Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
CA 02475782 2004-08-16
1
FLEXIBLE PARTIALLY COOKED DOUGH COhfPOSTT'ION
Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to flour-based food
compositions which remain pliable, flexible and supple
after being partially fried. More particularly, this
invention pertains to dough that may be partially fried,
ZO yet retains a moisture content which allows subsequent
formation and cooking into a desired finished product.
Background of the-Invention
The popularity of partially cooked, ready-to
prepare products has increased over the years due to the
ease of end consumer preparation and continued improvements
in product quality. Examples of partially cooked, ready-
to-prepare products include flour-based products, which can
bewpartially cooked by the manufacturer. The end consumer
can then complete the cooking process in less time and
effort than it would take to make the product from scratch,
but can still achieve results similar to a made-from-
scratch product.
When a product containing flour is heated, such
as during cooking of the product, the starch and protein
components of the flour begin chemical and physical
transformations. These transformations help to provide the
CA 02475782 2004-08-16
2
structure and texture of the cooked product. Additionally,
heating a flour-based product drives off some of the
moisture contained in the flour as well as some of the
water which was added to make the flour-based product. The
S loss of moisture combined with the starch and protein
reactions can cause the flour based product to attain a
rigidity during the heating process.
It is desirable, with partially cooked products,
to provide the end consumer with a product which, when
finally cooked, will attain the texture and structure of a
ful-ly cooked product made from scratch. In addition, for
some partially cooked products, it is desirable to provide
the end consume. with a product that is sufficiently
flexible such that it can be formed into a desired shape,
and even filled or topped with additional ingredients,
prior to the final cooking step.
An example of a flour-based product that can be
partially cooked by the manufacturer for subsequent forming
and final cooking by the end consumer is a food shell, such
as a tortilla. Food shells can be used to make various
products by combining them with other ingredients to make
products such as tacos, quesadillas, flautas, burritos,
taco salad shells, taco or tortilla chips, pizzas,
enchiladas, piroshkis, stuffed sandwiches, egg rolls, snack
food rolls, samosas, taquitas and the like.
Methods for forming flour-based food items such
as tortillas, tacos and the like are known in the art.
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Traditional methods of making tortillas utilize some form
of a baking step in combination with additional cooking
steps to provide the desired finished product texture and
structure.
An example of a known method for the production
of a sheeted dough is United States Patent No. 4,950,490,
which provides a rigid,. friable taco shell from sheeted
dough which is partially cooked by frying in fat. The taco
shell has a delaminated portion which comprises at least
60~ of the taco surface area. The taco shell further
comprises at least 4$ volatilizable plasticizes, less than
35g total plasticizes and flour that is at least 50~ corn
flour.
To make a flexible partially cooked product, some
sort of post-cooking or post-frying treatment step is also
required to provide suitable flexibility to the product.
The post-cooking or post-frying step typically includes
some sort of hydration or treatment with a plasticizes, and
may be combined with a repeating step before the final
cooking step.
United States Patent No. 3,930,049 discloses a
process for preparing a shelf-stable, flexible tortilla.
The process comprises the steps of: (a) lightly frying a
hot, pre-baked tortilla to retain 13.5 moisture: and
sterilize the tortilla, (b) maintaining the fried sterile
tortilla at an elevated temperature, and (c) packaging and
sealing the fried sterile tortilla in a moisture-proof
__.. n~ ~. ~._ ..~ F. .~n~_~.: ~ a~~-4 ----. __ n ~.. ~r~ ~~~,~~, .4...-~_~..
_
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container. The tortilla is boiled in the container by the
end co-nsumer to attain the desired flexibility.
w United States Patent No. 4,781,932 discloses a
food shell and method of manufacture. The shell comprises
more than 25~ starch, 20-38~ non-volatilizable plasticizer
and at least one delaminated portion which comprises more
than 60~ of the surface area. The shell further comprises
a plasticizer and softening agent in the range of 28~-60$.
The shell is partially baked (known as par-baked), then
fried until the dough is rigid, and finally misted with a
softening agent, such as water.
United States Patent No. 4,735,811 discloses a
baked tortilla and method of manufacture. The tortilla
comprises at least 25~ starch, 25-SSg plasticizer, with
1S water (less than 25~ after cooking), and more than I.S
water holding capacity.
Fried dough with moisture contents below about 10
wt-~ result in a dough product which is rigid.. Previous
attempts to provide a cooked dough product that is flexible
have involved some form of post-cooking treatment to return
flexibility to the cooked dough product. An example is
U.S. Patent Number 4,781,932, which adds moisture to the
dough after it is baked and fried by misting the rigid
cooked dough with a plasticizing agent, such as water. By
25. adding water after the product has been cooked to rigidity,
the product can have a moisture content ranging from B-22~,
thereby making it flexible again. Another example is U.S.
CA 02475782 2004-08-16
Patent Number 3,930,09, in which the cooked dough sealed
in a moisture proof container is heated in boiling water by
the end consumer to render the product suitably flexible.
The consumer then prepares the heated dough product and
5 finishes it by baking.
There is a continuing need for processes for
preparing partially cooked food products, such as partially
fried food shells, that remain flexible and can be
subsequently formed and finally cooked to attain the
desired organoleptic qualities.
Summary of the Invention
In accordance with a first aspect of the
invention, there is provided a method for preparing a
partially cooked, flexible food composition. The method
includes formulating a dough comprising flour and water,
and partially frying the dough composition.
In accordance with a second aspect of the
invention there is provided a partially fried, flexible
dough composition resultingfrom this method. The
partially fried dough composition has a moisture content
ranging from about 10 wt-~ to 20 wt-~.
In accordance with a further aspect of the
invention, there is provided a dough composition which can
be cooked to a crisp and tender consistency by cookiwg the
partially fried dough. composition resulting from this
method.
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The invention provides a method of producing a
flexible, partially-fried (or "par-fried"~ dough,, such as a
-' tortilla, which remains flexible during storage, that can
be formed into a desired shape and cooked by the consumer.
The invention does not require a mufti-step process
involving par-baking, par-frying, and post-cooking
treatments to regain flexibility lost in the partial
cooking steps.
. Instead, the invention provides a flexible,
partially cooked product based on partially frying alone.
The 'present invention produces a partially fried product
which acquires sufficient surface texture during the par-
frying process to provide a desirable finished product
texture upon the final cooking by the end consumer, yet
retains sufficient flexibility after the partial frying
process to be formed into a desired shape prior to the
final cooking step.
The invention may be used with any number of
doughs prepared with flour or flour-based compositions.
The partially fried compositions which are exemplary of
this invention include tortillas, flexible taco shells,
pizzas, pie crusts, and the like. Generally, the flour
based compositions may comprise any number of constituents
normally found in doughs and products made from dough
including flours, plasticizers, leaveners, emulsifiers,
salts, added starches, flavorants, and the like.
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The invention comprises preparing a dough and
partially frying the dough. To insure the flexibility of
the dough after it is par-fried, the dough used according
to the invention is a high moisture dough and frying
conditions are selected which limit dehydration, but still
allow for oil pick-up and a moderately bubbled dough
surface texture. The dough comprises flour, water, and
other ingredients typi<rally found in dough, such as
emulsifiers, leaveners, plasticizers and salt. Because the
invention does not require pre-baking, dough moisture is
not'llost prior to frying. The high moisture dough going
into the fryer can be .fried for a longer period of time
relative to a lower moisture dough or dough that is first
par-baked or otherwise cooked prior to entering the fryer.
Hence, the proper texture formation and oil pick-up is
achieved without the product
becoming rigid.
Because the product remains tender and. flexible
after frying, post-frying treatments to regain flexibility,
such as rehydration by water misting or by spraying
plasticizers onto the dough surface, are unnecessary.
Additionally, the process taught by the invention allows
the bubbled surface texture of the par-fried dough to be
from about 10~ to less than about 60~ of the surface area
of the dough and still provide desirable texturE~ and_
tenderness.
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Hrief Description of the Figures
Figures 1 and 2 depict the surface of tortillas
made in accordance with the invention as subjected to image
analysis.
Detailed Description of the invention
The invention is a method for preparing a
partially fried, flexible food composition. A dough is~
formulated by combining flour and watef with other
ingredients tjrpically found in dough. The dough is formed
into a desired shape and partially fried. The partially
fried dough composition has a moisture content ranging from
about l0 wt-~ to 20 wt-~. The invention also includes a
partially fried, flexible dough composition resulting from
this method. The invention further includes a crisp,
tender dough composition resulting from cooking the
partially fried dough composition resulting from. this
method. The invention also includes a food product which
comprises the partially fried dough composition.
Generally; the Boughs used in the invention
comprise a processed o:r unprocessed flour which may either
be a white flour or a whole grain constituent. Grains
useful for defining the dough of the invention include
grain constituents such as flours, germ, and bran from
2S wheat, oats, rye, sorghum, barley, rice, millet, potato and
corn among others. Flours may be milled from traditiona l
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9
plant cultivars or hybrid plants, such as so-cal:Led "waxy
hybrids'° of corn.
The dough of the invention further comprises
water. Water functions to assist in developing the dough
S by hydrating the proteins, provides vapor for leavening,
and generally provides a formulatory medium for
solubilizing and activating the various constituents of the
mix. The moisture content of the partially fried product
determines its flexibility, so the water initially present
in the dough provides moisture needed for a flexible
product.
Since water is driven off during the partial
frying step, it is desirable to add enough water to account
for this moisture loss and still retain flexibility.
However, the amount of water added to make the dough should
also attain the rheological properties of a dough, without
forming a continuous aqueous phase. Typically, the dough
comprises about 20 wt-~. to about 50 wt-~ water.
Preferably, the dough comprises about 25 wt-~ to about 40
wt-°s water.
The Boughs may also comprise added ingredients to
influence texture of homogeneity of the dough mixture~ to
increase dough stability, to improve eating quality, and to
prolong palatability. We have found that certain
functional agents increase the pliability and rallability
of the partially fried flour-based food compos~.tions
produced by the method of the invention.
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._ One type of ingredient that can be added to the
dough is a plasticizes. Plasticizers increase or improve
._ the flexibility or the workability of a polymer based
system, such as a dough. Plasticizers can be liquid or
5 solid, and can be volatile or non-volatile. Examples of.
plasticizers include water, oil, alcohol, glycerol,
polyols, mono- and disaccharides, starch hydrolysates, and
hydrogenated starch hydrolysates.
Plasticizers that can be used in the invention
10 include oils derived from animal, vegetable, fruit, seed,
nut.-:and legume sources, polyols, saccharides, water,
converted starches such as maltodextrins, and combinations
thereof. Preferably, a combination of volatile and non-
volatile plasticizers is used to provide the desired dough
consistency and finished product organoleptic qualities.
In one preferred embodiment, a combination of water, fat or
oil, and glycerol or polypropylene glycol is used as the
plasticizes. Typically, the dough of the invention
comprises total plasticizers in amounts ranging from about
20 wt-~ to about 60 wt-~. More preferably, from about 35
wt-$ to about 45 wt-~ plasticizes is used in the invention.
Rlong with other constituents, the dough of the
invention may also comprise a leavening agent. Leavening
agents useful in the invention include air, steam, yeast,
and baking powder such as those containing sodium
bicarbonate and the combination of one or more baking acids
with sodium bicarbonate. Baking acids useful for chemical
CA 02475782 2004-08-16
leavening and dough mixtures include monocalcium phosphate
monohydrate, sodium aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminum
phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, glucano-deltal~ctone,
potassium hydrogen tartrate, dimagnesium phosphate, and
S mixtures thereof. One or more baking acids may be combined
with the sodium bicarbonate to form the chemical leavening
agent.
Preferably, the dough of the invention comprises
an added leavening agent in addition to the steam leavening
IO which occurs when the product is cooked. More preferably,
the added leavening agent is a hybrid leavening system
comprising a generally fast acting leavening agent and a
generally slow acting leavening agent. Tt is be:Lieved that
the fast acting leavening agent provides improved texture
IS or Theology when the dough is mixed, and the slow acting
leavening agent provides desired textural attributes when
the dough is cooked, such as by partially frying the
product .
One preferred leavening system which provides
20 this combination of fast and slow acting leaveners is
baking powder which combines baking soda or sodium
bicarbonate with any of sodium aluminum sulfate, sodium
aluminum pyrophosphate, monocalcium phosphate and mixtures
thereof.
25 Other ingredients that can be added to the dough
of the invention include emulsifying agents. Emulsifiers
typically are surface active agents that stabilize mixtures
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of hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances by lowering the
interfacial tension between usually immiscible substances.
Emulsifying agents which may be used include mono- and
diglycerides of fatty acids, propylene glycol mono- and
S diesters of fatty acids, glycerol-lactose esters of fatty
acids, ethoxylated or succinylated mono- and diglycerides,
lecithin, diacetyl tartaric acid esters or mono- and
diglycerides, sucrose esters of glycerol, or equivalents
thereof and mixtures thereof. Preferred emulsifiers
include mixtures of diacetyl tartaric acid esters, and
suc~inylated mono- and diglycerides. Emulsifying agents
may be used singly or in combination with a typical usage
level of less than about 3 wt-~.
The doughs of the invention may also comprise any
1~ number of other constituents as known to those of skill in
the art including sugar, salt, enrichment nutrients,
starches and starch-based ingredients, hydrocolloids, dyes,
flavorants, and~other constituents. Other ingredients
which may be added include extenders, preservatives, and
food coloring as desired.
Enrichment nutrients which may be added to the
dough may include thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, iron,
calcium, and mixtures thereof.
A summary of exemplary dough formulas is provided
in Table I.
Table I (wt-~)
Dough Formula
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Useful Preferred More Preferred
.- Flour 35-65 50-60 - 52-58
Water ld-SO 25-40 28-32
Plasticized 5-20 10-15 12-14
Salt 0.1-5 1-3 1.5-2
Leavener 0.1-4 0.5-3 1-1.5
Emulsifiers 0-3 0.5-2 I-1.5
lexcluding water
FORMULATION
The invention may be used With any number of
flour-based food compositions. The doughs used in the
invention may be formulated through any type of dough
25 mixing apparatus known to those of skill in the art. One
exemplary formulation process for mixing a dough in
accordance with the invention is for making tortillas which
includes mixing flour, water, and any other ingredients
desired into a suitable mix to form a machineable dough.
The rheology of the dough to be machineable will
depend upon the type of flour used, other ingredients
present, mixing conditions, and the type of processing
equipment used.
Typically, doughs should have a rheology as
measured by a Farinograph of between about 600 and 1200
Brabender Units tg.U-?, preferably in the range of between
about ?00 and about 1100 B.U. and most preferably in the
range of about 800 and about 1000 B.U. Suitable
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Farinographs that can be used to measure dough Theology are
available from C.W. Brabender Company, Hackensack, New
Jersey. A suitable method for measuring dough Theology is
the American Association of Cereal Chemists' Method 54.21.
Other methods for measuring dough Theology known to those
skilled in the art may also be used.
If wheat flour and yeast are used, either a
sponge dough method, straight dough method or a brew method
can be used to produce the dough. If proofing is desired
it is preferably done after mixing and prior to forming,
for=example, by letting the dough sit in a dough trough for
a selected period of time. After mixing, the dough is then
formed into the desired shape, such as a web or dough
sheet, by an extruder ar sheeting roller as is known in the
industry. Alternatively, the dough can be formed into the
desired shape by hand:
In an industrial process, the web is then
conveyed to a sheeter which sheets the dough with a series
of sheeting rollers to the desired thickness. The sheeted
dough is then cut into the desired size and shaped item.
The thickness of the cut dough for tortillas or
other food shells is preferably in the range of between
about 0.2 and 1.5 mm, more preferably in the range of
between about 0.5 and I.0 mm and most preferably in the
range of between about 0.7 and 0.8 mm. The unit weight of
the cut dough for tortillas is preferably in the range of
about 1 to 2 gm/cm2.
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The cut dough piece is then par-fried for a
period of time at a temperature that provides the
appropriate. oil pick-up, suppleness, water content, flavor,
texture, aroma and taste. The dough is immersed in oil for
5 frying in a suitable frying temperature, for example, from
about 300°F to 400°F, preferably from about 330°F to
36~°F.
At the above temperatures, the dough remains in the frying
oil for a suitable period of time, for example, about 2. to
60 seconds, preferably from about 5 to Z5 seconds, and more
10 preferably from about 8 to 12 seconds. However, the frying
timel1of the dough may vary depending on the dough
formulation, heat transfer efficiency of the fryer and
frying oil, and the fryer temperature.
The dough emerges from the frying oiI in a limber
15 and flexible condition with a good texture and mouthfeel
when subsequently prepared, i.e., cooked, and consumed by
the end user. Preferably, for a tortilla, the formed dough
piece is,par-fried at a temperature from about, 330°F to
about 360°F~for about 5 seconds to about 15 seconds.
Typically the fat content of the tortilla dough after par-
frying is from about 15 wt-~ to about 30 wt-~ and the
moisture content of the dough after par-frying is from
about 10 wt-~ to about 20 wt-~.
The oil temperature and frying time are adjusted
so that the dough retains sufficient residual moisture for
it to remain flexible and tender and yet have n acceptable
fried texture. Typically the dough has a moisture content
CA 02475782 2004-08-16
16
from about 10 wt-~ to about 20 wt-$ after frying.
Preferably, the dough after frying~has.a moisture content
from about 13 wt-°s to about 17 wt-~. The water activity of
the dough after frying is preferably from about 0.7 to
about Ø9. More preferably' the water activity of the dough
is from about 0.?5 to about O.BS. Because the dough has a
high moisture content compared to a partially baked dough
prior to entering the fryer, the dough can be fr.~ied for a
Longer period of time compared to a par-baked dough,without
becoming overly crisp. Unexpectedly,-it has been found
that~iby eliminating any-prebaking prior to frying the
. dough, the partially-fried dough retains sufficient
original dough moisture to grovide a fried dough having a
moisture content in excess of 12 -13 wt-~ without requiring
any post-frying treatments, such as rehydration with added
water.
Original dough moisture refers to moisture
contained in the dough upon formulating the dough. A
majority of the original dough moisture is from the water
added to make the dough. Other dough ingredients, such as
flour; may also contain moisture contributing to the
original dough moisture. Original dough moisture provides
the formulatory medium for solubilizing and activating the
various dough constituents. The moisture interacts with
the starch, protein and other components to form the dough.
The moisture is retained within the developed dough matrix
and provides the dough with its flexibility and other
CA 02475782 2004-08-16
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rheolagical characteristics. During cooking, the original
dough moisture is gradually driven off to provide the final
product characteristics. .
Post-cooking treatments, however, do not entirely
compensate fof' the moisture lost.during cooking. While not
intending to be bound by theory, we believe that post
cooking treatments, such as by adding moisture back to the
cooked product, do not achieve the same result as retaining
original dough moisture, even if the percent moisture
levels of the products are the same. this is believed to
be due to the integral interactions and bonds formed
between the dough constituents and the original dough
moisture. Once the original dough moisture is driven off
by cooking, moisture added back to the cooked product is
IS believed to superficially affect the product rather than
permeating through the interstices of the product. Tn
addition, moisture added after cooking the dough may not
have the same integral relationship with the dough
ingredients, such as starches and proteins, as the original
dough moisture, since most of the physical and
chemical interactions that occur in the dough upon cooking
are irreversible. We believe, therefore, that retaining
sufficient original dough moisture by eliminating the
baking step, so that post-frying treatments are not needed
to obtain a flexible product, results in a partially cooked
product having the desired characteristics for final
cooking by the end consumer.
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When the dough is par-fried, some water is lost
from the dough and is replaced by oil. A su.ffi:cient amount
of oil pick-up is necessary to produce the desired fried
flavor, texture and f):exibility of the dough..
As a result of frying, the swrface of the dough
attains. a=bubbled texture. Bubble formation is caused by
increased vapor pressure i.r~ the dough and the escape of
water from the dough when the dough is fried. A bubble is
defined as a thin layer of dough that is.separated from the
main dough matrix, typically due to the release of steam or
water vapor during frying. Traditionally, the extent of
bubble formation was thought to be impartant to achieve a
tender texture, with a higher degree of bubble formation.
(covering more than 60~ of the surface area) required for a
more tender product. However, the par-fried dough product,
such as a tortilla, of the invention requires only from
about ~10~ to about 60~ surface area bubble formation,
preferably between about 20-40g surface area bubble
formation. A summary of the par-fried dough
characteristics is provided in Table II.
CA 02475782 2004-08-16
19
Table II
-- Par-Fried Dough Characteristics
TJseful Preferred Mare Preferred
~
Moisture (wt-g) 10-20 I2-18 I3-17
Fat (wt-~) 15-30 20-30 20-25
A4, 0.7-0.9 0.75-0.85 0.77-0.80
pH 5-8 6-7.5 6.3-7.0
Surface Bubbles 10-60 20-40 25-35.
,, In the method of the invention, the amount of
moisture is maximized in the final product by starting with
a high moisture dough, omitting the prebaking step, and
frying at a lower temperature. These steps result in a
flexible, partially fried dough product which does not
require post-frying treatments such as rehydration with
water to attain the desired flexibility. According to the
invention, a tender par-fried food product, such as a
tortilla shell, is produced without the requirement for a
high level of surface bubble formation. In fact, bubble
formation may only be necessary for appearance purposes.
After the dough is prepared and par-fried,,it is
packaged and ready for the consumer. The consumer arranges
the par-fried dough product in a desired configuration and
cooks the product until a light and crispy texture is
achieved. For example, the consumer can shape the par -
fried sheeted dough using a mold. The mold can be of any
_....,...___....,_..._._,_...___H..,."...~.. ..~-
...,...,~",m..~,,~,c~m~°..,~c,,~z~~m.>. wsc.~,r.x~.,. ~?w...:,«.
.,...w.-........ ......_~.,.........:.. ..
CA 02475782 2004-08-16
desired shape~and should be capable of withstanding cooking
temperatures without being destroyed. Materials for the
mold may include stainless steel, cardboard, aluminum,
ceramic, and glass. After the par-fried dough is molded,
5 it can be baked at a temperature of about 350°F to about
400°F for about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes.
Alternatively, the par-fried dough can be cooked by other
cooking methods such as frying, microwaving, baking in a.~
toaster or convection oven, and the like to impart a light
10 and crispy texture to the dough product.
., The invention may be used fo.r the formation of
tortillas and tortilla bowls for taco salads and the like.
The invention can also be used as a component of a meal
"kit"~in which,the pa.r-fried dough product is packaged with
15 other meal ingredients, so that the end consumer can
combine the ingredients to make a meal.- Because the par-
fried dough is flexible, it can be formed into a desired
configuration and optionally filled prior to distribution,
and can be distributed in any desired size or shape, such.
20 as an entree or a snack.
The par-fried dough product can be distributed
under ambient, refrigerated or frozen conditions, depending
on the packaging system used. Under any distribution
condition, it is desired that the product not lose moisture
during storage, so preferably packaging materials are used
which are moisture barriers.
CA 02475782 2004-08-16
21
If the par-fried dough product is to be
distributed under ambient conditions, preferably the
_ø product is packaged in a modified atmosphere package from
which substantially al.l the oxygen has been rep~.aced with a
gas. such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen or combinations
thereof. Such packaging is typi.caily made of oxygen
impermeable materials such as films, foils and the like.
If the product is to have ambient shelf stability, the .
water activity of the product is preferably less than about
0.84. In addition, an ioxidant compounds can be added to
the.:dough formula to extend shelf life of the product. If
antioxidants are added, they are preferably added by first
mixing with an oil or fat, in an amount not exceeding about
200 ppm based on the amount of oil or fat, before being
combined with the remaining dough ingredients.
WORKING EXAMPLE, ~4
The following example is illustrative of the
invention but is not intended to be limiting of the
invention.
CA 02475782 2004-08-16
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_ Dough Pre~~aration
A dough tags prepared using the following formula:
Ingredient _
i
_ 55.0
Wheat Flour
Water 29.~
Oil 06.0
Glycerol 05.0
Salt _- _ _ __... O1 . ~
IO Baking Powder 01.2
Methylcellulose Q.40
1I The dough was made by combining all the
ingredients in a Fiobart mixer and mixing to reach a
consistency of about 1000 ~ 100 B.U. The dough was relaxed
for about 20 minutes prior to being sheeted on a Rondo
dough sheeter to a thickness .of between about 0,8 - 1.0 mm.
The sheeted dough was cut~into circular pieces having a 6
inch diameter, each dough piece weighing about 26 ~ 2
grams.
Dough Frvin
The cut dough pieces were placed in a batch fryer
containing oil at about 330-350°F and fried for about 10
seconds. The fried dough pieces were removed from the
fryer and cooled to room temperature. The cooled par-fried
dough pieces were packaged and stored under refrigerated
conditions.
_._. ~_,.__ ..r . ... _. . .._. _~ __._.__._.. r .~.~ .,.,.. ~~
_~.~.;~~,.~~,,~ :~. x,. r.~.~~T~~..x.~~:x.~..,zr~".. ~w~..~ .. _ .
CA 02475782 2004-08-16
23
Par-Fried Dough Product Analysis
The par-fried dough pieces were analyzed for fat
content, moisture content, surface bubbling, and
flexibility. As the fryer temperature and residence time
increased, the fat cantent increased and the moisture
content decreased. The fat content ranged from 12~ to 30~,
and the moisture content ranged from 8$ to 20~, depending
on the fryer temperature and residence time.
The amount of surface bubble formation was
measured using a Cambridge Instruments Quantimet 570 Image
Analysis system. The percent bubbling was determined by
highlighting the outer edge of each blister, then using the
Image analyzer to calculate the percentage of bubbled area
based on the total surface area of the tortilla. Bubbles
are defined~as those areas of the dough in which a thin
layer of dough is separated from the main dough matrix,
usually due to the release of steam during frying. The
periphery of each surface bubble blister or deleminated
area on the par-fried tortilla surface was highlighted
using a black fine point marker. A video camera was used
to record an image of the highlighted tortilla, and the
image was fed into a computer. The computer, using the
Quantimet 570 software, detected the highlighted~blister
outlines and created a. binary image, distinguishing the
area inside the blister from the area outside the blister.
The area inside the blister was measured by the computer
......__ , _.,m ...~.A ~~ _...". __m~.,-m~.. ~,~~..~"~~,~ ,~~.- ~.~;-~;~.~ .--
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CA 02475782 2004-08-16
24
- and was then calculated as a percent of the total surface
area of the tortilla" .
Since the dough product is not pre-baked, bubble
formation only occurs during par-frying and is due to the
release of small amounts of water vapor from the product.
The results in Figures 1 and 2 show the amount of surface
bubbling is approximately 26~ of the total surface area.
Although some amount of surface bubbling is probably .~
necessary for an acceptable appearance, it does not appear
to be a requirement for a tender and crisp product.
Instead of surface bubbling, our results suggest that
tenderness is more directly related to the final moisture
content and the amount of fat pick-ug during frying, with
the former being most critical. In order to generate a
tender product we found that we had to maintain the final
moisture content of the product from about 10~ to about.
20$, more preferably from about 13$ to about 17$.
The flexibility of the par-fried dough product
was measured using the~method described by C.P. Friend, et
al., in an articled entitled "Effects of Additives in Wheat
Flour Tortillas," Cereal Foods World, July, I99S, pages
494-497. '
Par-fried tortillas made as described above were
rolled around a 1 cm diameter dowel. The rolled tortilla
was observed for cracking and breaking. The par=tried
tortillas of the invention achieved a rating of "1" showing
no cracking or breaking.
CA 02475782 2004-08-16
The above specification, examples and data
provide a complete description of the manufacture and use
of the composition of the invention. Since many
embodiments of the invention can be made without departing
5 from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention
resides in the claims hereinafter appended.
