Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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GRAVITATIONAL ELECTROLYSIS AND MOLECULAR SEPARATOR USING
MOVING ELECTRODES, PERIPHERAL WATER ENTRY AND METHODS OF
HYDROGEN SAFETY
SPECIFICATION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The principle of gravitational electrolysis has been known since at least as
early as 1929
A cylinder containing electrolyte is rotated at a very high speed, which
facilitates
dissociation of the electrolyte, producing oxygen and hydrogen as well as
generating an
increased potential energy between an insulated, central cathode and a
peripheral anode.
An artificial gravity force is thus generated, and consequently hydrated
cations and
anions that have different masses, separate. The heavier ions will be
influenced by the
increased gravitational field more then the lighter ions, and in addition will
be attracted to
the opposite electrode. Thus at completion the hydrogen ions will be central
and close to
the cathode, the negative ions peripheral. If the value of the potential
difference is large
enough, the hydrated shells of the light ions will be deformed and will come
close enough
to the cathode to be discharged. For equilibrium to be maintained the
negatively charged
ions will give away their charge to the anode and a potential difference will
occur. If the
gravitational force is strong enough, an electric current is created by the
ongoing
oxidation-reduction chemical reaction on the electrodes. The electricity
generated can be
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carried to a capacitor, or used to maintain the reaction.
In some prior prototype devices intended to harness gravitational
electrolysis, the lengths
of the cathode electrodes are different for each cylindrical electrode because
of the shape
of the central cylinder but the distance between the anode and cathode is
fixed. In order
for electrolytic generation of hydrogen to be efficient the charges must be
sufficiently
close together. Currently this entails the use of very narrow chambers.
As noted in prior descriptions of this kind of process, the process of water
dissociation
into hydrogen and oxygen by ionic restoration is accompanied by solution
enthalpy. The
reaction is endothermic and the heat differential can be utilized to further
increase the
efficiency of the apparatus. The resulting solution temperature is constantly
decreasing
and the solution would freeze if this heat loss is not compensated. This
cooled fluid can
be collected in a closed system such as circular tubing. The device acquires
features of a
thermo-chemical generator of electric current that works with the by-product
of free
hydrogen and oxygen. Use of an external heat pump is required if the process
carries on
long enough, or heated water can be introduced directly.
Rotating objects are endowed with angular momentum, and the latter is
proportional to
the rotation rate and the distribution of mass around the axis of rotation.
Angular
momentum is conserved, (can neither be created nor destroyed) and therefore as
the gases
separate, the heaviest matter remaining, i.e. the electrolyte is furthest from
the axis; as
well the electrodes are moving peripherally. The spin rate would be reduced
unless
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compensated by mechanical means. This is relevant only if the critical
rotation speed is
reduced; i.e. there needs to be reserve rotational speed beyond the calculated
speed for
that particular apparatus. Conversely the nearness of the two electrodes
reduces to some
extent, the required rotational speed for a given cylinder diameter. The
polarity of the
electrodes is interchangeable.
The main improvement in efficiency by employing gravitational electrolysis is
due to the
reduction in electrical resistance by reducing the obstacle of the bubble
blanket. With
normal electrolysis when current density is increased to increase the
production of gas,
the collection of bubbles at the electrodes unduly increases the electrical
resistance of the
cells. To overcome this limitation the centrifugal force promotes mass
transport and the
separation of gas bubbles. This is accomplished by manipulating the multiple
phase
system of water electrolysis. Here the fluid dynamic behavior is controlled by
the
interphase buoyancy term (delta pg). If this is large, the interphase slip
velocity will be
high. Intensified mass transport conditions can be achieved, and the net
result is that
bubbles disengage more effectively from the electrodes, virtually eliminating
gas
blanketing. Also the greater bubble buoyancy energy released at the electrode
enhances
the local heat/mass transfer coefficients. (See Cheng et al, journal of The
Electrochemical
Society, 149 (11) D 172-177 2002, 2003)
There have been no studies of the hydrodynamics of bubble buoyancy under
gravitational
energy. If a clear cylinder was employed in a prototype one could investigate
that instead
of spherical bubbles with oscillations, the bubbles would be transposed into a
needlefish-
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shaped configuration with no oscillations; the oxygen bubble should be wider
than the
hydrogen. This would enable the bubbles to go through a mesh electrode more
easily.
In the present invention, a centrifuge containing electrolyte is rotated at a
high speed. A
current is applied to the electrodes. The gravities produced cause an
increased potential
energy between an insulated, central cathode and an anode. When the anode is
reasonably
close to the cathode, there is an easier rupture of the hydrated dipoles and
separation into
the component gases. As a central shell of hydrogen grows bigger around the
movable
cathode and a suitably distanced movable anode, (controlled by an
electromagnetic
device or mechanical piston, for example) the two electrodes move away from
the center
to the periphery of the cylinder, continually providing a short distance of
migration of the
described ions.
The moving electrodes can be calibrated to move in very small increments thus
facilitating transfer of ions. This movement continually modifies the distance
and
balances the on-going production of the hydrogen and oxygen in gaseous form.
Continual
compensating movements via feedback sensors and optimization loop algorithms
can be
programmed into the system, taking into account factors such as bubble
formation,
conductivity, and current density all effecting the rate of gaseous
production. Apart from
such minor optimizing adjustments during the process, the movement of the
electrodes is
generally away from the central colunm as the electrolysis proceeds. Since the
central
shaft is collecting an increasing column of hydrogen and oxygen around it, the
electrodes
must move father away to permit efficient use to the fullest capacity
possible, of the
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diameter of the vessel and maximum conversion of the remaining electrolyte to
the above
gases
The moving electrodes need to be resistant, for example to 30% sulphuric acid,
or
concentrated potassium hydroxide and thus would require suitable grade
stainless steel or
other conductive electrodes resistant to corrosion.
Since these electrodes are supported top and bottom by the cylinder and are
subject to
outward bending in the center by the centrifugal force, they have a truss
construction to
limit their bending. The electrodes also need to be carefully balanced.
The surface areas of the electrodes can be increased by various ways. It is
also possible to
string a loose stainless steel net or mesh between the electrodes to give a
greater area of
electrical conduction as the electrodes move outwards and farther apart. The
mesh then
would become tighter as the circumference increased. The mesh has to be
flexible enough
to unwind or travel over a round rod. Since the outer casing of the cylinder
is isoelectric
with the anode, as the anode approaches the outer wall of the cylinder, the
casing and
moving anode would act together electrically; thus the movable anode does not
have to
touch but merely come close to the inside wall of the cylinder for completion
of the
process. Similarly the movable cathode is isoelectric with the central plenum
shaft.
Besides using a stainless steel mesh there are various ways to keep the moving
electrodes
traveling away from the central shell of hydrogen and oxygen to take advantage
of the
concentrated electrolyte. The vertical electrode rods can be constructed in a
series of
overlapping plates instead of a continuous plate, and have the plates from the
next
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quadrant electrode, quadrant "A" meshing through the spaces between quadrant
B." In this way the electrodes are kept in juxtaposition away from the ever-
expanding
hydrogen and oxygen rings, and are continually immersed in the electrolyte.
Unfolding
electrodes similar to an oriental fan will also increase the surface area. The
theoretical
travel of the cathode would be stopped just before the maximum ring of gaseous
production and the electrolyte would remain concentrated. In this intermittent
form of
electrolysis the electrodes are constantly coming into contact with more
concentrated
electrolyte as the gases are produced. Hydrogen would be formed at the closest
point of
the cathode and increasing the contacting area would only be necessary if the
speed of
completion became a factor, and this is unimportant in the prototype, but
becomes
important in a commercial model. This is an intermittent method because the
apparatus
has to be stopped, the gases removed and water replenished. As discussed above
the
electrodes need to be manufactured using a porous material to facilitate the
free migration
of the hydrogen and oxygen ions Anther method of enabling the cathode to be
closer to
the anode is to construct the central cathode with a series of attached
cathode discs in
such a way that the first disc is closest to the anode and each successive
disc is
progressively further away from the anode, but again not close enough to
impinge on the
expanding rings of gases. Stationary or expanding discs of different sizes to
facilitate the
migration and separation of the gases can accomplish this. Simpler is having
the
electrodes move toward the periphery as described earlier.
If a continuous system of hydrogen production is employed the heat pump
described
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above is necessary, or the replacement water has to be heated. However, if an
intermittent
type of production is employed a row of cylinders is used and after the
gaseous
production is completed, the first gravitational unit is slowed and the gases
are removed
separately by virtue of their different densities by earth's gravity rather
than the rotational
gravity. While this is transpiring a gang of successive cylinders are
individually rotated
by the same mechanical source. In this way the solution enthalpy is dependent
in part on
the temperature of the added water and the cylinder diameter. Thus water
stored on a roof
in Southern California would not be as likely to require a heat pump as a
plant in the far
north, given the same dimension and rotational speed of the invention.
There is a constant relationship between the diameter of the cylinder and the
distance
between the two electrodes. This is also influenced by other factors such as
rotational
speed and electrolyte concentration and density. Other than movable electrodes
this can
also be accomplished by permanent multiple mesh electrodes set an appropriate
distance
apart respecting the above variables. Initially the central mesh is a cathode,
the next mesh
an anode. As the electrolytic solution shrinks the original anode becomes the
cathode and
so on. This continues until the solution has been converted to hydrogen and
oxygen,
leaving only concentrated electrolyte behind. Switching can be a timer-
solenoid device or
a moving carriage. In a smaller diameter cylinder this switching is not
necessary. There is
an advantage in that electrolysis starts as soon as rotation begins. The
innermost area of
both electrodes is smaller than when the electrodes are closer to the outside
of the
cylinder, thus a constant current applied to the center electrodes has a
relatively larger
current density, given the same amperage and voltage input.
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A moving electrode also furthers increased mobility of the ions by virtue of
increasing
viscous shear in the system. As the system gains acceleration, material in the
innermost
region lose more gravitational support and the hydrogen falls inward. The
heavier ions
fall outwardly, and as they spiral out, the angular momentum vector force is
shifted to the
periphery. This ionic slipping adds to the shear, and viscous shear occurs to
some extent
whenever there is relative motion in a fluid. Laminar flow occurs at low
Reynolds
numbers, where viscous forces are dominant, and is characterized by smooth,
constant
fluid motion, while turbulent flow, on the other hand, occurs at high Reynolds
numbers
and is dominated by inertial forces, producing random eddies, vortices and
other flow
fluctuations. This transition between laminar and turbulent flow is indicated
by a critical
Reynolds number and is of some importance here as the introduction of moving
electrodes invites a certain amount of turbulence at the tip of the anode. As
disruption
continues at the boundary layer of the anode there is a slight decrease in
viscosity and this
resulting turbulence further aids the migration of the positive and negative
ions in their
travel to the opposite electrodes respectively.
Once the reaction is completed and the rotation slowed, the hydrogen, lightest
of the
gases produced can be drawn off through a series of perforations in the
central cathode,
the oxygen to follow.
In this way, for a given current density the most efficient distance between
electrodes for gravitational electrolysis to occur is determined and that
distance carried
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out throughout the excursion of the two electrodes in concert. The diameter of
the
cylinder does not come into play as much other than the height and weight of
the
apparatus relative to the rotational speeds that are necessary to create the
required
gravitational field. Large cylinders can thus be used to produce large
quantities of gases.
This distance is relative to the above factors as well as the diameter of the
said cylinder,
and thus the theoretical gaseous production for that particular system.
In utilizing these expanding electrodes, the central portion of the cylinder
consists of a
supporting solid stainless steel shaft to rotate the apparatus. A steel
cylinder is outside
this shaft to function as a plenum. This electrically insulated wall is
isoelectric with the
cathode. This second shaft has perforations in the upper portion to conduct
the produced
gases out of the electrolyte and eventually the cylinder; the perforations are
closed by a
second sliding or rotational cylinder acting as a valve. In an intermittent
type of generator
this also allows introduction of fresh water and/or electrolyte. The cylinder
is equipped
with inlet and outlet ports to allow for delivery and extraction of hydrogen
immediately
and oxygen secondly. There are also plugs for drainage and entry of solution.
Moving electrodes in a gravitational hydrogen generator have advantages to the
fixed
anode and cathode of prior intermittent gravitational hydrogen generator
devices. These
advantages apply even for very small ultracentrifuge implementations, and
would
increase for larger systems. In the intermittent type of generator, the
electrodes start in
close approximation to the central cylinder; when the unit first starts up
electrolysis
begins before the heavier electrolyte is thrown outwards. A current of given
amperage
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and voltage has a greater current density near the center where the electrode
surface area
is less. This results in less travel for the migration and separation of
hydrogen and oxygen
molecules and efficient use of the electrolyte before maximum velocity is
reached. As the
unit gains velocity the resistance from the bubble blanket is reduced and
greater
conductivity ensues. Nagai et al. (2003) found out that there is an optimum
electrode
space under high current densities. While the current density is small, the
efficiency of
water electrolysis becomes larger as electrodes space decreases, since the
electric
resistance between electrodes decreases. When the current density is rather
high and the
space is rather small, however, the void fraction between electrodes gets
rather large
resulting in increasing electric resistance between electrodes, and then
decreasing the
efficiency of water electrolysis. This latter effect probably breaks down
under
gravitational electrolysis, but there should be an optimal current density for
certain
rotational speeds.
Continuous system:
Based on the results of different speeds and distances of electrode travel, an
efficient
distance between electrodes for any given implementation can be determined
that would
enable an efficient continuous formation of hydrogen and oxygen with a
corresponding
injection of water to balance the above production. It is essential that in
introducing the
replacement water it must be delivered peripherally. This is accomplished by
constructing a second cylinder, a water chamber outside the unit. This common
wall has
small holes drilled to enable the water to enter under pressure to replace the
used water in
a continuous fashion. If water was introduced centrally the lighter water
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would not mix with the heavier electrolyte, and therefore conductivity would
be
markedly diminished, as the heavier electrolyte is central and more distant
from the
electrodes where the concentration is critical. By peripheral introduction the
water
molecules are forced through the concentrated electrolyte and will become
converted to
electrical dipoles. There can be added mixing if necessary, and thus the
centrifuge would
not have to be slowed down. In a similar manner, in an intermittent system,
once an ideal
distance is found for the variables such as cylinder diameter, rotational
speed, electrolyte
changing concentration, electrolyte mesh and surface area, the electrodes are
then
positioned in such a way that further movement is not necessary. A circular
winding of
pipe with holes inside the chamber will accomplish the same thing. It is
important that the
holes be graduated with smaller holes near the supply and larger and more
numerous ones
at the distal end of the delivery system. In this way water replacement is
balanced
throughout the cylinder. Entry is facilitated by the water pressure needed to
overcome the
gravities generated. Alternately, to prevent back flow, an ion exchange
membrane can
cover the holes or a hinged rubber strips can be placed over a line of holes
in the anode
and one side of the flap elevated by increased water pressure. A check valve
can prevent
back flow into water system but otherwise the water pressure has to be kept
equal to the
gravities, and these pressures are high. When a given amount of gases are
produced the
ambient pressure can be raised to permit water replacement and a flap system
can be
utilized in an intermittent water replacement situation, (but still a
continuous gaseous
generation system) functioning similar to a swimming pool being filled when
evaporation
lowers the level, triggering the water valve to open. The efficiency can be
improved in
this intermittent type of water replacement. When the electrolyte reaches a
low level the
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electric power to the unit is lowered and the rpms decrease. This allows for
both lower
water psi to overcome the gravities and better mixing, either enhanced by
cathode
slowing in relation to the anode, or not. In either case the electrolyte is
being replaced and
electrolysis continues at an initially slower rate but higher concentration.
The velocity is
then brought up to produce the required gravities and continuous production is
maintained. It is possible to use ion exchange membranes as well. The holes
can be
drilled in a spiral manner and then using electrodeionization by applying a
direct current
across the anion membrane and the cation membrane. Alternately the psi of the
entering
water can balance the usage, and if correct would prevent backflow without the
above
measures.
The electrodes should be manufactured in such a fashion to permit constant
travel of the
hydrogen and oxygen. This is accomplished by using electrodes made in a mesh
or sieve
form, using metal, graphite or carbon materials for example. Special
electrodes such as
graphite or platinum can be used for special situations such as ozone
production.
Other electrolytic solutions can be utilized such as ethyl alcohol. These
variations are not
critical to the main purpose of the invention, but when the electrolytes are
heavier than
water, the electrolyte will begin to sequestrate from the water as the
gravities increase;
the heavier the electrolyte the greater this effect will be and the less the
conductivity
between the electrodes. A solid electrolyte can be employed and this has the
advantage
that the water can be injected centrally. For larger units, liquid is cheaper
and unless use
is specific such as for ozone production, a solid electrode is impractical. In
addition a
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solid electrode would flatten out against the anode but the cathode would have
to be
pliant enough to contact the distorted solid electrolyte under the centrifugal
outward
force. A solid electrolyte is composed of either a conductive organic polymer
or
inorganic ceramic solid electrolyte, or a gel-like solid electrolyte (a "gel
electrolyte") in
which matrix polymers are impregnated with electrolytic solution. In both
types the
electrolyte is fixed, and would have to be such as to prevent destruction
under
gravitational force. Using highly conductive electrodes helps the process and
a number of
these are available, such as nickel sponge or carbon fiber mats. Larger
surface area
electrodes can be used, and diagram number 16 illustrates this. If the
electrodes are closer
than they need be, or if the mesh is not open enough there is an increased
bubble blanket
leading to increased electrical resistance and slower transport of the
elongated bubbles
towards the center. Thus bubble behavior, drag forces, trajectory and
evolutions become
important considerations in the exact design selected. It is important to
check under
appropriately safe conditions that, when influenced by centrifugal force, the
distorted
oxygen bubble can be directed by electric repulsion through a larger space in
the cathode
or if the force is so great that the bubble would collide with a bar of the
mesh, given the
enormous forces generated by the unit. Note that a ten fold increase in rpms
translates
into one hundred times the gravitational force. For example, a rotor spinning
@1000
rpms generates 157 gravities (relative centrifugal force) but increased to
10,000 rpms the
g is 15,700!
Little hard data is available concerning the efficiency of gravitational
electrolysis. In the
publication by Cheng et al he states that a I OOkA cell operating with a
bubble
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overvoltage of 0.3 V has a potential energy saving of 30kW whereas the
equipment rotor
required approximately 2kW to rotate at around 700 rpm. His cell worked best @
80C.
but it was not known if higher g. values would partially negate the
temperature factor. At
some point the curve (production rate) will flatten as the concentration of
electrolyte falls
as a result of the increased gravities. Also this 28 x net does not address
the cost of
purifying water in a commercial unit. It is possible to add a centrifuge for
water
purification to the unit, and there are various options available that are not
the subject of
the invention. However since the ideal rate of electrolysis is not known, the
potential
exists to use the same motor to drive a separate centrifuge water purification
unit either in
an intermittent fashion or by increasing the motor HP in a continual manner.
To help
keep the electrodes clean, disposable envelopes or cylinders over them could
be removed
as necessary; back flushing is available and also using replacement
cylindrical electrodes
while the first one is being cleaned are other options. Water feed
requirements concerning
heavy metals; chlorine, calcium carbonate etc are important to protect the
electrodes but
are not the subject of the invention.
In order to separate the two pure gases different lengths of tubing are
utilized, one leading
from the hydrogen zone to a collecting chamber and in a similar way, from the
oxygen
zone to a second collecting chamber. The tubes cannot be close to the floor
level of the
cylinder as at rest the electrolyte would flow into the hydrogen chamber. The
gases can
also be collected by a shunt positioned externally at a predetermined position
and piped
to secondary "storage" chambers. In a continuous system the hydrogen is pure
but at any
given moment the oxygen has lighter hydrogen molecules traveling through the
higher
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density oxygen ring on their way to the hydrogen ring. Separation of this
small amount of
hydrogen can be done by electrical current interruption to cease electrolysis
or any
hydrogen can be removed in a second stage by either slowing down the unit or
directing
the oxygen to an external gravity separator, by virtue of their different
densities. If the
two gases are to be used together this is not relevant other than from the
very important
safety factor. A cone shaped plenum will also tend to send the heavier oxygen
toward the
apex, allowing further separation of the two gases.
This method is not limited to the production of only the gases discussed.
There are many
patents using standard electrolysis that can be markedly improved by utilizing
gravitational forces to aid the dissociation of molecules. For example,
respecting patent
6,984,304 relating to the production of concentrated ozone; by using
gravitational
electrolysis and an anode gas-releasing mechanism consisting of a porous
supported
hydrophobic membrane and a similar cathode, efficiency of converting oxygen
into the
triatomic molecule ozone is enhanced. The heavier ozone molecule spins out
even faster
than oxygen. This results in ozone production that is greater than with
stationary
electrolysis. (A six fold economic disadvantage to traditional coronal
production). By
using gravitational electrolysis as described in this patent it is therefore
possible to
produce ozone by more economical means and without the disadvantages of
coronal
discharge. (e.g. nitrous oxide).
Separation of various elements can be achieved by setting the electrodes in
such a
position to capture a known weight from a heavier or lighter weighted element
in the
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same solution. The unwanted portion can then be removed preferentially (or the
wanted
portion preferentially) once the separation has been achieved. In a parallel
situation,
targeted ions or charged molecules dissolved in an electrolyte can be
separated by their
weight and the electrodes adjusted to preferentially attach a metal or protein
to the
electrode. The electrode is moved into a known position for separation from
the involved
fluid mixture. For instance a particular target protein could be removed in
greater volume
by precise placement of the electrodes and then switching on an appropriate
current to
extract only that particular protein.This aspect of the invention is of use in
the
metallurgical and pharmaceutical industries for example. Contaminants such as
titanium,
vanadium and nickel can be removed from crude oil, and iron particles from
used oil in
remote locations if practical.
The water chamber will selectively separate out deuterium that is a by product
of the
process; this isotope can be drained from the water chamber periodically.
SAFETY FEATURES
Since hydrogen is four times lighter than helium and as it is explosive at a
4%
concentration, (propane @1% concentration for comparison) certain safeguards
to
prevent explosion are necessary. Because of the element's lightness, leaks are
more
prevalent than with other gases. Taking advantage of the lightness,
appropriate methods
for safety are mandatory. Designing a garage housing a hydrogen powered
vehicle, for
example involves sloping the ceilings to an apex with a vent capable of
discharging any
escaped hydrogen outside. This can be a dome, a slanted ceiling or slanted
triangular
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shaped preferably. In addition there are available detection devices to start
a blower and
simultaneously alert the owner by electronic means, such as an audible alarm,
telephone
or recording device. This type of a unidirectional ceiling can be utilized in
any hydrogen
production or utilization device such as a boat, vehicle, furnace or electric
generator
device, for example. In the interior of a contained structure, the above
ceiling of the
chamber can be vented away from any electrical contact locations using a
plenum to the
outside wall or the roof of the building. Venting can be assisted by an
outside blower
(with the motor away from any escaped gas) or outside circulating turbine. It
is important
that any parking garages are inspected and cleared for use of hydrogen powered
vehicles,
as a pocket of gas can remain trapped under the roof.
Airplane use of hydrogen power demands special protection devices. Since the
fuel load
is lighter than present aviation gasoline, use of this fuel is worth
consideration. (Not the
subject of this invention). In an air crash, the hydrogen would explode
upwards and often
behind the aircraft. Hydrogen is actually a safer fuel in a crash than heavier-
than-air
gasoline that commonly jettisons all over the cabin and passengers. Having a
fire behind
and upwards from the final stopping place of the crash site offers some
protection to the
passengers and with proper measures and in certain situations can be safer
than jet fuel.
Safety devices regarding leakage are important, as small leaks can lead to
larger pockets.
Detection of a leak involves manufacturing an outside container around the
hydrogen
containing tanks. This can be a lined wing segment in an aircraft or boat for
example or a
second bag around the primary holding tank. Any leak can be detected by the
available
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aforementioned devices or a pressure sensing device if the fuel is compressed.
The
offending tank in question is switched to be the only tank for fuel delivery
to the engine.
In addition, the outer fuel protection tank is vented from this secondary
surrounding bag
or chamber to the wing tip and any leaking hydrogen will be discharged as far
away from
the engine as possible. When the alarm is triggered valves or doors in the
aforementioned
compartment are opened to a main discharge conduit that services all the
hydrogen fuel
tanks. An outside flap is opened and the venturi effect of the atmosphere will
quickly aid
in evacuating the concerned space without a blower.
The joints transporting hydrogen are subject to leakage through vibration and
normal
wear. Covering each joint with an outside decompressed safety bag will trap
hydrogen
escape, and again sensors triggered by expansion will notify the operator of a
vehicle,
boat, room or aircraft of the leak. In the case of aircraft, for example,
these joints are
hidden and by running a spiral wire through the length of a bulging detection
bag, the
shape of the hidden structure will reveal a change from flat when empty to
ellipsoid when
full that can be confirmed by industrial X ray if necessary. The bag is
secured at each end
by a strong rubber ring or clamp, and in the case of joints emanating from a
tank or pump
for example, the part concerned is constructed with a scalloped flange to fit
the end of the
bag with the appropriate clamp.
DISTRIBUTION OF FORMED PRODUCTS
The oxygen and hydrogen formed are manufactured under a certain pressure
resulting
from the speed and intensity of the reaction. It is not necessary to further
compress the
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gases under certain conditions. The separate hydrogen and oxygen gases are
produced at
an ambient pressure and temperature and can be used immediately in one
situation or
piped to a central manifold for distribution to "n" number of units. The slave
gravitational
unit can then be switched on to produce the required gas on demand, the
appropriate
manifold valve is opened by an electronic switch (if more than one unit is
being supplied)
and then the end use hydrogen consuming device is started to produce heat,
electricity or
a hydrogen turbine or any other use that may be required. The hydrogen
generation
device has to be large enough to provide enough gas to satisfy all demands of
the
manifold if all terminal units are in the demand mode at the same time.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In the present invention, producing gases intermittently, a centrifuge
containing
electrolyte is rotated at a high speed. A current is applied to the
electrodes. The gravities
produced cause rapid bubble transport and lowered electrical resistance
between an
insulated, central cathode and an anode at a suitable distance from the
cathode. Both
electrodes move outwards as electrolysis proceeds. When the anode is
reasonably close to
the cathode, there is an easier rupture of the hydrated dipoles and separation
into the
component gases. Movement of the electrodes is controlled by an
electromagnetic device
or mechanical piston, for example. The movement away from the center to the
periphery
of the cylinder continually provides a shorter distance of migration of the
described ions.
In the continuous gravitational electrolysis unit, a water chamber or other
methods of
19
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
delivering water peripherally, enables water replacement to the depleted water
portion of
the electrolyte so that concentration is maintained and therefore conductivity
between the
electrodes is maintained. If water were to enter centrally, as it is lighter
than the
electrolyte it would layer outside the electrolyte and subsequently there is
electrolyte
dilution decreasing the conductivity of the central electrode. Water
replacement volume
is balanced by the ongoing oxidation-reduction reaction rate of gaseous
production.
Other uses for molecular separation, such as for ozone production are
described.
Since hydrogen is explosive and leaks are more difficult to stop then other
denser gases,
safety measures to minimize risk by shunting away the light hydrogen are
outlined.
The hydrogen, rather than from a tertiary production facility and secondary
distribution
system, is manufactured from an end point unit and produced gases are directly
shunted
to the utilization device such as a gas turbine, fuel cell or for example, an
internal
combustion engine (see US Patent 5,143,025)
The invention provides a device for facilitating an electrolytic process
comprising:
a) a rotary-driven vessel capable of holding an electrolytic solution;
b) electrodes, that is, an cathode and an anode, at least one of which
electrodes is
movable with respect to the other during an electrolytic process performed by
the device;
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
c) control means for positioning the moveable electrodes at various positions
during the
electrolytic process, where moving either or both of the moveable electrode
would
increase the rate of electrolysis;
d) inlet means for introducing water to a porous anode adjacent to a side wall
of the
rotary-driven vessel, in which water enters through a common wall of the
cylinder or
through coiled tubes, and openings of variable size and location are made to
equalize the
distribution of water to an entire wall of the porous anode.
An alternative arrangement is to have, instead of moving electrodes, a movable
carriage
or timed solenoid switches make electrical contact with multiple fixed mesh
electrodes,
whereby linear or circular electrodes are powered selectively from the center
outwards to
facilitate more efficient electrolysis.
Further elements and arrangement in a preferred embodiment comprise:
a) water enters through a common wall of the cylinder or through coiled tubes,
and
openings of variable size and location are made to equalize the distribution
of water to an
entire wall of the porous anode;
b) the inlet means introduces water that is lighter in relation to an
electrolyte in the
device, and that preferentially migrates medially in order to mix effectively,
forming
21
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dipoles and maintaining superior conductivity than if water were introduced
centrally
within the rotary-driven vessel;
c) a central plenum or shaft carries water and electric wires and facilitates
transfer of
produced gases and replacement of water and electrolyte;
d) a cone shaped plenum with or without a membrane further separates the two
gases;
e) hydrogen utilization shunting means include at least one of vents, blowers,
venturi
outlets and turbines, in order to take advantage of the density of hydrogen;
f) the rotary-driven vessel is a cylindrical centrifuge or other vessel that
increases the rate
of electrolysis by reducing bubble blanketing and solution resistance.
g) the device has an inlet for supplying the electrolytic solution to the
vessel and an outlet
for discharging products of electrolysis;
h) the device is an electrohydrogen generator;
i) the device is equipped with a heat exchanger to keep the device with an
optimal
operating temperature range or with a supply of water of a suitable
temperature for
adding to facilitate continued electrolysis;
22
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j) the rotary-driven vessel facilitates dissociation of the electrolytic
solution, producing
oxygen and hydrogen while simultaneously generating a potential difference
between the
electrodes, if the rotational speed is large enough;
k) the distance between the cathode and anode is variable such that
electrostatic forces
resulting from production of hydrogen are counterbalanced by the positioning
of the
electrodes relative to each other to produce a continued efficient
dissociation of the ions
as the electrolytic process continues;
1) a continuous expansion of a central shell of hydrogen and oxygen forms
around the
center of the rotary-driven vessel, coordinated with a controlled gradual
movement of the
electrodes toward the periphery of the vessel;
m) an expanding central cathode moves peripherally such that the outer anodes
are in
juxtaposition with the central cathode throughout their travel and the ideal
distance
between the electrodes, is continuously maintained;
n) the cathode rotates at a different speed than the anode to aid mixing of a
water-
electrolyte mixture;
o) a porous material of a central cathode facilitates free migration of
hydrogen and
oxygen ions;
23
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
p) multiple electrodes comprise a mesh to further facilitate a migration of
hydrogen ions.
Following an initial stage of electrolysis the electrodes move gradually away
from the
center, an area that becomes a zone of low or nil concentration of
electrolytic solution as
rotation speeds increase. During further rotation of the vessel the electrodes
move
progressively outwards towards the area of higher solution concentration.
The distance between the cathode and anode is variable and depends on optimal
performance regarding temperature, electrolyte concentration, cylinder size,
and current
such that electrostatic forces resulting from production of hydrogen are
counterbalanced
by the positioning of the electrodes relative to each other to produce a
continued efficient
dissociation of the ions as the electrolytic process continues.
In a continuous production model primarily, (i.e. secondarily in an
intermittent model)
water is delivered from an outside-in fashion to maintain electrolyte
concentration.
A moving electrode, with or without paddles is designed to aid the mixing of
the
electrolyte.
Deuterium is a by -product of the process and will be selectively concentrated
in the
water chamber and can be drained through a removable plug after a suitable
concentration has been built up.
24
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Other more efficient molecular separations can be made by modifying the design
of the
cylinder, such as for ozone production or ionic separation of desired
molecules such as
mineral or protein solutions.
By utilizing the lightness of hydrogen and directing any escaped gas to the
outside
environment, and alerting personnel of the leak, the likelihood of explosion
is
significantly lessened.
Special situations such as hydrogen storage tanks in hydrogen powered
aircraft, for
example, need a secondary (outside) sealed bag or tank for leak containment,
and safe
ejection of hydrogen. A containment device to limit hydrogen escapement and
notify
personnel is described.
Computer analysis of known data would aid in increasing efficiency of the
present
invention. In addition, using a transparent cylinder would be beneficial in
studying
optimal distance between electrodes during rotation, bubble buoyancy under
gravitational
force, and rate of production relative to rpms.
The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention as well as
other
embodiments thereof will be more apparent from the reading of the following
description
in connection with the accompanying drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
In the accompanying drawings which form part of the specification:
FIG I shows an embodiment of the present invention generally referred to as
moving
electrodes. The figure is a lateral semitransparent view of an intermittent
type of
hydrogen generator showing the two electrodes in nearly full excursion.
FIG 2 is a top down view of the generator showing the electrodes above and
outside the
cylinder containing electrolyte at the start of their excursion. The eight
pistons shown can
be driven by mechanical means such as electromagnetic, hydraulic, or by a
plastic ribbon
inside a telescoping cylinder. These external electrodes are in contact with
the internal
electrodes in the electrolyte solution, through a seal in the top of the
cylinder and
represented by a broken line. There is great gravitational pulling force
outward and this
and the electrode speed has to be controlled by external means. Filler plugs
for the
electrolyte are shown.
FIG 3 is similar to Fig. 2, showing the electrodes in full excursion.
FIG 4 shows a top down view of the external top of the cylinder demonstrating
an outside
inert bar contacting inside linear electrodes through contact points. The
electrical contact
timing is governed by a timing device or a traveling carriage (not shown) and
this
solenoid carries the electrical power to the electrodes under timed control.
The carriage
rate of travel (or switch) is governed externally. The purpose is to keep the
electrodes at
26
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an efficient working distance in the electrolyte as the electrolyte volume
diminishes and
the produced gases collect in the center.
FIG 5 this is the same as fig. 4 except the electrodes are cylindrical.
Consequently only
one electrical strip or carriage is necessary but a second "dummy" carriage
and track is
necessary for balance.
FIG. 6 is a cross section of the central collecting shaft below the
perforations. The outside
broken line represents a cylinder with slots that slides up and down (or
turns) to act as a
valve to release the formed gases, and to deliver water or electrolyte
centrally in an
intermittent unit. The central steel drive shaft is surrounded by four
balanced conduits to
deliver electric wires to the control and to the electrodes, or hydraulic
fluid. The space
between is for water delivery or mixed gas exit.
FIG. 7 is a lateral semitransparent view of the generator showing a piston
connecting to
an inner cathode and outer anode electrode. The distance between the
electrodes is
constant. The drive assembly for the pistons moving the electrodes is shown on
the
periphery in this diagram.
FIG. 8 is another cross section of the central shaft omitting the four
conduits in fig.6, to
show gas transport. This figure shows large channels peripherally for
conduction of
separated hydrogen and smaller inner channels for oxygen transport. This
moving area
will meet a stationary mirror image and exit the formed gases. This junction
has to be
27
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
secured with proper seals, and an outside secondary seal to prevent any leak.
The latter
seal can be pressurized as well, or can be contained and monitored (see safety
measures).
The now narrowed shaft would then continue upward to meet with the electrical
junctions.
FIG. 9 is a cross section of the generator showing a continuous system with an
expanded
highly porous cathode and similar anode. There is a water chamber outside the
original
cylinder to deliver water peripherally, and an ion exchange membrane to help
maintain
electrolyte concentration. There are radial supporting structures that in
addition to
mechanical support, aid in removing the electrodes for cleaning.
FIG. 10 A. is a lateral semitransparent view of the generator before rotation.
The
electrolyte is the shaded area sitting on the bottom. The electrolyte-oxygen
interface is
depicted as is the level of the oxygen-hydrogen interface. There is an
external power
source with wiring to the anode and cathode. Double humped collecting chambers
for gas
separation are shown; the hydrogen chamber is next to the plenum and the
similar oxygen
storage cylinder is omitted in this drawing, as is a cone shaped structure to
separate gases.
B. shows the shaded area of the electrolyte thrown laterally against the wall
once
rotation begins. There is a crescent shaped tube outside and above the
cylinder to
transport hydrogen to the "storage" area. The oxygen tube would be similar in
a 90
degree plane. The storage areas are actually in a dynamic state as the
incoming hydrogen
is balanced by the outgoing hydrogen. The hydrogen is continually moved from
innermost part of the hydrogen storage cylinder where it is not likely to be
contaminated.
28
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The oxygen is always contaminated with hydrogen bubbles moving inward unless
electrode power is interrupted for purification of the oxygen. The latter can
also be easily
separated externally utilizing the different densities of the two gases.
FIG. 11 demonstrates detail of the central shaft area. The drawing is not to
scale and
shows a view of the hydrogen collecting tank with openings medially directing
this gas to
the central plenum. Here the hydrogen gas is directed upwards and collected in
a
stationary bushing for exit. The oxygen chamber is only partly shown, and the
gas is
directed to a similar system above. The length of the collecting tubules is
variable. The
now narrowed shaft continues superiorly to contact the electrical and water
systems;
bearings and electrical contacts (not shown).
FIG. 12 is a tangential view showing the cylinder split horizontally for
assembly and
removal of the electrodes for cleaning. The anode inside the water chamber is
manufactured to provide an increased surface area, and perforations for water
entry are
evident. There are larger spaces at the apex of the electrode for bubble
transport.
FIG.13 is a tangential view of the removable cathode that is a mirror image of
the anode.
The latter is shaped like an internal face cut gear, and as mentioned the
electrodes can be
a spiral shape to enable easier placement of a rubber ribbon or ion exchange
membrane to
mitigate electrolyte back flow into the water chamber. A gear or rotary brake
is attached
to increase or decrease the cathode velocity in relation to the anode to aid
in electrolyte
mixing. There is also a cross section of a paddle that sits inside the cathode
to augment
29
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
mixing the electrolyte.
FIG.14 A. is an enlarged tangential view of the perforated anode mesh, and B.
a cross
sectional view of the same, demonstrating a paddle with a central
fenestration.
FIG. 15. This cross sectional diagram shows the peripheral spongy electrodes
with their
ion exchange membrane, the area of gaseous formation between the electrodes
and
medially a chamber for oxygen concentration and more medially and next to the
inner
shaft, the hydrogen storage or collecting chamber. The water chamber is shown
outside
the electrolyte chamber, with the perforations allowing water to enter the
electrolyte area.
FIG. 16 shows on the left half, a similar situation to the previous figure 15.
The sections
B, C, D and E depict three diagrams of methods or different degrees of
increasing the
surface area of the electrodes. In this situation the cylinder has to be split
to access the
electrodes for cleaning, or they can be removed from the end of the unit. In
section (A)
paddles are attached to the cathode directly.
FIG. 17 demonstrates various safety measures when hydrogen gas is present. An
end and
side view shows one of various methods of providing a slanted ceiling in an
enclosed
space such as a room, building, boat or vehicle to remove any escaped
hydrogen. The
duct opening can be assisted by a turbine or blower, or utilizing a venturi
effect to apply
suction to the plenum.
Vents are shown from a hydrogen generation or utilization device with a duct
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
leading either to an outside wall or rooftop equipped with a wind driven
turbine.
Venting for a vehicle demonstrates a curved roof leading to an outlet for any
hydrogen gas leakage. All units can be supplied by a hydrogen warning device
(not the
subject of the invention) that will alert the person responsible by an audible
alarm, light,
telephone and also engage a blower if installed in that unit. Hydrogen units
are safer for
rear-wheeled drive than front; if a hydrogen powered engine was installed in
the front of
a vehicle, a panel with a vent should be installed on the passenger side of
the hood or
bonnet so that any flames would not immediately impinge on the view of the
driver,
perhaps allowing time to pull to the roadside.
FIG. 18 A. shows a section of an airplane wing containing the primary gas tank
and
showing the second tank or sealed space surrounding it. This second space
contains a
hydrogen warning device and provision for shunting a leak from this space to
the
wingtip. A flap restricts exit of gas until the warning device has responded,
and then the
flap from the duct opens under a slightly higher pressure to allow hydrogen
escape into
the plenum. Each auxiliary space has an opening into a main conduction duct
connecting
multiple tanks. This conducting plenum leads to an opening as far from the
engine
exhaust as possible. In most cases this would be the wingtip where the venture
effect can
be utilized to disperse the escaped hydrogen. In a helicopter the vent would
be directed
aft.
B. is an enlarged drawing of a flexible sock covering a hydrogen joint. This
leak
proof covering also contains a warning device to localize the leak, and with
longitudinal
loosely coiled wire or other opaque material embedded along the length will
confirm the
31
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
location of the leak by industrial X ray. The sock is flat after installation
and will expand
if a leak occurs, demonstrating the change; for clarity, coiled wires not
shown.
C. is a cross section of a pipe joint showing a tight, flexible seal over the
joint. If
a leak ensues, the hydrogen under pressure inflates the sock and triggers an
alarm. The
pilot can then switch to that tank to empty most of the hydrogen in the
offending tank.
The sock has some coiled X ray opaque wires imbedded and when inflated the
change of
shape and stretching of the wire can be used to confirm the location of the
leak if
necessary.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The description illustrates the invention by way of example and not by way of
limitation.
The description clearly enables one skilled in the art to make and use the
invention,
describes several embodiments, adaptations, variations, alternatives, and uses
of the
invention, including what is presently believed to be the best mode of
carrying out the
invention.
FIG. 1 shows a lateral semitransparent view of an embodiment of the present
invention,
generally referred to as moving anode and cathode electrodes, includes a
central drive
shaft (100), then a sliding perforated shaft (110) that act as a valve. A
central driving
mechanism to the pistons is beneath this housing (120). There is a steel
connecting bar
(130) keeping the electrodes at a fixed distance. The piston (140) excursion
moves the
electrodes to the predetermined position by outside control. The outside
electrode,
32
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
usually the anode is (150) and the inside electrode is (160). Both electrodes
are made of
open mesh material. These electrodes are composed of a metal that is resistant
to the
caustic solutions, as is the cylinder. The outside casing is (170). The
electrolyte solution
(180) is composed of potassium hydroxide and fills the space from at or near
the plenum
shaft to the periphery; the volume will diminish as electrolysis ensues. At
this stage the
anodes are near their peripheral position. The plenum shaft (175) is
perforated in the
upper portion for water entry and gas discharge. It houses conduits for
electrical control
to the hydraulic system or other mechanical means to control electrode
excursion as well
as electric power to the electrodes There are bearings above and below (190),
and a
pulley (195) connects to the motor for the rotation of the drive shaft. Motor
is not shown.
FIG. 2 is a top view of the electrodes at the start of their excursion,
outside of the cylinder
wall (200). The electrodes are pulled outwards by gravity and the travel speed
is
governed by the pistons (240) shown in the center of the slots (205). Not
shown is a
gasket seal in the slot to prevent escape of the electrolyte. Most of the
fluid force is
directed laterally rather than upwards, once the cylinder begins to rotate.
The anode and
cathode have a separation bar (210) keeping the electrodes apart at a
calculated fixed
distance. The cathode derives its' power from the plenum and the connecting
electrical
contacts are outside the cylinder and conduct power to the inner cathode (215)
represented by the inner broken line and the anode by the outer broken line
(220). The
mesh electrodes can be expanded by a vertical spiral winding, not shown.
FIG. 3 is a similar view showing the pistons (300) have moved the electrodes
in full
33
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excursion (340), and the two outer broken lines represent the electrodes
inside the
cylinder. The inner broken lines illustrate an inner hydrogen ring of gas
(320) and an
outer oxygen ring (330). There are two removable balanced plugs (350) for
filling the
cylinders with electrolyte. Replacement water for the next cycle enters via
the central
shaft. A circular housing (360) for controlled piston movement is contained
outside and
above the cylinder. Piston movement can be mechanical using restraining cogs,
hydraulic
fluid, electromechanical or by movement outwards and inwards using a plastic
ribbon
inside a telescoping small hollow piston, similar to an automobile aerial. The
pistons
(300) are shown in full excursion; only two are shown for clarity. The
hydrogen ring
(320) is next to the center plenum and the oxygen ring (330) is outside the
former. A
wound conductive mesh around a rod cathode and anode electrode allows
expansion or
unfolding of the electrode as the diameter increases.
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of a hydrogen generator showing linear fixed
electrodes.
The outer wall is (400) and there is a central insulated fixed bar (410) with
electrical
contact points to carry current from a timing device or moving electrical
carriage above.
(not shown). The central electrode is the cathode (420) the second line on
both sides
represents the anode (430). The electrodes do not contact the outer cylinder
wall. (430).
As the carriage is directed outwards, for example, the current ceases and then
as the next
contact is made, the prior anode becomes the cathode, and so on. This
continues in order
for the electrodes to be in constant immersion with the electrolyte as the
hydrogen and
oxygen rings continue to expand and electrolysis proceeds. When the water is
exhausted
34
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the carriage is returned to the original position as the cylinder is being
refilled. Note that
a fixed wiring system is simpler than a carriage. Not shown is a loose mesh
inert spongy
supporting structure between the electrodes.
FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of a hydrogen generator showing a similar
arrangement
only with circular mesh electrodes (500) rather than linear. Again the spaces
between are
supported by a strong but loose material. The upper portion demonstrates and
insulated
bar (510) with electrical contact points (520) over each mesh electrode. Here
the
electrical wire is only making contact with one side of the electrode and
there is a non-
functioning bar (530) on the other side for balance.
FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of the hydrogen generator showing details of
the central
drive shaft and the second plenum shaft (600) or cylinder around it. Outside
this shaft is
another sliding or rotating cylinder that acts as a valve to allow water entry
or gas
discharge. The diagram demonstrates conduits for providing electrical power
(620) and
electrical controls (630) to the electrodes. The cross section is at a level
of (A-B) in figure
#1 and is below the plenum shaft perforations; it demonstrates the openings in
the outer
sliding cylinder (610) acting as a valve, in this case the outer covering
shaft would be
raised to meet the openings in the central chamber. When water entry is
programmed, the
replacement water fills the spaces between the conduits and inner wall of the
cylinder
(640). Similarly when the gases are programmed to exit they use this same
space. When
the unit is stopped, the lighter hydrogen will be discharged first, followed
by oxygen.
This cylinder can be isoelectric with the moving cathode.
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
FIG. 7 is a lateral semi transparent view, similar to the first diagram, and
is the lateral
view of diagrams 4 and 5. The movement of a carriage or piston is controlled
by the
housing (700) The two electrodes are kept equidistant from each other and are
being
pulled by a piston (720). The previous anode becomes the cathode and so on as
the
electrolyte is depleted. The cathode is (740) and the anode (750)
FIG. 8 this is a cross section of the central shaft showing the drive shaft in
the center, the
plenum with the conduits is omitted. The purpose is to demonstrate the hollow
chambers
for carrying hydrogen outside (820) and oxygen inside (800). These chambers
are
spinning at this cross section and will meet a stationary mirror image unit at
a higher
level. The junction where the spinning shaft meets the stationary one above
this level is
protected with gaskets, and the junction will transfer the hydrogen first and
then at a
higher level, the oxygen. The two gases are removed at different levels for
safety
purposes. This helps to isolate them from each other as any escaped oxygen
accelerates
hydrogen burning. (see Fig. 18)
FIG. 9 this is a top down view of the hydrogen generator demonstrating a
continuous
production systems showing the radial supporting structures (905) and the
outer limit of
the porous cathode (906) The outer limit of the anode is (908) with the ion
exchange
membrane (909) behind it. The diagram shows the relative positions of the
water in the
outer chamber (912) and the highly conductive porous material of the anode
(908).
Perforations to allow water access are labeled ((915). An inner ring of the
lighter
hydrogen (910) and an outer ring of oxygen gas (920) are shown between the
broken
36
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lines of the electrodes. The porous anode is allows free migration of
electrolyte and the produced gases. Under gravitational force the electrolyte
is thrown
against the outer wall and would back flow through the spaces in the common
wall of the
water chamber unless prevented by a larger pressure (psi) than the gravities
produced by
rotation of the unit. An ion exchange membranes (909) covering the
perforations or a flap
mechanism to inject the water periodically, based on the production of gases,
is an easier
method.
FIG. 10 A. is a semitransparent lateral view of a continuous hydrogen
generator before it
begins to rotate. The electrolyte mixture (1005) is lying on the bottom. The
heavier
oxygen (1010) is on top of the electrolyte, and the lightest hydrogen (1020)
fills the
remainder of the top part of the cylinder. The drive shaft is (1050) and the
plenum shaft is
(1055) (C) represents the interface between the oxygen and hydrogen gases and
(D) the
interface between the electrolyte and the oxygen. A current is applied from an
outside
source between the outside of the cylinder (anode) and the mesh cathode.
The oxygen storage chamber is outside and similar to the hydrogen chamber, is
omitted
in Figure 10 A and B.
FIG. 10 B. is a similar view showing the electrolyte (shaded) thrown against
the outer
wall. The tubes carrying oxygen would be in a 90 degree plane to the hydrogen
transport
tubes (1004) to balance the apparatus during rotation. These transport tubes
are located
superiorly and outside the chamber to collect hydrogen and transport the gas
to the
37
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hydrogen storage chamber (1030) next to the central plenum (1055). The drive
shaft is
(1050) and the broken line (1065) represents the cathode; the water chamber is
(1024).
The perforations to carry water to the electrolyte are (1022). The spongy
anode is labeled
(1025). The electrolyte is the shaded area and the radial supporting
structures are (1070).
Replenishment of water is carried from the central shaft area by pipes (1080)
to the water
chamber. Water can enter from the bottom, top or both. This diagram shows one
method
of gas separation by virtue of their different densities using the gravities
produced by the
unit. The gases form two rings with the lighter hydrogen innermost, and from
here it is
vented to the second transient storage chamber, the oxygen in a similar
fashion. The
oxygen however, is contaminated with some hydrogen at any given moment, so in
this
diagram the oxygen is not pure and has to be further separated.
FIG. 11. This is a lateral semitransparent view of the hydrogen generator
central shaft or
plenum, and the collection chambers. The water supply junction is (1100). The
drive
shaft and outside of this, the water inlet chamber is (1105). The outlet for
oxygen from
the bushing is (1110) and for hydrogen is (1120). The bushing and bearing
complex is
(1130). The central shaft at this level shows the plenum, (1135) and contains
hydrogen in
the outside and oxygen in the inside at this level; the electrical conduits
are not shown. A
pipe (1140) from the hydrogen ring region is delivering hydrogen into the
hydrogen
storage or collecting chamber (1141), and a similar one is on the opposite
side for
balance. The oxygen storage chamber (1150) is partly shown and sealed tubes
(1160)
carrying oxygen pierce the hydrogen chamber to enter the inside chamber of the
central
shaft. Next from the hydrogen storage chamber small tubes or ducts (1161)
enter the
38
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
outside chamber of the plenum to travel upwards to be discharged through the
outlet pipe
(1120). The gases are under a low pressure from the continual formation from
the
electrolysis and are propelled upwards in the plenum; thus the "storage"
chambers are in
a dynamic phase. There is some separation of the lighter hydrogen that mixes
with the
oxygen in the oxygen storage chamber; the hydrogen is pure. It is possible to
obtain pure
oxygen if the electrolysis is interrupted for a short time, by spinning out
the hydrogen
first. The rotating collar at the top of the central plenum shaft is sealed
and engages with
the stationary member (1130) and from here gases exit to the demand unit end
points
(1110 and 1120). Note the tubes from the oxygen chamber go through the
hydrogen
storage chamber to end in the inner compartment. This arrangement is designed
to allow
the hydrogen to be removed at a lower level than the oxygen for safety
purposes. As
mentioned this separation is not necessary if both gases are to be used
together; if for
example in an internal combustion engine (see patent #cvbn) where both gases
are mixed.
A water chamber (1170) fills the space between the drive shaft and the inner
side of the
plenum. This lateral wall is isoelectric with the cathode. The steel drive
shaft (1171) is
central and at the bottom is the junction (1175) of supply water entering and
the
horizontal pipe to replenish the water chamber (1181). This diagram shows the
water
supply entering from both top and bottom. The bottom of the shaft (1180) would
also
have a bearing unit for support.
FIG. 12 this is a tangential view of the cylinder containing the water chamber
and an
anode designed with a larger surface area. Fenestrations (1200) in the valleys
of the
anode are demonstrated. The side of the cylinder shows the longitudinal split
(1210) in
39
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the apparatus for assembly and removal for cleaning. The position of the water
chamber
is (1220).The shape of the distorted and heavier oxygen molecule is wider than
the
hydrogen and has to pass through the cathode under the force of the gravities
produced. If
there are large enough holes in the apices of the anode mesh, electrical
repulsion charge
will tend to guide those oxygen bubbles to a favorable escape opening. There
are wider
holes (1230) in the apex of the anode mesh to demonstrate this
FIG. 13 is a similar tangential view of the cathode. This is a mirror image of
the anode.
The cathode (1300) is made of strong mesh and this drawing illustrates an
increased
surface area to aid electrolysis. The faster the oxygen bubbles in particular,
go through
the cathode the lower the electrical resistance. An axel (1330) protrudes
outwards from
the chamber and will fit into a bearing. The axel also has a gear or a braking
rotor (1350)
that can be used for changing the speed of the cathode in relation to the
anode to aid in
mixing. There are a few paddles in the mesh cathode, and these as well as the
shape of
the mesh, will aid in mixing the replacement fresh water with the electrolyte
to maintain
maximum conductivity. (1360) is a cross section of one of the paddles. It has
a
fenestration in the center to allow some reduction in hydrodynamic resistance
of the
paddle.
FIG. 14 A is an enlarged tangential view of the anode showing the mesh
construction
(1400), the water chamber (1420) and a fenestration with a pliable flap
attached to one
side (1430) between the water chamber and the electrolyte. The flap prevents
backflow
into the water chamber. Water under pressure replenishes the water used in the
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
electrolysis through these perforations.
B is a cross section of a paddle (1440) demonstrating the fenestrations in the
paddle
FIG.15 is a cross section that shows from outside inwards, a perforation
(1500) from the
water chamber (1520) communicating with the electrolyte contained within the
porous
anode (1525).The size of the fenestrations are graduated to allow water entry
to all of the
electrolyte equally, as far as reasonably possible. Next is the ion exchange
membrane
(1530). The bubble area (1532) denotes the area of electrolysis with bubble
formation.
Inside this layer is the outer limit of the cathode, (1534) and like the anode
is made of
very conductive porous material. The electrolyte traverses all this area.
Inside the outer
limit of the cathode is a line representing the porous supporting structure
(1536) or the
base of the cathode. The radial supporting structures are (1550) and lead to
the central
plenum, (1580). The supporting structures stabilize the cathode and the anode
for
removal and stabilize the porous structures. There are two cylinders outside
the central
plenum shaft (1580). The inner one is for hydrogen collection (1560) and the
outer
cylinder is for a similar oxygen "storage" section (1570). These are
intermediate areas to
gather the heavier oxygen gas and the lighter hydrogen. The respective gases
are piped
from the outer shell of oxygen that separates this gas from the lighter
hydrogen. The
oxygen is transported to the inner plenum chamber and the hydrogen to the
outer plenum
chamber. The heavier oxygen and the lighter hydrogen form wider and wider
rings as
electrolysis proceeds; the oxygen will form a ring half the volume of the
hydrogen. The
length of the oxygen transport piping is therefore dependent on the diameter
of the whole
apparatus. These two gases are thus collected separately and piped into their
respective
41
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
chambers. As mentioned, if no further action is taken, there will be some
hydrogen
bubbles trapped with the oxygen ring and then transported with the oxygen.
This
hydrogen will lie on the medial side of the oxygen collecting chamber and
gradually
increase as electrolysis continues. The oxygen can be removed from the lateral
portion of
the oxygen ring initially, but eventually the hydrogen will need to be removed
externally
unless the two gases can be utilized together, for example in an internal
combustion
engine. (see patent # 51430250)
FIG. 16 is another cross section similar to Fig. 13 but displays different
levels of
increasing the surface area of the electrodes. In addition on the left side of
the drawing,
(A. Section) shows an electrically inert paddle (1600) for mixing the
electrolyte. In this
type of electrode manufacture, provision for assembly and removal of the
electrodes for
cleaning must be made. Either the cylinder can be split longitudinally (Figure
12) or the
electrodes can be removed from the side. The paddle is (1600), the water
chamber is
(1620), the anode (1625) and the cathode is (1630). The cathode fenestrations
in
particular must be of suitable size to allow free passage of formed gases. The
zone
representing the two gases is (1640)
B Section demonstrates straight linear projections to increase surface area.
The anode
is (1650) and the cathode (1655)
C Section shows tooth shaped electrodes, the cathode is (1660) the anode
(1670). The
electrodes in Section C have open apices (1680)
D Section is similar with closed apices, (1690)
E Section shows smaller but more numerous teeth construction. It is possible
that
42
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
computer analysis will assist in determining the most efficient type of
electrode during
gravitational electrolysis as compared to standard electrolysis.
FIG. 17 this drawing illustrates methods of preventing hydrogen explosion from
leaks in
hydrogen production or utilization devices. The top drawing (A.) is an end
view, the next
(B.) a side view of a closed space demonstrating collection and removal of the
light gas
by taking advantage of its density. The hydrogen gas will travel along a
ceiling gutter
(1720) that is located away from any electrical fixtures and is shunted
directly outside
through a vent (1730). The next drawing (C.) depicts a building, ship or other
closed
space. A roof turbine (1740) is aiding escaped hydrogen gas from a hydrogen
production
or utilization device (1755). The leaked gas is collected in the slanted
ceiling and rises up
a plenum either to a side wall or roof. All chambers should also have a small
circulation
vent at floor level.
In a vehicle (D.), a similarly designed vent (1760) is shown in an automobile
rear
compartment chamber (1780). The chamber is sealed in the upper portion and any
leaked
hydrogen from a hydrogen device (1770) is shunted to the outside air.
FIG. 18 A. shows a tangential section of an airplane wing containing the
primary fuel
tank (1800) containing compressed hydrogen. A filler access opening is (1820).
Leading
from the outside safety tank is a duct (1815) to the plenum, (1810). This
second space
contains a hydrogen detection and warning device located in a bulge of the
secondary
space. The duct contains a pressurized device or other means of opening an
obstruction in
43
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
this space. Before the obstruction is opened the warning device is actuated,
and following
further increase in pressure, a pressure relief valve or flap opens to provide
shunting a
hydrogen leak from this space to a conducting plenum that leads as far away
from the
engine exhaust as possible, usually to an opening in the wingtip (1805). In a
helicopter
the plenum would be directed aft. The purpose of delayed opening of the
obstruction is to
allow some buildup of hydrogen concentration to trigger the detection and
warning
device; otherwise a very small leak could flow out the system undetected.
Here a venturi effect can be utilized to help disburse the escaped gas. Each
auxiliary
space has an opening into a main conduction plenum connecting the multiple
tanks.
B. is a cross section view of the hydrogen fuel tank with the sealed inlet
port
(1811) on the upper leading edge below the wing, and showing the second bag
(or sealed
compartment) surrounding the tank. On the upper aft portion is a swelling
(1830) housing
the hydrogen detection device. From here there is a duct to the main plenum
(1810) that
travels laterally and exits near the wingtip.
C. is a cross section of an enlarged drawing of a pipe joint to a flange
(1840)
Clamps (1825) keep the joint hydrogen tight. There is a loose pliable covering
or sock
(1860) enclosing the pipe joint (1860) to the flange. This leak proof covering
also
contains a warning device (1880) to localize a hydrogen leak, and with
longitudinal
loosely coiled wire (not shown) or other opaque material embedded along the
length of
the sock, on expansion will show the location of the leak by industrial X ray.
In this way
if a section of the wing has to be opened for repair, the exact location is
confirmed if
necessary. The sock is flaccid after installation and will expand from the
pressurized
hydrogen if a leak occurs, demonstrating the change.
44
CA 02551727 2006-08-10
The within-described invention may be embodied in other specific forms and
with
additional options and accessories without departing from the spirit or
essential
characteristics thereof. The presently disclosed embodiment is therefore to be
considered
in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the
invention being indicated
by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all
changes which
come within the meaning and range of equivalence of the claims are therefore
intended to
be embraced therein.
In conclusion this invention encompasses a method or series of methods for
delivering
both a continuous and intermittent flow of hydrogen and oxygen in a
predictable and safe
manner. At the present, hydrogen delivery is difficult, somewhat dangerous and
relatively
expensive. It is currently not practical to pipe hydrogen form a large steam
reformation
facility to multiple distant centers for distribution for automobile,
electrical or heating
use. This abovementioned method embodies a novel method of using single or
multiple
controlled point of use units. These units can be designed for various sizes
and used for
on site manufacture of hydrogen and the hydrogen then used for primary or
secondary
rather than tertiary distribution of the gas for energy conversion in
automobiles, heating,
turbine units from the aforementioned methods. By placing the unit in a
secured, well
ventilated outside position hydrogen conversion can be safer than natural gas
or propane
for a multiplicity of home and industrial uses. In this way piping from a
distant facility is
circumvented. Other uses of the invention are discussed. If wind, solar or
hydroelectric
'r CA 02551727 2006-08-10
~
power, or hydrogen is used for the required electric power, there is no
resultant pollution
from hydrogen fuel utilization. Note that at present it takes 4 kWh to produce
1 cu. meter
of hydrogen and if this amount of hydrogen is burnt, the latter releases
nearly 3.5 kWh of
pure energy. Hydrogen can become a competitive energy carrier if its
production from
water can be reduced to 2 kWh / cubic meter, and this invention proposes a
method of
investigation to determine the efficiency of the apparatus described.
46
