Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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PERFORATING GUN FIRING HEAD WITH
VENTED BLOCK FOR HOLDING DETONATOR
SPECIFICATION
Field of the Inyention
The present invention relates to apparatuses for perforating wells,
such as oil and gas wells, and in particular to firing heads of perforating
guns.
Back ound of the Invention
Perforating guns have an array of explosive charges thereon. The
explosive charges can fire projectiles or form a jet of liner material (such
as
copper). The guns are lowered inside of a cased well to a depth containing a
pay zone of oil or gas. The explosive charges are detonated wherein the
casing is perforated at the pay zone. Upon the completion of the well, oil
and gas can then flow throughwthe perforations into the casing and up to the
surface.
Great care is taken with the explosive charges in the perforating guns
in order to prevent their accidental detonation. An accidental detonation
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with the gun on the surface could result in the injury of a crew member. An
accidental detonation in the well in an undesirable location could result in a
loss of production of the well. Therefore, initiators are used to better
control
the detonation of the perforating guns. One type of initiator is known as a
detonator, which is an electrical device.
Detonators are initiated by an electrical current. An electrical current
heats a resistive element inside the detonator to a temperature that is
sufficiently high to ignite a charge inside of the detonator. The detonator is
located physically close to an end of a detonating cord so as to ignite the
detonating cord. When ignited, the detonating cord propagates the
detonation from the detonator to fire the explosive charges that are
distributed along the length of the perforating gun.
One type of detonator has a spring loaded pin or button on one end
and an explosive charge on the other end. For safety reasons, the detonator
is internally grounded until the button is depressed. Thus, when internally
grounded, the detonator is in a safe mode and is unable to detonate. This
type of detonator is conventional and commercially available as part number
DET-3050-008 from Owen Oil Tools of Fort Worth, Texas.
The detonator is located in a detonating block, which is located in a
firing head at an end of the perforating gun. The detonator is contained
within the detonating block and is adjacent to an end of the detonating cord
in the perforating gun. A long rod, or arming and contact pin, is used to
press the button on the detonator in order to arm it. Thus, the detonating
block secures the detonator in place adjacent to the detonating cord and
positions the detonator relative to the arming and contact rod.
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Conventional detonating blocks function as collars .to hold the
detonator in place. Consequently, conventional detonating blocks have a
passage extending from one end of the block to the other. Upon detonation,
some of the hot gases from the detonator and the detonating cord blow back
in the direction of the arming and contact pin, damaging the pin and its
associated spring in the process.
When the perforating gun is brought back out of the hole to the
surface after a detonation, such damage must be fixed before the gun can be
reused. Often times, a well requires multiple perforations, requiring the
perforating gun to make more than one trip downhole. Minimizing the
damage to the detonating mechanism minimizes turnaround time for the
perforating gun on the surface and equipment loss.
Summary of the Invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide a firing head for a
perforating gun that has minimum damage during a detonation.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a firing head for
a perforating gun that can be reused with a minimum amount of turnaround
time and equipment.
The present invention provides a firing head for a perforating gun for
use in downhole applications. The firing head comprises a detonating block
and a detonator. The detonating block has a first end and a second end, with
the second end being structured and arranged so as to be located adjacent to
a detonating material. A central passage extends through the detonating
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block from the first end to the second end. The central passage is structured
and arranged to receive a detonator. At least one venting passage extends
from the central passage through the detonating block to an exterior of the
detonating block.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the central
passage further comprises a collar for receiving a detonator, the collar
having an inside diameter that is smaller than an inside diameter of a portion
of the central passage that is located between the collar and the second end.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is at
least one venting passage between the collar and the first end of the
detonating block and at least one venting passage between the collar and the
second end of the detonating block.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the
venting passage between the collar and the second end of the detonating
block is larger than the venting passage between the collar and the first end
of the detonating block.
In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention, the
firing head further comprises a detonator located and restrained in the
central
passage.
The present invention also provides a firing head for a perforating gun
for use in downhole applications comprising a sub having a first end and a
second end. A pin is located in the sub and is axially movable therein. The
pin has a head located adjacent to the second end of the sub. A detonating
block is removably coupled to the second end of the sub. The detonating
block has a first chamber that receives the head of the pin and a detonating
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chamber that is structured and arranged to be adjacent to a detonating
material in the perforating gun. The detonating block has a retainer located
between the chamber and the detonating chamber. A detonator is located in
the retainer and extends into the detonating chamber. The detonator has an
arming mechanism that is located in the first chamber in selective contact
with the head of the arming and contact pin. There is at least one venting
passage in the detonating block extending from the detonating chamber to an
exterior of the detonating block.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the firing
head further comprises at least one venting passage in the detonating block
extending from the first chamber to the exterior of the detonating block.
The present invention also provides a method of detonating explosive
charges in a downhole perforating gun. An arming mechanism for a
detonator is provided. The detonator is provided in proximity to a
detonating material. The arming mechanism, the detonator and the
detonating material are all located along a longitudinal axis. The detonator
is detonated. Gases from the detonator are vented laterally of the
longitudinal axis so as to minimize damage to the arming mechanism.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the step of
providing the detonator in proximity to a detonating material further
comprises the step of providing the detonator in a holder. The step of
venting gases from the detonator laterally further comprises the step of
venting the gases through the holder.
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Brief Description of the Drawings
Fig. 1 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a firing head of a
perforating gun of the present invention, in accordance with a preferred
embodiment, shown with the detonator in the armed position.
Fig. 2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a prior art detonating
block.
Fig. 3 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the detonating block of
the present invention, in accordance with a preferred embodiment.
Fig. 4 is an isometric view of the detonating block of Fig. 3.
Fig. 5 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the detonating block, in
accordance with another embodiment.
Fig. 6 is an isometric view of the detonating block of Fig. 5.
Description of the Preferred Embodiment
Fig. 1 illustrates a firing head 11, or detonating arrangement, for a
top-fire perforating gun 13. The perforating gun 13 is designed to be
lowered into an oil or gas well inside of casing. The perforating gun 13 has
a number of shaped charges (not shown) located below the firing head.
Detonating cord 15 extends from the bottom of the bring head to each of the
shaped charges.
The firing head 11 includes a detonator 17 aligned with the end of the
detonating cord 15. The detonator 17 is maintained in alignment by a
detonating block 19, which block is contained within a sinning collar 21.
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Fig. 2 shows a prior art detonating block 19A. The detonating block
19A is cylindrical, having first and second ends 21A, 23A. A central,
cylindrical passage 25 extends through the block 19A, from the first end
21A to the second end 23A. The passage 25 has a first portion 27 extending
from the first end 21A to about midway of the block, and a second portion
29, extending from about midway to the second end 23A. The second
portion 29 of the passage is narrow, having a diameter that is slightly larger
than the detonator 17. The first portion 27 of the passage is of a larger
diameter. The first portion 27 has a first bore 31 that is smooth walled and
of a diameter that is sufficiently large to receive a head 33 of an arming and
contact pin 35 (see Fig. 1). The first portion of the passage also has a
threaded counterbore 37 coupled to an end of an arming and contact pin sub
39. A shoulder 41 is formed at the junction of the first and second portions
of the passage. The shoulder 41 serves as a stop surface for the detonator
17.
The conventional and commercially available detonator 17 is
cylindrical with a stop shoulder 43 (see Fig. 1). In the preferred
embodiment, the detonator has a button 45 at one end with an o-ring around
the button. The button must be depressed to arm the detonator. Once armed,
electrical current is sent through the button and out via the casing. The
detonator has an explosive charge 18 therein.
The present invention improves the detonating block 19A by
providing venting passages from the central passage containing the detonator
to the outside of the detonating block. In addition, the portion of the
central
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passage near the second end of the detonating block is enlarged.
Furthermore, the outside diameter of the block may be reduced.
To describe the detonating block 19, terms such as "upper" and
"lower" will be used with reference to the orientation of Figs. l, 3-6.
Referring to Fig. 3, the detonating block 19 of the present invention has
first
and second ends 21, 23 (upper and lower ends), a smooth bore 31 and a
threaded counterbore 37 adjacent to the upper end. There is also a shoulder
41 functioning as a stop surface for the detonator 17. A narrow central bore
47 or passage extends from the shoulder 41 towards the lower end 23. A
counterbore 49 extends from the lower end to the central bore 47. The
counterbore 49 is of a larger diameter than the central bore 47. The
counterbore 49 forms a detonating chamber, while the bore 31 forms an
upper chamber. Between the bores 31, 49, a collar or retainer SO is formed,
through which the central bore 47 extends. The collar 50 is about midway
between the first and second ends 21, 23. The bore 47 has a diameter that is
slightly larger than the diameter of the detonator 17.
The upper chamber 31 has a diameter that is sufficiently large to
receive the head 33 of the arming and contact pin 35.
Venting passages 51, 53 extend radially outward from the upper and
detonating chambers 31, 49 to the outside of the detonating block. There axe
upper venting passages 51 that vent the upper chamber 31 and lower venting
passages 53 that vent the detonating chamber 49. The lower venting
passages 53 are larger in diameter than the upper venting passages because
most of the gases escape through the lower venting passages. Some gas
does pass through the collar and out through the upper venting passages 51.
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In the preferred embodiment shown in Figs. 3 and 4, there are four lower
venting passages 53 spaced 90° apart around the circumference of the
detonating block. Likewise, there are four upper venting passages 51 spaced
90° apart around the circumference of the detonating block.
The size and number of venting passages can vary. For example, the
lower venting passages can be smaller in size while greater in number or
larger in size while fewer in number. Also, the passages need not be circular
bores as shown. Circular bores are easy to machine with the use of drill bits.
However, the detonating block 19 can be cast, wherein the venting passages
need not be: circular. Also, as shown in Fig. 3, the venting passages are
purely radial in direction having no axial or circumferential component.
However, the venting passages can be inclined so as to have an aXial and/or
circumferential component.
There is an annulus 69 around the detonating block 19 when the block
is installed in the firing head. In Fig: 1, the annulus 69 is shown as being
large for illustrative purposes; it need not be so large. The annulus allows
the collar 21 to spin onto the perforating gun 13 and also allows the gases of
detonation to vent out to the side of the block 19.
Figs. 5 and 6 show the detonating block 71 in accordance with another
embodiment. The block 71 is substantially similar to the block 19 of Figs. 3
and 4 except that additional upper venting passages 52 are provided. Thus,
the upper venting passages 51, 52 are spaced 45 degrees apart around the
circumference of the block. In addition, the upper venting passages 52 are
offset longitudinally from the upper venting passages 51. In the
embodiment shown, the passages 52 are located closer to the collar 50.
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The firing head 11 is assembled in accordance with normal
procedures; the detonating block 19 of the present invention does not alter
the assembly. The assembly will be briefly described with reference to Fig.
1. The detonator 17 is inserted into the opening 47 of the collar 50. The
stop shoulder 43 of the detonator 17 bears on the shoulder 41 of the collar 50
and the button 45 on the detonator is nearest the upper end 21 of the
detonating block. The detonating block is threaded onto the lower end of the
arming and contact pin sub 39, such that the head 33 of the arming and
contact pin 35 is located adjacent to the button 33. Once the detonating
block 19 is threaded onto the sub 39, the button 45 is depressed, thereby
arming the detonator 17 (not shown). A shunt cap (not shown) may be used
on the upper end of the sub 39 and a plug (not shown) may be used on the
lower end of the spinning collar 21 during assembly as safety devices.
When the firing head 11 is ready to assemble onto the wire line, the shunt
cap is removed and a casing collar locator 59 is threaded onto the sub 39.
The locator has electric circuitry inside to make electrical contact with the
detonator 17. The plug is removed from the lower end of the firing head and
the firing head is assembled onto the perforating gun 13. Various checks
can be made on the equipment during the assembly process. The inside of
the spinning collar is sealed so as to prevent fluid from reaching the
detonator 17.
In operation, the detonator 17 is unarmed as long as the button 45 is
extended. The perforating gun is lowered downhole to its desired depth.
When ready to perforate; an electrical current is passed through the pin in
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the detonator. The detonator detonates, igniting the detonating cord and
explosive charges contained in the perforating gun.
The detonating detonator produces hot gases in the detonating
chamber 49. Without the venting passages 51, 53 these gases create an
overpressure along the longitudinal axis of the tool that bends and distorts
the arming and contact pin 35, as well as the pin isolator 63, the spring 36,
the casing collar locator 59 and the electrical and mechanical connection
between the firing head and the casing collar locator. However, the venting
passages 51, 53 allow the gases to escape transversely to the annulus 69
around the detonating block 19 and flow away from the pin 35. Some of the
gases flow into the upper passage 31 and through the upper venting passages
51 to the annulus 69. Thus, the gases are unable to create an overpressure
that is sufficient to damage the pin 35 and its spring 36.
To rearm the perforating gun, the gun is retrieved to the surface. The
firing head 11 is disassembled and a new detonator 17 is installed. In a
typical operation, only the detonator 17 need be replaced, thus reducing
turnaround time of the firing head and the perforating gun. The delicate
firing head mechanism with the pin 35 remains unharmed and can be reused
again and again.
An isolator seal 61 is provided around the head 33 of the arming and
contact pin 35, in order to prevent the hot explosive gases from impregnating
a pin isolator 63. The pin isolator 63 is located on the opposite side of the
head 33 from the detonator 17. The isolator seal 61 also prevents high-
pressure borehole and formation fluids from leaking past the o-ring seal and
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invading the annulus space between the contact pin and the sub. This
eliminates the need to rebuild and clean the entire firing head assembly.
With the embodiment shown in Figs. 5 and 6, the additional upper
venting passages 52 improve the venting of the gases to the annulus 69.
Staggering the additional upper venting passages 52 closer to the detonator
appears to vent the gases more effectively.
The foregoing disclosure and showings made in the drawings are
merely illustrative of the principles of this invention and are not to be
interpreted in a limiting sense.
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