Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
CA 02455156 2004-02-17
-1_
sYST.s F P ovnan~G rc n~rs cTS o
The present invention relates to the field of insect and mite control.
Specifically, it
relates to the use of beneficial insects or mites for the control
ofphytophagous insect and
mite pests, and a system for providing beneficial insects or mites.
Plant pests are a major .thctor in the loss of the world's important
agricultural crops.
About $8 billion is lost every yeax in the TJ.S. due to infestations of plants
by non-
manimalian pests including insects. Jxi addition to lasses in field crops,
insect pests are
also a burden to vegetable and fi~uit growers, to producers of ornamental
flowers, and to
home gardeners. Far example, pest tlztips such as Frankdiniedda occid'e~tadis
and 2'hrips
tahaci cause extensive damage to horticultural crops such as salad vegetables,
cut flowers
and ornamental plants, resulting in significant economic loss to tha growers.
1 s Insect pests are mainly controlled by intensive applieations of chemical
pesticides, which
are active through inhibition ofinsBCt growth, prevention of insect feeding ar
reproduction, or cause death. .AltlLOUgh the use of such chemicals can result
in good
control of insect pests, the widespread use of chemical pesticides can result
in the
appearance of resistant insect varieties. Further, high levels of chemicals on
horticultural
zo crops, in particular salad vegetables, is undesirable to many consumers.
Therefore, there exists an alternative method of pset control involving the
use of
beneficial insects or mites. Said beneficial insects or mites are predatory
towards pest
insects such as thrips, and can be applied to crops to control inseot pests.
Beneficial
2s insects or mites may be provided to cmp plants in. a variety of ways, for
example
manually or through a controlled release device. The use of bene$cial insects
or mites
forms part of Integrated Crvlr Management and Integrated Pest Maxxagemcnt
programs,
combining cultural, biological axed chemical means to achieve sustainable pest
oantrol.
3o One example of a beneficial irxsect or mite system is the use
of.~lmblyseius cucumerxs as
a predatory mite for the control of pest thrips. F,xisting Systems involve the
mite being
provided either loose in bran and vermiculite far sprinkling onto crops, or in
sachets for
longer periods of pmtoction. Amblyseaus cucumeris feed on iC~rst instar thrip9
larvae, arid
CA 02455156 2005-08-16
30584-3(S)
- 2 -
control relies on complete cover of a crop with the predator before thrips
establish.
Repeated sprinkling of the predator over crops is labour intensive, wasteful
and messy as
much of the bran falls on the floor or gets stuck on the leaves. Establishment
on crops is
relatively slow, and therefore the existing sachet products were designed as
an improved
method of release.
The existing sachet products provide a continuous release of Amblyseius
cucumeris for
several weeks by maintaining a breeding population of the mite with a food
source in the
form of a grain mite (Tyrophagus spp:). The mites are contained in a bran
matrix, with
or without vermiculite. The breeding colony is maintained in a sachet
manufactured
from high grade paper-polythene, and a hook is attached to the sachet for
placement onto
plants, or onto wires used to support the crop. Mites emerge from the sachet
onto the
crop through a small perforation in the sachet, the emergence hole.
t 5 There are several problems with the existing sachet products. In some
growing systems,
water or nutrient solutions are provided to plants through overhead irrigation
systems,
usually mist or sprinkler systems. In other growing systems, crops are grown
under
shade netting and natural rainfall wets the crop. In existing sachets, water
can enter the
sachet such that the contents become wet, the mites cease to breed, and the
sachet life is
therefore reduced considerably. For example, water enters the sachet through
the
emergence hole. Also, water collects on the seals on the outside of the sachet
and is
drawn into the sachet through capillary action along paper fibres. Another
problem with
existing sachets is that the hook becomes wet, distorts, and allows the sachet
to fall to the
ground. Further problems with existing sachets include a variable rate of
release of
beneficial mites, and a low overall release rate. This is a particular problem
in wet
conditions.
The present invention describes a new system for providing beneficial insects
or mites
which overcomes these problems.
According to the present invention, there is provided a system suitable for
providing
beneficial insects or mites in a protected cropping environment, comprising at
least two
strips of water resistant film material of approximately the same size, one
overlaid on the
other, sealed
CA 02455156 2005-08-16
30584-3(S)
- 3 -
together at their edges and further sealed together at least once at a point
along at least
one axis to form at least two substantially planar regions, at least one of
which regions is
a compartment separated by the further seal, wherein the said compartment
comprises
beneficial insects or mites, wherein the compartment comprising beneficial
insects or
mites comprises at least one emergence hole on one side of the compartment so
that
insects or mites can emerge, and wherein the system is capable of being folded
to form
an inverted V- or U- type conformation wherein the emergence hole or holes are
thus
located on the inside of the folded conformation, so that water cannot enter
the
comparhnent through the emergence hole or holes when the system is in said
folded
to conformation.
According to the present invention there is provided a system suitable for
providing
beneficial insects or mites in a protected cropping environment, comprising at
least one
strip of water resistant film material, folded along one edge, sealed together
at the
remaining edges, and further sealed at least once at a point along at least
one axis to form
at least two substantially planar regions, at least one of which regions is a
compartment
separated by the further seal, wherein the said compartment comprises
beneficial insects
or mites, wherein the compartments comprising beneficial insects or mites
comprise at
least one emergence hole on one side of the compartment so that insects or
mites can
emerge, and wherein the system is capable of being folded to form an inverted
V- or U-
type conformation wherein the emergence hole or holes are thus located on the
inside of
the folded conformation, so that water cannot enter the compartment through
the
emergence hole or holes when the system is in said inverted folded
conformation.
In one embodiment of the present invention, at least one of the regions is in
the form of a
ballast to counter the weight of the said compartment comprising beneficial
insects or
mites.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the system is folded along said
further seal
3o to form said inverted V- or U- type conformation. Alternatively, the system
may be
folded at a different position or in a different orientation to the further
seal.
CA 02455156 2005-08-16
30584-3(S)
-4-
According to the present invention there is provided a system suitable for
providing
beneficial insects or mites in a protected cropping environment, comprising at
least two
substantially planar regions joined together along one edge, at least one of
which regions
is a compartment; wherein the said compartment is formed from at least two
strips of
film material of approximately the same size, one overlaid on the other, and
sealed
together at their edges, or at least one strip of water resistant film
material, folded along
one edge, and sealed together at the remaining edges; wherein the said
compartment
comprises beneficial insects or mites; wherein the compartment comprising
beneficial
insects or mites comprise at least one emergence hole on one side of the
compartment so
1o that insects or mites can emerge; and wherein the system is capable of
being folded to
form an inverted V- or U- type conformation wherein the emergence hole or
holes are
thus located on the inside of the folded conformation; so that water cannot
enter the
compartment through the emergence hole or holes when the system is in the said
inverted
folded conformation.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the said regions are substantially
similar in
size. The invention includes, but is not limited to regions which are
identical in shape
and size. In one aspect of the invention, there are two regions. In another
aspect of the
invention, both regions are compartments. In a further aspect of the
invention, both
2o compartments comprise beneficial insects or mites. In a further aspect of
the invention,
there are at least two regions. In another aspect of the invention, each
region is a
compartment. In a further aspect of the invention, at least one of the regions
is not a
compartment.
The term 'protected cropping environment' refers to a variety of growing
situations,
including for example growing crops in greenhouses, plastic tunnels,
glasshouses, shade-
houses az~d other similar environments. However, the invention is not limited
to use in
such environments, but may alternatively be used outside, for example in a
field.
3o The term 'film material' includes any material which is preferably water
resistant and air
permeable. In one aspect, the invention includes films such as paper,
thermoplastic (such
as polythene) and polythene-coated paper. Further examples of other suitable
thin
materials, include fabric coated with polythene, and goretex~. The film
material must
CA 02455156 2004-02-17
be ~uuate~r resistant to prevent water from entering the system, and permeable
to allor~r gas
exchange for survival of the insects or mites within the system. The water
resistant
property of the film material refers to an ability of the elm material to
either repel or not
absorb water. Yt include, but is not limited to mx~tcri2~ls which axe totally
imp~.vious to
water (watarproofj. Therefore, water applied to or falling oa the system will
run off,
rather than be absorbed into the film matarial. The film material ~ovill
preferably be
lightweight so that tha system can easily be hung front branches of plants
v~rithout
damaging them_
io The invention includes strips of Ifhn material which are any shape or size.
Typically, the
strip of film will bo sectasrgular, for axample mcasuri~ag approximately 20cm
by ~.Scm.
The term 'sealed' iucludas sealissg using glue, heat, tape, or fixing together
by any other
means. 1~or example, strips ofplastie-coated film material may be sealed using
heat.
The emergence hole or holes are located in the inner i~ca of the folded
conformation.
This is important so that, when the system is folded, water cannot entea the
emergence
halos dun to the 'umbrella' effect of the inverted V- or U- type
coufiguratiou. The
present invention iaeludes systems whioh comprise one or copra eurexgauce
holes per
2o compartment. Ia one aspect of the invention, the emergence holes are
located is the top
half of the compartment when the system is in its inverted V- ar IT- type
configuration.
In a further aspect of the invention. the holes are between approximately
0.5mm and
5mm in diameter. In one aspect of the invention, the holes are approximately
imm in
diameter. In another aspect of the invention, tho holes are approximately 2mm
in
diameter. Tn a ftwther asp~t of the invention, the holes are approximately ~mm
is
diameter.
prior art 'sachet' products have serrated seals ~xrhieh provide a series of
ridges along tha
edges of the sachet. Further. the process of making a serrated seal after
causes the edges
of the product to curl. The presence of said ridges and curls allows water to
colleot on
the outside of the sachet, and in time, the water wicks along paper fibres and
the sachet
contents become wet. This disrupts the micro-climate within the sachet, aazd
therefore
oar considerably shorten the life of the system. In one ~nbadiment of the
present
ru ., ..m,.u.c.r0. ~<;.~'r~.,..,.Y~r ,tux.. ,tttcx~ueevawc~.",.cifi.~~,r~sn.-
Wewrap~xas~4~,~rFm~.~zfF9A~ad~,'v&n ~ '-.
CA 02455156 2004-02-17
invention, the regions are sealed along their edges using a substantially
seamless seal so
that water does not collect on the outside. In one aspect of the invention,
the
substantially seaualess seal is a flat seal. 2tre present invention also
includes other types
of seal which do not result in ridges, pockets or dips in which water could
accumulate.
In one embodiment of tho present invention, the film material is paper coated
with
substantially water impermeable thermoplastic. Thin ftlrn material is both
water resistant
so that water rune off the system, and permeable to allow gas exchange. rn one
aspect of
the ia~rention, the thermoplastic is polythene with a density ofbetween 5 and
140 g/ma.
1n In another aspect of the invention, the polyCheue density is between 10 and
75 g/m2. Yn a
further aspect of the invention, the polythene density is between 15 and SO
glm2, rn
another aspect of the invcntiorl, the polythene density is approximately 20
g/ma.
The invention includes different film materials which may ba suitable for use
in the
~ s system. For example, the film material may be paper, arid the iuventian
includes
different paper types suitable for use in. the system. In one aspect of the
invention. the
paper is machine glazed bleached kraft paper. bther suitable paper types
include, for
eeample, grid lacquer paper or medical paper. The paper density may be
bctvv~een 1 o and
100 g/m2. For example, for blcarhal kraft paper, the density may be
approximately 40
2o g/m2, and for grid lacquer papers the density may be approximately 60 g/mr.
The
invention inclrxdes pap~r which is coated, far example with high density
polythene, to
ensure that it is water resistant.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the system is folded to form azl
invV-
25 or U- type conformation. This fold may be anywhere in the system, rn a
preferred aspect
of the invention, the fold is positioned. approximately centx~lly at a point
along one axis,
The invention is not limited to strict inverted V- or U- conformations, but
includec
systems which era capable of being folded into similar shapes, or an
intermediate shape
between V- and U- shaped. In one aspect elf the invention, the inverted V- or
U- type
3o conformation is present at or around the position of the fold itself The
sides of the
system may optionally comprise further folds so that the overall configuration
of the
system does not closely resemble as inverted V- or U- type conformation, rn a
fixrGtier
aspect of the inventioxt, the aides of the system either side of the fold are
different lengths
.. .,. z .. .,3 .~ s ~. . _.w ~. < ._ . . , x, ~~~ ~,~~. .,~ro,~. w,. ~
~,~,~w,~~ ~..~:,~ r.~~,$~~~~~"~"~~~,r,P~e~ ""~. ~......m ea ~ ~,~ .
CA 02455156 2004-02-17
. 7 .
or sizes. In a still further aspect of the invention, the sides ofthe system
either side of the
fold are substantially similar in size. The present invention :i'urther
includes regions
which are constructed individually, and subsequently sealed together so that
they may be
folded into an inverted V or U- type conformation.
In another embodiment of the present invention, there are as equal aumbex of
regions
either side of the fold. The invention is not limited to a single region on
either side of the
fold, but encompasses systems comprising multiple regions. In one embodiment
of the
inv~aiion, the sides of the inverted V- ar U- type conformation are
approximately equal
~o in weight. This enables the system to hang evenly when suspended from the
fold. Zn one
aspext of the invention, there must be substantially the same number of
eouapartm~ts of
substantially airuilar size and substantially similar weight either side ofthe
fold. At least
one of the regiane must be a aompartrnent which comprises beneficial insects
or ruites -
further regions, ho~ove~rer, may also be compartments and may comprise
different insects
i5 ar mites ar serve a different function such as simply serving as a counter
balance. The
invention also includes a system comprising, fbr example, two compartments
whereon
one of the compartments is empty.
In ono embodiment of the present invention, the fold takes the farm of an
attachment
2o means which functions as a hook from which to hang said system. The system
may, for
example, be hooked over a branch of a plant, or over the ruriares used to
support a crop, so
that the sides of the inverted V- or U- type contbrmauon are either side of
the branch or
wire. Alternati.~rely, the system of the present fnvention may be
freestanding, for
example on the ground or pot in which the plant is growing.
Optionally, the system may comprise a further hook, for example made from
plastic.
Such a further hook may be located at or near the fold and may, for example be
used to
hang the system ii»m branches where the leaves are close together so that
hooking using
the fold is difficult. Preferably, the system is less than 5cm in width so
chat ft may easily
3o be hooked over the branches of plants between leaf nodes.
In on~ aspect of the present inwentioa, the system measures approximately
20crn in
length and approximately ct.5am in width. If the system is folded is half with
the fold in
r.. . ~.a~, w. . * * ,.,.: n.~~ ~ . ~ m
CA 02455156 2004-02-17
- g -
the middle of the long axis, each compartment measures approximately l Ocm by
approximately 4.5otn. The seals amat~nd the edges may measure approximately 5
to
l0mm in ~uvidth. What in its folded conforraatioa, the fold itselfmay, for
example, be
between 1 axul l Omm iti width to accommodate branches cad wires of different
thickness.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a system
as described
in the preceding paragraphs, wherein the inverted V- or U- type conformation
provides a
stable microclimate, resulting in a steady release rate ofbeneficial insecrs
or mites over
approximately a 6 week period. 'Stahlc rriicroclima~ta' refers to a
microclimatc in and
to around the compartments of the system. which does not fluctuate in humidity
and
temaparatute ae much as prior art 'sachet' systems. A stable mieroclimate is
important to
ensure that'tbe colony of insects or azites continues to breed. Zn the preset
invention, the
microclirnate is stabilised due to the design and conformation of the System..
The
°umbrella,' etlf'ect of the invertal V- or U- type conformation
prevents water fmm
is entering the compat9ment through the emergence holes, so that the humidity
levels
remain relatively constant. In one aspect of the present invention, the
substantially
scatnlcss seals of the regions prevent water collecting on the outside of the
regions and
therefore help maaataiu steady humidity levels, The greseuce of at least two
regions is
useful to reduce fluctuations in temperature, for example due to time of day
or
2o positioai.ng relative to the sun.
The 'release rate' refers to the number ofbcncficial insects or mitts that arc
released or
emerge frrnm the cotapartmcnts over a period of time. A steady release rate
refers to said
rclaaae rate being approximately constant over approximately a 6 week period
2S commencisig when the system is put in use. For example, the release rate
may be
between approximately 200 and 300 insects or mites released each week_
Therefore a
total of approximately 1500 insets or mites mar be released over approximately
a 6
week period. A high release rate may be in the order of 700 insects or mites
per week
while a Iow release rate rRay be 50 insects or mites per week. prior art
products typically
so have a release rate which is not steady, but fluctuates over tfme, for
exempla ranging
from 100 mites per wa~k to ?50 mites per week.
CA 02455156 2004-02-17
..g_
Emergence of prey mites can be damaging to the crop plar~ts. Therefore au
importaat
feature of the inventian is the formulation in tine compartments. It is
impartant to achieve
the correct initial balance be~veeri predator and prey to ensure a plentiful
and uniform
emergence of Amblysetus cuestmet°ls without excessive emergence of
Zyrophagus
putreseentiae. Due to the conformation of the grescrrt irlvcntion, the rate of
escape of
prey mitts is sigaifxcautly reduced, therefore resulting in decreased damage
to crop
pleats. For example, typically greater tl~ 10,000, and often greater than
20,000
Tyrophag~ss escape fram prior art products over a 6 week period, while fewer
than
10,000 ~~rrophasgus escape from the present system over the same time period.
to
Iri one embodigtettt of the present invention, there is prvvidcd a system
suitable for
providing beneficial insects or mitts in a protected cropping envimtxment,
wherein the
beneficial insects yr miters ate xnaintain$d as a breeding population. In one
aspect of the
inv~tion, the oo~ztpartments comprise a food sourice for the beneficial
insects or mites.
t S In a fiufiher aspect of the invention, the food source consists of prey
insects or mites. In a
further aspect of the invention, the compamnents fltrther camprise a food
source for said
prey insects or mites.
In one embodiment of the present invention, at least one compartment contains
a
20 formulation eomprisiag viable Amblyseiu~ caeumerix, a predatory mite which
may be
used for the control of thrips such as Fra~skdiriiella occidentalis, and
Thraps tabaci; viable
grain or stored product pest mites; and bran_ The grai" or stored product pest
mites may,
for example be Tyrophagus spies such as 2~rophagus putrescentiae. Tyrophagus
troptcus~, or another species such as Acaru~ sire. Alternatively, the grain or
stored
25 product pest mitts zriay be a mixture of these two species. In sae aspect
of the present
invention, the grain or stored product pest mites are ?'yrophagees
putre~srcenaiae. In one
embodiment of the invention, the .Aanbly~seius cucur~seris and grain cu stored
product pest
mites are present is a ratio of approximately 1:10. This ratio of predatory
mites to prey
mites is important for maintaining a successtttl breeding population over a
period of 6
30 weeks or longer. Iftoo few prey mites are presennt in the system, they will
be eaten
quickly by the predatory mitts, resulting is a high number of predatory mites
being
released over a short time period, and the system having a short life. In
contrast, if too
many prey mites ate present in the system, they may escape through the
emergence
CA 02455156 2004-02-17
- IO-
hoie(s). This is undesirable since prey mites can cause damage to crop plants.
Therefore, the formulation is a key aspect of the present system for effective
pest control.
Tn one aspect of the invention, at least one compartment comprises a
formulation
consisting of 1 Amblyseius cucunaeris for every 10 Tyrophagsss putr,ascentiae
and O.SZg
ofprey food mix. The prey food mix rnay be made with steamed bran and a 3:I
mix of
yeast and wheatgarm. Y,n one embodiment of the invention, the formulation is
split
equally between two or more compartments.
1'he invention also includes other types of beneficial insects and mites which
are capable
of being maintainai as a breeding colony. Iu particular, the invention
ineludea other
species of Am~51'yseius~. Further, the invention is not limit~d to the use of
f~rophagus
putrescentaae as a food source, but includes other species of Tyrophag~s, such
as
f "yrophagus tropicus, other mites such as Acarus siro, or at~y other insect
or mite which
i s the beneficial insect or mite could feed on. The invention further
includes the use of as
alternarive food source to grain mites. This is useful to reduce damage to
crop plants
caused by grain or stored. product pest mites which escape from the system.
In an tnabodiment of the present invention, theta is provided a system as
described
2o above, comprising one region which is a compartment and a second region
vVhich is a
formed fxom a substantially plaxiar sheet, ~cxrherein said second region is
appmximately
the same weight as the first region when it is in the form of a filled
compartment to act as
a counterbalance. In one aspect of the invention, the sand region is not a
compartment.
Yn a further aspect of the invcntivn, the second region is a ballast to act as
a
2s countcrbalanco for the first region.
In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for
providing a
steady release rate of beneheial insects or mites comprising providing the
beneficial
insects or mites in a system as described above. In one embodiment of the
present
3o invention, there is a method of controlling thzips in a pratcctcd cropping
environment
comprising providing s syste~rn suitable for providing beneficial insects or
mites as
described above. In one aspect of the invention, said method may be used to
control
'W'estera Flower Thrips, Frankl'aniella occidentali~. The present invention is
also suitable
CA 02455156 2004-02-17
-11-
for the confirol of other thrip species, such as Thrips tabaci, in addition to
other pest
insets.
1n one cmbodimexlt of the prcsent invention, there is provided the uea of a
syst~n as
described about for the control of pest ixisecte on horticultural crops in a
protected
mopping enviromnent. Horticultural crops for which this invention may be used
include,
fur example, salad vegetables, cut flowers and ornamental plants.
to E~CAIVtpIaES
1. 'T'rala comparing the performance of the nave! system to existing cantrol~d
rel~ase systeyn products in vvet eanditzons.
y.1 Aims'
z5 A dial was established to compare emergence ofAmblysetus cucumeris and prey
mite
(Tyrophagus putrescenttae~ from the novel systcm comparcd to the standard
contmllcd
release systegt sachets produccd by Syugenta Hiolinc, and the standard
produat9 of two
competitors.
2o ~.2 Triul design
Several different products were tested in the trial. The table below indicates
these
products.
Product Description
A Novcl systcm 1: 40 ~ paper coated vcrith 20g/m
polyethylene
19 Novcl systcm 2: 40g/m paper coated with SOg/m
polyethylene
C Bxiating 'sachet' syetearn, Syng~ta 8ioline
D Competitor 1 product
E Competitor ~ product
25 All product types were suspended over plants in a greenhouse in identical
conditions,
with overhead watering from an sutamatit aprir~ldcr systcm once etch day to
represent
the watcring 5y5tcms used in many ore~amcntal crops.
....,~ ~".,.,,~u.
CA 02455156 2004-02-17
-12-
Existing sachet systems were $tted with waterproof plasda hooks to ensure that
they
remained hanging where placed for the duration of the trial, thcrcforc
artificially
prolonging the life of existing sachets which usually fall to the ground
withis~ fi~ro weeks
after the hooks cvllapsc. This was necessary to oompare the effects of
water'sRg on the
contents of the diffexeyat systems.
1.3 sl.ssessmeats
Due to the practical diPaculties in measuring mite emergence under overhead
irrigation,
several sachets / sys'Eems were removed from the test conditions at savc~a day
intervals,
taken to an environment room, and suspaadexl. over a sticky surface to trap
mites which
emerged over the following 7 days. The uumhers of predator mites (Amb~yreius)
and
grey mites (Tyrophagus) were counted.
is 1.4 Results
The eumulaxive number of~lmblysetus which emerged during the trial arc shown
iu the
table below.
Product '~'Veek Week 2 Week 3 Week Week 5 Weep 6
1 4
A 202 746 1014 1303 1456 1490
H 216 754 1009 1371 1456 1531
C 242 525 648 885 892 1168
p 23 109 112 373 648 664
?25 422 654 991 1757 2059
The ournula~tive number of Tyraphugus which emerged during the trial axe shown
in the
table below.
product Week 1 Week 2 'Week Weep. Week 5 Week 6
3 4
A 1790 4214 5245 8216 8364 8392
8 2871 4566 5704 7148 '258 ?301
~~~rt ..;.:,y~. -.W R --'.-..?V gv C~~°,1 _ . .. . . . ~'.''~ . . . ?.
. . . . .
CA 02455156 2004-02-17
-13-
C 3982 5793 132DD 1fi345 19999 20664
D 3343 95fi9 10642 13791 14034 14624
1273 8934 23922 35290 44351 47382
1.5 Summcuy
Theze is na significant difference bcctwacn products A and B.
Emergence ofAm~ry.~eius cucumerds is higher throughout the release period from
the
novel cystenas (A axLd E) than from our existing product (C).
Emergence ofAmbryseius cucumeris from the novel systems (A and S) is
significantly
higher throughout the release period than for Competitor 1's product (D).
Ernergenoe of Amblyseeus~ cucu»ieris is more uniform throughout the release
period than
that of Competitor 2's product (~).
i0 Emergence of Tyrophagus pzr~cr~e~cenriae is lower from the hovel systems
than &oru our
existing product (C).
Emcrger~.ee of ?=yr~ophasg~ss putrescentrae ie lower frara the novel systems
than from
either competitor pxoduct.
