Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
CA 02691490 2010-01-29
CONSTRUCTION FRAMING i ER WITH INTEGRATED THERMAL BREAK
Eric Penner deWaal
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FIELD OF THE INVENTXON:
This invention is in the field of building and framing
construction materials, and more specifically deals with
dimensional framing members with an integrated thermal break
which can be used in various construction applications.
BACKGROUND:
Improvements in building construction materials and methods are
constantly sought to enhance the comfort and economy of
residential and commercial buildings. One of the areas in which
a large amount of effort is currently concentrated in the
development of alternate materials and construction methods is
that energy efficiency. Heating a home or building is futile
and ineffective if the house or building is not properly sealed
and insulated-gaps in the structure of the building as well as
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thin, non-insulated walls allow heat to transfer out of the
building and increase heating costs as well as resulting in
uneven heating levels within the building. In addition to the
cost of energy for heating the building, there is also undue
damage to the environment due to the increased amounts of
heating fuel or energy which are consumed to keep these
buildings at comfortable temperatures. As such it is desirable
to provide or enhance the effect of insulation in the walls of
houses or buildings to prevent or minimize heat loss.
Typical walls of a building or a house are often manufactured
with dimensional lumber or other stud materials, having a gypsum
or other type of wall board on the interior of the building.
Vapor barrier may also be used between the interior wall surface
and the studs or dimensional framing members which provide
structure to the wall in the building. The studs act as an
inner member framework which along with providing structure and
support for the wall itself will also support wall coverings,
windows and doors. They also provide mounting cavities or
mounting surfaces for electrical wiring, plumbing, HVAC systems
and other utilities.
Standard dimensional lumber or other aluminum or steel stud
materials are often used to construct or member portion these
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walls. Most often interior walls are generally member portiond
with 2" x 4" wall studs, although sometimes 2" x 6" wall studs
would be used to provide more strength. Typically the studs or
framing members are placed a predefined standard spacing apart,
for example either every 16 or 24 inches. Extra studs can be
used or provided wherever walls intersect, or to provide a
nailing area or additional support.
Batts of insulation would typically be installed in the spaces
between framing members inside a wall to provide insulation and
reduce heat loss through the cavities between the framing
members. To the exterior of a building wall there is often an
air barrier and some kind of an exterior surface or siding which
is attached through to the studs. Insulation batts are
important in providing insulation in the areas of the cavities
between the framing members. Some common forms of insulation
baits are made from fiberglass, mineral wool, or cotton. These
batts are fibrous sheets that are long and wide enough to fit
snugly between wall studs. Another form of insulation is loose-
fill insulation, which is a light fibrous fill. This type of
insulation is laborious to install and typically requires a
professional installer. Furthermore, this type of insulation is
easily affected by air movement. There is also spray-applied
insulation that can fill cavities very well, but again, must be
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applied by a specialized contractor.
An effective insulation system will prevent the movement of air
through the system. If there are any cavities, they will be
filled with insulation, leaving no gaps in or around the
insulation, and furthermore, will not compress the insulation.
The structural members in the wall oftentimes act as thermal
bridges, extending from the warm side of the insulation to the
cold side of the insulation, allowing for an easy escape of
heat. While insulation batts installed in the cavities between
the framing members provide some insulation to a building, the
framing members or studs of the wall allow heat transfer to
occur from the warm side to the cool side of the wall through
the framing members themselves. This problem is further
emphasized with the use of metal member portions instead of
wood, because much more heat flows through metal studs and
joists than through pieces of wood.
There have been many attempts to prevent heat loss through
thermal bridges such as the framing members. One of the most
popular methods of preventing this type of heat loss is to
provide some type of rigid, board-stock insulation on the
exterior face of the studs, usually expanded polystyrene or
insulation batts. However, installation of this type of
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insulation on all the exterior faces of the studs involves
wrapping the entire house with a rigid foam batt, or similar
type of insulation product, which is very expensive and labour
intensive. Again, this type of material can also be an irritant
or hazardous during installation and will often require
professional installation.
Another attempt to minimize this type of heat loss is to space
the wall studs at 24 inches apart, rather than 16 inches apart.
This extra spacing between the studs reduces the total number of
studs in the wall, thus reducing the surface area of the framing
members available for heat transfer. However, the reduction in
the number of total framing members reduces the strength of the
wall. As such, it is not desirable to reduce the number of
framing members, if possible. Furthermore, the reduction in
framing members does not eliminate, or even minimize, the heat
loss that will occur through the remaining framing members.
A further attempt to minimize heat loss through wall studs uses
a method of staggering the wall studs that appear next to one
another. A first wall stud would be situated against the inner
wall leaving a gap between the first wall stud and the outer
wall, and a second wall stud adjacent the first wall stud would
be situated against the outer wall leaving a gap between the
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second wall stud and the inner wall, whereby the wall studs
would alternate positions as such along the wall. In this way,
a given stud will not concurrently contact the materials of the
inner wall and the materials of the outer wall, and will
consequently be unable to transfer heat directly from the inner
wall, through to the stud, to the outer wall and out of the
building. However, there are many drawbacks associated with
this method, as well. This method of reducing heat loss through
studs is very labour intensive and expensive, as each stud needs
to be perfectly placed in relation to the studs next to it.
This furthermore increases the thickness of the wall and reduces
the strength of the wall since each of the inner wall and the
outer wall are only provided with one half of the number of wall
studs for support.
Prior attempts to minimize heat loss through wall studs
furthermore do not address the issue of the difficulty in
installing plumbing and electrical work within the walls. It is
currently inconvenient to install plumbing and electrical
services in walls because the wall studs act as obstacles to the
wiring and piping. As such, currently, holes need to be drilled
through each of the framing members in order to run wiring or
pipes through the walls. This type of work is not only
inconvenient, but also expensive and laborious.
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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a framing
member that overcomes problems in the prior art. it is a
further object of the present invention to provide a framing
member and a wall that effectively minimize heat transfer
through the framing member and allows electrical wiring and
pipes to be run through the wall without the need to drill holes
in the rigid material of the framing members.
A framing member having an integrated thermal break for
minimizing thermal bridging across a wall is provided. The
framing member includes an inner member portion and an outer
member portion. At least one continuous insulating member,
composed of a nonmetallic, low-heat conductive substance, and of
a length substantially equal to the length of the framing
member, runs along the elongate dimension of the framing member
between the corresponding adjacent edges of the inner member
portion and the outer member portion, separating the inner
member portion from the outer member portion and thus forming a
thermal break. The insulating member is designed to be elastic
such that holes can be easily made therethrough, without the
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need for drilling such holes into the inner or outer member
portions of the framing member. Rather, pipes and electrical
wiring can be fed through holes that are made in a custom
diameter for each pipe or wire that runs through the insulating
member.
To create the framing member of the present invention, a builder
takes two portions of an elongate member of generally
rectangular cross-sectional shape, one half constituting the
inner member portion and the other half constituting the outer
member portion. The builder separates the inner member portion
and outer member portion by a space and holds these in positions
parallel to one another as foam insulation is injected in the
space between the inner member portion and outer member portion.
When the foam insulation sets it forms an insulation layer which
can be secured into place by adhering the foam insulation layer
to the inner member portion and outer member portion using glue
or the like. Also provided is a mold or other suitable holding
apparatus that frames the space between the inner member portion
and outer member portion such that when foam is injected between
the frames, it does not spill out of the opening. Further
provided is a pre-cut or pre-formed insulation layer that can be
glued or laminated to the inner faces of the inner member
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portion and outer member portion without having to inject soft
foam insulation between the frames and wait for it to set.
Beyond on-site manufacture of the framing member of the present
invention it is contemplated that the optimal method of
manufacturing use of the framing member of the present invention
is to pre-manufacture the framing member by attachment of the
integrated thermal break or insulation portion to the inner
member portion of the outer member portion by gluing, laminating
or otherwise attaching same such that the completed framing
member can be delivered to the construction site and used
interchangeably with other dimensional lumber in framing
applications using conventional cutting and attachment
techniques. The method of manufacture of the framing member of
the present invention comprises attaching an integrated
insulation layer to an appropriately sized inner member portion
and then an appropriately sized outer member portion, yielding
when completed a three layer completed framing member.
A wall framed using the framing members of the present invention
is provided. The framing members of the present invention can
be associated with any usual or conventional wall by replacing
the standard framing members or wall studs of the conventional
wall with the framing members of the present invention. The
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addition of the framing members of the present invention creates
a thermal break in the way of a foam insulation within the
building envelope. When wires or pipes need to be run through
the walls, holes can be easily punched through the foam
insulation in the framing members to provide a space to run the
wires or pipes through, rather than drilling holes through the
rigid frames.
To frame a wall using the framing members of the present
invention, the framing members are secured in such a manner to
form a framework for the wall. A plurality of framing members
are spaced vertically. These vertical framing members are held
in place by a continuous header extending along the length of
the top of the wall framework and which is also a framing member
in accordance with the present invention. The header is adhered
to the vertical framing members. A bottom plate, which is also
a framing member in accordance with the present invention,
extends along the lower length of the wall framework. The
bottom plate is also adhered to the vertical framing members.
The header and bottom plate are secured to the vertical framing
members in such a manner that the thermal breaks of each the
header, bottom plate and each of the vertical framing members
form a continuous channel. Also provided are fireblocks, which
are also made out of a framing member in accordance with the
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present invention, that are interposed horizontally between the
vertical framing members in order to support the vertical
framing members. The fireblocks and the vertical framing
members are secured in such a manner that the thermal breaks of
the fireblocks and vertical framing members form a continuous
channel.
The present invention effectively eliminates direct contact
between the inner member portion and the outer member portion of
the framing members by separating the two portions along their
minor faces with a non-conductive substance. This separation
creates a thermal break that stops the conductivity between an
inner and outer wall via the framing member, thus reducing heat
transfer across the framing member and through the wall. These
changes represent significant energy savings. The present
invention is designed to be an energy efficient component of a
wall without increasing the thickness of the wall, decreasing
the strength of the wall, or increasing the labour or cost
associated with building an energy-efficient wall. The present
invention concurrently allows wiring and piping to be run
through the elastic insulating member, obviating the need to
drill holes through the rigid material of the inner or outer
member portion of the framing member. Accordingly, the framing
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member of the present invention can be applied to any buildings,
including houses and apartment complexes, to provide a
convenient way to build a wall and reduce heat transfer to and
from the building.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
While the invention is claimed in the concluding portions
hereof, preferred embodiments are provided in the accompanying
detailed description which may be best understood in conjunction
with the accompanying diagrams where like parts in each of the
several diagrams are labeled with like numbers, and where:
Fig. 1 is a side perspective view of a prior art framing
member;
Fig. 2 is a side perspective view of a series of framing
members as shown in Fig. 1 forming a partial wall
structure;
Fig. 3 is a side view of the series of the prior art
demonstration of Fig. 2;
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Fig. 4 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of the series
of conventional framing members as shown in Figs. 2 and 3
installed in a wall;
Fig. 5 is a side perspective view of one embodiment of a
framing member in accordance with the present invention;
Fig. 6 is a side perspective view of a series of framing
members as shown in Fig. 5, forming a partial wall
structure;
Fig. 7 is a frontal view of a wall structure built from the
framing members as shown in Fig. 5;
Fig. 8 is a side view of the wall structure as shown in
Fig. 7;
Fig. 9 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of a wall
formed using the framing members as shown in Fig. 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS
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As outlined above, the invention is a framing member for
installation in a wall having an integrated thermal break.. A
continuous insulating member, composed of a low-heat conductive
substance, and of a length substantially equal to the length of
the framing member, separates the inner and outer portions of
the framing member, minimizing heat transfer from the inner
portion of the framing member to the outer portion of the
framing member, thus eliminating the thermal bridge between the
inner wall and the outer wall.
Fig. 1 illustrates a conventional framing member 10 as found in
the prior art. The conventional framing member 10 consists of
an elongate block of rigid material, usually made of wood but
also sometimes made of other materials such as aluminum or
steel. Fig. 2 illustrates a series of conventional framing
members 10 forming a partial wall structure 20. The partial
wall structure 20 has framing members 10 held in place
vertically at the top by a double top plate 22 formed by laying
two framing members 10 on top of one another. Fig. 3 shows the
side of the partial wall structure 20 formed by framing members
10. A framing member 10 acts as a bottom plate 24, or base, for
the vertical framing members 10.
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Fig. 4 illustrates a series of conventional framing members 10
installed in a conventional wall 30. Wall 30 comprises a
wallboard 32, typically made of gypsum, on the inside of a
building. A vapour barrier 34 is typically applied on the
outside of the wallboard 32. The framing members 10, or wall
studs, form a member framework for the wall 30 next to the
vapour barrier 34. The framing members 10 are generally spaced
vertically every 16 or 24 inches, from centre to centre. Cavity
insulation 38 is provided in the spaces between the framing
members 10, usually made up of some type of insulation batts
made out of fibrous sheets or loose-fill insulation. On the
exterior faces of the framing members 10 and next to the cavity
insulation 38 there is provided a rigid insulation 40, usually a
board-stock insulation made up of polystyrene or other form of
insulation batt, which covers the entire inner face of the wall
30. An air barrier 50, or sheathing membrane, is provided next
to the rigid insulation 40 to prevent air movement within the
wall. Finally some sort of exterior facade 60 is provided,
generally made out of brick or horizontal metal siding with
fibreboard backing nailed through to the studs or framing
members 10.
A framing member 100 in accordance with the present invention is
illustrated by Fig. 5. The framing member 100 comprises an
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elongate inner member portion 102 and an elongate outer member
portion 104, both made out of a rigid material. While typically
the complete framing member of the present invention, including
the inner member portion 102, the outer member portion 104 plus
the integrated thermal break would in total be approximately the
same size as a standard dimensional framing member [for example
in total being the approximate same dimension as a 2 x 4 or 2 x
6 framing member] such that it could be easily interchanged into
pre-existing construction methods and market acceptance of the
product could be maximized, it is contemplated within the scope
of this invention that the dimensions of the member portions 102
and 104 can vary and furthermore, the width of the inner member
portion 102 and the outer member portion 104 can be equal, or
one member portion 102 or 104 could be larger in width than the
other member portion 104 or 102, depending on its purpose.
It is also contemplated that the material of the inner member
portion 102 and outer member portion 104 could be a rigid
material other than wood, such as metals including aluminum or
steel, or plastic.
An integrated thermal break 110 comprising an insulating member,
is sandwiched between inner member portion 102 and outer member
portion 104 and separates inner member portion 102 from outer
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member portion 104. Integrated thermal break 110 is, in one
embodiment of the present invention, made out of a foam plastic
material such as polyurethane, but can optionally be made out of
any other type of foam insulation or any other low-heat
conductive material. Various types of materials will be
understood by those skilled in the art and are all contemplated
within the scope of the present invention.
It is specifically contemplated that in most embodiments of the
framing member of the present invention, it would be desired to
use a thermal break 110 which was elastic, whereby holes can be
easily punched through to allow wires or pipes to run
therethrough. For example, the integrated thermal break could
be made out of expanded polystyrene foam insulation, extruded
polystyrene foam or any type of urethane-based foam product.
The width of the integrated thermal break 110 is generally
between % inch and 1 inch, though the width could vary depending
on the heat conductivity of the material and the thickness
required to obtain the desired degree of insulation. The
integrated thermal break 110 is bonded in place to the inner
member portion 102 and outer member portion 104 using bonding
materials such as lamination or glue, though any materials that
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securely attach the thermal break 110 to the member portions 102
and 104 could be used.
Still in reference to Fig. 5, each framing member 100 is formed
by joining two portions of a rigid elongate member of generally
rectangular cross-sectional shape, one half constituting the
inner member portion 102 and the other half constituting the
outer member portion 104. It is contemplated within the scope
of this invention that nails or screws could be applied through
the inner member portion 102, through the thermal break 110, to
the outer member portion 104, in order to secure the relative
parallel positions of the inner member portion 102 to the outer
member portion 104 and to provide further strength to the
framing member 100.
It is specifically contemplated that the primary or most
beneficial embodiments of the framing member 100 of the present
invention would be a framing member 100 which was pre-
manufactured by the lamination or attachment of the inner member
portion 102, the outer member portion 104 and the thermal break
110 such that the actual framing contractor or carpenter who was
using the framing members 100 of the present invention to
construct the wall with an integrated thermal break would simply
be able to build or frame the wall in accordance with regular or
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conventional techniques - cutting the framing members 100 to the
approximate or appropriate lengths required and then attaching
them using conventional methods to formal wall structure.
While it is contemplated that the primary means of deployment of
the framing member 100 of the present invention in framing would
be to use pre-manufactured or preassembled framing members 100
in accordance with the present invention, wherein parts 102, 104
and 110 were laminated or attached together in advance of
delivery or use at the construction site, it is also understood
that the framing member 100 of the present invention could be
assembled on site at the construction site using separate member
portions 102 and 104 and thermal break 110 which could be glued,
laminated or otherwise attached together at the construction
site. Both such approaches are contemplated within the scope of
the present invention.
The size of the inner member portion 102, outer member portion
104 and thermal break 110 could each be adjusted for a number of
reasons. For example the thickness of the thermal break one can
could be thickened or thinned based upon the particular thermal
requirements of the application in which the framing member 100
when assembled would be used. Also, the inner member portion
102 or the outer member portion 104 might be sized appropriately
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such that their utility in conventional construction techniques
would be maximized i.e. such that they would still most strongly
support fasteners attached thereto etc.
It is specifically contemplated that the completed or assembled
framing member 100 should optimally be the same completed outer
dimensions as conventional framing members or lumber -- for
example the same completed dimension as a 2 x 4 or 2 x 6 framing
member or the like, so as to maximize the utility and acceptance
of the framing member 100 of the present invention in
conventional building applications. if the framing member 100
of the present invention was manufactured in accordance with the
dimensions of pre-existing types of dimensional lumber the
framing member 100 could be interchangeably used with any
is different number of types of pre-existing hardware or the like -
- it will be understood that there is no specific ideal
dimension for the framing member 100 of the present invention
but that any number of different pre-existing dimensional lumber
sizes could be copied or mimicked using the framing member 100
and method of assembly of the framing member 100 of the present
invention.
In one example, if the framing member 100 of the present
invention were manufactured using inner member portion 102 and
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outer member portion 104 of lumber, and a thermal break 110 of
polystyrene glued therebetween, it will be understood that those
types of materials used in manufacturing the framing member 100
of the present invention would yield a framing member 100 which
could easily be cut with conventional lumber saws. Even in
terms of providing a thermal break in a metal studded, the inner
and outer member portions 102 and 104 could be manufactured from
aluminum, steel or other conventional metal materials and the
thermal break 110 which was chosen could be glued therein or
otherwise attached between those portions. Again by choice of
the appropriate materials for the member portions 102 and 104
and the thermal break 110, conventional cutting and attachment
techniques could also be accommodated.
Fig. 6 illustrates one embodiment of a series of framing members
100 in accordance with the present invention forming a partial
wall structure 120. The partial wall structure 120 has a
plurality of framing members 100 held in place vertically at the
top by a double top plate 122 formed by laying two framing
members 100 on top of one another. The double top plate 122 and
the vertical framing members 100 are securely attached in a
manner such that the thermal break 110 in each framing member
100 of the double top plate 122 and the vertical framing members
100 form a continuous channel. In this way, pipes and wires 165
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can be run through holes 162 made in the thermal breaks 110
lengthwise of the wall structure 120.
Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate a wall member portion 170 using the
framing members 100 of the present invention. The framing
members 100 are secured in such a manner to form a member
framework for the wall. A plurality of framing members 100 are
spaced vertically. These vertical framing members 100 are held
in place by a continuous header 122 extending along the him
length of the top of the wall member framework 170 and which is
also a framing member 100 in accordance with the present
invention. The header 122 is adhered to the vertical framing
members 100. A bottom plate 124, which is also a framing member
100 in accordance with the present invention, extends along the
lower length of the wall member framework 170. The bottom plate
124 is also adhered to the vertical framing members 100. The
header 122 and bottom plate 124 are secured to the vertical
framing members 100 in such a manner that the thermal break 110
of each the header 122, bottom plate 124 and each of the
vertical framing members 100 form a continuous channel. It is
contemplated within the scope of the present invention that any
number of framing members 100 can be laid one on top of the
other to create the header 122 or bottom plate 124, as necessary
to provide the appropriate structure and support required for
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the wall. Optionally provided are fireblocks 175, that are
interposed horizontally between the vertical framing members 100
in order to support the vertical framing members 100. The
fireblocks 175 and the vertical framing members 100 are secured
in such a manner that the thermal breaks 110 of the fireblocks
175 and vertical framing members 110 form a continuous channel.
In this way, when piping or wiring 165 needs to be run through
the wall, the pipes and wires 165 can be run through holes 162
in the thermal breaks 110 lengthwise of the wall member
framework 170.
The header 122, bottom plate 124, and fireblocks 175 are secured
to the vertical framing members 110 using glue and/or a nailing
device, though other methods of securing them to each other are
also possible and are contemplated within the scope of this
invention.
Fig. 9 illustrates a method of framing a wall 130 using the
framing members 100 of the present invention. This method
comprises the steps of securing framing members 100 of the
present invention into a wall member framework 170 configuration
having a continuous channel of thermal breaks 110 running
lengthwise through the member framework 170 and installing the
same into the wall 130_ The wall member framework 170 of the
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present invention can be associated with any usual or
conventional wall by replacing the standard framing members or
wall studs of the conventional wall with the framing members 100
of the present invention. The framing members 100 could be
manufactured in any nominal length in order to build a wall 130
that is thermally separated with the continuous channel formed
by the thermal breaks 110 in the vertical framing members 100
and also in the header 122 and bottom plate 124. Wires or pipes
can optionally run through the walls 130 through holes punched
through the foam insulation 110. Aside from the wall member
framework 170, the wall 130 has a number of variable features
that could include a wallboard 132 on the inside of a building.
A vapour barrier 134 can be applied on the outside of the
wallboard 132. The framing members 100, or wall studs, form the
member framework 170 for the wall 130 next to the vapour barrier
134. The framing members 100 are generally spaced vertically
every 16 or 24 inches, from centre to centre, though any
distance between vertical framing members 100 would be
acceptable, dependent on the requirements of the particular wall
130.
Cavity insulation 138 can be provided in the spaces between the
framing members 100, usually made up of some type of insulation
batts made out of fibrous sheets or loose-fill insulation.
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Alternatively, the thermal break can be composed of any number
of different substances, including plastic or fiber, which can
achieve a similar thermal break effect. Such thermal break
substances will include mineral fibers such as glass wool or
stone wool. On the exterior faces of the framing members 100
and next to the cavity insulation 138 there may provided an air
barrier 150, or sheathing membrane to prevent air movement
within the wall. Finally some sort of exterior facade 160 may
be provided, generally made out of brick, concrete, or
horizontal metal siding with fibreboard backing nailed through
to the studs or framing members 100.
To summarize then it is specifically contemplated that the
invention herein encompasses not only the framing member 100
itself with the integrated thermal break, but also the method of
manufacture of a framing member with an integrated thermal break
which comprises attachments of a thermal break portion between
an inner member portion and the outer member portion to yield a
dimensionally appropriate complete framing member which can be
used in framing or construction applications interchangeably
with other dimensional lumber. Also disclosed and intended to
be encompassed by the present patent application is the method
of framing of a wall incorporating an integrated thermal break,
using the framing members of the' present invention. Finally a
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wall that is framed using framing members in accordance with the
subject matter outlined herein is also contemplated within the
scope of the present invention.
It will be understood to one skilled in the art that there are
certain modifications which can be made to the framing member
100 of the present invention in the method of manufacturing use
thereof without departing from the intended scope or direction
of the present application and all such modifications are also
contemplated within the scope hereof.
The embodiments described herein have described the use of
continuous insulating members forming a thermal break between
inner and outer portions of a framing member or wall stud. It
will be appreciated that the thermal break may be created using
alternate methods and in alternate manners than as described
herein. For instance, the thermal break could be formed by
spraying an insulating material along the edges of the inner
member portion or outer member portion such that a layer of
insulating material is interposed between the opposing sides of
the inner and outer member portions to prevent contact between
the opposing sides. Alternatively, the thermal break could be
formed by interposing separators, such as rivets, made out of an
insulating material, between the opposing sides of the inner and
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outer member portions, preventing contact between the sides of
the inner and outer member portions.
The foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the
principles of the invention. Further, since numerous changes
and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the
art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact
construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly,
all such suitable changes or modifications in structure or
operation which may be resorted to are intended to fall within
the scope of the claimed invention.
