merck & Co., AT. J.
X1996), and MartindaZe The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 28th Ed.,
London, The Pharmaceutical Press (1982). Prostaglandin F1 as
well as other compounds referenced herein are intended to
encompass pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives including
physiologically compatible salts and ester derivatives thereof.
The quantity of prostaglandin El in the
~5 pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention is a
therapeutically effective amount and necessarily varies
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
according to the desired dose, the doaage form (e. g.,
suppository or topical), and the particular form of
prostaglandin El used. The composition generally contains
between 0.l percent to ~. percent prostaglandin E~, preferably
5 from 0.3 percent to 0.5 percent, based on the total weight of
the composition.
An important component of the present invention is
the penetration enhancer. The penetration enhancer is an
alkyl-2-(N,N-disubstituted amino)-alkanoate, an (N,N-
disubstituted amino)-alkanol alkanoate, or a mixture of these.
For convenient reference, alkyl-2-(N,N-disubstituted amino)-
alkanoates and (N,N-disubstituted amino)-alkanol alkanoates can
be grouped together under the label a7.ky1 (N,N-disubstituted
amino) esters.
~11ky1-~-(N,N-disubstituted amino)-alkanoates suitable
for the present invention ca.n be represented as follows:
H9C-~C~"~2~~ C....~°.._C
R
wherein n is an integer having a value in the range of about
to about 18; R is a member of the group consisting of hydrogen,
2 o Cl to C, alkyl , benzyl and phenyl ; R1 and Ra are members of the
group consisting of hydrogen and C1 to C? alkyl; and R3 and 124
are members of the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and
ethyl.
Preferred alkyl (N,N-disubstituted amino)-alkanoates
are C4 to Cae alkyl (N,N-disubstituted amino) -acetates and C~ to
Cl~ alkyl (N,N-disubstituted amino)-propionates. Exemplary
' specific alkyl-2-(N,N-disubstituted amino)-alkanoates include
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
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dodecyl 2- (N,N dimethylamino) -~propionat.e (z3DAIP)
and dodecyl 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-acetate (DDAA)g
/'tea
H'G IC~2l~o
H H
Alkyl-2-(N,N-disrabstituted amino)-alkanoates are
known. For example, dodeeyl 2-(N,N-dirnethylamino)-propionate
(DDAIP) is available from Steroids, Ltd. (Chicago, IL). In
addition, alkyl-2-(N,N-disubstituted amino)-alkanoates can be
synthesized from more readily available coarpounds as described
in U.S. Patent No. 4,98(D,3f8 to Wong et al..
As described therein, alkyl-2-(N,N-disubstituted
amino)-alkanoates are readily prepared via a two-step
synthesis. In the first step, long chain alkyl chloroacetates
are prepared by reaction of the corresponding long chain
alkanols with chloromethyl chloroformate or the like in the
presence of an appropriate base such as triethylamine,
typically in a suitable solvent such as chloroform. The
reaction can
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
be depicted as follows:
4 ~~ + X61 .--.-~ ---
~c--dc~-~
~c-~ -o---c-
wherein R, R3, R4 and n are defined as above. The reaction
temperature may be selected from about :LOEC.
to about 200EC. or reflex, with room temperature being
preferred. The use of a solvent is optional. If a solvent is
used, a wide variety of organic solvents may be selected.
Choice of a base is likewise not critical. preferred bases
include tertiary amines such as triethylamine, pyridine and the
like. Reaction time generally extends from about one hour to
three days.
in the second step, the long chain alkyl
chloroacetate is condensed with an appropriate amine according
to the scheme:
i~,C--1a~°; -~ o--~-~---~R~~a
a
wherein n, R, Rl, RZ, R3 and R4 are defined as before. Excess
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
amine reactant is typically used as the base and the reaction
is conveniently conducted in a suitable solvent such as ether.
This second step is preferably run at room temperature,
although temperature may vary. Reactrion time usually varies
from about one hour to several days. Conventional purification
techniques can be applied to ready the resulting ester far use
in a pharmaceutical compound.
Suitable (N,N-disubstituted amino)-alkanol aikanoates
can be represented by the formula:
io
wherein n is an integer having a value in the range of about
to about 18; y is an integer having a ~ralue in the range of 0
to about 5; and R1, Rz, R3, R9, R5, R6, and R, are members of
the group consisting of hydrogen, Cl to C~ alkyl , and Cl to Ce
aryl; and Re is a member of the group consisting of hydrogen,
hydroxyl , C1 to C8 alkyl , and C, to Ce aryl .
Preferred'(N,N-disubstituted amino}-alkanol
alkanoates are CS to C,8 carboxylic acid esters. Exemplary
specific (N,N-disubstituted amino)-alkanol alkanoates include
~U 1-(N,N-dimethylamino)-2-propanol dodecanoate (DAIPD};
~ H H
CHs
H3C ~GH~j~O t' Q
CI'i3 H ~:H3
1- (N,N-dimethylamino) -2-propanol myristate (DAIPM} ;
_y
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-
1-(N,N-dimethylamino:~-2-propanol oleate (DAIPO);
C H N
~s
C [CHI
O ~~H~
CH3 H
The (N,N-disubstituted amino)--alkanol alkanoates are
readily prepared by reacting the corresponding aminoalkinol
with lauroyl chloride in the presence crf triethylamine. A
solvent such as chloroform is optional but preferred. For
example, 1-(N,N-dimethylamino)-2-propanol can be reacted with
lauroyl chloride in chloroform and in the presence of
triethylamine to force 1- (N,N-dirnethylanuno) -2-propanol
dodecanoate (DAIPD).
Among the suitable penetration enhancers for the
present invention DD~P is generally preferred.
The penetration enhar~.cer is present in an amount
sufficient to enhance the penetration of the prostaglandin E1.
The specific amount varies necessarily according to the desired
release rate and the specific form of ~>rostaglandin E~ used.
Generally, this amount ranges from about 0.5 percent to about
. 10 percent, based on the total weight of the composition.
Preferably. the penetration enhancer is about 5 weight percent
. of the composition.
Polysaccharide gums are also an important ingredient
to the present composition. Suitable representative gums are
those in the galactomannan gum category. A galactomannan gum
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
is a carbohydrate polymer containing D-galactose and D-mannose
units, or other derivatives of such a polymer. There is a
relatively large number of galactomannans, which vary in
composition depending on their origin. The galactomannan gum
is characterized by a linear structure of (3-D-mannopyranosyl
units linked (1--~4) . Single cnembered a-D-ma.nopyran~syl units,
linked (1-~6) with the main chain, are present as side
branches. Galactomannan gums include guar gum, which is the
pulverized endosperm of the seed of either of two leguminous
plants (Cyamposis tetragona3obus and psora3oids) and locust
bean gum, which is found in the endosperm of the seeds of the
carobtree (cerator~ia siliqua}. Zocust bean gum is preferred
for the present invention.
Other suitable representative gums include agar guni,
carrageenan gum, ghatti gum, karaya gum, rhamsan gum and
xanthan gum. The composition of the present invention may
contain a mixture of various gums, or mixture of gums and
acidic polymers.
Gums, and galactomannan gums in particular, are well-
known materials. See for instance, Industrial Gums:
Polysaccharides & Their .T~erxvat.~ves, ~Ihistler R. h. and
BeMiller J.N. (eds.), 3rd Ed. Academic Press (1992} and
Davidson R. h. , Handbook of Water-Solub~.e Gums & ,Resins,
McGraw-Hill, Inc., ~T.Y. (1980). Most gums are commercially
available in various forms, commonly a powder, and ready for
use in foods and topical compositions. For example, locust
bean gum in powdered form is available from Tic Gums Inc.
(Belcam, MD) .
The polysaccharide gums are represerit in the range
from about 0.5 percent to about 5 percent, ~>ased on the total
weight of the composition, with the preferred range being from
0.5 percent to 2 percent. Illustrative compositions are given
in the examples, below.
An optional alternative to the polysaccharide gum is
a polyacrylic acid polymer. A common variety of polyacrylic
acid polymer is known generically as ~~ca.rbomer." Carbomer is
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
~1
polyacrylic acid polymers lightly cross-linked with polyalkenyl
polyether. It is commercially available from the
B. F. Goodrich Company (Akron, Ohio) under the designation
"CARBOPOL~'~"''." A particularly preferred variety of carbomer is
that designated as "CARBOPOL 940."
Other polyacrylic acid polymers suitable for use in
practicing this invention are those commercially available
under the designations "PemulenTa'" (P. F. Goodrich Company) and
"P~LYCARBOPHILT'''" (A.~i. Bobbins, Richmond, '~lA) . The PemuleraT""
polymers are copolymers of Clo to C3o alkyl acrylates and one or
more monomers of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid~or one of their
simple esters crosslinked with an allyl ether of sucrose or an
allyl ether of pentaerythritol. The POTJYCARBOPIiIL~" enhancer
is a polyacrylic acid cross-linked with divinyl glycol.
Where polyacrylic acid polymers are present, they
represent about 0.5 percent to about 5 percent of the
composition, based on its total weight.
Another important component of the present invention
is a lipophilic compound. The term lipophilic compound as used
herein refers to an agent that is both lipophilic and
hydrophilic. The Cl to CB aliphatic alcohols, the C2 to C3o
aliphatic esters, and their mixtures can serve as lipophilic
compound. Illustrative suitable alcohols are ethanol,
n-propanol and isopropanol, while suitable esters are ethyl
acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl laurate, methyl propionate and
isopropyl myristate. As used herein, the term ''aliphatic
alcohol°' includes polyols such as glycexol, propylene glycol
and polyethylene glycols. A mixture of alcohol and ester is
preferred, and iw particular, a mixture of ethanol and ethyl
laurate myristate is most preferred.
The concentration of lipophilic compound required
necessarily varies according to other factors such as the
desired semi-solid consistency and the desired skin penetration
promoting effects. The preferred topical composition contains
lipophilic compound in the range of 7 percent to 40 percent by
weight based on the total weight of the composition. Where a
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
mixture of aliphatic alcohol and aliphatic ester are employed,
the preferred amount of alcohol is in the range of 5 percent to
15 percent, while that of aliphatic ester is in the range from
percent to 15 percent (again based on the total weight of the
composition) . .
An optional, but preferred, component of the present
invention is an emulsifier. Although not a critical factor, a
suitable emulsifier generally will exhibit a hydrophilic-
lipophilic balance number greater than ~Ø Sucrose esters, and
1~ specifically sucrose stearate, can serve as emulsifiers for the
topical composition of the present invention. Sucrose stearate
is a well known emulsifier available from various commercial
sources. When an em~,zlsifier is used, ~,ucrose stearate present
up to about 2 percent, based on the total weight of the
composition, is preferred. The preferred amount of sucrose
stearate emulsifier can also be expressed as a weight ratio of
emulsifier to polysaccharide gum. A ratio of 1 to 6 emulsifier
to gum is preferred, and a ratio of 1 to 4 is most preferred to
generate the desired semi-solid consistency and separation
resistance.
The present invention includes an acid buffer system.
Acid buffer systems serve to maintain or buffer the pH of
compositions within a desired range. The term "buffer system"
or "buffer" as used herein has reference to a solute agent or
agents which, when in a water solution, stabilize such solution
against a major change in pH (or hydrogen ion concentration or
activity) when acids or bases are added thereto. Solute agent
or agents which are thus responsible for a resistance to change
in pH from a starting buffered pH value in the range indicated
above are well known. While their are countless suitable
buffers, potassium phosphate monohydrate has proven effective
for compositions of the present invention. ,
The final pH value of the pharmaceutical composition
of the present invention may vary within the physiologically
compatible range. Necessarily, the final pH value is not
irritating to human skin. Without violating this constraint,
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
- 3.3 -
the pH may be selected to improve prostaglandin E1 stability
and to adjust consistency when required. With these factors
accounted for, the preferred pH value is about 3.0 to 7.4. The
most preferred pH range is from about ~.5 to about 6.~.
The remaining component of the composition is water,
which is necessarily purified. The composition contains water
in the range of about 50 to about 90 percent, based on the
total weight of the composition. The spec~_fic amount of water
present is not critical, however, being adjustable to obtain
the desired consistency and/or concentration of the other
components.
A further embodiment of the present invention is a
topical composition which comprises prostaglandin E1, an alkyl
(N,N-disubstituted amino) ester., a polysaccharide gum or a
polyacrylic acid polymer, a lipophilic compound and an acidic
buffer, which are contained as 0.5 to 5 weight percent locust
bean gum, 0.5 to 25 weight percent dodecyl (N,N-dimethyl amino)-
proportionate, 0.5 to 80 weight percent ethanol, and 0.5 to 80
weight percent isopropyl myristate, based on the total weight of
the composition.
A further embodiment of the present invention is a
topical composition which comprises prostaglandin E~_, an alkyl
(N,N-disubstituted amino) ester, a polysaccharide gum or a
polyacrylic acid polymer, a lipophilic compound and an acidic
buffer, which are contained as 0.5 to 5 weight percent locust
bean gum, 0.5 to 5 weight percent dodecyl (N,N-dimethyl amino)-
proportionate, 0.5 to 25 weight percent ethanol, and 0.5 to 25
weight percent ethyl laurate, based on the total weight of the
composition for the manufacture of a topical pharmaceutical
dosage form.
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
- 13a -
Additionally, known transdermal penetration enhancers
can also be added, if desired. Illustrative are dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl acetamide (DMA), 2-pyrrolidone, N,N-
diethyl-m-toluamide (DEFT), 1-dodecylazacycloheptane-2-one
(Azone"~', a registered trademark of Nelson Research),
N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, calcium
thioglycolate, oxazolidinone, dioxolane derivatives,
laurocapram derivatives, and macrocyc3.ic enhancers such as
macrocyclic ketones.
Prostaglandin E1 stabilizers, coloring agents,
rheological agents, and preservatives can be added to the
extent that they do not overly limit prostaglandin E1 skin
penetration or prevent the desired semi-solid consistency.
Contemplated dosage forms of the semi-solid
pharmaceutical composition of the present invention are creams,
gels, and the like, also including but not limited to
compositions suitable for use with transdermal patches and like
devices.
The ingredients listed above may be combined in any
order and manner that produces a stable composition comprising
a prostaglandin E, evenly dispersed throughout a semi-solid
formulation. One available approach to preparing such
compositions involves evenly dispersing the polysaccharide gum
(or polyacrylic acid) in a premixed water/buffer solution and
then thoroughly homogenizing (i.e. mixing) the resulting
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
mixture, which, will be labelled '°Part A, g° When present, the
emulsifier is added to the water/buffer solution before
dispersing the polysaccharide gum. Any suitable method of
adjusting the pH value of Part A to the desired level may be
used, for example, by adding concentrated phosphoric acid or a
sodium hydroxide.
Separately, the prostaglandin. El is dissolved with
agitation in the lipophilic compound, 'which itself may be a
mixture of alcohols, esters, or alcohol with ester. INext, the
penetration enhaneer is added. Alternatively, when the
lipophilic compound includes both an alcohol and an ester, the
prostaglandin E1 can be dissolved in tree alcohol before adding
the penetration enhancer followed by the ester. Tn either
case, the resulting mixture will be labelled °~Part B." The
final step involves slow addition (e.g. dropwise~ of Part B
into Part A under constant mixing.
The resulting topical composition., when compared to
existing commercially available compositions, exhibits the
advantageous properties described abovEe, including improved
prostaglandin El permeation and bioavailabi:Lity without drug
overloading, reduced damage and related inflammation to skin ar
mucous membranes, and increased flexibility in design of dosage
forms. These compositions can be used for the manufacture of
pharmaceutical compositions that are suitable for the prolonged
treatment of peripheral vascular disease, male impotency, male
erectile dysfunction, female sexual dysfunction. and other
disorders treated by prostaglandin Ea, while avoiding the low
bioavailability and rapid chemical decomposition associated
with other delivery methods. These compositions can be used for
the manufacture of pharmaceutical compc'sitions that are
suitable for the enhancement of the sexual response of normal
(i.e., orgasmic' human females. Application of prostaglandin E1 .
in a topical composition of the present invention to the skin
or mucous membrane of a patient allows a predetermined amount
of prostaglandin E1 to be administered continuously to the
patient and avoids undesirable effects present with a single or
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
- 15 -
multiple administrations of larger dosages by injection. By
maintaining a sustained dosage rate, the prostaglandin El level
in the patient's target tissue can be better maintained within
the optimal therapeutic range.
v
The practice of the present invention is demonstrated
in the following examples. These examples are meant to
illustrate the invention rather than to limit its scope.'
Variations in the treating compositions which. do not adversely
affect the effectiveness of prostaglandin El will be evident to
one skilled in the art, and are within t:he scope of this
invention. For example, additional ingr_edients~such as
coloring agents, anti-microbial preservatives, emulsifiers,
perfumes, prostaglandin E1 stabilizers, and the like may be
included in the compositions as long as the resulting
composition retains desirable properties, as described above.
Unless otherwise indicated, each composition is prepared by
conventionally admix~.ng the respective ~i.ndicated components
together.
FXA~IPLE l: Top~.cal prostaglandisa E~ Composa~t~.on .pr
Composition A was prepared as follows. Part A was
formed by dissolving 0.4 parts prostaglandin El (Alprostadil
USP) in 5 parts ethyl alcohol. Next, 5 parts dodecyl 2-(N,N-
dimethylamino)-propionate were mixed into the alcohol-
prostaglandin E~ solution, followed by 5 parts ethyl laurate.
Part B was prepared starting from a pH 5.5
water/buffer solution. The water/buffer solution was prepared
by adding sufficient potassium phosphate monohydried to
purified water to create a O.Z M solution. The pH of the
water/buffer solution was adjusted to 5..5 with a strong base
solution tl N sodium hydroxide) and a strong acid (1 N
phosphoric acid). The buffer solution represented about 80
parts of the total composition.
To the buffer solution, was added 0.5 parts ethyl
laurate. Next, the locust bean gum (in powder form) was
dispersed in the buffer solution and homogenized using a
homogenizer. TABLE 1, below, contains a list of ingredients.
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
1.
The resulting composition was a spreadable, semi-
solid suitable for application to the skin without the need for
supporting devices such. as patches and adhesive strips, The
composition was both homogenous in appearance and resistant to
separation.
Composition A was evaluated for skin penetration
using -shed snake skin as a model barrier. Shed snake skin was
obtained from the Animal Care Unit of the University of Kansas.
With head and tail sections removed, the skin was randomly
:l0 divided into test sections and then hydrated by soaking.
The samples were then evaluated using Franz-type
Diffusion Cells. (surface area 1.8 cmx) . Specifically, skin
pieces were mounted on top of a receptor-cell of a vertical
diffusion cell assembly in which a small magnetic bar was
inserted and filled with an isotonic buffer. A seal was placed
on top of the skin section followed by a donor cell. The two
cells were clamped together. Known amounts of the formulations
were applied on the bottom of a small capped vial (weight .5
grams) which fits exactly to the donor cell to ensure uniform
distribution. The vials were placed on the skin in the donor
cell. To reduce the evaporation of irhe ingredients, the donor
cell and vial were gently taped togei=her with a water-resistant
adhesive band. The cells were transferred to a stirred water
bath (32°C.). Samples were withdrawn from the cells each hour
2S for four hours arid analyzed for the concentration of
prostaglandin E1, with changes in concentration indicating the
amount penetrating. Tests with multiple skin samples yielded
data that were averaged.
For a discussion of the use of shed snake skin in the
evaluation of drug penetration, see U.S. Fatent No. 4,771,004
to Higuchi.
The prostaglandin E,, penetrated quickly at a
relatively sustained rate for four hours. The results of the
penetration study are presented in TABLE 2, below, and in
FIGURE 1.
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
-- 17
EXAMPLE 2: Topical Prostaglandin EI Composition B
Composition B was prepared using the ingredients
listed in TABLE 1, below. Composition 1B contained more
prostaglandin E1 than Composition A. Despite this increased
drug loading, Composition B exhibited a similar semiasolid
consistency and homogenous appearance. The penetration of
prostaglandin E1 was measured according to the technique
described in Example 1. Composition B provided a relatively
fast, sustained delivery of prostaglandin El. The results are
presented in TABLE 2, below, and in FIGURE 1.
EXAMPLE 3: Topical Prostaglandiza. El Coaip~osit~.on C
Composition C was prepared using the ingredients
listed in TABLE 1, below. Composition B contained more
prostaglandin El than either Composition A or B. The increased
drug loading had little or no effect on the consistency or
appearance, which substantially matched that of Compositions A
and B. The penetration of prostaglandin E1 was again measured
according to the technique described in Example 1. According
to this test, Composition C also provided a relatively fast,
sustained delivery of prostaglandin E1. The results are
presented in TABLE 2, below, and in FIGURE 1.
EXAPSPLE 4: Topical Prostaglandin El Composition 19
Composition D was prepared using the ingredients
listed in TABLE 1, below. The level of prostaglandin Ea was
again increased without substantially affecting the favorable
consistency and separation resistance. The penetration of
prostaglandin E1 was again measured according to the technique
described in Example 1. The results are presented in TABLE B,
below, and in FIGURE 1..
EXAMPLE 5: Topical Prostaglandin Ei Composition E
Composition E was prepared using the ingredients
listed in TABLE 1, below. To assess the repeatability of
compositions according to the present invention, the recipe of
Composition D was again applied for Composition E.
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
-
Repeatability was substantially confirmed by Composition E's
favorable, semi-solid consistency and separation resistance.
The penetration of prostaglandin E1 Was again measured
according to the technique described in Example 1. The
prostaglandin El delivery from Composition E was again
relatively fast and sustained. The results are_presented in
TABLE 2, belOW, and .iri FIGURE 1.
EXAMPhE 6: Topical Pxostag~.andin 81 Composition F
The level of prostaglandin E1 was again increased for
Composition F. The specific ingredients are listed in TABLE 1.
The favorable consistency and separation resistance was
undiminished. The results of a penetration analysis are
presented in TABLE 2, below, and in FIGURE 1.
EXAMPIeE 7: Topical. Prostaglandin El Comg?osition G
35 Composition G was prepared using the ingredients
listed in TABLE 1. For Composition G, the recipe Of
Composition F was repeated except that the ester component
(ester laurate) was omitted and the level of ethanol was
increased a corresponding amount. The resulting composition
was also a spreadable, semi-solid having a homogenous
appearance and resistance to separation. The results of a
penetration analysis are presented in TABLE 2, below, and in
FIGURE 1. while still favorable, these results reflect the
relative benefit to compositions of the present invention from
a lipophilic compound that includes both an ester component and
an alcohol component.
TABt..E 1: Topical prostaglandin E, Compositions
Ingredient (j A B C D E F G
Part A: prehydrated Locust 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
bean gum
wateribuffer (pH 5.5j 81 81 81 8i 81 81 81
sucrose stearate 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.5
Part B: prostaglandin E9 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5
0.4
t)DAIP 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
ethanol 5 5 5 5 5 5 10
ethyl iaurate 5 5 5 5 5 5 -
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
EXAMPLE 8s Comparison of Penetration Profi~.es
TABLE 2 shows the cumulative amount of prostaglandin
E1 penetrating each hour for 4 hours for each example
composition according to the present invention. These data
demonstrate the ability of the present invention to delivery
prostaglandin E1 drugs transdermally.
FIGURE 1 is graph generated from the data presented
in TABLE 1. Significantly, and well represented in graphical
form, compositions according to the present invention deliver
effective skin penetration relatively fast and at a sustained
rate. As expected, cumulative penetration increases with
increased prostaglandin E1 loading of the source composition.
1.5 TABLE 2: Cuasutative
P~ostaglandia E, Penetration
Q~glcm:)
HOUf ~ B C ~ E - F Ca
1 1.96 3.37 5.47 7.20 7.09 10.38 3.03
2 5.49 9.72 18.06 21.2616.6 2x.03 8.1
~
3 11.2518.1830.34 35.5328..2442.18 12.93
4 13.9823.4838.49 47.9841.1 52.13 18.71
To further asses the effectiveness of compositions
according the present invention, comparative example
compositions were prepared. A first comparative example
(Comparative Example 1.) was prepared with the same recipe as
Compositions-D and E except that the DDAIP penetration enhancer
was omitted. For A second comparative example (Comparative
Example 2), the DDAIP was again omitted, but the level of
ethanol was increased a corresponding amount. The specific
ingredients used are listed in TABLE 3, below.
CA 02442479 2003-10-06
TABLE 3: Comparative 1_xampies
Comparative Comparative
ingredient (wt~~) ConupositioraComposition 2 -
1
Part A: prehydrated locust 3 3
bean gin
water/bulfier (pH 5.5) 86 81
sucrose stearate 0.5 0.5
Part B: prostaglandin ~, 0.4 ' ~.4
ethanol .5 10
ethyllaurate ~5 6
The penetration of prostaglandin E1 from. was evaluated
according to the technique described in Example~l. The results
are presented in TABLE 4, below.
TABLE 4: ComparaYrve Examples
Cumulative Prostaglandin E, Penetration (tcglcm~)
Comparative Comparative
Hoarr Composition 1 Composition ~
1 2.64 1.55
2 4.46 3,69
3 6.59 6.83
4 9.61 11.65
Io
The data of TABLE 4 are compared graphically to the
example compositions haring the same prostaglandin Ea loading,
Compositions D and E. The penetration data demonstrate that
compositions according to the present invention benefit greatly
I5 from the presence of the DDAIP penetration enhancer.
The foregoing specification is-intended as
illustrative and is Trot to be taken as limiting. Still other
variations within the spirit and the scope of the invention are
possible and will readily present themselves to those skilled
20 in the art.
