Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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PASSIVE SENSORS AND CONTROL ALGORITHMS FOR
FAUCETS AND BATHROOM FLUSHERS
This application claims priority from PCT Application Serial No.
PCT/US03/38730, published as WO/2004/051011, entitled "Passive Sensors
for Automatic Faucets and Bathroom Flushers," filed on December 4, 2003;
PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US03/41303, published as
WO/2004/061343, entitled "Optical Sensors and Algorithms for Controlling
Bathroom Flushers and Faucets," filed on December 26, 2003. This
application is also related to US Application Serial No. 10/860,938, published
as US20040221899, entitled "Electronic Faucets for Long Term Operation,"
filed on June 3, 2004, which is a continuation of PCT Application Serial No.
PCT/US02/38757, published as WO/2003/048463, entitled "Electronic
Faucets for Long Term Operation," filed on December 4, 2002, and claims
priority from US Application Serial No. 10/859,750, published as
US20050062004, entitled "Automatic Bathroom Flushers" filed on June 3,
2004, which is a continuation of PCT Application Serial No.
PCT/US02/38758, published as WO/2003/048464, entitled "Automatic
Bathroom Flushers" filed on December 4, 2002.
The present invention is directed to novel optical sensors. The
present invention is, more specifically, directed to novel optical sensors for
controlling operation of automatic faucets and bathroom flushers, and in
particular, to novel flow control sensors for providing control signals to
electronics used in such faucets and flushers.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Automatic faucets and bathroom flushers have been used for many
years. An automatic faucet typically includes an optical or other sensor that
detects the presence of an object, and an automatic valve that turns water on
and off, based on a signal from the sensor. An automatic faucet may include
a mixing valve connected to a source of hot and cold water for providing a
proper mixing ratio of the delivered hot and cold water after water actuation.
The use of automatic faucets conserves water and promotes hand washing,
and thus good hygiene. Similarly, automatic bathroom flushers include a
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sensor and a flush valve connected to a source of water for flushing a toilet
or urinal after actuation. The use of automatic bathroom flushers generally
improves cleanliness in public facilities.
In an automatic faucet, an optical or other sensor provides a control
signal and a controller that, upon detection of an object located within a
target region, provides a signal to open water flow. In an automatic bathroom
flusher, an optical or other sensor provides a control signal to a controller
after a user leaves the target region. Such systems work best if the object
sensor is reasonably discriminating. An automatic faucet should respond to
a user's hands, for instance, it should not respond to the sink at which the
faucet is mounted, or to a paper towel thrown in the sink. Among the ways of
making the system discriminate between the two it has been known to limit
the target region in such a manner as to exclude the sink's location.
However, a coat or another object can still provide a false trigger to the
faucet. Similarly, this could happen to automatic flushers due to a movement
of bathroom doors, or something similar.
An optical sensor includes a light source (usually an infra-red emitter)
and a light detector sensitive to the IR wavelength of the light source. For
faucets, the emitter and the detector (i.e., a receiver) can be mounted on the
faucet spout near its outlet, or near the base of the spout. For flushers, the
emitter and the detector may be mounted on the flusher body or on a
bathroom wall. Alternatively, only optical lenses (instead of the emitter and
the receiver) can be mounted on these elements. The lenses are coupled to
one or several optical fibers for delivering light from the light source and
to
the light detector. The optical fiber delivers light to and from the emitter
and
the receiver mounted below the faucet.
In the optical sensor, the emitter power and/or the receiver sensitivity
is limited to restrict the sensor's range to eliminate reflections from the
sink,
or from the bathroom walls or other installed objects. Specifically, the
emitting beam should project on a valid target, normally clothing, or skin of
human hands, and then a reflected beam is detected by the receiver. This
kind of sensor relies on the reflectivity of a target's surface, and its
emitting/receiving capabilities. Frequently, problems arise due to highly
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reflective doors and walls, mirrors, highly reflective sinks, the shape of
different sinks, water in the sink, the colors and rough/shiny surfaces of
fabrics, and moving users who are walking by but not using the facility.
Mirrors, doors, walls, and sinks are not valid targets, although they may
reflect more energy back to the receiver than rough surfaces at a right angle
incidence. The reflection of valid targets such as various fabrics varies with
their colors and the surface finish. Some kinds of fabrics absorb and scatter
too much energy of the incident beam, so that less of a reflection is sent
back
to the receiver.
A large number of optical or other sensors are powered by a battery.
Depending on the design, the emitter (or the receiver) may consume a large
amount of power and thus deplete the battery over time (or require large
batteries). The cost of battery replacement involves not only the cost of
batteries, but more importantly the labor cost, which may be relatively high
for skilled personnel.
There is still a need for an optical sensor for use with automatic
faucets or automatic bathroom flushers that can operate for a long period of
time without replacing the standard batteries. There is still a need for
reliable
sensors for use with automatic faucets or automatic bathroom flushers.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to novel optical sensors and novel
methods for sensing optical radiation. The novel optical sensors and the
novel optical sensing methods are used, for example, for controlling the
operation of automatic faucets and flushers. The novel sensors and flow
controllers (including control electronics and valves) require only small
amounts of electrical power for sensing users of bathroom facilities, and thus
enable battery operation for many years. A passive optical sensor includes a
light detector sensitive to ambient (room) light for controlling the operation
of
automatic faucets or automatic bathroom flushers.
According to one aspect, an optical sensor for controlling a valve of an
electronic faucet or bathroom flusher includes an optical element located at
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an optical input port and arranged to partially define a detection field. The
optical sensor also includes a light detector and a control circuit. The light
detector is optically coupled to the optical element and the input port,
wherein
the light detector is constructed to detect ambient light. The control circuit
is
constructed for controlling opening and closing of a flow valve. The control
circuit is also constructed to receive signal from the light detector
corresponding to the detected light.
According to another aspect, a system for controlling a valve of an
electronic faucet or bathroom flusher includes a first light detector, a
second
light detector, and a control circuit. The first light detector is optically
coupled
to a first input port and is constructed to detect ambient light arriving to
the
first detector from a first field of view (i.e., a first detection field). The
second
light detector is optically coupled to a second input port and constructed to
detect ambient light arriving to the second detector from a second field of
view (i.e., a second detection field). The control circuit controls opening
and
closing of a flow valve, wherein the control circuit is constructed to receive
first data from the first light detector, corresponding to the detected
ambient
light from the first field of view, and to receive second data from the second
light detector, corresponding to the detected ambient light from the second
field of view. The control circuit is constructed to determine each the
opening
and closing of the flow valve based on a background level of the ambient
light and a light level caused by a user.
Preferred embodiments of this aspect include one or more of the
following:
The control circuit is further constructed to control the opening and
closing by executing a detection algorithm employing detection of increase
and decrease of the ambient light due to the presence of a user within at
least one of the fields of view.
The detection algorithm processes detection of the increase of
ambient light in the fields of view due to the presence of the user. The
detection algorithm processes detection of the decrease of ambient light in
the fields of view due to the presence of the user. The detection algorithm
processes detection of the increase of ambient light in one of the fields of
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view and detection of the decrease of ambient light in the other of the fields
of view due to the presence of the user.
The system further includes an optical element located at one of the
input ports associated with one of the light detectors, wherein the optical
5 element is arranged to partially define the field of view of the light
detector.
The system may include two optical elements located at the input ports
associated with the light detectors, wherein the optical elements are
arranged to partially define the field of view of the light detector. The
optical
element may include an optical fiber, a lens, a pinhole, a slit or a mirror.
According to this aspect, the system may control the flow valve
included in an electronic faucet. Alternatively, the system may control the
flow valve included in a bathroom flusher system.
The light detector may include a photodiode or a photoresistor. The
optical element and the optical input port are constructed so that the light
detector receives light in the range of 1 lux to 1000 lux.
According to yet another aspect, a system for controlling a valve of an
electronic faucet or bathroom flusher includes a light detector and a control
circuit. The light detector is optically coupled to an input port and is
constructed to detect ambient light arriving to the detector from a field of
view. The control circuit controls opening and closing of a flow valve,
wherein the control circuit is constructed to receive signal from the light
detector corresponding to the detected ambient light and to determine each
the opening and closing of the flow valve based on detected levels of the
ambient light measured over several time intervals. The control circuit is
further constructed to control the opening and closing by executing a
detection algorithm employing detection of increase and decrease of the
ambient light due to the presence of a user within the field of view.
Preferred embodiments of this aspect include one or more of the
following: The detection algorithm includes determining a transition from
background data to target data. The determination is performed by
differentiating optical data received from the light detector. The
determination is performed using a stochastic algorithm on optical data from
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the light detector. The stochastic algorithm includes Kalman filter.
Alternatively, the determination is performed using a predictive algorithm on
optical data received from the light detector. The predictive algorithm
includes Jacobi algorithm.
The control circuit is constructed to sample periodically the detector
based on the amount of previously detected light. The control circuit is
constructed to determine the opening and closing of the flow valve based on
a background level of the ambient light and a present level of the ambient
light, along with the stability of any light changes detected. The control
circuit
uses the changes in ambient light to detect arrival of a user and departure of
the user, and the presence of a user based on the stability of the change.
These parameters cause opening and closing of the valve. The passive
optical sensor uses only a light detector that measures the increase or
decrease or stability over short times, of primarily ambient light. The
sensor's algorithm may execute several states described below. These are
entered, for example, when the target is moving in; after the basically
stationary target reached the sensor; and upon the departure of the target.
From each of these states, the algorithm can enter the idle or a reset state
if
an error causes the prior state. Alternatively, the control circuit is
constructed
to open and close the flow valve based on detecting presence of a user,
which it does similarly.
According to yet another aspect, an optical sensor for an electronic
faucet includes an optical input port, an optical detector, and a control
circuit.
The optical input port is arranged to receive light. The optical detector is
optically coupled to the input port and constructed to detect the received
light. The control circuit controls opening and closing of a faucet valve, or
a
bathroom flusher valve.
Preferred embodiments of this aspect include one or more of the
following features: The control circuit is constructed to sample periodically
the detector based on the amount of light detected. The control circuit is
constructed to adjust a sample period based on the detected amount of light
after determining whether a facility is in use. The detector is optically
coupled to the input port using an optical fiber. The input port may be
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located in an aerator of the electronic faucet. The system includes batteries
for powering the electronic faucet.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of an automatic faucet system including a
control circuit, a valve and a passive optical sensor for controlling water
flow.
Fig. 1A is a cross-sectional view of a spout and a sink of an automatic
faucet system with multiple passive optical sensors.
Figs. 2, 2A, 2B, and 2C show schematically other embodiments of
automatic faucet systems with passive optical sensors for controlling water
flow.
Figs. 3, 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D, 3E, 3F-I, 3F-II, 3G-I, and 3G-11 show
schematically a faucet and a sink relative to different optical detection
patterns used by passive optical sensors employed in the automatic faucet
systems of Figs. 1, 1B,2, 2A, 2B and 20.
Fig. 4 shows schematically a side view of a toilet including an
automatic flusher.
Fig. 4A shows schematically a side view of a urinal including an
automatic flusher.
Figs. 5, 5A, 5B, 50, 5D, 5E, 5F and 5G show schematically side and
top views of different optical detection patterns used by passive optical
sensors employed in the automatic toilet flusher of Fig. 4.
Figs. 5H, 51, 5J, 5K and 5L show schematically side and top views of
different optical detection patterns used by passive optical sensors employed
in the automatic urinal flusher of Fig. 4A.
Figs. 6, 6A, 6B, 60, 60 and 6E show schematically optical elements
used to form the different optical detection patterns shown in Figs. 3 through
3G-I1 and in Figs. 5 through 5L.
Figs. 7, 7A, 7B and 70 show optical data detected by passive sensors
having geometry shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 2A.
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Figs. 8, 8A, 8B, 8C, 80 and 8E illustrate different variations of optical
signals for passive sensors and the signal evaluation by differentiating the
optical data.
Fig. 9 is block diagram of a control system for controlling a valve
operating the automatic faucet systems of Figs. 1 through 20, or bathroom
flushers of Figs 4 and 4A.
Fig. 9A is block diagram of another control system for controlling a
valve operating the automatic faucet systems of Figs. 1 through 2C, or
bathroom flushers of Figs 4 and 4A.
Fig. 9B is a schematic diagram of a detection circuit used with passive
optical sensors used in the automatic faucet system or the automatic flusher
system.
Fig. 90 is a schematic diagram of another detection circuit used with
passive optical sensors used in the automatic faucet system or the automatic
flusher system.
Fig. 10 is a block diagram that illustrates various factors that affect
operation and calibration of the passive optical system.
Figs. 11, 11A, 1113, 110, 11D, 11E, 11F, 11G, 11H, 11H-1, 11H-II,
11H-III, 111, 111-1, 111-11, ill-Ill show a flow diagram of an algorithm
processing data detected by a passive sensor operating an automatic flusher
system.
Figs. 12, 12A, 12B, 120, 12D, 12E, 12F, 12G, 12H and 121 show a
flow diagram of a second algorithm for processing optical data detected by a
passive sensor operating an automatic flusher system.
Figs. 13, 13A and 13B show a flow diagram of an algorithm for
processing optical data detected by the passive sensor operating the
automatic faucet system.
Figs. 14, 14A-I, 14A-II, 14B, 140-I, 140-II, 14D-I and 140-11 illustrate a
flow diagram of an algorithm for processing optical data detected by a
passive sensor operating an automatic flusher system for delivering water
amounts depending on actual use.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
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Fig. 1 shows an automatic faucet system 9 controlled by a sensor
providing signals to a control circuit constructed and arranged to control
operation of an automatic valve. The automatic valve, in turn, controls the
flow of hot and cold water before or after mixing.
Automatic faucet system 9 includes a faucet body 12 and an aerator
30, including a sensor port 34. Automatic faucet system 9 also includes a
faucet base 14 and screws 16A and 16B for attaching the faucet to a deck
18. A cold water pipe 20A and a hot water pipe 20B are connected to a
mixing valve 22 providing a mixing ratio of hot and cold water (which ratio
can be changed depending on the desired water temperature). Water
conduit 24 connects mixing valve 22 to a solenoid valve 38. A flow control
valve 38 controls water flow between water conduit 24 and a water conduit
25. Water conduit 25 connects valve 38 to a water conduit 26 partially
located inside faucet body 12, as shown. Water conduit 26 delivers water to
aerator 30. Automatic faucet system 8 also includes a control module 50 for
controlling a faucet sensor and solenoid valve 38, powered by batteries
located in battery compartment 39.
Referring to Fig. 1, in a first preferred embodiment, automatic faucet
system 9 includes an optical sensor located in control module 50 and
optically coupled by a fiberoptic cable 52 to sensor port 34 located in
aerator
30. Sensor port 34 receives the distal end of fiberoptic cable 52, which may
be coupled to an optical lens located at sensor port 34. The optical lens is
arranged to have a selected field of view, which is preferably somewhat
coaxial within the water stream discharged from aerator 30, when the faucet
is turned on.
Alternatively, the distal end of fiberoptic cable 52 is polished and
oriented to emit or to receive light directly (i.e., without the optical
lens).
Again, the distal end of fiberoptic cable 52 is arranged to have the field of
view (for example, field of view A) directed toward sink 11, somewhat coaxial
within the water stream discharged from aerator 30. Alternatively, sensor
port 34 includes other optical elements, such as an array of pinholes or an
array of slits having a selected size, geometry and orientation. The size,
geometry and orientation of the array of pinholes or the array of slits is
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designed to provide a selected detection pattern (shown in Figs. 3 ¨ 3D, for a
faucet and Figs. 5 ¨ 5L, for a flusher).
Referring still to Fig. 1, a fiberoptic cable 52 is preferably located
inside water conduit 26 in contact with water. Alternatively, fiberoptic cable
5 52 could be located outside of the water conduit 26, but inside of faucet
body
12. There are alternative ways to provide sensor port 34 inside aerator 30
and alternative ways to arrange an optical fiber 52 coupled to an optical lens
54. In other embodiments, optical lens 54 may be replaced by an array of
pinholes or an array of slits. Fiberoptic cable 52 may be replaced by an
10 electric connection to a photosensor located inside aerator 30. Detailed
design is described in PCT Application PCT/US03/38730, which was
published as WO/2004/051011.
Fig. 1A illustrates a second preferred embodiment of the automatic
faucet system. Automatic faucet system 9A includes faucet body 12 and an
aerator 30 including passive sensor 36 coupled to a sensor port 35. Faucet
body 12 also includes a second passive sensor 70. Both passive sensors
may be located behind a sensor port that receives an optical lens, or an array
of slits or pins for defining the detection pattern (or optical field of
view).
Preferably, the passive sensor 36 has a field of view somewhat
coaxial within the water stream discharged from aerator 30, when the faucet
is turned on. Passive sensor 70 has a field of view D that excludes sink 11
and extends beyond the sink to detect a user standing at the sink. The
optical elements, such as an array of pinholes or an array of slits have a
selected size, geometry and orientation. The size, geometry and orientation
of the array of pinholes, or the array of slits are designed to provide a
selected detection pattern (shown in Figs. 3 ¨ 3D, for a faucet and Figs. 5
¨5L, for a flusher).
The optical sensors are passive optical sensors that detect a visible or
infrared light detector optically coupled to sensor port 34. There is no light
source (i.e., no light emitter) associated with the optical sensor. The
visible
or near infrared (NIR) light detectors detect light arriving at the
corresponding
sensor port. The detector provides the corresponding electrical signal to a
controller located in control unit 50. The light detector (i.e., light
receiver)
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may be a photodiode, or a photoresistor (or some other optical intensity
element having an electrical output, whereby the sensory element will have
the desired optical sensitivity). The optical sensor using a photo diode also
includes an amplification circuitry. Preferably, the light detector detects
light
in the range from about 400-500 nanometers up to about 950-1000
nanometers. The light detector is primarily sensitive to ambient light and not
very sensitive to body heat (e.g., infrared or far infrared light).
Figs. 2 through 20 illustrate alternative embodiments of the automatic
faucet system. Referring to Fig. 2, automatic faucet system 10 includes a
faucet receiving water from a dual-flow faucet valve 60 and providing water
from aerator 31. Automatic faucet 10 includes a mixing valve 58 controlled
by a handle 59, which may be also coupled to a manual override for valve
60. Dual-flow valve 60 is connected to cold water pipe 20A and hot water
pipe 20B, and controls water flow to the respective cold water pipe 21A and
hot water pipe 21B.
Dual flow valve 60 is constructed and arranged to simultaneously
control water flow in both pipes 21A and 21B upon actuation by a single
actuator 201. Specifically, valve 60 includes two flow valves arranged for
controlling flow of hot and cold water in the respective water lines. The
solenoid actuator 201 is coupled to a pilot mechanism for controlling two flow
valves. The two flow valves are preferably diaphragm operated valves (but
may also be piston valves, or large flow-rate "fram" valves). Dual flow valve
60 includes a pressure release mechanism constructed to change pressure
in a diaphragm chamber of each diaphragm operated valve and thereby
open or close each diaphragm valve for controlling water flow. Dual flow
valve 60 is described in detail in PCT Application PCT/US01/43277, filed on
November 20, 2001, which was published as WO/2002/042671.
Referring still to Fig. 2, coupled to faucet body 12 there is a sensor
port 35 for accommodating a distal end of an optical fiber (e.g., fiberoptic
cable 52), or for accommodating a light detector. The fiberoptic cable
delivers light from sensor port 35 to a light detector. In one preferred
embodiment, faucet body 12 includes a control module with the light detector
and a controller described in connection with Figs. 9 and 9A. The controller
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provides control signals to solenoid actuator 201 via electrical cable 56.
Sensor port 35 has a detection field of view (shown in Figs. 3A and 3B)
located outside of the water stream emitted from aerator 31.
Referring to Fig. 2A, automatic faucet system 10A includes faucet
body 12 also receiving water from dual-flow faucet valve 60 and providing
water from aerator 31. Automatic faucet 10A also includes mixing valve 58
controlled by handle 59. Dual-flow valve 60 is connected to cold water pipe
20A and hot water pipe 20B, and controls water flow to the respective cold
water pipe 21A and hot water pipe 21B. The faucet system includes two
passive optical sensors 35 and 70 coupled to faucet body 12 and is designed
to have a field of view shown in Figs. 3F-I and 3F-II.
Passive sensor 70 has a field of view D (Figs. 3F-II and 3F-II) that
extends beyond the sink and is designed to detect an approaching user or a
user standing next to sink 11. Optical field of view D is also tilted to one
side
to be relatively insensitive to water flow. Passive sensor 35 has a field of
view sensitive to a user's hands located under aerator 31 and to water flow.
Sensor 70 provides an "advanced" signal to the system before sensor 35
confirms location of the user's hands. The combination of these two sensors
improves detection precision and enables faster response of the system to
the user's demand.
Referring to Fig. 2B, automatic faucet system 10B includes faucet
body 12 also receiving water from dual-flow faucet valve 60 and providing
water from aerator 31. Automatic faucet 10B also includes mixing valve 58
controlled by handle 59. Dual-flow valve 60 is connected to cold water pipe
20A and hot water pipe 20B, and controls water flow to the respective cold
water pipe 21A and hot water pipe 21B.
A sensor port 33 is coupled to faucet body 12 and is designed to have
a field of view shown in Figs. 3C and 3D. Sensor port 33 accommodates the
distal end of an optical fiber 56A. The proximal end of optical fiber 56A
provides light to an optical sensor located in a control module 55A coupled to
dual flow valve 60. Control module 55A also includes the control electronics
and batteries. The optical sensor detects the presence of an object (e.g.,
hands), or detects a change in the presence of the object (i.e., movement) in
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the sink area. Control electronics control the operation of and the readout
from the light detector. The control electronics also include a power driver
that controls the operation of the solenoid associated with valve 60. Based
on the signal from the light detector, the control electronics direct the
power
driver to open or close solenoid valve 60 (i.e., to start or stop the water
flow).
The design and operation of actuator 201 is described in detail in PCT
Applications PCT/US02/38757, published as WO/2003/048463;
PCT/US02/38758, published as WO WO/2003/048464; and
PCT/US02/41576, published as WO WO/2003/058102.
Referring to Fig. 20, automatic faucet system 100 includes faucet
body 12, also receiving water from dual-flow faucet valve 60 and providing
water from aerator 31 as described above. Faucet system 100 also includes
passive sensors 80 and 90 mounted on faucet body 12. Sensors 80 and 90
can be installed at the same time as one optical unit coupled using several
optical fibers (denoted as 56) to optical controller 55A. Alternatively,
sensors
80 and 90 have the detection elements (e.g., a photoresistor or a photodiode
located inside body 12) and are electrically connected to the microcontroller.
Passive sensors 80 and 90 may include one or several optical
elements designed to provide the field of view shown in Figs. 3G-1 and 3G-II.
These fields of view are designed to substantially avoid sink 11 and water
flowing from aerator 31. Both fields of view are designed to detect a user
approaching sink 11 or located at sink 11.
Fig. 3 shows schematically a cross-sectional view of a first preferred
detection pattern (A) for the passive optical sensor installed in automatic
faucet 9 having faucet body 12. The detection pattern A is associated with
sensor port 34 and is shaped by a lens, or an element selected from the
optical elements shown in Figs. 6 ¨ 6E. The detection pattern A is selected to
receive reflected ambient light primarily from sink 11. The pattern's width is
controlled, but the range is much less controlled (i.e., Fig. 3 shows pattern
A
only schematically because detection range is not really limited).
A user standing in front of a faucet will affect the amount of ambient
(room) light arriving at the sink and thus will affect the amount of light
arriving
at the optical detector. On the other hand, a person just moving in the room
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will not affect significantly the amount of detected light. A user having his
hands under the faucet will alter the amount of ambient light being detected
by the optical detector even more. Thus, the passive optical sensor can
detect the user's hands and provide the corresponding control signal. Here,
the detected light does not depend significantly on the reflectivity of the
target
surface (unlike for optical sensors that use both a light emitter and a
receiver). After hand washing, the user removing his hands from under the
faucet will again alter the amount of ambient light detected by the optical
detector. Then, the passive optical sensor provides the corresponding
control signal to the controller (explained in connection with Figs. 9, 9A and
9B).
Figs. 3A and 3B show schematically a second preferred detection
pattern (B) for the passive optical sensor installed in automatic faucet 10.
The detection pattern B is associated with sensor port 35, and again may be
shaped by a lens, or an optical element shown in Figs. 6 ¨ 6E. A user having
his hands under faucet 10 alters the amount of ambient (room) light detected
by the optical detector. As mentioned above, the detected light does not
depend significantly on the reflectivity of the user's hands (unlike for
optical
sensors that use both a light emitter and a receiver). Thus, the passive
optical sensor detects the user's hands and provides the corresponding
control signal to the controller. Figs. 13, 13A, and 13B illustrate detection
algorithms used for the detection patterns A and B.
Figs. 3C and 3D show schematically another detection pattern for the
passive optical sensor installed in automatic faucet 10A. The detection
pattern C is associated with sensor port 33, and is shaped a selected optical
element (a lens, slits or pinholes). The detection pattern avoids sink 11 and
may extend beyond the sink. In this embodiment, light reflections from sink
11 influence the detected light only minimally. The selected optical element
achieves a desired width and orientation of the detection pattern. The range
of detection is controlled using detection circuit 253 shown in Fig. 9C. In
this
embodiment, a user standing in front of faucet 10A will alter the amount of
detected ambient light somewhat more than a user passing by depending on
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the field of view and detection sensitivity. Inadvertent triggering of the
system is eliminated by the detection algorithm.
Fig. 3E shows schematically another embodiment of the detection
pattern including field of view A, described in connection with Fig. 3, and
field
5 of view C, described in connection with Figs. 3C and 3D. This combined
detection pattern is created using two passive optical sensors 33 and 34.
Passive sensor 33 has a field of view C created by a selected optical element
or several optical elements. The range of detection is partially controlled by
detection circuit 253 shown in Fig. 9C. Field of view A is directed downwards
10 toward the sink, as described above. As the user approaches sink 11, the
detection algorithm starts detecting the user entering field of view C. Only
after the user is located inside field of view C, passive sensor 34 will
detect
the user's hands inside field of view A. The combination of passive sensors
33 and 34 enables an improved algorithm for detecting the user's presence
15 and departure and avoiding false triggering of the faucet.
In the algorithm, detector 33 has to first detect the user, and after
detector 34 detects the user's hands the water flow is initiated. During the
water flow, both passive sensors detect the user, while sensor 34 may
experience an increased data noise due to the hand movements of the user
washing his hands. After passive sensor 34 no longer detects the user, the
water flow may be closed upon some change detected by passive sensor 33,
presumably due to the user removing his or her hands from under the faucet
and perhaps stepping away from the sink. This detection pattern also
eliminates errors due to, for example, a paper towel or other objects left in
the sink (being detected by sensor 34) since passive sensor 33 will no longer
detect the user.
Figs. 3F-I and 3F-I1 illustrate another embodiment of the detection
pattern utilizing field of view B and field of view D. Fields of view B and D
are
formed by the use of passive optical sensors 35 and 70, also shown in Fig.
2A. Field of view D is directed to eliminate sink 11 and is angled to one side
to be less sensitive to water flowing from aerator 31. Similarly to those
described above, passive sensors 35 and 70 are used to improve the
detection accuracy and eliminate invalid targets.
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Using appropriate selection of the optical elements described in
connection with Figs. 6 through 6C or optical elements such as lenses or
arrays of pinholes or slits described in connection with Figs. 6 through 6C,
passive sensor 33 may have a field of view E shown in Figs. 3G-I and 3G-II.
This type of field of view is designed to detect users approaching sink 11
from the left or the right side of the sink, while still minimizing the
influence of
water flowing from aerator 31.
Field of view E may also be achieved using two passive optical
sensors 80 and 90 as shown in Fig. 20 and Fig. 3G-II. The automatic faucet
may also use 3 or more passive optical sensors, for example, the
combination of passive sensor 35 (shown in Fig. 2A) and passive sensors 80
and 90 (shown in Fig. 2C). The additional passive sensor again improves
the detection efficiency, since a user will first enter the field of view
shown in
Figs. 3G-I and 3G-II and only then affect optical field of view A (or optical
field B) shown in Figs. 3E and 3F.
Fig. 4 shows schematically a side view of a toilet including an
automatic flusher 100, and Fig. 4A shows schematically a side view of a
urinal including an automatic flusher 100A. Flusher 100 receives pressurized
water from a supply line 112 and employs a passive optical sensor to
respond to actions of a target within a target region 103. After a user leaves
the target region, a controller directs opening of a flush valve 102 that
permits water flow from supply line 112 to a flush conduit 113 and to a toilet
bowl 116.
Fig. 4A illustrates bathroom flusher 100A used for automatically
flushing a urinal 120. Flusher 100A receives pressurized water from supply
line 112. Flush valve 102 is controlled by a passive optical sensor that
responds to actions of a target within a target region 103. After a user
leaves
the target region, a controller directs opening of a flush valve 102 that
permits water flow from supply line 112 to a flush conduit 113.
Bathroom flushers 100 and 100A may have a modular design,
wherein their cover can be partially opened to replace the batteries or the
electronic module. Bathroom flushers with such a modular design are
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described in U.S. Patent Application 60/448,995, filed on February 20, 2003,
which is incorporated by reference for all purposes.
Figs. 5 and 5A show schematically side and top views of an optical
detection pattern used by the passive optical sensor installed in the
automatic toilet flusher of Fig. 4. This detection pattern is associated with
sensor port 108 and is shaped by a lens, or an element selected from the
optical elements shown in Figs. 6 ¨ 6E. The pattern is angled below
horizontal (H) and directed symmetrically with respect to toilet 116. The
range is somewhat limited so as not to be influenced by a wall (N), this can
also be done by limiting the detection sensitivity.
Figs. 5B and 5C show schematically side and top views of a second
optical detection pattern used by the passive optical sensor installed in the
automatic toilet flusher of Fig. 4. This detection pattern is shaped by a
lens,
or another optical element. The pattern is angled both below horizontal (H)
and above horizontal (H). Furthermore, the pattern is directed
asymmetrically with respect to toilet 116, as shown in Fig. 5C.
Figs. 5D and 5E show schematically side and top views of a third
optical detection pattern used by the passive optical sensor installed in the
automatic toilet flusher of Fig. 4. This detection pattern is again shaped by
a
lens, or another optical element. The pattern is angled above horizontal (H).
Furthermore, the pattern is directed asymmetrically with respect to toilet
116,
as shown in Fig. 5E.
Figs. 5F and 5G show schematically side and top views of a fourth
optical detection pattern used by the passive optical sensor installed in the
automatic toilet flusher of Fig. 4. This detection pattern is angled below
horizontal (H) and is directed asymmetrically across toilet 116, as shown in
Fig. 5G. This detection pattern is particularly useful for "toilet side
fiushers,"
described in US Application 09/916,468, filed on July 27, 2001, now US
Patent 6,643,853, or US Application 09/972,496, filed on October 6, 2001,
now US Patent 6,860,282.
Figs. 5H and 51, show schematically side and top views of an optical
detection pattern used by the passive optical sensor installed in the
automatic urinal flusher of Fig. 4A. This detection pattern is shaped by a
lens,
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or another optical element. The pattern is angled both below horizontal (H)
and above horizontal (H) to target ambient light changes caused by a person
standing in front of urinal 120. This pattern is directed asymmetrically with
respect to urinal 120 (as shown in Fig. 51), for example, to eliminate or at
least reduce light changes caused by a person standing at a neighboring
urinal.
Figs. 5J, 5K and 5L, show schematically side and top views of another
optical detection pattern used by the passive optical sensor installed in the
automatic urinal flusher of Fig. 4A. This detection pattern is shaped by a
lens,
or another optical element, as mentioned above. The pattern is angled
below horizontal (H) to eliminate the influence of light caused by a ceiling
lamp. This pattern may be directed asymmetrically to the left or to the right
with respect to urinal 120 (as shown in Figs. 5K or 5L). These detection
patterns are particularly useful for "urinal side flushers," described in US
Application 09/916,468, filed on July 27, 2001, now US Patent 6,643,853, or
US Application 09/972,496, filed on October 6, 2001, now US Patent
6,860,282.
In general, the field of view of a passive optical sensor can be formed
using optical elements such as beam forming tubes, lenses, light pipes,
reflectors, arrays of pinholes and arrays of slots having selected geometries.
These optical elements can provide a down-looking field of view that
eliminates invalid targets such as mirrors, doors, and walls. Various ratios
of
the vertical field of view to horizontal field of view provide different
options for
target detection. For example, the horizontal field of view may be 1.2 wider
than the vertical field of view or vice versa. A properly selected field of
view
can eliminate unwanted signals from an adjacent faucet or urinal. The
detection algorithm includes a calibration routine that accounts for a
selected
field of view including the field's size and orientation.
Figs. 6 through 6E illustrate different optical elements for producing
desired detection patterns of the passive sensor. Figs. 6 and 6B illustrate
different arrays of pinholes. The thickness of the plate, the size and the
orientation of the pinholes (shown in cross-section in Figs. 6A and 6C) define
the properties of the field of view. Figs. 6D and 6E illustrate an array of
slits
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for producing a detection pattern shown in Figs. 5B and 5H. This plate may
also include a shutter for covering the top or the bottom detection field.
Fig. 7 shows optical data measured for a passive sensor located
inside an aerator as shown for faucet 9 (Fig.1). Graph 150 shows ambient
light variation in a region 152. As an absorptive target enters the field of
view, pulse width increases, as shown in region 154. In region 156, the
hands of the user are located substantially under the faucet but water is not
yet flowing. The water flow is initiated in region 158 and subsequently, in
region 160, the user is washing his or her hands. In region 160 the passive
sensor detects the water flow and the user's hands. Subsequently, in region
162, the user removed his or her hands from under the faucet, but as shown
in a region 164, the water flow still affects the optical signal detected by
the
passive sensor. In this region, the algorithm directs the controller to stop
the
water flow (region 166) and the optical signal returns substantially to the
background level in region 168. The control algorithm resolves the above-
described regions of the optical data and thus controls the opening and
closing of water flow.
Fig. 7A shows the measured optical data (170) for a passive sensor
positioned at a specific site on faucet 10B, shown in Fig. 2B. Initially, in
region 172, the passive sensor detects the background data for a period. In
region 172 of graph 170, a user enters the field of view, which rapidly
affects
the optical data. This transition (region 174) is quite sharp, and is followed
by substantially constant region 176, where the user is within the field of
view. After the user leaves, there is a rapid transition (region 178) back to
substantially the original background levels, as shown in region 179.
Fig. 7B shows optical data 180 for a passive sensor located on faucet
10 as shown in Fig. 2, wherein the faucet is installed above a dark sink.
Graph 180 includes background regions 182 and 189. The user enters the
field of view, which is shown in a transition region 184, followed by a less
rapid transition region 185 and a substantially constant region 186, in which
the user stays in the field of view. A substantially steep transition region
188
is due to the user leaving the field of view wherein the optical data
eventually
goes back to the background value of region 182, as shown in region 189.
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Fig. 7C shows optical data measured by a passive optical sensor
located on faucet 10, shown in Fig. 2, wherein this faucet is mounted above a
reflective sink. The optical data 190 shows initially a background value
region 192, followed by a sharp transition region 194 and another transition
5 region 195. While the user is within the field of view washing his or her
hands, the optical data stays substantially constant, as shown by region 196,
followed by a sharp transition region 198 caused by the user's departure.
The optical data goes back to the background value as shown by region 199.
Optical data graphs 180 and 190 exhibit two transition regions for the
10 user entering the field of view. The first transition region (region 184
or 194)
is quite steep, while the second transition region (region 185 or 195) is less
steep, enabling a better detection. Further improvement of detection is
achieved by the combination of the measured optical data patterns 150, 170,
180 and 190, using several passive sensors as described above.
Figs. 8 through 8E illustrate different types of optical signals modeled
for the above-described passive sensor. These modeled data are used to
illustrate operation of the detection algorithm for different fields of view
and
situations where a user enters such a field of view. Each graph shows the
modeled optical signal and the first derivative of this signal, enhancing the
transition between various states.
Referring to Fig. 8, graph 200 shows modeled optical signal roughly
corresponding to the detected optical data shown in Fig. 7A. Optical signal
graph 200 shows background values 204 and 219, transition in regions 206
and 214, and target region 212. The first derivative signal 202 exhibits two
peaks, 209 and 216, corresponding to the transition regions 206 and 214,
respectively. The area 210 on peak 208 corresponds to the transition
energy, and similarly the area 218 on the peak 216 again corresponds to the
transition energy from the detection state 212 to background state 219.
Fig. 8A shows a modeled optical signal with transitions, similar as
optical signal 200, but in this case the target causes an increased amount of
ambient light detected by the passive sensor. Optical signal 220 includes
background region 222, transition regions 224 and 228, and target region
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226. First derivative signal 220A includes two transition peaks 225 and 229,
which again have an area corresponding to the energy of the transitions, 224
and 228.
Figs. 8B and 8C show modeled optical signals that include not only
target detection region, but also a change in background levels that can also
be measured and used by the algorithms described below. Optical signal
230 includes 3 transitions, 231, 232, and 233, between the background level,
the background change level, and a new background level, respectively. The
first derivative signal 230A includes peaks 231A, 232A and 233A,
corresponding to the transitions.
Fig. 80 shows similar modeled optical signal 235, which now includes
a reduced background region after transition 237. The transition regions
236, 237, and 238 can be resolved using the first derivative signal 235A,
which exhibits peaks 236A, 237A, and 238A.
Figs. 8D and 8E show similar optical signals 240 and 246, modeled for
a reflecting target that increases the amount of light arriving at the passive
sensor. As described above, transition regions 241, 243, and 245 can be
resolved using the first derivative signal 240A, exhibiting peaks 241A, 243A
and 245A.
We note that, as shown in Figs. 7 ¨ 7C, the time scale of changes in
the background level are either very slow (e.g. changing sun level over the
course of sunset), or very fast ( e.g., someone switching off room light). The
noise levels have a similar time scale as transition, but do not typically
have
symmetry or asymmetry with a target time delay sandwiched in between as
required by Target. If there is a level differential between clear and target,
then there will be an asymmetric transition pattern of the derivative of the
time signal with a target delay in between. (Target situation 1.)
If the clear and target have similar light levels then there will be a
symmetric transition pattern with a target delay in between. (Target situation
2.) There is a requirement for a minimum and maximum target delay time
(i.e., 0 < to and it is unlikely that a target will stay longer than t1, for
valid time
t, to < t < t1.) The background and noise levels can be superimposed to
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transition target and clear levels at any time. The noise levels may or may
not mask signal levels (transition target clear).
The algorithm measures light level at the preset intervals and can use
filter measurement to reduce measurement and background noise. Then,
the algorithm takes the derivative of detected optical signal. The algorithm
may executes the following:
If not in transition then adjust long term average of noise level.
If current sample goes above noise level then.
Assume transition started add level to energy of current transition
Mark time of start of transition
Change sampling time if necessary
If in transition and sample still above noise level
Add level to energy of current transition
If in transition and sample falls below noise level
Check if time scale of transition is in range. If yes, push transition time
and energy onto software stack. Else no transition erase energy, time
associated reset sampling time
If transition with similar energy symmetric or un-symmetric is found in stack
that happened between to and t1 time ago than FLUSH and erase entire
stack
Check stack for any transitions longer than t1 in stack and erase.
Other detection algorithms can use various numerical algorithms such
as stochastic algorithms (e.g., Kalman filter) or various predictive
algorithms
(e.g., Jacobi algorithm) to detect the transitions from background level to
target level, from a background level to an intermediate level, or from a
target
level from an intermediate level or a new background level. The use of the
stochastic algorithm and the predictive algorithm is particularly useful when
the passive sensors are used to control a faucet, where the decision time is
limited. That is, a user expects to receive water within a second from the
time he or she places his or her hands under the faucet. If there is a delay
in
water delivery, the user will think that the faucet is out of order. On the
other
hand, when using passive sensors with the bathroom flushers a time delay is
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acceptable because a user cannot usually exit the field of view and a new
user cannot enter the field of view in a second. Therefore, the delay in flush
initiation is acceptable.
Fig. 9 schematically illustrates control electronics 250, powered by a
battery 270. Control electronics 250 includes battery regulation unit 272, no
or low battery detection unit 275, passive sensor and signal processing unit
252, and the microcontroller 254. Battery regulation unit 272 provides power
for the whole controller system. It provides 6.0 V power through 6.0V power
1 to "no battery" Detector; it provides 6.0 V power to low battery detector;
it
also provides 6.0 V to power driver 258. It provides a regulated 3.0 V power
to microcontroller 254.
"No battery" detector generates pulses to microcontroller 254 in form
of "No Battery" signals to notify microcontroller 254. Low Battery detector is
coupled to the battery/power regulation through the 6.0V power. When
power drops below 4.2V, the detector generates a pulse to the
microcontroller (i.e., low battery signal). When the "low battery" signal is
received, microcontroller will flash indicator 280 (e.g., an LED) with a
frequency of 1Hz, or may provide a sound alarm. After flushing 2000 times
under low battery conditions, microcontroller will stop flushing, but still
flash
the LED.
As described in connection with Fig. 9, passive sensor and signal
processing module 252 converts the resistance of a photoresistor to a pulse,
which is sent to microcontroller 254 through the charge pulse signal. The
pulse width changes represent the resistance changes, which in turn
correspond to the illumination changes. The control circuit also includes a
clock/reset unit that provides clock pulse generation, and it resets pulse
generation. It generates a reset pulse with 4Hz frequency, which according
to the clock pulse, is the same frequency. The reset signal is sent to
microcontroller 254 to reset the microcontroller or wake up the
microcontroller from sleep mode.
A manual button switch may be formed by a reed switch, and a
magnet. When the button is pushed down by a user, the circuitry sends out
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a signal to the clock/reset unit through manual signal IRQ, then forces the
clock/reset unit to generate a reset signal. At the same time, the level of
the
manual signal level is changed to acknowledge to microcontroller 254 that it
is a valid manual flush signal.
Referring still to Fig. 9, control electronics 250 receives signals from
optical sensor unit 252 and controls an actuator 260, a controller or
microcontroller 254, an input element (e.g., the optical sensor), a solenoid
driver 258 (power driver) receiving power from a battery 270 regulated by a
voltage regulator 272. Microcontroller 254 is designed for efficient power
operation. To save power, microcontroller 254 is initially in a low frequency
sleep mode and periodically addresses the optical sensor to see if it was
triggered. After triggering, the microcontroller provides a control signal to
a
power consumption controller 268, which is a switch that powers up voltage
regulator 272 (or a voltage boost 272), optical sensor unit 252, and a signal
conditioner 273. (To simplify the block diagram, connections from power
consumption controller 268 to optical sensor unit 252 and to signal
conditioner 273 are not shown.)
Microcontroller 254 can receive an input signal from an external input
element (e.g., a push button) that is designed for manual actuation or control
input for actuator 260. Specifically, microcontroller 254 provides control
signals 256A and 256B to power driver 258, which drives the solenoid of
actuator 260. Power driver 258 receives DC power from battery and voltage
regulator 272 regulates the battery power to provide a substantially constant
voltage to power driver 258. An actuator sensor 262 registers or monitors
the armature position of actuator 260 and provides a control signal 265 to
signal conditioner 273. A low battery detection unit 275 detects battery
power and can provide an interrupt signal to microcontroller 254.
Actuator sensor 262 provides data to microcontroller 254 (via signal
conditioner 273) about the motion or position of the actuator's armature and
this data is used for controlling power driver 258. The actuator sensor 262
may be an electromagnetic sensor (e.g., a pick up coil) a capacitive sensor, a
Hall effect sensor, an optical sensor, a pressure transducer, or any other
type
of a sensor.
CA 02548044 2014-06-13
Preferably, microcontroller 254 is an 8-bit CMOS microcontroller
TMP86P807M made by Toshiba. The microcontroller has a program
memory of 8 Kbytes and a data memory of 256 bytes. Programming is done
using a Toshiba adapter socket with a general-purpose PROM programmer.
5 The microcontroller operates at 3 frequencies (fc= 16MHz, f= 8MHz and fs
=
332.768kHz), wherein the first two clock frequencies are used in a normal
mode and the third frequency is used in a low power mode (i.e., a sleep
mode). Microcontroller 254 operates in the sleep mode between various
actuations. To save battery power, microcontroller 254 periodically samples
10 optical sensor unit 252 for an input signal, and then triggers power
consumption controller 268. Power consumption controller 268 powers up
signal conditioner 273 and other elements. Otherwise, optical sensor unit
252, voltage regulator 272 (or voltage boost 272) and signal conditioner 273
are not powered to save battery power. During operation, microcontroller
15 254 also provides indication data to indicator 280. Control electronics
250
may receive a signal from the passive optical sensor or the active optical
sensor described above. The passive optical sensor includes only a light
detector providing a detection signal to microcontroller 254.
Low battery detection unit 275 may be the low battery detector
20 model no. TC54VN4202EMB, available from Microchip Technology. Voltage
regulator 272 may be the voltage regulator part no. TC55RP3502EMB, also
available from Microchip Technology (http://www.microchip.com).
Microcontroller 254 may alternatively be a microcontroller part no. MCU
COP8SAB728M9, available from National Semiconductor.
25 Fig. 9A schematically illustrates another embodiment of control
electronics 250. Control electronics 250A receives signals from optical
sensor unit 252 and controls actuator 261. As described above, the control
electronics also includes microcontroller 254, solenoid driver 258 (i.e.,
power
driver), voltage regulator 272, and a battery 270. Solenoid actuator 261
includes two coil sensors, 263A and 263B. Coil sensors 263A and 263B
provide a signal to the respective preamplifiers 266A and 266B and low pass
filters 267A and 267B. A differentiator 269 provides the differential signal
to
microcontroller 254 in a feedback loop arrangement.
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To open a fluid passage, microcontroller 254 sends OPEN signal
256B to power driver 258, which provides a drive current to the drive coil of
actuator 261 in the direction that will retract the armature. At the same
time,
coils 263A and 263B provide induced signal to the conditioning feedback
loop, which includes the preamplifier and the low-pass filter. If the output
of a
differentiator 269 indicates less than a selected threshold calibrated for the
retracted armature (i.e., the armature did not reach a selected position),
microcontroller 254 maintains OPEN signal 256B asserted. If no movement
of the solenoid armature is detected, microcontroller 254 can apply a
different (higher) level of OPEN signal 256B to increase the drive current (up
to several times the normal drive current) provided by power driver 258. This
way, the system can move the armature, which is stuck due to mineral
deposits or other problems.
Microcontroller 254 can detect the armature displacement (or even
monitor armature movement) using induced signals in coils 263A and 263B
provided to the conditioning feedback loop. As the output from differentiator
269 changes in response to the armature displacement, microcontroller 254
can apply a different (lower) level of OPEN signal 256B, or can turn off
OPEN signal 256B, which in turn directs power driver 258 to apply a different
level of drive current. The result usually is that the drive current has been
reduced, or the duration of the drive current has been much shorter than the
time required to open the fluid passage under worst-case conditions (that has
to be used without using an armature sensor). Therefore, the control system
saves considerable energy and thus extends the life of battery 270.
Advantageously, the arrangement of coil sensors 263A and 263B can
detect latching and unlatching movement of the actuator armature with great
precision. (However, a single coil sensor, or multiple coil sensors, or
capacitive sensors may also be used to detect movement of the armature.)
Microcontroller 254 can direct a selected profile of the drive current applied
by power driver 258. Various profiles may be stored in microcontroller 254,
and may be actuated based on the fluid type, the fluid pressure (water
pressure), the fluid temperature (water temperature), if the time actuator 261
has been in operation since installation or last maintenance, a battery level,
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input from an external sensor (e.g., a movement sensor or a presence
sensor), or other factors. Based on the water pressure and the known sizes
of the orifices, the automatic flush valve can deliver a known amount of flush
water.
Fig. 9B provides a schematic diagram of a detection circuit 252 used
for the passive optical sensor 50. The passive optical sensor does not
include a light source (no light emission occurs) and only includes a light
detector that detects arriving light. As compared to the active optical
sensor,
the passive sensor enables reduced power consumption since all power
consumption related to the IR emitter is eliminated. The light detector may
be a photodiode, a photoresistor or some other optical element providing
electrical output depending on the intensity or the wavelength of the received
light. The light receiver is selected to be active in the range or 350 to
1,500
nanometers and preferably 400 to 1,000 nanometers, and even more
preferably, 500 to 950 nanometers. Thus, the light detector is not sensitive
to body heat emitted by the user of faucet 10, or body heat emitted by the
user located in front of flushers 100 or 100A.
The detection circuit 252, used by the passive sensor enables a
significant reduction in energy consumption, and includes a detection
element D (e.g., a photodiode or a photoresistor), two comparators (U1A and
U1B) connected to provide a read-out from the detection element upon
receipt of a high pulse. Preferably, the detection element is a photoresistor.
The voltage Vcc is +5 V (or + 3V) received from the power source. Resistors
R2 and R3 are voltage dividers between Vcc and the ground. Diode D1 is
connected between the pulse input and output line to enable the readout of
the capacitance at capacitor C1 charged during the light detection.
Preferably, the photoresistor is designed to receive light of intensity in
the range of 1 lux to 1000 lux, by appropriate design of optical lens 54 or
the
optical elements shown in Figs 6 through 6E. For example, optical lens 54
may include a photochromatic material or a variable size aperture. In
general, the photoresistor can receive light of intensity in the range of 0.1
lux
to 500 lux for suitable detection. The resistance of the photodiode is very
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large for low light intensity, and decreases (usually exponentially) with the
increasing intensity.
Referring still to Fig. 9B, the default logic at CONTROL IN is "high".
Comparator U1A output a "high" to node 252A. And DETECTOR READ
OUT is logic "low". Microcontroller output logic 0 from CONTROL IN; upon
receiving a "high" pulse at the input connection, comparator U1A receives the
"high" pulse and provides the "high" pulse to node A. At this point, the
corresponding capacitor charge is read out through comparator U1B to the
output 7. The output pulse is a square wave having a duration that depends
on the photocurrent that charged capacitor C1 during the light detection time
period. Thus, microcontroller 34 receives a signal that depends on the
detected light. The CONTROL IN is kept "low" long enough to fully discharge
C1. Then, CONTROL IN returns to "high." Comparator U1A also follows the
input, node 252A starts to charge capacitor C1, and comparator U1B output
will turn to "high". Microcontroller starts a timer when DETECTOR READ
OUT turns to "high". When C1 (node A) voltage reach 2/3Vcc, U1B output
will turn to "low", stop timer. The timer value (or the pulse width from
DETECTOR READ OUT) is depends on the photocurrent. This process is
being repeated to measure the ambient light. The square wave has duration
proportional to the photocurrent excited at the photo resistor. The detection
signal is in a detection algorithm executed by microcontroller 254.
By virtue of the elimination of the need to employ an energy-
consuming IR light source used in the active optical sensor, the system can
be configured so as to achieve a longer battery life (usually many years of
operation without changing the batteries). Furthermore, the passive sensor
enables a more accurate means of determining presence of a user, the user
motion, and the direction of user's motion.
The preferred embodiment as it relates to which type of optical
sensing element is to be used is dependent upon the following factors: The
response time of a photoresistor is on the order or 20-50 milliseconds,
whereby a photodiode is on the order of several microseconds, therefore the
use of a photoresistor will require a significantly longer time form which
impacts overall energy use.
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29
Furthermore, the passive optical sensor can be used to determine
light or dark in a facility and in turn alter the sensing frequency (as
implemented in the faucet detection algorithm). That is, in a dark facility
the
sensing rate is reduced under the presumption that in such a modality the
faucet or flusher will not be used. The reduction of sensing frequency further
reduces the overall energy consumption, and thus this extends the battery
life.
Fig. 9C provides a schematic diagram of an alternatice detection
circuit 253. This circuit may be used directly connected to the
microcontroller, as describe below. This circuit may be included into circuit
252 (Fig. 9B at 253A). In Fig. 9C, three resistors are connected in parallel
with photodetector D. Providing VCC to CHARGE1, or CHARGE2, or
CHARGE3 at different light condition, is equivalent to different parallel
resistors connected to photodetector D. Thus, this system can adjust the
resolution of DETECTOR READ OUT.
The microcontroller reads out optical data as follows: First, all charge
pins are set to Hi-Z (just like no Vcc, no current goes to capacitor). Then,
the
input/ dicharge pin is set as output, and is set "low" so that capacitor Ci
discharges from this pin. Next, the discharge pin is charged as input. At this
moment, the logic of this pin is "low". Then, the charge pin is set to "Hi."
The
microcontroller selects charge 0, or charge 0 +charge X (X = 1, 2, 3). Thus,
the current goes from charge 0 + chargeX to the capacitor, and at the same
time the timer is started. The capacitor voltage will increase, when it
reaches
2/3 Vcc (which is the microcontroller power supply, and it's also I/O output
voltage). At this point the logic in input/discharge pin will turn from "low"
to
"high" and the timed is stoped. The timer value corresponde to the charge
time, which is depend on charge current (that goes through photodetector D,
and through one or several parallel resistors). By selecting different
parallel
resitors and charge together with photocell, the timer resolution can be
adjusted and the maximum charge time can be limited.
Fig. 10 illustrates various factors that affect operation and calibration
of the passive optical system. The sensor environment is important since the
detection depends on the ambient light conditions. If the ambient light in the
CA 02548044 2014-06-13
facility changes from normal to bright, the detection algorithm has to
recalculate the background and the detection scale. The detection process
differs when the lighting conditions vary (585), as shown in the provided
algorithms. There are some fixed conditions (588) for each facility such as
5 the walls, toilet locations, and their surfaces. The provided algorithms
periodically calibrate the detected signal to account for these conditions.
The above-mentioned factors are incorporated in the following algorithms.
Algorithm 300 (shown in Fig. 11- Fig. 111-111, works on the principles
that a user in front of a facility changes light levels being detected by the
10 photoreceiver from those levels when no user was present. A user passing
by the facility will not trigger water flow, while the user remaining in front
of
the facility within a selected field of view will trigger water flow. The
system
looks for a change in light levels to signify the presence of a user. This
change is called "a derivative threshold", and varies according to ambient
15 light levels. Light conditions change as a user moves to or away from
the
facility, but remain substantially stable during use (while the movement of
hands under a faucet will change the light level). Therefore, stability range
in
the detected light levels can determine whether or not a user is within the
facility.
20 When a target moves closer, the target blocks the ambient light,
especially if wearing dark, light-absorbent clothes, so that the passive
sensor
will detect less light while the target comes into the field of view. At this
time,
pulse width measurements will go up. More light will be detected as the
target leaves the facility, so pulse width will go down. On the other hand, if
25 the target wears a specific-kind of reflective clothes the passive
sensor will
detect more light while the target comes into the field of view. The
microcontroller measures a smaller pulse width (i.e., more light) as the
target
enters the field of view, and a longer pulse width (less light) as the target
moves away. Both possibilities are covered in the presented algorithms.
30 The algorithm has a preferred (working) light range for a photoresistor
or a photodiode, where it best detects a target's presence. In the present
embodiment, the photoresistor has a working light range from approximately
100 counts to 27,000 counts. Below this range, there is BrightMode, where
CA 02548044 2014-06-13
31
background light is too bright to detect a target properly (i.e., the pulse
width
is below 100 counts). Above this range, there is DarkMode, where
background light is too dark to detect a target (i.e., the pulse width is
above
27,000 counts). Within the preferred light range, algorithm 300 has two
options: NotTargetMode and TargetMode. In the NotTargetMode, no target
has been detected, but the system checks for an approaching target. In the
TargetMode, a target has already been detected, and the system looks for
changes from one stage to another to determine if water flow should be
initiated. These stages include: TargetIn, TargetStay, TargetOut, and
TarietLeave.
In the TargetIn stage, light changes show the target is moving towards
the sensor. In the TargetStay stage, stable light levels show the target is
staying in front of the sensor for a particular period of time. In the
TargetOut
stage, the target is moving, and changes in light indicate that the light
conditions are returning to those measured previously (or other background
conditions). Finally, in the TargetLeave stage, light conditions are stable
and
have basically returned to those previous to the target being detected (or
other background conditions).
The microcontroller constantly cycles through the algorithm, where it
wakes up every 250 milliseconds (step 302, or another preset time),
determines the mode it was last in (based on a previously set flag), and
evaluates what mode it should go to based on the measured pulse width (p),
similarly to algorithm 600 in Fig. 12, described below. The system
determines how long a particular light level has been stable by counting the
number of cycles between one action and another to determine the time.
Referring to Fig. 11, if the system is within its first 10 min. after
installation (304), it sends a test electrical control pulse from the
microprocessor (step 322, Fig. 11A) to check that the capacitor and the read
out circuit are working properly. This occurs only the first time after
installation. Then, it gets the pulse width (306), and goes on to calibrate
the
system (Fig. 11B), where if the calibration is required (342), it takes data
and
stores it (step 348) for the next 10 sec. (350). Once this is done, it sets
the
calibration as done (352), and whenever it goes through the beginning of the
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32
algorithm, it skips steps 346-352. At step 342, if calibration is not
required, it
keeps 1 sec. worth of data (344). The system then starts anew.
In regular use the microcontroller wakes up and scans the
photoresistor at step 306. It checks the current light level, as well as its
previous status, set based on light levels, to make a decision as to what
action to take next. The system generally works best in usual ambient light,
so it has been set up with predefined thresholds for its working light range.
In algorithm 540, these are preferably approximately 44 lux for a high
(Level_Hi), and 33,000 lux for a low level (Level_Lo). If the light range is
between 44 to 33,000 lux, and had not been darker or brighter in the
previous cycle, the system remains in one of two modes: TargetMode or
NotTargetMode, with this last one being the default. Therefore, if within the
working light range, the microcontroller will go directly through steps 308
and
310. In steps 312 and 314 it finds out whether it had previously been in
darker (DarkMode) or brighter (BrightMode) conditions than those in its
working range. If this is not the case, and no targets have been detected, it
will go into NotTargetMode at steps 316 to 332 (Fig. 11G, discussed further
below).
Changes in light that cause the microcontroller to be outside its
working light range also play a role in this system. Referring to Fig. 11, if
the
pulse width is less than Level Lo (308), the system goes into Normal to
Bright Mode (324, Fig. 11C). That is, the system will go from the working
light range to a bright light range. Similarly, if the reverse is true, and
the
pulse width is greater than Level_Hi, the system will go into a Normal to Dark
Mode instead (326, Fig. 11D).
In Normal to Bright mode, Fig. 11C, the BrightModeCounter starts
counting each cycle that the system is in BrightMode (356). Once it detects it
has been in BrightMode for 1 sec. (358), it sets BrightMode at step 364. If it
counts for 1 min. or longer (step 360), it sets sets the BrightModeCounter to
one minute, since that is its maximum range (362). If it has not yet counted
for 1 sec., and it goes through steps 358 and 360, the microcontroller exits
to
start a new cycle.
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In Normal to Dark mode, Fig. 11D, if the system had previously been
in TargetMode and the DarkModeCounter's time is 2 mins. or less (366), the
DarkModeCounter adds one cycle to its count (370), and exits once more.
However, if this is not the case in step 366, the system sets DarkMode (step
368), and exits.
If the light had been outside the working range in previous cycles but
now is within it, however, the system moves through steps 308 and 310 in
Fig. 11 to Dark Mode to Normal Mode (312) or Bright Mode to Normal Mode
(314), to recover NotTargetMode, where it can look for a new target. If the
unit had been previously set to DarkMode (312) it moves to DarkMode to
Norm alMode (step 328, Fig. 11F). The DayModeCounter adds one cycle to
its count (378), and the microcontroller then checks whether the system had
been in TargetMode previously, and whether the time it had been under
DarkMode is between 2 mins. and 15 sec. (step 380). It does this because if
the unit had detected a target, and it has been in the dark for less than 2
min., the change in light could have been due to a person standing before
the unit, and therefore it sets a precautionary flush (388). If the
DayModeCounter counts for more than 4 sec. (382), the microcontroller sets
NotTargetMode once again (step 384), sets the minimum value of light
detected in the past 4 sec. as the background (386), and exits to begin
cycling anew. If the DayModeCounter did not count for longer than 4 sec.,
the microcontroller will simply exit and begin anew.
If the unit had been in BrightMode and now is within the working light
range (314 to 330 and Fig. 11E), it will add one count to the
DayModeCounter in step 366, and then check whether the DayModeCounter
has been counting for longer than 1 sec., and the BrightModeCounter (set in
step 356 as the unit was in BrightMode) had been counting for less than 1
min. (step 367). If this is the case, it causes a precautionary flush (376),
since the brightness detected could have been due to a user reflecting light
for less than 1 min. (In general, these precautionary flushes are more suited
for use with a urinal.)
If the conditions in step 368 are not the case, the microcontroller
checks whether the DayModeCounter has been counting for longer than 4
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34
sec. (369). If not, it exits to begin cycling anew. If it did count for over 4
sec.,
it will take the maximum value of light detected in the last 4 seconds as the
background (step 372), set NotTargetMode in step 374, exit and start cycling
anew.
If the unit had been in DarkMode and is now within the working light
range (312 to 330 and Fig. 11F), it will add one count to the
DayModeCounter in step 378, and then check whether the system had been
in TargetMode previously, and whether the DarkModeCounter has been
counting for longer than 15 sec. (step 380). If so, it will set a
precautionary
flush at step 388, and continue to step 382. If not, it will simply continue
to
step 382, where it will check if the DayModeCounter has been counting for
longer than 4 sec. If so, it will set NotTargetMode, take the minimum value of
light detected in the last 4 sec. as the background (step 384), and exit. If
this
is not the case, it will exit and start cycling again.
Referring to Fig. 11G, if the system had been in light range, it remains
within working light range and there is no current target detection, it goes
into
NotTargetMode (step 334). If a target was detected in the last 15 cycles
(given 250 msec. per cycle this is less than 4 sec.; step 390), the
microcontroller will use its previously determined background light level
(400); otherwise, it will reestablish it (392). The microcontroller will use
the
background to set a derivative threshold (394). The derivative threshold
shows at what point a change of pulse width is likely to be large enough to
signify a target coming close as opposed to a slight change in ambient light.
In this system, different light levels within the working range have separate
derivative thresholds. The working light range has been divided into eight
intervals, each with a separate derivative threshold: From 100-2,000 counts,
the threshold is 12.5%; from 2,000-4,000 counts, it is 12.5%; from 4,000-
6,000 counts, it is 6.25%; from 6,000-8,000 counts, it is 6.25%; from 8,000-
10,000 counts, it is 6.25%; for 10,000-15,000 counts, it is 6.25%; from
15,000-20,000 counts, it is 3.125%; and from 20,000-27,000 counts, it is
3.125%. For example, if the light level is in the range of 2,000-4,000 counts,
if the change is greater than 12.5%, it is likely to be due to a target coming
in.
Otherwise, it may be simple background "noise."
CA 02548044 2014-06-13
Still referring to Fig. 11G, the microcontroller will then determine
whether p for the current cycle has changed relative to that of the previous
cycle, to determine whether there has been a change in light. If p increased,
(meaning light decreased) it establishes the derivative (Deny.) by
5 determining the difference between p and background light levels (402)
and
in step 402 compares it to the threshold determined in step 394. If the
change in light, or Deny., is greater than the threshold, there is definitely
less
light being detected, likely due to a user coming in and blocking the light,
so
the microcontroller sets the mode as TargetMode at a stage of TargetInHi
10 (410), saves the light level identified before it sensed a target as
TempBackground (412), and exits to repeat the cycling.
However, a similar scenario can take place if a target, instead of
blocking light when coming in, reflects it due to the clothes being worn. In
that case, p would be less than the previous background (398), and the
15 system would go through similar steps as described above (406 and 408)
to
determine that the Deily, is greater than the threshold value. If that is the
case, it is likely that the greater amount of light is due to a user coming in
and
reflecting light, so the microcontroller sets the mode as TargetMode at a
stage of TargetInLo (414), saves TempBackground (416) and also exits. If
20 no light change large enough to be a likely target is sensed in
NotTargetMode, the system exits to continue cycling without changing the
mode, and will continue scanning for a target as long as it remains within the
working light range set.
Once the stage of TargetInHi or TargetInLo is set, and the
25 microcontroller cycles once more, it will go to TargetMode (Fig. 11,
steps 318
and 334), and enter step 334 as shown in Fig. 11H. The TargetCounter will
add one count to determine how long the microcontroller has been in that
stage (step 418). If the time the system has been in TargetMode has been
less than 10 mins., it will continue through the cycle to step 422
(TargetInHi,
30 Fig. 11H) or step 484 (TargetInLo, Fig. 111). However, if it has been in
that
stage for longer than 10 mins. (or over 2,400 cycles), it will determine that
the
change in light is not due to a user coming towards the facility, but to some
other circumstance. This change can be due to, for example, a light bulb
CA 02548044 2014-06-13
36
from a room lamp suddenly burning out, so that light levels are now changed
for an extended period. It will therefore set NotTargetMode (step 426), clear
the TargetCounter (428), update the background light level (430), and go
through the rest of the cycle until it reaches the end. Then it can start a
new
cycle and look for changes in light that signify a target.
Referring still to Fig. 11H, if the stage was set as TargetInHi for less
than 10 min., and p for this cycle is greater or equal to Deny. (set in step
402)
and the background light, the microcontroller will add a one cycle count to
its
CorneInCounter (442), which determines how long ago a target may have
come in. If all conditions remain the same, but it has not yet been 8 sec.
that
the target has been there (step 444), the microcontroller will exit and
continue cycling until the ComeInCounter has counted above 8 sec., when it
determines the target is staying and using the facility, due to the signal
being
stable. At this point, from step 444, it sets the stage as TargetStayHi in
step
446. If p does not meet the conditions in step 432, the StandByCounter adds
one cycle (434). If all conditions remain the same, and the StandByCounter
counts more than 4 sec. (step 436), the change in light previously sensed
may simply have been a temporary change due to, for example, someone
standing or walking by the facility. Therefore, the microcontroller sets
NotTargetMode (438) and exits.
If the potential target reflects light and was set as TargetInLo, the
microcontroller will be at step 484 in Fig. 111. If the system is within its
first
10 min. after installation (step 488), it will set NotTargetMode (step 496),
and
restart cycling. After that period, if p is less than the background (step
490),
or is still stable due to the presence of the user, and the change in p is
higher
than the Lo-end or lower than the Hi-end threshold (498), the microcontroller
considers the change to be due to a target staying and using the facility, so
it
sets TargetStayLo (step 504) and exits the cycle. However, if the conditions
of step 498 are not met, the microcontroller checks the TargetCounter set to
count cycles at step 418 after TargetMode was set. If p is high for longer
than 4 seconds without change (step 500), it is likely that the change
detected previously was due to a temporary change in background light
CA 02548044 2014-06-13
37
levels, and not to a user. Therefore, NotTargetMode is set (step 506), and
the system exits.
If p is not lower than the background since first detecting the potential
target (step 490), the StandByCounter begins to count here as well (492) to
make sure that the change detected previously was not merely a change in
light. If p is higher than the background for more than 4 sec. (step 494), the
previously detected change was likely also a temporary change in
background light, and the microcontroller sets NotTargetMode (step 502) and
exits.
Referring to Fig. 11H-1, when the stage had been set as TargetStayHi
(448), the microcontroller sets the background once more (step 452). It will
now check for stability in the light change to verify that the target is truly
leaving the facility, as small changes in p now could be simply due to the
target moving around in the facility. If the target is leaving, the background
level and TempBackground (see step 416) should be very close. The
system first checks for decreases in p being greater than half of the
difference between the current background and the TempBackground in step
454. This would mean that the target is moving out of the facility, and the
microcontroller now sets TargetOutHi (step 458) and exits. However, if p
increases, it checks whether this increase is greater than twice the
difference
between the current background and TempBackground (step 456).
Increases in p could be due to changes in the background light, and have to
be much greater than differences between the two background levels
detected to be likely due to a target's movement. So, if this is the case,
TargetInHi is set, because lower light levels mean the target is likely still
moving in (step 460), and TempBackground is set as the current background
once more (step 462) before exiting.
Fig. 111-I shows the alternative, for when the target is reflecting light
and is at TargetStayLo (508). If the TargetStayLo conditions have been the
same, and the TargetCounter set at step 418 has counted for longer than 1
min. (step 512), the light conditions are not likely due to a target, but
changes
in the background light. Therefore, NotTargetMode is set (step 526) before
exiting. If it is not yet one minute, however, the microcontroller checks
CA 02548044 2014-06-13
38
whether the target is leaving and the light levels have changed. It does so by
checking how close the current value of p is to the level of light before the
target came into view: It first calculates what the change in the background
has been due to the target coming into view (Delta, step 514): if the target
is
leaving, the light level should be close to TempBackground, and Delta should
be small. Otherwise, the microcontroller does not consider the reflective
target to be leaving. Therefore, the threshold (step 516), or difference
between TernpBackground and a quarter of Delta, should be close to the
value of TempBackground. If p is above this new threshold of change, that
is, it is darker once more, the target is likely to be leaving. So if p is now
greater than that threshold (step 518), the target is leaving, and TargetOutLo
is set (step 528) before exiting.
If p is not greater than the threshold set in 516 (step 518), the
microcontroller sets threshold (step 520), calculates Delta in this case as
the
current background minus the current value of p (step 522), and checks
whether this Delta is greater than the threshold (step 524). If this is the
case,
it sets TargetInLo (step 530), since it is likely that the changes being
perceived are due to the target still corning in, and then it exits. If not
(step
524), and none of the above conditions are met, it exits and begins anew.
Once the system has set the stage as TargetOutHi (464, Fig. 11H-II),
it checks the difference between each pulse width for 6 cycles, or 1.5 sec. If
p has not varied more than 40 counts in over 1.5 sec. (step 468), the target
has left, so TargetLeaveHi is set (step 472), before exiting. However, if this
is not the case, but as required in step 470, the Unstable Time is longer than
4 sec., or the decrease in p is now greater than three-quarters of the
difference between the current background and TernpBackground (i.e., p is
very close to the original value before the target was detected), the user is
likely to be in the process of leaving, but is taking a long time in doing so.
If
so, the microcontroller also sets TargetLeaveHi (step 474) and exits to begin
the next cycle. If neither step 468's nor 470's conditions are met, the system
exits to cycle once more.
For the parallel condition TargetOutLo (532, Fig. 111-11), the
microcontroller checks that p has not varied more than 40 counts in over 3
CA 02548044 2014-06-13
39
sec. (step 536), in which case, if the light conditions are now the same or +/-
1.625% of the TempBackground (step 542), it sets TargetLeaveLo (step 546)
and exits. If this is not the case, the system must consider an alternate
option: changes detected earlier, where the light was increasing, could have
been due to changes in ambient light only, and not to a target reflecting
light.
Therefore, the lower light levels detected now could be a new target blocking
light while coming in, and for that reason the system sets TargetInHi as the
state (step 544) before exiting.
Referring to Fig. 11H-111, once the system has determined that the
target that had blocked light left (TargetLeaveHi stage, step 476) it sets up
a
flush (step 480), sets NotTargetMode once more (step 482) and exits, to be
ready for the next target detected and be able to respond once more. For a
reflective target that left (TargetLeaveLo, 548, Fig. 111-111), the system
also
sets up a flush in step 552 and sets NotTargetMode (step 554) before
exiting. If the system is not in the TargetLeaveLo stage, it also sets
NotTargetMode (step 550) and exits to restart the next cycle and check for
targets.
In each of the algorithms, there are three light conditions on which
activity depends: bright, dark, and ambient light. As a general rule, the
algorithms function best in ambient (or customary) light conditions, when
changes in light due to users being nearby are most evident. Therefore,
most activity occurs in ambient light conditions. In this case, when lower
light
levels are detected starting from ambient light, a user is likely blocking it,
and
is using the facility. When somewhat higher light levels are evident, a user
is
likely reflecting it, and is once again, likely using the facility.
As previously stated, the system functions using the principle that, not
only will a user in front of the unit being used change the light level being
detected, but that a user will have to remain stably in front of a unit in
use.
Therefore stability of the light conditions also plays a role in determining
whether or not a user is nearby. Changes in light levels would be stable if a
user is truly making use of the unit in question. Referring to Figs. 12 ¨121,
the microcontroller is programmed to execute a flushing algorithm 600 for
CA 02548044 2014-06-13
flushing toilet 116 or urinal 120 at different light levels. Algorithm 600
detects
different users in front of the flusher as they are approaching the unit, as
they
are using the toilet or urinal, and as they are moving away from the unit.
Based on these activities, algorithm 600 uses different states. There are
5 time periods between each state in order to automatically flush the
toilet at
appropriately spaced intervals. Algorithm 600 also controls flushes at
particular periods to make sure that the toilet has not been used without
detection. The passive optical detector for algorithm 600 is preferably a
photoresistor coupled to a readout circuit shown in Fig. 9B.
10 Algorithm 600 has three light modes: a Bright Mode (Mode 1), a Dark
Mode (Mode 3), and a Normal Mode (Mode 2). The Bright Mode (Mode 1) is
set as the microcontroller mode when resistance is less than 2k0 (Pb),
corresponding to large amounts of light detected (Fig. 12). The Dark Mode
(Mode 3) is set when the resistance is greater than 2MO (Pd), corresponding
15 to very little light detected (Fig. 12). The Normal Mode (Mode 2) is
defined
for a resistance is between 2k0 and 2M0, corresponding to ambient,
customary amounts of light. The resistance values are measured in terms of
a pulse width (corresponding to the resistance of the photoresistor in Fig.
9B). The above resistance threshold values differ for different photoresistors
20 and are here for illustration only.
The microcontroller is constantly cycling through algorithm 600, where
it will wake up (for example) every 1 second, determine which mode it was
last in (due to the amount of light it detected in the prior cycle). From the
current mode, the microcontroller will evaluate what mode it should go to
25 based on the current pulse width (p) measurement, which corresponds to
the
resistance value of the photoresistor.
The microcontroller goes through 6 states in Mode 2. The following
are the states required to initiate the flush: An Idle status in which no
background changes in light occur, presumably because there are no users
30 present, and in which the microcontroller calibrates the ambient light;
a
TargetIn status, in which a target moves into the field of the sensor; an
In8Seconds status, during which the target is in the field of the sensor, and
the pulse width measured is stable for 8 seconds (if the target leaves after 8
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41
seconds, there is no flush); an After8Seconds status, in which the target is
in
the sensor's field, and the pulse width is stable for more than 8 seconds,
meaning the target has remained in front of the sensor for that time (and
after
which, if the target leaves, there is a cautionary flush); a TargetOut status,
in
which the target is moving away, out of the field of the sensor; an
In2Seconds status, in which the background is stable after the target leaves.
After this last status, the microcontroller flushes, and goes back to the Idle
status.
As previously stated, the system functions using the principle that, not
only will a user in front of the unit being used change the light levels being
detected, but that a user will have to remain in front of a unit to use it.
Therefore stability of the light conditions also plays a role in determining
whether or not a user is nearby. Changes in light levels would be stable if a
user is truly making use of the unit in question. The flusher, for example,
uses that principle in the following manner (Figs. 12-121): once there is a
nonstationary, unstable but increasing change in light as compared to the
background levels, it is likely there is a user moving in or around the unit
("TargetIn"). This change can be a progressive increase (Down) or decrease
(Up) in light. If the change continues and is stable for a specific period of
time, there is someone likely stationary in front of the unit, using it
("In8Sec").
If then there is a progressive change (that is, unstable light levels)
towards background light levels once more, the person is now once again
moving in front of the unit, and is likely moving away from it ("TargetOut").
Once that light level, now closer to background is stable, the user is likely
to
have left once more ("In2Sec"), and the unit prepares to flush in a specific
period of time.
When the target moves closer to the sensor, the target can block the
light, particularly when wearing dark, light-absorbent clothes. Thus, the
sensor will detect less light during the Targetin status, so that resistance
will
go up (causing what will later be termed a TargetInUp status), while the
microcontroller will detect more light during the TargetOut status, so that
resistance will go down (later termed a TargetOutUo status). However, if the
target wears light, reflective clothes, the microcontroller will detect more
light
CA 02548044 2014-06-13
42
as the target gets closer to it, in the TargetIn status (causing what will
later
be described as a TargetInDown status), and less during the TargetOut
status (later termed a TargetOutDown status). Two seconds after the target
leaves the toilet, the microcontroller will cause the toilet to flush, and the
microcontroller will return to the Idle status.
To test whether there is a target present, the microcontroller checks
the Stability of the pulse width, or how variable the p values have been in a
specific period, and whether the pulse width is more variable than a constant,
selected background level, or a provided threshold value of the pulse width
W variance (Unstable). The system uses two other constant, pre-selected
values in algorithm 600, when checking the Stability of the p values to set
the
states in Mode 2. One of these two pre-selected values is Stable1, which is
a constant threshold value of the pulse width variance. A value below means
that there is no activity in front of unit, due to the p values not changing
in
that period being measured. The second pre-selected value used to
determine Stability of the p values is Stable2, another constant threshold
value of the pulse width variance. In this case a value below means that a
user has been motionless in front of the microcontroller in the period being
measured.
The microcontroller also calculates a Target value, or average pulse
width in the After8Sec status, and then checks whether the Target value is
above (in the case of TargetInUp) or below (in the case of TargetInDown) a
particular level above the background light intensity: BACKGROUND x
(1+PERCENTAGEIN) for TargetInUp, and BACKGROUND x (1-
PERCENTAGEIN) for TargetInDown. To check for TargetOutUp and
TargetOutDown, the microcontroller uses a second set of values:
BACKGROUND x (1+PERCENTAGEOUT) and BACKGROUND x (1-
PERCENTAGEOUT).
Referring to Fig. 12, every 1 second (601), the microcontroller will
wake up and measure the pulse width, p (602). The microcontroller will then
determine which mode it was previously in: If it was previously in Mode 1
(604), it will enter Mode 1(614) now. It will similarly enter Mode 2 (616) if
it
had been in Mode 2 in the previous cycle (606), or Mode 3 (618) if it had
CA 02548044 2014-06-13
43
been in Mode 3 in the previous cycle (608). The microcontroller will enter
Mode 2 as default mode (610), if it cannot determine which mode it entered
in the previous cycle. Once the Mode subroutine is finished, the
microcontroller will go into sleep mode (612) until the next cycle 600 starts
with step 601.
Referring to Fig. 12A (MODE 1- bright mode), if the microcontroller
was previously in Mode 1 based on the p value being less than or equal to
2k0, and the value of p now remains as greater than or equal to 21<cl (620)
for a time period measured by timer 1 as greater than 8 seconds, but less
than 60 seconds (628), the microcontroller will cause a flush (640), all Mode
1 timers (timers 1 and 2) will be reset (630), and the microcontroller will go
to
sleep (612) until the next cycle 600 starts at step 601. However, if p changes
while timer 1 counts for more than 8 seconds, or less than 60 (628), there
will
be no flush (640). Simply, all Mode 1 timers will be reset (630), the
microcontroller will go to sleep (612), and Mode 1 will continue to be set as
the microcontroller mode until the next cycle 600 starts.
If the microcontroller was previously in Mode 1, but the value of p is
now greater than 2k0 but less than 2MQ (622), for greater than 60 seconds
(634) based on the timer 1 count (632), all Mode 1 timers will be reset (644),
the microcontroller will set Mode 2 (646) as the system mode, so that the
microcontroller will start in Mode 2 in the next cycle 600, and the
microcontroller will go to sleep (612). However, if p changes while timer 1
counts for 60 seconds (134 to 148), Mode 1 will remain the microcontroller
mode and the microcontroller will go to sleep (612) until the next cycle 600
starts.
If the microcontroller was previously in Mode 1, and p is now greater
than or equal to 2M0 (624) while timer 2 counts (636) for greater than 8
seconds (638), all Mode 1 timers will be reset (650), the microcontroller will
set Mode 3 (652) as the new system mode, and the microcontroller will go to
sleep (612) until the next cycle 600 starts. However, if p changes while timer
2 counts for 8 seconds, the microcontroller will go to sleep (steps 638 to
612), and Mode 1 will continue to be set as the microcontroller mode until the
start of the next cycle 600.
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Referring to Fig. 12B (MODE 3 ¨ dark mode), if the microcontroller
was previously in Mode 3 based on the value of p having been greater than
or equal to 2M0, but the value of p is now less than or equal to 2k0 (810) for
a period measured by timer 3 (812) as greater than 8 seconds (814), the
microcontroller will reset timers 3 and 4, or all Mode 3 timers (816), the
microcontroller will set Mode 1 as the state (818) until the start of the next
cycle 600, and the microcontroller will go to sleep (612). However, if the
value of p changes while timer 3 counts for 8 seconds, the microcontroller
will go from step 814 to 612, so that the microcontroller will go to sleep,
and
Mode 3 will continue to be set as the microcontroller mode until the next
cycle 600 starts.
If the microcontroller was previously in Mode 3 based on the value of
p having been greater than or equal to 2M0, and the value of p is still
greater
than or equal to 2mn (820), the microcontroller will reset timers 3 and 4
(822), the microcontroller will go to sleep (612), and Mode 3 will continue to
be set as the microcontroller mode until the start of the next cycle 600.
If the microcontroller was previously in Mode 3, but p is now between
2k0 and 2M0 (824), for a period measured by timer 4 (826) as longer than 2
seconds (828), timers 3 and 4 will be reset (830), Mode 2 will be set as the
mode (832) until the next cycle 600 starts, and the microcontroller will go to
sleep (612). However, if p changes while timer 4 counts for longer than 2
seconds, Mode 3 will remain the microcontroller mode, and the
microcontroller will go from step 828 to step 612, going to sleep until the
next
cycle 600 starts. If an abnormal value of p occurs, the microcontroller will
go
to sleep (612) until a new cycle starts.
Referring to Fig. 12C (MODE 2¨ normal mode), if the microcontroller
mode was previously set as Mode 2, and now p is less than or equal to 2kQ
(656), for a period measured by timer 5 (662) as more than 8 seconds (664),
all Mode 2 timers will be reset (674), Mode 1 (Bright Mode) will be set as the
microcontroller mode (676), and the microcontroller will go to sleep (612).
However, if p changes while timer 5 counts for longer than 8 seconds, the
microcontroller will go to sleep (steps 664 to 612), and Mode 2 will remain
the microcontroller mode until the next cycle 600 starts.
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However, if now p is greater than or equal to 2MO (658) for a period
measured by timer 6 (668) as longer than 8 seconds (670), the toilet is not in
Idle status (i.e., there are background changes, 680), and p remains greater
than or equal to 2M0 while timer 6 counts for over 5 minutes (688), the
5 system will flush (690). After flushing, timers 5 and 6 will be reset
(692),
Mode 3 will be set as the microcontroller mode (694), and the microcontroller
will go to sleep (612). Otherwise, if p changes while timer 6 counts for
longer
than 5 minutes, the system will go from step 688 to 612, and go to sleep.
If the microcontroller mode was previously set as Mode 2, now p is
10 greater than or equal to 2MQ (658) for a period measured by timer 6
(668) as
more than 8 seconds (670), but the toilet is in Idle status (680), timers 5
and
6 will be reset (682), Mode 3 will be set as microcontroller mode (684), and
the microcontroller will go to sleep at step 612.
If p is greater or equal to 2MQ, but changes while timer 6 counts (668)
15 to greater than 8 seconds (670), the microcontroller will go to sleep
(612),
and Mode 2 will remain as the microcontroller mode. If p is within a different
value, the microcontroller will go to step 660 (shown in Fig. 12D).
Referring to Fig. 12D, alternatively, if the microcontroller mode was
previously set as Mode 2, and p is greater than 2k0 and less than 2M0
20 (661), timers 5 and 6 will be reset (666), pulse width Stability will be
checked
by assessing the variance of the last four pulse width values (667), and the
Target value is found by determining the pulse width average value (step
669).
At this point, when the status of the microcontroller is found to be Idle
25 (672), the microcontroller goes on to step 675. In step 675, if the
Stability is
found to be greater than the constant Unstable value, meaning that there is a
user present in front of the unit, and the Target value is larger than the
Background x (1+Percentageln) value, meaning that the light detected by the
microcontroller has decreased, this leads to step 680 and a TargetInUp
30 status (i.e., since a user came in, towards the unit, resistance
increased
because light was blocked or absorbed), and the microcontroller will go to
sleep (612), with Mode 2 TargetInUp as the microcontroller mode and status.
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When the conditions set in step 675 are not true, the microcontroller
will check if those in 677 are. In step 677, if the Stability is found to be
greater than the constant Unstable value, due to a user in front of the unit,
but the Target value is less than the Background x (1-Percentageln) value,
due to the light detected increasing, this leads to a "TargetInDown" status in
step 681, (i.e., since a user came in, resistance decreased because light off
of his clothes is reflected), and the microcontroller will go to sleep (612),
with
Mode 2 TargetInDown as the microcontroller mode and status. However, if
the microcontroller status is not Idle (672), the microcontroller will go to
step
673 (shown in Fig. 12E).
Referring to Fig. 12E, if the system starts in the TargetInUp status
(683), at step 689 the system will check whether the Stability value is less
than the constant Stable2, and whether the Target value is greater than
Background x (1+Percentageln) (689). If both of these conditions are
simultaneously met, which would mean that a user is motionless in front of
the unit, blocking light, the microcontroller will now advance to In8SecUp
status (697), and go to sleep (612). If the two conditions in step 689 are not
met, the system will check whether Stability is less than Stable1 and Target
is less than Background x (1+Percentageln) at the same time (691), meaning
that there is no user in front of the unit, and there is a large amount of
light
being detected by the unit. If this is the case, the system status will now be
set as Mode 2 Idle (699), and the microcontroller will go to sleep (612). If
neither of the sets of conditions in steps 689 and 691 is met, the system will
go to sleep (612).
If the TargetInDown status (686) had been set in the previous cycle,
the system will check whether Stability is less than Stable2 and Target is
less
than Background x (1-Percentageln) at the same time in step 693. If this is
so, which would mean that there is a user motionless in front of the unit,
with
more light being detected, the microcontroller will advance status to
In8SecDown (701), and will then go to sleep (612).
If the two requirements in step 693 are not met, the microcontroller will
check if Stability is less than Stable1 while at the same time Target is
greater
than Background x (1-Percentageln) in step 698. If both are true, the status
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will be set as Mode 2 Idle (703), due to these conditions signaling that there
is no activity in front of the unit, and that there is a large amount of light
being
detected by the unit, and it will go to sleep (612). If Stability and Target
do
not meet either set of requirements from steps 693 or 698, the
microcontroller will go to sleep (612), and Mode 2 will continue to be the
microcontroller status. If status is not Idle, TargetInUp or TargetInDown, the
microcontroller will continue as in step 695 (shown in Fig. 12F)
Referring to Fig. 12F, if In8SecUp had been set as the status (700),
the unit will check whether Stability is less than Stable2, and at the same
time Target is greater than Background x (1+Percentageln) in step 702. If
these conditions are met, meaning that there is a motionless user before the
unit, and that there is still less light being detected, the timer for the
In8Sec
status will start counting (708). If the two conditions continue to be the
same
while the timer counts for longer than 8 seconds, timer 7 is reset (712), the
microcontroller advances to After8SecUp status (714), and finally goes to
sleep (612). If the two conditions change while the timer counts to above 8
seconds (710), the microcontroller will go to sleep (612). If in step 702 the
requirements are not met by the values of Stability and Target, the In8Sec
timer is reset (704), in step 706 the microcontroller status is set as
TargetInUp, and the microcontroller will proceed to step 673 (Fig. 12E).
Referring to Fig. 12F, if the microcontroller status was set as
In8SecDown (716), the microcontroller checks whether Stability is less than
Stable2, and at the same time Target is less than Background x (1-
Percentageln) in step 718, to check whether the user is motionless before
the unit, and whether it continues to detect a large amount of light. If the
two
values meet the simultaneous requirement, the In8Sec status timer will start
counting (724). If it counts for longer than 8 seconds while the two
conditions
are met (726), timer 7 will be reset (728), the status will be advanced to
After8SecDown (730), and the microcontroller will go to sleep (612).
If the timer does not count for longer than 8 seconds while Stability
and Target remain at those ranges, the microcontroller will not advance the
status, and will go to sleep (612). If the requirements of step 718 are not
met
by the Stability and Target values, the In8SecTimer will be reset (720), and
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the microcontroller status will be set to TargetInDown (722), where the
microcontroller will continue to step 673 (Fig.12E). If the Mode 2 state is
none of those covered in Figs. 12C-F, the system continues through step 732
(shown in Fig. 12G)
Referring to Fig. 12G, in step 734, if the system was in the
After8SecUp status (734), it will check whether Stability is less than
Stable1,
that is, whether there is no activity before the unit. If so, timer 7 will
start
counting (742), and if Stability remains less than Stable1 until timer 7
counts
for longer than 15 minutes (744), the microcontroller will flush (746), the
Idle
status will be set (748), and the microcontroller will go to sleep (612). If
Stability does not remain less than the Stable1 value until timer 7 counts for
longer than 15 minutes, the microcontroller will go to sleep (612) until the
next cycle.
If Stability was not less than Stable1, the microcontroller checks
whether it is greater than Unstable, and whether Target is greater than
Background x (1+PercentageOut) (738). If both simultaneously meet these
criteria, meaning that there is a user moving in front of the unit, but there
is
more light being detected because they are moving away, the microcontroller
advances to Mode 2 TargetOutUp as the microcontroller status (740), and
the microcontroller goes to sleep (612). If Stability and Target do not meet
the two criteria in step 738, the microcontroller goes to sleep (612).
If the microcontroller was in After8SecDown (750), it will check
whether the Stability is less than Stable1 at step 752. If so, timer 7 will
begin
to count (754), and if it counts for greater than 15 minutes (756), the
microcontroller will flush (758), Idle status will be set (760), and the
microcontroller will go to sleep (612). If Stability does not remain less than
Stable1 until timer 7 counts to greater than 15 minutes, the microcontroller
will go to sleep (612) until the next cycle.
If the Stability is not found to be less than Stable1 at step 752, the
microcontroller will check whether Stability is greater than Unstable, while
at
the same time Target is less than Background x (1-PercentageOut) at step
762. If so, this means that there is a user in front of the unit, and that it
detects less light because they are moving away, so that it will advance the
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status to TargetOutDown at step 764, and will go to sleep (612). Otherwise,
if both conditions in step 762 are not met, the microcontroller will go to
sleep
(612). If the Mode 2 state is none of those covered in Figs. 12C-G, system
continues through step 770 (shown in Fig. 12H).
Referring to Fig. 12H, if TargetOutUp had been set as the status
(772), the microcontroller will check whether Stability is less than Stable1
while Target is less than Background x (1+PercentageOut), in step 774. If
so, it will set the status as In2Sec (776), and the microcontroller will go to
sleep (612). However, if Stability and Target do not simultaneously meet the
criteria in step 774, the microcontroller will check if Stability is greater
than
Unstable and at the same time Target is greater than Background x
(1+PercentageOut) in step 778. If so, it will set the status as After8SecUp
(780), and it will go to 732 where it will continue (See Fig.12). If Stability
and
Target do not meet the criteria of either step 774 or 778, the microcontroller
will go to sleep (612).
If the microcontroller is in TargetOutDown status (782), it will check
whether Stability is less than Stable1, and Target greater than Background x
(1-PercentageOut) simultaneously (783). If so, it would mean that there is no
activity in front of the unit, and that there is less light reaching the unit,
so that
it will advance status to In2Sec (784), and go to sleep (612). However, if
Stability and Target do not meet both criteria of step 783, the
microcontroller
will check whether Stability is greater than Unstable, and Target is less than
Background x (1-PercentageOut) simultaneously in step 785. If so, the
microcontroller will set status as After8SecDown (788), and go to step 732
where it will continue (See Fig. 12G). If Stability and Target meet neither
set
of criteria from steps 783 or 785, the microcontroller will go to sleep (612).
Referring to Fig. 121, if the microcontroller set In2Sec status in the
previous cycle (791), it will check whether Stability is less than Stable1
(792),
which is the critical condition: since the user has left, there are no
fluctuations in the light detected via resistance. It will also check whether
the Target value is either greater than Background x (1-Percentageln), or
less than Background x (1+Percentageln), in step 792. If this is the case,
there is no activity in front of the unit, and the light detected is neither
of the
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two levels required to signify a user blocking or reflecting light, which
would
indicate that there is no user in front of the unit. The system would then
start
the In2Sec status timer in step 794, and if it counts for longer than 2
seconds
(796) with these conditions still at hand, the microcontroller will flush
(798),
5 all Mode 2 timers will be reset in step 799, the status will be set back
to Idle
in step 800, and the microcontroller will go to sleep (612). If the Stability
and
Target values change while the In2Sec timer counts to greater than 2
seconds (796), the microcontroller will go to sleep (612) until the start of
the
next 600 cycle.
10 If Stability and Target values do not meet the two criteria set in step
792, the In2Sec timer is reset (802), the status is changed back to either
TargetOutUp or TargetOutDown in step 804, and the microcontroller goes to
step 770 (Fig.12H). If the microcontroller is not in In2Sec status either, the
microcontroller will go to sleep (612), and start algorithm 600 again.
15 Figs 13, 13A, and 13B illustrate a control algorithm for faucets 10, 10A
and 10B. Algorithm 900 includes two modes: Mode 1 is used when the
passive sensor is located outside the water stream (faucet 10B), and Mode 2
is used when the passive sensor's field of view is inside the water stream
(faucets 10 and 10A). In Mode 1 (algorithm 920) the sensor located outside
20 the water stream detects the blocking of the light by a nearby user's
hands,
and checks for how long the low light remains steady, interpreting it as the
user at the sink, but also excluding a darkening of the room the unit is
placed
in as a similar signal. This sensor then will directly turn off the water once
the user has left the faucet, or once it no longer detects unstable, low
levels
25 of light.
In Mode 2 (algorithm 1000), the photoresistor inside the water stream
also uses the above variables, but takes an additional factor into
consideration: running water can also reflect light, so that the sensor may
not be able to completely verify the user having left the faucet. In this
case,
30 the algorithm also uses a timer to turn the water off, while then
actively
checking whether the user is still there. Modes 1 or 2 may be selectable, for
example, by a dipswitch.
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Referring to Fig. 13, algorithm 900 commences after the power goes
on (901), and the unit initializes the module in step 902. The microcontroller
then checks the battery status (904), resets all timers and counters (906),
and closes the valve (shown in Figs. 1, 2, 4 and 4A) in step 908. All
electronics are calibrated (910), and the microcontroller establishes a
background light threshold level, (BLTH), in step 912. The microcontroller
will then determine which mode to use in step 914: In Mode 1, the
microcontroller executes algorithm 920 (to 922, Fig. 13A) and in Mode 2, the
microcontroller executes algorithm 1000 (to 1002, Fig.13B).
Referring to Fig. 13A, if the microcontroller uses Mode 1, the passive
sensor scans for a target every 1/8 of a second (924). The scan and sleep
time may be different for different light sensors (photodiode, photoresistor,
etc. and their read-out circuits). For example, the scan frequency can be
every 1/4 second or every% second. Also, just as in the algorithm shown in
Fig. 12, the microcontroller will go through the algorithm and then go to
sleep
in between the executed cycles. After scanning, the microcontroller
measures the sensor level (SL), or value corresponding to the resistance of
the photoresistor, at step 925. It will then compare the sensor level to the
background light threshold level (BLTH): if the SL is greater than or equal to
25% of the BLTH (926), the microcontroller will further determine whether it
is
greater than or equal to 85% of the BLTH (927). These comparisons
determine the level of ambient light: if the SL is higher than or equal to 85%
of the BLTH calculated in step 912, it would mean that it is now suddenly
very dark in the room (947), so that the microcontroller will go into Idle
Mode,
and scan every 5 seconds (948) until it detects the SL being less than 80% of
the BLTH, meaning there is now more ambient light (949). Once this is
detected, the microcontroller will establish a new BLTH for the room (950),
and cycle back to step 924, at which it will continue to scan for a target
every
% of a second with the new BLTH.
If SL is smaller than 25% of the previously established BLTH, this
would mean that the light in the room has suddenly dramatically increased
(direct sunlight, for example). The scan counter starts counting to see if
this
change is stable (928) as the microcontroller cycles through steps 924, 925,
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926, 928 and 929, until it reaches five cycles (929). Once it does reach the
five cycles under the same conditions, it will establish a new BLTH in step
930 for the now brightly lit room, and begin a cycle anew at step 922 using
this new BLTH.
If, however, the SL is between 25% greater than or equal to, but no
greater than 85% of the BLTH (at steps 926 and 927), light is not at an
extreme range, but regular ambient light, and the microcontroller will set the
scan counter to zero at step 932, measure SL once more to check for a user
(934), and assess whether the SL is between greater than 20% BLTH or less
than 25% BLTH (20%BLTH<SL<25%BLTH) at step 936. If not, this would
mean that there is a user in front of the unit sensor, as the light is lower
than
regular ambient light, causing the microcontroller to move on to step 944,
where it will turn the water on for the user. Once the water is on, the
microcontroller will set the scan counter to zero (946), scan for the target
every 1/8 of a second (948), and continue to check for a high SL, that is, for
low light, in step 950 by checking whether the SL is less than 20% of the
BLTH. When SL decreases to less than 20% of BLTH (950), meaning that
the light detected increased, the microcontroller will move on to step 952,
turning on a scan counter. The scan counter will cause the microcontroller to
continue scanning every 1/ of a second and checking that SL is still less than
20% of BLTH until over 5 cycles through 948, 950, 952 and 954 have passed
(954), which would mean that there now has been an increase in light which
has lasted for more than 5 of these cycles, and that the user is no longer
present. At this point the microcontroller will turn the water off (956). Once
the water is turned off, the whole cycle is repeated from the beginning.
Referring to Fig. 13B (algorithm 1000 for faucet 10), the
microcontroller scans for a target every % of a second (1004), although,
again, the time it takes between any of the scans could be changed to
another period, for example, every% of a second. Once more, the
microcontroller will go through the algorithm and then go to sleep in between
cycles just as in the algorithm shown in Fig. 12. After scanning, the
microcontroller will measure the sensor level (1006), and compare the SL
against the BLTH. Once again, if the SL is greater than or equal to 25% of
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the BLTH, the microcontroller will check whether it is greater than or equal
to
85% of the BLTH. (fit is, it will take it to mean that the room must have been
suddenly darkened (1040). The microcontroller will then go into Idle Mode at
step 1042, and scan every 5 seconds until it detects the SL being less than
80% of the BLTH, meaning it now detects more light (1044). Once it does,
the microcontroller will establish a new BLTH for the newly lit room (1046),
and it will cycle back to step 1004, starting the cycle anew with the new
BLTH for the room.
If the SL is between greater than or equal to 25% or less than 85% of
the BLTH, the microcontroller will continue through step 1015, and setting the
scan counter to zero. It will measure the SL at step 1016, and assess if it is
greater than 20% BLTH, but smaller than 25% BLTH (20% BLTH<SL<25%
BLTH), at step 1017. If it is not, meaning there is something blocking light
to
the sensor, the microcontroller will turn water on (1024); this also turns on
a
Water Off timer, or WOFF (1026). Then, the microcontroller will continue to
scan for a target every 1/8 of a second (1028). The new SL is checked
against the BLTH, and if the value of SL is not between less than 25% BLTH,
but greater than 20% BLTH (20% BLTH<SL<25%BLTH), the microcontroller
will loop back to step 1028 and continue to scan for the target while the
water
runs. If the SL is within this range (1030), the WOFF timer now starts to
count (1032), looping back to the cycle at step 1028. The timer's function is
simply to allow some time to pass between when the user is no longer
detected and when the water is turned off, since, for example, the user could
be moving the hands, or getting soap, and not be in the field of the sensor
for
some time. The time given (2 seconds) could be set differently depending
upon the use of the unit. Once 2 seconds have gone by, the microcontroller
will turn the water off at step 1036, and it will cycle back to 1002, where it
will
repeat the entire cycle.
However, if at step 1017 SL is greater than 20% BLTH, but smaller
than 25% BLTH (20% BLTH<SL<25% BLTH), the scan counter will begin to
count the number of times the microcontroller cycles through steps 1016,
1017, 1018 and 1020, until more than five cycles are reached. Then, it will
go to step 1022, where a new BLTH will be established for the light in the
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54
room, and the microcontroller will cycle back to step 1002, where a new cycle
through algorithm 1000 will occur, using the new BLTH value.
Fig. 14 illustrates flush algorithm 1300 for delivering selected water
amounts depending on the use. Algorithm 1300 can be executed for optical
data detected by a passive optical sensor. Algorithm 1300 is used in various
toilet and urinal flushers and includes different modes of operation for
different uses and different amounts of flush water used. Depending on the
use, the various modes may be selected initially at the time of installation
(via
appropriate dip switches mounted on the flusher, or a user interface) or they
may be selected subsequently by an operator. Upon providing power, the
entire system powers up (1302) and the electronic module is initialized
(1304). The microcontroller receives battery check status data (1306), and
the unit resets all timers used in the algorithm described below (1308). The
solenoid valve is initially closed (1310), and the unit enters the idle mode
(1312). Depending on the mode setting, the algorithm enters mode A, 6, C,
D, or E, as described below.
Figs. 14A-I and 14A-I1 illustrate a standard urinal mode (1320). The
algorithm starts the idle timer at step 1322. In step 1324, if the sentinel
flag
is set (1318), the algorithm starts the sentinel timer (1342). After starting
the
sentinel timer at step 1342, if the timer counts for longer than 24 hours
before
the urinal is flushed or used (1344), it is reset at step 1346, and the
microcontroller activates a flush after one second (1365). In step 1344, if
the
timer counts for less than 24 hours before the facility is flushed, the
flusher
will simply scan for a target (1330). The scan for target routine (1330) is
also
executed when the sentinel flag is not set at step 1324, a dry-trap timer is
started (1326), and it does not count for longer than 12 hours (1328). The
dry trap timer's purpose is to make sure that if the facility has not been
used,
a periodic flush occurs nonetheless.
At step 1332, if a target is found, the algorithm starts a target timer
(1334). If the target timer counts for less than 8 seconds, the algorithm
returns to step 1330, and continues scanning fora target. If the target's
timer
counts for longer than 8 seconds, the algorithm performs another scan for a
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target in step 1338. In step 1340, if the target is lost, the algorithm checks
for
the value of the time counted by the idle timer minus the target timer (1356).
If the difference between the times counted by the two timers is less than 15
seconds, the algorithm activates the valve on every third target detected,
5 providing a water amount equivalent to a half flush (1348). After
providing a
half flush (1348), the algorithm resets the idle timer (1370), resets the
target
timer (1372), and starts the idle timer once more to begin the cycle anew at
step 1322.
If the difference between the times counted by the idle timer and the
10 target timer is greater than 15 but less than 30 seconds (1358), the
flusher
executes a half-flush after one second at step 1360. It will then restart the
algorithm, resetting the idle and target timers (1370 and 1372), and starting
the idle timer (1322).
If the difference in times counted by the idle timer and the target timer
15 is also greater than 30 seconds (1358), then the algorithm executes a
full
flush after one second (1365). After flushing the toilet or urinal, the idle
timer
and target timers are reset (1370 and 1372), and the system restarts the idle
timer in step 1322. At this time, the entire Mode A is repeated.
If a target is not found at step 1332, the algorithm executes a detect
20 blackout routine (1350), where light in the bathroom is measured. If
there is
light in the bathroom, i.e., there is no "blackout," the algorithm continues
scanning for a target at step 1330. If there is a blackout (1352), the
algorithm
enters the blackout mode (1354), in which the flusher enters a "sleep mode"
to save battery power. This subroutine detects no use, for example, at night
25 or on weekends.
Fig. 14B illustrates a "Ball Park Urinal Mode" for a urinal used very
often (1400). If the sentinel flag is set at step 1402, the algorithm starts
the
sentinel timer (1404). Once the sentinel timer counts for longer than 24
hours before the urinal is flushed, the timer is reset (1448), the flush valve
is
30 activated (1435), and the target timer is reset (1440), so the whole
cycle
begins anew.
If the sentinel timer counts for less than 24 hours before the toilet is
flushed, a target timer is started (1406) and the system scans for a target at
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step 1408. If a target is found, the target timer is started (1412). When the
target timer does not count for longer than 8 seconds at step 1414, if the
target is lost (1416), the flush valve will be activated at step 1435, and the
target timer will be reset (1440), so the algorithm can begin anew. If the
target is not lost at step 1416, a new target scan will take place at step
1418.
If a sentinel flag is not set at step 1402, a dry-trap timer is started at
step 1424. If at step 1426 this timer has counted for less than 12 hours
before the urinal is flushed, the algorithm will next resume at step 1406,
where the target timer will begin to count. However, if the dry-trap timer has
counted for longer than 12 hours without the urinal being flushed, the timer
is
reset (1428), the flush valve is activated (1435), and the target timer is
reset
(1440), so the algorithm can begin once more.
If a target is not found at step 1410, the algorithm executes a detect
blackout routine (1442). If there is no blackout, the algorithm continues to
step 1408, to scan for a target. If a blackout is detected, the algorithm
enters
the blackout mode (1446).
The last two modes, the men's and women's closet modes, illustrated
in Figs. 14C1-14DII, have patterns that also use both stability and light
changes to detect whether a user has been in the facility. Both modes have
an intermittent target detection feature and a target out timer, with which a
lost target is checked for instability in detection before being discarded as
invalid. In this case, the stability and length of time of the light change
also
determine the type of flush that follows use.
Figs. 14C-I and 14C-I1 illustrate a "men's closet mode" (1450). If the
sentinel flag is set at step 1452, a sentinel timer is started (1454), and if
it
has counted for less than 24 hours (1456) before the toilet is flushed, the
target timer is started (1464). The flusher scans for the target at step 1465,
and if the target's signal begins to be unstable and it loses the target
(1466),
the target-out timer is started (1468). Otherwise, the algorithm resumes at
step 1470. If the target timer set at step 1464 counts for less than three
seconds (1469), the nnicrocontroller starts intermittent target detection at
step
1484. The three-second objective has been added to ascertain that any
unstable target signal found is not simply a passerby. If a target is found
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(1483), the target-out timer is reset at step 1482, and the algorithm goes
back to step 1466 to check whether the target is lost once more.
However, if after intermittent target detection the target is still not
found at step 1483, the microcontroller checks whether the target-out timer
has counted for greater than 5 seconds. It will check for a target (i.e.,
cycle
from step 1486 through 1483) until the target-out timer counts for longer than
5 seconds. At this point the algorithm begins anew, because if a target was
detected for less than three seconds, and then lost for over 5, it is highly
likely that what was detected was not a user.
If the target timer counted for over three seconds in step 1469, the
microcontroller checks whether the target timer has counted for longer than 8
seconds (1470) while the target was lost. If so, it will check whether the
period of time counted by the target timer was less than 90 seconds: that is,
how long the user was in the facility. If use was for longer than 90 seconds,
it will cause a full flush to occur (1490). If the timer counted for less than
90
seconds, it will activate the flush valve and cause a half flush (1474). Once
either flush has occurred, the target timer will be reset at step 1475, and
the
algorithm will begin once more.
If the sentinel timer counts for longer than 24 hours before flushing
occurs (1456), it is reset at step 1458, and a full flush is initiated at step
1490. The target timer is reset at step 1475, and the cycle begins once
more.
If the sentinel flag is not set at step 1452, the dry-trap timer will start
(1459), and if it counts for a short period of time before detecting use, it
will
begin to scan for a target at step 1462. However, once the timer counts for
over one month (1460), it will be reset at step 1488, the flush valve will be
activated, causing a full flush (1490), and the target timer will be reset at
step
1475. At that point the algorithm will start once more.
If no target is found at step 1463, the microcontroller will check fora
blackout (1476 and 1478). If none is detected at step 1478 it will go back to
scanning for a target (1462). However, if one is detected, the algorithm will
go to blackout mode (1480).
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Figs. 14D-I and 14D-II) illustrate a "women's closet mode" (1500). If
the sentinel flag is set (1502), the sentinel timer starts (1504). If the
sentinel
timer counts for less than 24 hours before the toilet is flushed (1506),
target
scanning will begin at step 1512. If a target is found (1514), the target
timer
will start (1516), and another target scan will occur (1518). If the target's
signal begins to be unstable and it loses the target (1520), the target-out
timer will be started at step 1525. If in the meantime the target timer has
counted for less than three seconds at step 1530, the algorithm will
determine that it is sensing intermittent target detection (1564), and it will
check for a found target once more at step 1562. If a target is not found at
step 1562, and the target-out timer has counted for less than 5 seconds
(1555), the unit will scan for a target once more (1560), and cycle through
step 1562 to 1560. Once a target is found at step 1562, the algorithm will go
on to step 1570, reset the target-out timer, and go back to step 1518, where
it will begin anew to scan for a target, as in the "men's closet mode." If the
target is not found at step 1555, and more than 5 seconds go by, the whole
algorithm starts over. If the target is not lost at step 1520, the algorithm
will
go directly to step 1532.
If the target timer has counted for longer than three seconds at step
1530, it will move on to step 1532, where it will determine if it has counted
for
greater than 8 seconds. If it has yet to count for more than 8 seconds, the
algorithm will go back to step 1518 and scan. However, once the target timer
has counted for longer than 8 seconds, the microcontroller will go to step
1534, to determine if any time has passed since it activated the target-out
timer at step 1525. If the target-out timer has counted at all, the flush
preparation timer will start (1536). The algorithm will cause the preparation
timer to count for over 30 seconds (1538 and 1540), at which point the
microcontroller will determine whether the target timer has counted for less
than 120 seconds (i.e., a user has been in the unit for less than two
minutes).
If so, the flush valve will be activated, and a half flush will occur (1546),
after
which the target timer and preparation timers will be reset (1548 and 1550),
and the algorithm will begin once more.
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However, if the target timer has counted for longer than 120 seconds
(i.e., a user has been detected for longer than 2 minutes) while the
preparation timer was counting, the flush valve will be activated, and a full
flush will occur at step 1544, after which the target and preparation timers
will
be reset in steps 1548 and 1550, and the algorithm will begin anew.
If the sentinel flag is not set at step 1502, the dry-trap timer will start
(1503). If the dry¨trap timer counts for a short period of time (1510), if
will
begin to scan for a target at step 1512. However, once the timer counts for
over one month (1510), it will be reset at step 1507 or 1508; the flush valve
will be activated, causing a full flush (step 1544); and the target and
preparation timers will be reset at steps 1548 and 1550, so that the algorithm
can start once more.
If no target is found at step 1514, the microcontroller will check for a
blackout (1572 and 1574). If none is detected at step 1574 it will go back to
scanning fora target (1512). However, if a blackout is detected, the
algorithm will go to blackout mode (1576).
Having described various embodiments and implementations of the present
invention, it should be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that the
foregoing is illustrative only and not limiting, having been presented by way
of example only. There are other embodiments or elements suitable for the
above-described embodiments, described in the above-listed publications.
The functions of any one element may be carried out in various ways in
alternative embodiments. Also, the functions of several elements may, in
alternative embodiments, be carried out by fewer, or a single, element.
