METHODS, TESTING APPARATUSES AND DEVICES FOR REMOVING CROSS COUPLING EFFECTS IN ANTENNA ARRAYS

PROCEDES, APPAREILS ET DISPOSITIFS D'ESSAI PERMETTANT DE SUPPRIMER LES EFFETS DE COUPLAGE PARASITE DANS DES RESEAUX D'ANTENNES

English Abstract

Methods and devices for removing cross coupling effects between elements of an antenna array (110) are provided. Cross coupling coefficients between all pairs of antenna elements of the antenna array are predetermined to minimize a total power in theoretical null points calculated without considering the cross element effects. A transceiver (100) includes a multiplexing block (105) configured to receive data signals to be transmitted via the antenna elements and to output to at least one of the antenna elements, a sum signal including (i) a data signal, which data signal is designated for the at least one antenna element, and (ii) a linear combination of data signals designated for other antenna elements of the antenna array, each of the data signals in the linear combination being weighted by a respective cross coupling coefficient between the at least one antenna element and an antenna element emitting the each of the data signals.

French Abstract

La présente invention se rapporte à des procédés et à des dispositifs d'essai permettant de supprimer les effets de couplage parasite entre des éléments d'un réseau d'antennes (110). Les coefficients de couplage parasite entre toutes les paires d'éléments d'antenne du réseau d'antennes sont prédéterminés afin de réduire à un minimum la puissance totale des points nuls théoriques calculés sans prendre en compte les effets de couplage parasite. Un émetteur-récepteur (100) comprend un bloc de multiplexage (105) configuré pour recevoir des signaux de données qui doivent être transmis par l'intermédiaire des éléments d'antenne et pour transmettre à au moins un élément d'antenne parmi les éléments d'antenne un signal de somme comportant (i) un signal de données, lequel signal de données est indiqué pour un ou plusieurs éléments d'antenne, et (ii) une combinaison linéaire des signaux de données indiqués pour d'autres éléments d'antenne du réseau d'antennes, chaque signal de données dans la combinaison linéaire étant pondéré par un coefficient de couplage parasite respectif entre un ou plusieurs éléments d'antenne et un élément d'antenne qui émet chaque signal de données.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. An apparatus (300) for determining cross coupling coefficients in an
antenna array (310) having a plurality of antenna elements, the apparatus
comprising:
a multiplexing block (320) configured to receive data signals (S, S2, S3, S4)
to
be transmitted via the antenna elements and to output to at least one of the
antenna
elements (Ai) a sum signal including (i) a data signal (Si), which data signal
is
designated for the at least one antenna element, and (ii) a linear combination
of data
signals (Sk, k.noteq.i) designated for other antenna elements of the antenna
array, each of
the data signals in the linear combination being weighted by a respective
cross
coupling coefficient (w ik) between the at least one antenna element and an
antenna
element emitting the each of the data signals;
one or more measurement antennas (340, 345, 350, 355) located at positions
corresponding to theoretical null points (z1, z2, z3, z4) occurring when one
or more
predetermined sets of data are transmitted via the data signals, the positions
being
calculated without considering coupling effects of the antenna elements; and
a processor (370, 380) configured to receive measurements of a total power
received in each of the one or more measurements antennas and the data
signals,
to adjust the cross coupling coefficients to minimize the total power received
by the
one or more measurement antennas when the one or more predetermined sets of
data are transmitted, and to transmit the adjusted cross coupling coefficients
to the
multiplexing block.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
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a position measurement assembly configured to allow locating the positions
corresponding to the theoretical null points relative to the antenna array.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more measurement
antennas include one measurement antenna for each of the theoretical null
points.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a single measurement antenna is
successively placed at at least two of the theoretical null points.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to adjust
the cross coupling coefficients using a multivariate downhill iterative
method.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the multivariate downhill iterative
method minimizes a multi-objective function
<IMG>
where Y k (k=1,K) is the amplitude of a k th signal captured in one of the
measurement antenna, K is a number of theoretical nulls, w i (i=1,N*(N-1)) are
complex optimization variables related to the cross-coupling coefficients, N
is the
number of columns, and .alpha.k is an optional measurement emphasis parameter.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the multiplexing block is configured to output a single data signal to a
single
one of the antenna elements, and to output to one or more other antenna
elements
23

the signal data signal weighted by a cross coupling coefficient between the
one of
the antenna elements and the one or more other antenna elements; and
the processor is configured to adjust a subset of the cross coupling
coefficients between the one antenna elements and the one or more other
antenna
elements.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the processor is configured to adjust
the subset of the cross coupling coefficients in an order depending on a
proximity of
the one or more other antenna elements to the one antenna element.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to
control the multiplexing block to output respective sums of signals to the at
least one
of the antenna elements, and to adjust the cross coupling coefficients
iteratively, until
a predetermined criterion is met.
10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor includes:
a correlator configured to receive the measurements of the total power
received in each of the one or more measurements antennas and the data
signals,
and to output normalized power values calculated based on the total power and
the
data signals; and
an adjustor configured to receive the normalized power values from the
correlator, to adjust the cross coupling coefficients using the normalized
power
values, and to output the adjusted cross coupling coefficients to the
multiplexing
block. 24

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the multiplexing block is configured
to use different sets of cross coupling coefficients for frequencies of the
data signals
in different frequency ranges.
12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a number of position corresponding
to theoretical null points is equal to or larger than a number of antenna
elements of
the antenna array.
13. A method (600) for determining cross coupling coefficients in an
antenna array (310) having a plurality of antenna elements, the method
comprising:
receiving (S610) data signals (S1, S2, S3, S4) to be transmitted via the
antenna elements (A1, A2, A3, A4);
outputting (S620) to at least one of the antenna elements (Ai), a sum signal
of
(i) a data signal (Si) among the data signals, which data signal is designated
for the
at least one antenna element, and (ii) a linear combination of the data
signals (Sk,
k.noteq.i) designated for other antenna elements (Ak) of the antenna array
than the at
least one antenna element (Ai), each of the data signals in the linear
combination
being weighted by a respective cross coupling coefficient (w ik) between the
at least
one antenna element and an antenna element emitting the each of the data
signals;
measuring (S630) total power received in one or more measurement
antennas (340, 345, 350, 355) located at positions (z1, z2, z3, z4)
corresponding to
theoretical null points occurring when one or more predetermined sets of data
are
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transmitted via the data signals, the theoretical null points being calculated
without
considering coupling effects of the antenna elements; and
adjusting (S640) the cross coupling coefficients (w ik) to minimize the total
power received by the one or more measurement antennas (340, 345, 350, 355),
respectively, when the one or more predetermined sets of data are transmitted
via
the data signals.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the outputting, the measuring and the
adjusting are performed iteratively until a predetermined convergence
criterion is
met.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein each of the positions corresponding
to the theoretical null points relative to the antenna array are characterized
by an
angle of a plane of the antenna array and a direction from a middle point of
the array
to the each of the position.
16. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
placing one of the one or more measurement antenna at each of the
theoretical null points.
17. The method of claim13, further comprising:
sequentially placing the same measurement antenna at each of the
theoretical null points.
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18. The method of claim 13, wherein the adjusting of the cross coupling
coefficients uses a multivariate steepest descent method.
19. The method of claim 13, wherein the cross coupling coefficients are
complex numbers, and adjusting includes adjusting a phase of one of the cross
coupling coefficients prior to adjusting a magnitude of the one cross coupling
coefficient.
20. The method of claim 13, wherein each subset cross coupling
coefficients between one antenna element and other antenna elements is
obtained
separately from all other of the cross coupling coefficients, by performing
the
outputting as if the data signals include only a single data signal to be
transmitted via
the one antenna element.
21. A method (200) of compensating for cross element effects, the method
comprising:
receiving (S210) data signals to be transmitted via the antenna elements; and
outputting (S220) to at least one of the antenna elements (Ai), a sum signal
including (i) a data signal (Si), which data signal is designated for the at
least one
antenna element, and (ii) a linear combination of data signals (Sk, k.noteq.i)
designated for
other antenna elements (Ak) of the antenna array, each of the data signals in
the
linear combination being weighted by a respective cross coupling coefficient
(w ik)
between the at least one antenna element and an antenna element emitting the
each
of the data signals, 27

wherein cross coupling coefficients between all pairs of antenna elements of
the antenna array are predetermined to minimize a total power in theoretical
null
points occurring when predetermined sets of data are transmitted via the data
signals, the theoretical null points being calculated without considering the
cross
element effects.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein, in the outputting, different sets of
cross coupling coefficients are used frequencies of the data signals in
different
frequency ranges.
23. A transceiver (100) configured to compensate for cross element effects
in an antenna array (310) including a plurality of antenna elements, the
transceiver
comprising:
a multiplexing block (105) configured to receive data signals (S1, S2, S3, S4)
to be transmitted via the antenna elements (A1, A2, A3, A4), and to output to
at least
one (Ai) of the antenna elements, a sum signal (Ei) including (i) a data
signal (Si),
which data signal is designated for the at least one antenna element, and (ii)
a linear
combination of data signals (Sk, k.noteq.i) designated for other antenna
elements (Ak) of
the antenna array (310), each of the data signals (Sk) in the linear
combination being
weighted by a respective cross coupling coefficient (w ik) between the at
least one
antenna element and an antenna element emitting the each of the data signals,
wherein cross coupling coefficients (w ik) between all pairs of antenna
elements of the antenna array are predetermined to minimize a total power in
theoretical null points occurring when predetermined sets of data are
transmitted via
28

the data signals, the theoretical null points being calculated without
considering the
cross element effects.
24. The
transceiver of claim 21, wherein, the multiplexing block is further
configured to use different sets of cross coupling coefficients for
frequencies of the
data signals in different frequency ranges.
29

Description

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Methods, Testing Apparatuses and Devices
For Removing Cross Coupling Effects in Antenna Arrays
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention generally relates to methods, testing
apparatuses and transceivers, and, more particularly, to devices and
techniques for
removing cross coupling effects that occur in antenna arrays.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The development of ever-decreasing size radio transceivers and ever-
increasing capacity demands in recent years has favored the emergence of small-
size antenna arrays. Compared to a single antenna, an antenna array has
enhanced performance features, such as, interference rejection and beam
steering
without physically moving the aperture. The higher transmission rates,
increasing
number of users and other new demands placed on the antenna arrays render
addressing cross coupling effects among antenna elements even more important.
[0003] An antenna array as illustrated in Figure 1, generally consists of
multiple closely spaced antenna elements (or columns) #1, #2, ..., #n,
typically
having a distance d of about 0.5 wavelength in-between antenna elements (which
distance for radio communication system frequencies of 0.5-5GHz is in the
range of
3-30 cm). The propagation direction of interest is perpendicular (i.e., y-
direction) on
the plane (i.e., the plane including the x and z axes) of the antenna elements
#1, #2,
..., #n.

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[0004] Mutual coupling is an electromagnetic phenomenon which occurs
between spatially close electromagnetic radiating elements. Due to the antenna
elements' closeness, the effects of mutual coupling in an antenna array may be
significant. When an antenna element transmits an electromagnetic signal,
resonating neighboring elements (or columns) radiate energy according to the
transmitted signal. Similarly, when an antenna element (or column) receives an
electromagnetic signal, a portion of the energy of the received signal is re-
radiated to
the neighboring elements (or columns). In many different areas which use
antenna
arrays, e.g., from the conventional use of antennas to their modern employment
in
such exotic areas as multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, diversity
systems, medical imaging, and radar systems, the manner of taking into
consideration these mutual coupling effects is important.
[0005] Classical theoretical calculations can be used to determine an
expected beam pattern in a plane perpendicular to the antenna array plane in
the
direction of interest. Such calculations are used in designing antenna arrays,
and
typically assume that the effects of mutual coupling are either non-existent
or are so
small that they can be neglected. Unfortunately, this assumption becomes
increasingly inaccurate as the array elements are spaced closer together and
operate in a live air environment. Recently, many attempts have been made to
reduce or to compensate for mutual coupling effects.
[0006] Some methods which have been proposed to account for these mutual
coupling generally result in a compromise design. The compromise design is
achieved by repeated iterations and testing. Tradeoffs that impact critical
antenna
specifications are unavoidable due to design changes implemented to avoid
mutual
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coupling. Typically, the design variables employed to account for the mutual
coupling include the radiating element design, the column spacing, the inter-
column
offsets and the beam formers. This conventional approach to accounting for the
mutual coupling of individual elements of an antenna array has the
disadvantage that
these methods are approximations, and in the end, in spite of the longer
antenna
design time, the antenna arrays remain plagued by residual mutual coupling
impairments.
[0007] An accurate determination of mutual coupling coefficients is not
straightforward. Although receiving mutual coupling coefficients and
transmitting
mutual coupling coefficients are expected to be similar, they may differ
significantly
due to different current distributions that occur on the antenna elements (or
columns). Direct measurement of mutual coupling is impractical for a typical
antenna array design.
[0008] Additionally, although the mutual coupling effects are the most
frequently considered cross-coupling effects, these effects may not be the
only
effects which impair performance. Thus, taking into account mutual coupling
effects
(which may be measured or estimated) may still leave other quality degrading
effects
unaccounted for.
[0009] Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide devices, systems and
methods that avoid the afore-described problems and drawbacks.
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SUMMARY
[0010] Methods and devices for removing cross coupling effects are
provided
based on transmitting compensating signals (which are a linear combination of
data
signals with cross coupling coefficients) so as to recapture the position and
level of
theoretically calculated null positions. Some of the methods and devices have
the
advantage that the cross coupling coefficients experimentally determined for
an
antenna array having a particular design are usable for all other antenna
arrays
having similar design. The cross coupling coefficients account for mutual
coupling
between antenna elements and other cross elements phenomena such as edge
effects.
[0011] According to one exemplary embodiment, an apparatus for determining
cross coupling coefficients in an antenna array having a plurality of antenna
elements includes a multiplexing block, one or more measurement antennas, and
a
processor. The multiplexing block is configured to receive data signals to be
transmitted via the antenna elements and to output to at least one of the
antenna
elements a sum signal including (i) a data signal, which data signal is
designated for
the at least one antenna element, and (ii) a linear combination of data
signals
designated for other antenna elements of the antenna array, each of the data
signals
in the linear combination being weighted by a respective cross coupling
coefficient
between the at least one antenna element and an antenna element emitting the
each
of the data signals. The one or more measurement antennas are located at
positions corresponding to theoretical null points occurring when one or more
predetermined sets of data are transmitted via the data signals, the positions
being
calculated without considering coupling effects of the antenna elements. The
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processor is configured to receive measurements of a total power received in
each
of the one or more measurements antennas and the data signals, to adjust the
cross
coupling coefficients to minimize the total power received by the one or more
measurement antennas when the one or more predetermined sets of data are
transmitted, and to transmit the adjusted cross coupling coefficients to the
multiplexing block.
[0012] According to another exemplary embodiment, a method for determining
cross coupling coefficients in an antenna array having a plurality of antenna
elements is provided. The method includes receiving data signals to be
transmitted
via the antenna elements, and outputting to at least one of the antenna
elements, a
sum signal of (i) a data signal among the data signals, which data signal is
designated for the at least one antenna element, and (ii) a linear combination
of the
data signals designated for other antenna elements of the antenna array than
the at
least one antenna element, each of the data signals in the linear combination
being
weighted by a respective cross coupling coefficient between the at least one
antenna
element and an antenna element emitting the each of the data signals. The
method
further includes measuring total power received in one or more measurement
antennas located at positions corresponding to theoretical null points
occurring when
one or more predetermined sets of data are transmitted via the data signals,
the
theoretical null points being calculated without considering coupling effects
of the
antenna elements, and adjusting the cross coupling coefficients to minimize
the total
power received by he one or more measurement antennas, respectively, when the
one or more predetermined sets of data are transmitted via the data signals.

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[0013] According to another exemplary embodiment, a method of
compensating for cross element effects includes receiving data signals to be
transmitted via the antenna elements, and outputting to at least one of the
antenna
elements, a sum signal including (i) a data signal, which data signal is
designated for
the at least one antenna element, and (ii) a linear combination of data
signals
designated for other antenna elements of the antenna array, each of the data
signals
in the linear combination being weighted by a respective cross coupling
coefficient
between the at least one antenna element and an antenna element emitting the
each
of the data signals. Cross coupling coefficients between all pairs of antenna
elements of the antenna array are predetermined to minimize a total power in
theoretical null points occurring when predetermined sets of data are
transmitted via
the data signals, the theoretical null points being calculated without
considering the
cross element effects.
[0014] According to another exemplary embodiment, a transceiver configured
to compensate for cross element effects in an antenna array including a
plurality of
antenna elements is provided. The transceiver includes a multiplexing block
configured to receive data signals to be transmitted via the antenna elements
and to
output to at least one of the antenna elements, a sum signal including (i) a
data
signal, which data signal is designated for the at least one antenna element,
and (ii)
a linear combination of data signals designated for other antenna elements of
the
antenna array, each of the data signals in the linear combination being
weighted by a
respective cross coupling coefficient between the at least one antenna element
and
an antenna element emitting the each of the data signals. The cross coupling
coefficients between all pairs of antenna elements of the antenna array are
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predetermined to minimize a total power in theoretical null points occurring
when
predetermined sets of data are transmitted via the data signals, the
theoretical null
points being calculated without considering the cross element effects.
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute
a part of the specification, illustrate one or more embodiments and, together
with the
description, explain these embodiments. In the drawings:
[0016] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an antenna array;
[0017] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a transceiver according to an
exemplary embodiment;
[0018] Figure 3 is a flow diagram of a method of compensating for cross
element effects in an antenna array according to an exemplary embodiment.
[0019] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for determining
cross
coupling coefficients in an antenna array according to an exemplary
embodiment;
[0020] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a test set-up according to an
exemplary embodiment;
[0021] Figure 6 is a graph illustrating an uncompensated antenna pattern,
a
theoretical antenna pattern, and a first error as functions of an azimuth
angle;
[0022] Figure 7 is a graph illustrating an antenna pattern after
compensation
for coupling effects in a closest neighboring antenna element, the theoretical
antenna pattern, and a second error as functions of the azimuth angle;
[0023] Figure 8 is a graph illustrating an antenna pattern after
compensation
for coupling effects in more than the closest neighboring antenna element, the
theoretical antenna pattern, and a third error as functions of the azimuth
angle;
[0024] Figure 9 is a graph illustrating a measured antenna pattern of a
middle
column of a three antenna array both without a correction using cross coupling
coefficients and when using correction, according to an exemplary embodiment;
and
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[0025] Figure 10 is a flow diagram of a method for determining cross
coupling
coefficients in an antenna array haying a plurality of antenna elements.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0026] The following description of the exemplary embodiments refers to
the
accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawings
identify
the same or similar elements. The following detailed description does not
limit the
invention. Instead, the scope of the invention is defined by the appended
claims. The
following embodiments are discussed, for simplicity, with regard to the
terminology and
structure of a radio communication system using an antenna array. However, the
embodiments to be discussed next are not limited to these systems but may be
applied
to other wireless communication systems that are affected by cross-element
effects.
[0027] Reference throughout the specification to "one embodiment" or "an
embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic
described in
connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the
present
invention. Thus, the appearance of the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an
embodiment" in various places throughout the specification is not necessarily
all
referring to the same embodiment. Further, the particular features, structures
or
characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more
embodiments.
[0028] In order to remove cross element effects, a signal including a main
signal
intended to be transmitted by that antenna element, and a linear combination
of data
signals designated for other antenna elements, is transmitted in each antenna
element
of an antenna array. The linear combination is a sum of cross terms, each term
being
a data signal designated for another antenna element of the antenna array,
weighted
by a respective cross coupling coefficient between the antenna element and the
other
antenna element emitting the respective data signal. The cross coupling
coefficients
between all pairs of antenna elements of the antenna array are predetermined
to

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minimize a total power in theoretical null points calculated without
considering the cross
element effects.
[0029] For purposes of illustration and not of limitation, an exemplary
embodiment of a multiplexing block 100, connected to an antenna array 110
having
four antenna elements (A1, A2, A3, and A4) is illustrated in Figure 2.
Transceivers
having a similar structure may provide transmit signals to any number N
(larger than
two) of antenna elements.
[0030] Each of the data signals Si, S2, S3, and S4 are provided to a set
of four
multiplexers inside a multiplexing block 105. Thus, Si is received by M11,
M12, M13,
M14, S2 is received by M21, M22, M23, M24, S3 is received by M31, M32, M33,
M34, and S4
is received by M41, M42, M43, M44. The data signals are split or replicated in
order to be
supplied to the respective set of multiplexer inside or outside (as
illustrated in Figure 2)
of the transceiver 100.
[0031] Each of the multipliers Mik (where i=1 to 4 and k=1 to 4) outputs a
weighted data signal Dik equal to the input data signal Si multiplied with a
corresponding weight wk. The diagonal weights wii, W22, W33, and w44 are
unitary. The
off-diagonal weights w12, W13, = w3 account for cross element effects, and
are
predetermined to minimize a total power in theoretical null points occurring
when
predetermined sets of data are transmitted via the data signals. The
theoretical null
points are calculated for the predetermined sets of data being transmitted via
data
signals 51, S2, S3, and S4, without considering the cross element effects. The
weights
are complex numbers, characterized, for example, by a magnitude and a phase.
The
apparatuses and methods employed in determining the weights will be described
in
detail.
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[0032] The weights wk (where i=1 to 4 and k=1 to 4) may be stored semi-
permanently in the multipliers, or may be stored in a memory 120 from which
the
weights are provided to the multipliers Mik when the multiplexing block 105 is
activated.
In general, there may be several sets of weights corresponding to different
frequencies
of the data signals. The use of different sets of weights for different
frequency ranges
leads to better performance. The memory 120 may be inside the transceiver 100
(as
illustrated in Figure 2) or may be and external memory.
[0033] The transceiver 100 may also include an interface 130 usable to
update
the weights stored in the memory 120. Alternatively, multiplexing block 100
may
include a different interface (not shown) usable to provide and/or update the
weights wk
stored semi-permanently in the multipliers Mik=
[0034] The multiplexing block 105 further includes four summation
circuits: Zi,
Z2, Z3, and Z4. Each of the summation circuits Zk (k = 1 to 4) receives
weighted data
signals Dik from a subset of the multipliers Mik (i = 1 to 4). The summation
circuit Zk
adds the received weighted data signals to output a signal Ek. The signal Ek
is equal
to a sum of a data signal Sk (since wkk is unitary), and a linear combination
of the other
input data signals (i.e., the weighted data signals).
[0035] The output signals Ek (k = 1 to 4) are transmitted towards the
antenna
elements Ak, respectively. Between the multiplexing block 105 and the antenna
array
110, inside or outside (as illustrated in Figure 2) of the transceiver 100, a
post
processing block 140 may include components for performing further processing
(e.g.,
frequency conversion, modulation, and amplification) of the signals Ek prior
to being
emitted by the antenna elements Ak. The post processing block 140 processes
each
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signal (El, E2, E3, E4) individually (i.e., this post processing does not
involve
combining the signals).
[0036] A transceiver 100 including the multiplexing block 105 compensates
for
the cross coupling effects by applying compensating signals in antenna
elements other
than an antenna element for which a data signal S is intended. The applied
compensating signals are equal to the data signal S multiplied with a complex
weight w
that characterize the pair of the antenna element for which a data signal S is
intended
and the other antenna element on which a respective compensating signal is
applied.
Due to the compounded effect of the compensating signals, the beam is formed
as if
only the antenna element for which a data signal S is intended radiates,
without cross
element (e.g., mutual coupling) effects.
[0037] If a transceiver provides transmit signals to a number N (larger
than two)
of antenna elements, the transceiver will include NxN multiplexers Mik (where
i=1 to N
and k=1 to N), and N summer circuits Zk (k = 1 to N).
[0038] A transceiver, having a structure similar to the transceiver 100 in
Figure
2, and connected to an antenna array with N antenna elements, may perform a
method
200 of compensating for cross element effects. A flow diagram of the method
200 is
illustrated in Figure 3. Various embodiments performing the method 200 may be
implemented in hardware, software or a combination thereof.
[0039] The method 200 includes, at S210, receiving data signals (e.g., S1
, ,
SN) to be transmitted via N antenna elements. At S220, the method 200 further
includes outputting to at least one of the N antenna elements (e.g., antenna
element i),
a sum signal including (a) a data signal (i.e., Si), which data signal is
designated for the
at least one antenna element, and (b) a linear combination of data signals
designated
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for other antenna elements of the antenna array, each of the data signals in
the linear
combination being weighted by a respective cross coupling coefficient between
the at
least one antenna element and an antenna element emitting the each of the data
signals (i.e., Ik=1 k#WikSk).
[0040] Generally, cross element effects, such as mutual coupling, are
relatively
the same for antenna arrays having the same design. For example, it has been
observed that measured mutual impedances (which characterize the mutual
coupling)
of different antenna arrays of same design have substantially equal values.
Therefore,
once weights used to compensate for the cross element effects for a particular
design
are established, they can be used for all other antenna arrays of same design.
[0041] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus 300 for determining
cross coupling coefficients in an antenna array 310, according to an exemplary
embodiment. The antenna array 310 includes four antenna elements, but four is
merely an illustrative number and is not intended to be limiting.
[0042] The apparatus 300 includes a multiplexing block 320 configured to
receive data signals (Si, S2, S3, S4) to be transmitted via the antenna
elements of the
antenna array 310, and to output towards at least one of the antenna elements
(e.g.,
antenna element i) a sum signal (Ei) including (a) a data signal (Si), which
data signal is
designated for the at least one antenna element, and (b) a linear combination
of data
signals designated for other antenna elements of the antenna array, each of
the data
signals in the linear combination being weighted by a respective cross
coupling
coefficient between the at least one antenna element and an antenna element
emitting
the each of the data signals (i.e., Ik=11\1, kdiVikSk).
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[0043] A post processing block 330 may further process the signals Ei
individually prior to the signals being emitted via the antenna elements.
[0044] The apparatus 300 further includes one or more measurement antennas
340, 345, 350, and 355, which are located at positions (e.g., z1, z2, z3, z4)
corresponding to theoretical null points. The null points are positions at
which
amplitude of an electromagnetic beam due to the data signals Si, S2, S3, and
S4 is at
a minimum (e.g., zero). The null points are calculated based on well-known
electromagnetic equations without considering coupling effects of the antenna
elements. The number of null points may be equal to or larger than the number
of
antennas, depending on the input signals. In general, the null points can be
formed in
many ways using different data transmitted via the signals S1...SN. For a
three
column antenna, three null points may be used, for a four column antenna, four
or five
null points may be used, etc.
[0045] Far enough from the location of the antenna array 310, the
theoretical
null points may be characterized by azimuth angles 01,02,03 and 04 with a
plane of the
antenna array (an origin of which is the middle of the antenna array) as
illustrated in
Figure 5. An azimuth angle convention frequently used is 00 in the y-axis
direction with
positive angles clockwise in the x-y plane in Figure 1 looking down on the z-
axis. Using
this convention, for a three column antenna array, nulls may be, for example,
located
at azimuth angles at about +38 , 0 , and -38 .
[0046] The apparatus 300 may include a plurality of antennas, each of
which is
placed at one of the theoretical null points. Alternatively, the apparatus 300
may
include a single antenna that is successively placed at each position of the
theoretical
null points. The apparatus may include a position measurement assembly 400

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configured to enable locating the positions corresponding to the theoretical
null points
relative to the antenna array.
[0047] The apparatus 300 further includes a processor configured to
receive
measurements of the power received in each of the measurements antennas (or
the
same antenna at different positions) and the data signals, in order to adjust
the cross
coupling coefficients to minimize the total power. Obtaining the cross
coupling
coefficients is an iterative process, newly adjusted cross coupling
coefficients being
transmitted to the multiplexing block 320. The processor may include a
correlator 370
and an adjustor 380.
[0048] The correlator 350 may be configured to receive the measurements of
the total power received in each of the (one or more) measurements antennas
340,
345, 350 and 355 and the data signals Si, S2, S3 and S4. The correlator 370
may be
configured to output normalized power values calculated based on the total
power and
the data signals.
[0049] The adjustor 380 may be configured to receive the normalized power
values from the correlator 370, in order to adjust the cross coupling
coefficients using
the normalized power values. The adjustor 380 may also be configured to output
the
adjusted cross coupling coefficients to the multiplexing block 320.
[0050] The processor may be implemented as a combination of software and
hardware. In order to obtain an optimal combination of cross coupling
coefficients
when, for example, with K null measurements and N columns are considered, a
multivariate downhill method may be applied sequentially to minimize a multi-
objective
function of N*(N-1) variables:
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Minimize
E{aklYk(W1 W2 = = = WN*(N-1)
k=1
where is the amplitude of the kth signal captured in a measurement antenna
and
a, is an optional measurement emphasis parameter. The optimization variables,
which are related to the cross-coupling coefficients, are:
vv1 = wii
= wr2 ./ wi2
W N*(N -1) - W rN*(N-1) WiN*(N-1)
[0051] Based on a downhill method, the weight update wk,, at iteration n
is:
wi(n +1) = wi(n)+
where wi is the weight i=1, 2, ...N*(N-1), ,u, is the convergence constant.
One or
more than one weight may be adjusted at the same time. The weights are thus
updated using an iterative method.
[0052] The convergence constant ,u, determines the rate at which the
optimization will converge. The larger the convergence constant, the faster
the
algorithm will converge.
[0053] Figure 6 is a graph illustrating an uncompensated antenna pattern
500,
a theoretical antenna pattern 510, and a first error 520 (which is the
difference
between 500 and 510) as functions of the azimuth angle 0. Figure 7 is a graph
illustrating an antenna pattern 530 after compensation for coupling effects in
the
closest neighboring antenna element (i.e. after steps 1 and 2 above), the
theoretical
antenna pattern 510, and a second error 540 (i.e., the difference between 530
and
510) as functions of the azimuth angle 0. Figure 8 is a graph illustrating an
antenna
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pattern 550 after compensation for coupling effects in more than the closest
neighboring antenna element (i.e. after steps 1, 2, 3 and 4 above), the
theoretical
antenna pattern 510, and a third error 560 (i.e., the difference between 550
and 510)
as functions of the azimuth angle 0. The graphs in Figures 6, 7, and 8 are
generated
by a computer simulation, from which the ability to compensate for mutual
coupling
effects can be seen.
[0054] Figure 9 is a graph illustrating measured antenna patterns of a
middle
column of a three column antenna before correcting for coupling effects 560,
and
after correcting for coupling effects 570 based on the afore-described
techniques.
The x-axis of the graph is the azimuth angle and the y axis is the gain.
[0055] Figure 10 is a flow diagram of a method 600 for determining cross
coupling coefficients in an antenna array having a plurality of antenna
elements. The
method 600 includes receiving (S610) data signals to be transmitted via the
antenna
elements. The method 600 further includes outputting (S620) to at least one of
the
antenna elements, a sum signal of (i) a data signal among the data signals,
which
data signal is designated for the at least one antenna element, and (ii) a
linear
combination of the data signals designated for other antenna elements of the
antenna array than the at least one antenna element, each of the data signals
in the
linear combination being weighted by a respective cross coupling coefficient
between the at least one antenna element and an antenna element emitting the
each
of the data signals. The method 600 further includes measuring (S630) total
power
received in each of one or more measurement antennas located at positions
corresponding to theoretical null points occurring when one or more
predetermined
sets of data are transmitted via the data signals, the theoretical null points
being
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calculated without considering coupling effects of the antenna elements. The
method 600 also includes adjusting (S640) the cross coupling coefficients to
minimize the total power received by the one or more measurement antennas,
respectively, when the one or more predetermined sets of data are transmitted
via
the data signals.
[0056] Steps S620, S630 and S640 of the method 600 may be performed
iteratively until a predetermined convergence criterion is met. If a plurality
of
measuring antennas are used, the method 600 may include placing a measurement
antenna at each of the theoretical null points. Alternatively, the method 600
may
include sequentially placing the same measurement antenna at each of the
theoretical null points. In the method 600, each subset of cross coupling
coefficients
between one antenna element and other antenna elements may be obtained
separately from all other the cross coupling coefficients, by performing S620
as if the
data signals include only a single data signal to be transmitted via the one
antenna
element.
[0057] The above-described methods, transceivers and apparatuses provide
the ability to compensate for cross coupling (including but not limited to
mutual
coupling) while reducing the design time for antenna arrays by reducing the
number
of iterations that would otherwise be needed to achieve a good performance.
Thus,
they provide greater freedom in the choice of element design to better
optimize
attributes such as cost, manufacturability and repeatability. An antenna array
operating in compensating mode behaves much closer to a theoretical antenna
array
thus yielding predictable performances and maximizing the benefit of using
associated algorithms.
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[0058] Unlike direct measurement of mutual coupling only, some of the
above-
described methods and devices also account for other non-idealities in the
antenna
array such as mechanical tolerances, effects of the actual radio equipment
hardware, finite ground-plane effects, etc.
[0059] The disclosed exemplary embodiments provide methods, testing
apparatuses and transceivers compensating for coupling effects that occur in
antenna arrays. It should be understood that this description is not intended
to limit
the invention. On the contrary, the exemplary embodiments are intended to
cover
alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which are included in the spirit
and
scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Further, in the
detailed
description of the exemplary embodiments, numerous specific details are set
forth in
order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the claimed invention.
However,
one skilled in the art would understand that various embodiments may be
practiced
without such specific details.
[0060] As also will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the
exemplary
embodiments may be embodied in a wireless communication device, a
telecommunication network, as a method or in a computer program product.
Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments may take the form of an entirely
hardware
embodiment or an embodiment combining hardware and software aspects. Further,
the exemplary embodiments may take the form of a computer program product
stored
on a computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable instructions
embodied in the medium. Any suitable computer readable medium may be utilized
including hard disks, CD-ROMs, digital versatile disc (DVD), optical storage
devices, or
magnetic storage devices such a floppy disk or magnetic tape. Other non-
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examples of computer readable media include flash-type memories or other known
memories.
[0061] Although the features and elements of the present exemplary
embodiments are described in the embodiments in particular combinations, each
feature or element can be used alone without the other features and elements
of the
embodiments or in various combinations with or without other features and
elements
disclosed herein. The methods or flow charts provided in the present
application may
be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware tangibly embodied
in a
computer-readable storage medium for execution by a specifically programmed
computer or processor.
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Representative Drawing