Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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DUAL PINTLE AND ANCHORING SYSTEM UTILIZING THE SAME
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
[0001] This invention relates to an improved anchoring arrangement for use in
conjunction with cavity walls having an inner wythe and an outer wythe. More
particularly, the
invention relates to construction accessory devices, namely, veneer ties with
dual pintles. The
veneer ties are for emplacement in the outer wythe and are further
accommodated by receptors
in the cavity, which receptors extend from the inner wythe to encapture the
specially configured
pintles hereof. The invention is applicable to structures having an outer
wythe of brick or stone
facing in combination with an inner wythe of either masonry block or dry wall
construction.
Description of the Prior Art
[0002] In the past, investigations relating to the effects of various forces,
particularly
lateral forces, upon brick veneer masonry construction demonstrated the
advantages of having
high-strength wire anchoring components embedded in the bed joints of anchored
veneer walls,
such as facing brick or stone veneer.
[0003] Prior tests have shown that failure of anchoring systems frequently
occur at the
juncture between the pintle of the veneer tie and the receptor portion of the
wall anchor. This
invention addresses the need for a high-strength pintle suitable for use with
both a masonry
block or dry wall construction and provides a strong pintle-to-receptor
connection.
[0004] Early in the development of high-strength anchoring systems a prior
patent,
namely U.S. Patent No. 4,875,319 ('319), to Ronald P. Hohmann, in which a
molded plastic clip
is described as tying together reinforcing wire and a veneer tie. The assignee
of '319, Hohmann
& Barnard, Inc., now a MiTek-Berkshire Hathaway company, successfully
commercialized the
device under the SeismiClip trademark. For many years the white plastic clip
tying together the
veneer anchor and the reinforcement wire in the outer wythe has been a
familiar item in
commercial seismic-zone buildings.
[0005] Additionally, the high-strength pintle hereof has been combined with
the
swaged back leg as shown in the inventor's patent, U.S. Patent No 7,325,366.
The combination
item reduces the number of "bits and pieces" brought to the job site and
simplifies installation.
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[00061 Recently, there have been significant shifts in public sector building
specifications which have resulted in architects and architectural engineers
requiring larger and
larger cavities in the exterior cavity walls of public buildings. These
requirements are imposed
without corresponding decreases in wind shear and seismic resistance levels or
increases in
mortar bed joint height. Thus, the wall anchors needed are restricted to
occupying the same 3/8-
inch bed joint height in the inner and outer wythes. Thus, the veneer facing
material is tied down
over a span of two or more times that which had previously been experienced.
Exemplary of the
public sector building specification is that of the Energy Code Requirement,
Boston, Mass. (See
Chapter 13 of 780 CMR, Seventh Edition). This Code sets forth insulation R-
values well in
excess of prior editions and evokes an engineering response opting for thicker
insulation and
correspondingly larger cavities.
[0007] Besides earthquake protection requiring high-strength anchoring
systems, the
failure of several high-rise buildings to withstand wind and other lateral
forces has resulted in
the promulgation of more stringent Uniform Building Code provisions. The high-
strength pintle
is a partial response thereto. The inventor's related anchoring system
products have become
widely accepted in the industry.
[0008] The following patents are believed to be relevant and are disclosed as
being
known to the inventor hereof:
U.S. Patent No. Inventor Issue Date
3,377,764 Storch April 16, 1968
4,021,990 Schwalberg May 10, 1977
4,373,314 Allan February 15,
1983
4,473,984 Lopez October 2,
1984
4,598,518 Hohmann July 8, 1986
. 4,869,038 Catani September 26,
1989
4,875,319 Hohmann October 24,
1989
5,454,200 Hohmann October 3,
1995
6,668,505 Hohmann et al. December 30,
2003
6,789,365 Hohmann et al. September 14,
2004
6,851,239 Hohmann et al. February 8,
2005
7,017,318 Hohmann March 28, 2006
7,325,366 Hohmann February 5,
2008
It is noted that these devices are generally descriptive of wire-to-wire
anchors and wall ties and
have various cooperative functional relationships with straight wire runs
embedded in the
interior and/or exterior vvythe.
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[0009] U.S. Patent No. 3,377,764 - D. Storch - Issued April 16, 1968 Discloses
a
bent wire, tie-type anchor for embedment in a facing exterior wythe engaging
with a loop
attached to a straight wire run in a backup interior wythe.
[0010] U.S. Patent No. 4,021,990 - B.J. Schwa'berg - Issued May 10, 1977
Discloses a dry wall construction system for anchoring a facing veneer to
wallboard/metal stud
construction with a pronged sheetmetal anchor. Like Storch '764, the wall tie
is embedded in the
exterior wythe and is not attached to a straight wire run.
[0011] U.S. Patent No. 4,373,314 - J.A. Allan - Issued February 15, 1983
Discloses
a vertical angle iron with one leg adapted for attachment to a stud; and the
other having
elongated slots to accommodate wall ties. Insulation is applied between
projecting vertical legs
of adjacent angle irons with slots being spaced away from the stud to avoid
the insulation.
[0012] U.S. Patent No. 4,473,984 - Lopez - Issued October 2, 1984 Discloses a
curtain-wall masonry anchor system wherein a wall tie is attached to the inner
wythe by a self-
tapping screw to a metal stud and to the outer wythe by embedment in a
corresponding bed joint.
The stud is applied through a hole cut into the insulation.
[0013] U.S. Patent No. 4,598,518 - R. Hohmann - Issued July 7, 1986 Discloses
a
dry wall construction system with wallboard attached to the face of studs
which, in turn, are
attached to an inner masonry wythe. Insulation is disposed between the webs of
adjacent studs.
[0014] U.S. Patent No. 4,869,038 - M.J. Catani - Issued September 26, 1989
Discloses a veneer wall anchor system having in the interior wythe a truss-
type anchor, similar
to Hala et aL '226 supra, but with horizontal sheetmetal extensions. The
extensions are
interlocked with bent wire pintle-type wall ties that are embedded within the
exterior wythe.
[0015] U.S. Patent No. 4,879,319 - R. Hohmann - Issued October 24, 1989
Discloses a seismic construction system for anchoring a facing veneer to
wallboard/metal stud
construction with a pronged sheetmetal anchor. Wall tie is distinguished over
that of Schwalberg
'990 and is clipped onto a straight wire run.
[0016] U.S. Patent No. 5,454,200 - R. Hohmann - Issued October 1995 Discloses
a
facing anchor with straight wire run and mounted along the exterior wythe to
receive the open
end of wire wall tie with each leg thereof being placed adjacent one side of
reinforcement wire.
As the eye wires hereof have scaled eyelets or loops and the open ends of the
wall ties are sealed
in the joints of the exterior wythes, a positive interengagement results.
[0017] U.S. Patent No. 6,668,505 - Hohmann et al. - Issued December 30, 2003
Discloses high-span and high-strength anchors and reinforcement devices for
cavity walls
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combined with interlocking veneer ties are described which utilize reinforcing
wire and wire
formatives to form facing anchors, truss or ladder reinforcements, and wall
anchors providing
wire-to-wire connections therebetween.
[0018] U.S. Patent No. 6,789,365 - R. Hohmann et a - Issued September 14, 2004
Discloses side-welded anchor and reinforcement devices for a cavity wall. The
devices are
combined with interlocking veneer anchors, and with reinforcements to form
unique anchoring
systems. The components of each system are structured from reinforcing wire
and wire
formatives.
[0019] U.S. Patent No. 6,851,239 - Hohmann et aL - Issued February 8, 2005
Discloses a high-span anchoring system described for a cavity wall
incorporating a wall
reinforcement combined with a wall tie which together serve a wall construct
having a larger-
than-normal cavity. Further the various embodiments combine wire formatives
which are
compressively reduced in height by the cold-working thereof. Among the
embodiments is a
veneer anchoring system with a low-profile wall tie for use in a heavily
insulated wall.
[0020] U.S. Patent No. 7,017,318 - Hohmann - Issued March 28, 2006 Discloses
an
anchoring system with low-profile wall ties in which insertion portions of the
wall anchor and
the veneer anchor are compressively reduced in height.
[0021] U.S. Patent No. 7,325,366 - Hohmann - Issued February 5, 2008 Discloses
snap-in veneer ties for a seismic construction system in cooperation with low-
profile, high-span
wall anchors.
[0022] None of the above anchors or anchoring systems provide a veneer tie
having a
high-strength pintle for fulfilling the need for enhanced compressive and
tensile properties. This
invention relates to an improved anchoring arrangement for use in conjunction
with cavity walls
having an inner wythe and an outer wythe and meets the heretofore unmet need
described above.
SUMMARY
[0023] In general terms, the invention disclosed hereby is a high-strength
dual pintle
and an anchoring system utilizing the same for cavity walls having an inner
and outer wythe.
The system includes a wire-formative veneer tie for emplacement in the outer
wythe. The high-
strength construction system hereof is applicable to construction of a wall
having an inner wythe
which can either be of dry wall construction or masonry block and an outer
wythe and to
insulated and non-insulated structures and standard and high-span cavity
walls. The wythes are
in a spaced apart relationship and form a cavity therebetween. In the
disclosed system, a unique
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combination of a wall anchor (attachable to either ladder- or truss-type
reinforcement for
masonry inner wythes or to metal studs of a dry wall construct), a wire veneer
tie, and,
optionally, a continuous wire reinforcement is provided. The invention
contemplates that the
veneer ties are wire formatives with high-strength ribbon pintles depending
into the wall cavity
for connections between the veneer tie and the wall anchor.
[0024] In the first embodiment of this invention, the inner wythe is
constructed from a
masonry block material, the masonry anchor is a wire formative attached to a
ladder- or truss-
type reinforcement in a manner similar to the wall anchor shown in Hohmann,
U.S. Patent No.
6,789,365. The eye wires there extend into the cavity between the wythes. Each
pair of eye
wires accommodates the interengagement therewith of the high-strength pintles
of the veneer
ties.
[0025] The veneer tie is then positioned so that the insertion end thereof is
embedded
in the bed joint of the outer wythe. The construction of the veneer tie
results in an orientation
upon emplacement so that the widest part of the pintle is subjected to
compressive and tensile
forces. As the eye wires have sealed eyelets or loops with predetermined
dimensions the
horizontal movement of the construct is restricted accordingly.
[0026] In a second embodiment with a masonry block inner wythe, a construct is
shown that employs thicker than usual insulation requiring high-span
components. The novel
high-strength veneer tie is shown in a functional cooperative relationship
with the high-span
components.
[0027] In the third embodiment of this invention, the inner wythe is a dry
wall
construct. Here, the dry-wall anchor is a metal stamping and is attached by
sheetmetal screws to
the metal vertical channel members of the wall. Each dry-wall anchor
accommodates in a
horizontally extending portion, the high-strength pintles of the wire
formatives veneer tie. In this
embodiment the insertion end of the veneer tie is then positioned on the outer
wythe so that a
continuous reinforcement wire can be snapped into and is secured to the outer
wythe anchor.
The snap-in feature of the anchor here replaces the traditional function of
the seismic clip for
accommodating a straight wire run (see U.S. Patent No. 4,875,319) and
receiving the open end
of the box tie. This anchor and a straight wire run are embedded in the bed
joint of the outer
wythe.
[0028] It is an object of the present invention to provide in an anchoring
system having
an outer wythe and an inner wythe, a high-strength veneer tie that
interengages a wall anchor
which system further includes specially configured pintles in the veneer tie.
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[0029] It is another object of the present invention to provide labor-saving
devices to
simplify seismic and nonseismic high-strength installations of brick and stone
veneer and the
securement thereof to an inner wythe.
[0030] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a cold
worked wire
formative that is characterized by high resistance to compressive and tensile
forces.
[0031] It is a further object of the present invention to provide an anchoring
system for
cavity walls comprising a limited number of component parts that are
economical of
manufacture resulting in a relatively low unit cost.
[0032] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an
anchoring system
which restricts lateral and horizontal movements of the facing wythe with
respect to the inner
wythe, but is adjustable vertically.
100331 It is a feature of the present invention that the veneer tie, after
being inserted
into the receptors therefor, the pintles are oriented so that the widest
portion thereof is subjected
to compressive to tensile forces.
[0034] It is another feature of the present invention that the veneer ties are
utilizable
with either a masonry block having aligned or unaligned bed joints or for a
dry wall construct
that secures to a metal stud.
[0035] Other objects and features of the invention will become apparent upon
review
of the drawings and the detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[00361 In the following drawings, the same parts in the various views are
afforded the
same reference designators.
[0037] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of an anchoring
system
having a veneer tie with high-strength ribbon pintles of this invention and
side-welded wall
anchor and shows a wall with an inner wythe of masonry block and an outer
wythe of brick
veneer;
[0038] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the veneer tie of FIG. 1 showing
details of the
veneer tie with high-strength pintles;
[0039] FIG. 3 is a side view of the veneer tie of FIG. 1;
[00401 FIG. 4 is a partial perspective view of the anchoring system of FIG. 1
set in a
cavity wall;
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[0041] FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view of the anchoring system of
FIG. 1 on a
substantially horizontal plane showing the receptor portion of the wall anchor
and the pintle of
the veneer tie;
[0042] FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional view of the anchoring system of
FIG. 1 on a
substantially vertical plane showing the receptor portion of the wall anchor
and the pintle of the
veneer tie;
[00431 FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of an anchoring
system
having a veneer tie with high-strength pintles of this invention and a side-
welded, wall anchor
and shows a wall with a cavity to accommodate increased insulation;
[0044] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a third embodiment of an anchoring
system
having a veneer tie with high-strength ribbon pintles of this invention,
wherein the building
system therefor includes a sheetmetal anchor for a drywall inner wythe; and,
[0045] FIG. 9 is a partial perspective view of the anchoring system of FIG. 8
having a
veneer tie of this invention interengaged with a sheetmetal wall anchor for
mounting on a
drywall inner wythe and an outer wythe of brick veneer and a reinforcement
wire set within a
modified veneer tie;
[0046] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of cold-worked wire used in the
formation of
the ribbon pintles hereof and showing resultant aspects of continued
compression.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0047] In the embodiments described herein the pintles of the wire components
of the
veneer ties are cold-worked or otherwise partially flattened resulting in
greater tensile and
compressive strength and thereby becoming better suited to cavity walls
wherein high wind
loads or seismic forces are experienced. It has been found that, when the
appropriate metal alloy
is cold-worked, the desired plastic deformation takes place with a concomitant
increase in
tensile strength and a decrease in ductility. These property changes suit the
application at hand.
In deforming a wire with a circular cross-section, the cross-section of the
resultant body is
substantially semicircular at the outer edges with a rectangular body
therebetween. The
deformed body has substantially the same cross-sectional area as the original
wire. Here, the
circular cross-section of a wire provides greater flexural strength than a
sheetmetal counterpart.
[0048] Before proceeding to the detailed description, the following
definitions are
provided. For purposes of defining the invention at hand, a ribbon pintle is a
wire formative that
has been compressed by cold working so that the resultant body is
substantially semicircular at
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the edges and has flat surfaces therebetween. In use the rounded edges are
aligned so as to
receive compressive forces transmitted from the veneer or outer wythe, which
forces are
generally normal to the facial plane thereof. In the discussion that follows
the width of the
ribbon pintle is also referred to as the major axis and the thickness is
referred to as the minor
axis.
[0049] As the compressive forces are exerted on the ribbon edges, the ribbon
pintles
withstand forces greater than uncompressed pintles formed from the same gage
wire. Data
reflecting the enhancement represented by the cold-worked ribbon pintles is
included
hereinbelow.
[0050] The description which follows is of three embodiments of anchoring
systems
utilizing the high-strength pintle veneer tie devices of this invention, which
devices are suitable
for nonseismic and seismic cavity wall applications. Although each high-
strength veneer tie is
adaptable to varied inner wythe structures, two of the embodiments apply to
cavity walls with
masonry block inner vvythes, and the remaining embodiment to a cavity wall
with a dry wall
(sheetrock) inner wythe. The wall anchor of the first embodiment is adapted
from that shown in
U.S. Patent No. 6,789,365 of the inventors hereof.
[0051] Referring now to FIGS. 1 through 6 and 10, the first embodiment of the
anchoring system hereof including a high-strength veneer tie of this invention
is shown and is
referred to generally by the number 10. In this embodiment, a wall structure
12 is shown having
a backup wall or inner wythe 14 of masonry blocks 16 and a veneer facing or
outer wythe 18 of
facing brick or stone 20. Between the backup wall 14 and the facing wall 18, a
cavity 22 is
formed, which cavity 22 extends outwardly from surface 24 of backup wall 14.
Optionally, the
cavity is filled with insulation 23.
[0052] In this embodiment, successive bed joints 26 and 28 are formed between
courses of blocks 16 and the joints are substantially planar and horizontally
disposed. Also,
successive bed joints 30 and 32 are formed between courses of facing brick 20
and the joints are
substantially planar and horizontally disposed. For each structure, the bed
joints 26, 28, 30 and
32 are specified as to the height or thickness of the mortar layer and such
thickness specification
is rigorously adhered to so as to provide the uniformity inherent in quality
construction. Selected
bed joint 26 and bed joint 30 are constructed to align, that is to be
substantially coplanar, the one
with the other.
[0053] For purposes of discussion, the exterior surface 24 of the backup wall
14
contains a horizontal line or x-axis 34 and an intersecting vertical line or y-
axis 36. A horizontal
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line or z-axis 38, normal to the xy-plane, also passes through the coordinate
origin formed by the
intersecting x- and y-axes. In the discussion which follows, it will be seen
that the various
anchor structures are constructed to restrict movement interfacially - vvythe
vs. wythe - along the
z-axis and, in this embodiment, along the x-axis. The device 10 includes a
wall anchor 40
constructed for embedment in bed joint 26, which, in turn, includes a free end
42 with one or
more legs or receptor portions 54 extending into cavity 22. Further, the
device 10 includes a
wire formative veneer tie or anchor 44 for embedment in bed joint 30.
[0054] The wall anchor 40 is shown in FIGS. 1 and 4 as being emplaced on a
course
of blocks 16 in preparation for embedment in the mortar of bed joint 26. In
the best mode of
practicing this embodiment, a ladder-type wall reinforcement wire portion 46
is constructed of a
wire formative with two parallel continuous straight wire members 48 and 50
spaced so as, upon
installation, to each be centered along the outer walls of the masonry blocks
16. Intermediate
wire bodies or cross rods 52 are interposed therebetween and connect wire
members 48 arid 50
forming rung-like portions of the ladder structure 46. Alternatively, the
cross rods are formed in
a truss shaped manner as shown in FIG. 7.
[0055] At intervals along the wall reinforcement 46, spaced pairs of
transverse wire
members or receptor portions 54 are attached thereto at wire member 48.
Alternatively, as
shown in FIG. 1, the legs 54 are connected with a rear leg 55 and the rear leg
55 is, in turn,
attached to the wall reinforcement 46. The free end 42 and the receptor
portions 54 extend into
cavity 22 to the veneer tie 44. As will become clear by the description which
follows, the
spacing between the receptor portions 54 is constructed to limit the x-axis
movement of the
construct. Each receptor portion 54 has at the end opposite the attachment end
an eyelet 58
formed contiguously therewith. The eyelet 58 is preferably welded closed, and
has a
substantially circular opening or eye 60.
[0056] Upon installation, the eye or aperture 60 of eyelet 58 is constructed
to be within
a substantially horizontal plane normal to exterior surface 24. The aperture
60 is dimensioned to
accept an interconnecting portion or pintle of the veneer tie or anchor 44
therethrough and has a
slightly larger opening than that required to accommodate the pintle. This
relationship
minimizes the movement of the construct in along a z-vector and in an xz-
plane. For positive
engagement, the aperture 60 of eyelet 58 is sealed, through welding or similar
method, forming
a closed loop.
[0057] The veneer tie 44 is more fully shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. The veneer tie
44,
when viewed from a top or bottom elevation, is a modified U-shaped design and
is dimensioned
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to be accommodated by the pair of eyelets 58 previously described. The tie 44
has an insertion
portion 74 for disposition in the bed joint 30, one or more ribbon pintles 62,
64 each forming an
interengaging portion 63 for disposition in the receptors 58, and one or more
cavity portions 65,
60 that engages the anchor 40 by connecting the insertion portion 74 and the
interengaging
portion 63. The insertion portion 74 is configured to maximize surface contact
with the mortar in
the bed joint 30. The insertion portion 74 has one or more hooks 76 that
extend from the cavity
portions 65, 66 and are contiguous with and connected by an insertion bar 78.
The veneer tie 44
is a wire formative and has compressively reduced ribbon pintles 62, 64 formed
by
compressively reducing the interengaging portion 63 of the veneer tie 44. Each
ribbon pintle 62,
64 is dimensioned to closely fit one of the receptor portion 54 openings 58.
As more clearly
seen in FIGS. 5 and 6, the ribbon pintles 62, 64 have been compressively
reduced so that, when
viewed as installed, the cross-section taking in a horizontal or an xz-plane
that includes the
longitudinal axis of the receptor 58 shows the greatest dimension
substantially oriented along a
z-vector. Similarly, when viewed as installed, the cross-section taking in a
vertical plane that
includes the longitudinal axis of the wire member 54 shows the major axis
dimension
substantially oriented along a z-vector.
100581 The cross-sectional illustrations show the manner in which wythe-to-
wythe and
side-to-side movement is limited by the close fitting relationship between the
compressively
reduced pintles and the receptor openings. The minor axis 65 of the
compressively reduced
pintle 62 is optimally between 30 to 75% of the diameter of the wire formative
and results in a
veneer tie having compressive/tensile strength 130% of the original wire
formative material. The
pintle, once compressed, is ribbon-like in appearance; however, maintains
substantially the same
cross sectional area as the wire formative body.
100591 The description which follows is of a second embodiment of the high-
strength
pintle anchoring system. In this embodiment the wall anchor portion is adapted
from the high-
span anchor and wall reinforcement device of U.S. Patent No. 6,668,505 to
Hohmann, et al. For
ease of comprehension, where similar parts are shown, reference designators
"100" units higher
than those previously employed are used. Thus, the veneer tie 144 of the
second embodiment is
analogous to the veneer tie 44 of the first embodiment. Referring now to FIGS.
7 and 10, the
second embodiment of a high-strength pintle anchoring system of this invention
is shown and is
referred to generally by the numerals 140 for the wall anchor, 144 for the
veneer tie, and 146 for
the backup wall reinforcement. As this embodiment is similar to the first
embodiment, the wall
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structure is partially shown, but the full wall structure of FIG. 1 is
incorporated herein by
reference.
[0060] The backup wall is insulated with strips of insulation 123 attached to
the cavity
surface of the backup wall and has seams 125 between adjacent strips coplaner
with adjacent
bed joints. In this embodiment, the cavity 122 is larger-than-normal and has a
5-inch span. For
purposes of discussion, the exterior surface of the insulation 124 contains a
horizontal line of x-
axis 134 and an intersecting vertical line or y-axis 136. A horizontal line or
z-axis 138, normal to
the xy-plane, also passes through the coordinate origin formed by the
intersecting x- and y-axes.
[0061] The wall anchor 140 is shown in FIG. 7 and has a free end or extension
that
spans the insulation portion or extension 142 for interconnection with veneer
tie 144. In this
embodiment, a truss-type wall reinforcement 146 is constructed of a wire
formative with two
parallel continuous straight side wire members 148 and 150 spaced so as, upon
installation, to
each be centered along the outer walls of the masonry blocks. An intermediate
wire body 152 is
interposed therebetween and is butt welded to wire members 148 and 150, thus
separating and
connecting side wires 148 and 150 of reinforcement 146.
[0062] At intervals along the truss-type reinforcement 146, spaced pairs of
transverse
wire attachment members or ends 154 are fusibly attached by electric
resistance welding in
accord with ASTM Standard Specification A951 or in another similar manner.
These wire
members 154 have extended leg portions 142 that span the cavity 122 and have a
free end 149
contiguous therewith and opposite the attachment end. The spacing therebetween
limits the x-
axis movement of the construct. Each transverse wire member 153 has at the end
opposite the
attachment end an eyelet or receptor portion 158 formed continuous therewith.
Upon
installation, the receptor opening or eye 160 is constructed to be within a
substantially horizontal
or xz-plane, which is normal to the cavity walls. The receptor openings 160
are horizontally
aligned to accept the downwardly bent ribbon pintle portion 162 of veneer tie
144 threaded
therethrough. The receptor openings 160 are slightly greater than the width or
major axis of the
ribbon pintle 162 and the pintle portion fits snugly therewithin. These
dimensional relationships
minimize the x- and z-axis movement of the construct. For differing
applications, the pintle
portion of the veneer tie 144 is available in a variety of lengths. The eyelet
158 is preferably
welded closed, and has a substantially circular opening or eye 160.
[0063] The veneer tie 144, when viewed from a top or bottom elevation, is a
modified
U-shaped design and is dimensioned to be accommodated by the eyelets 158
previously
described. The tie 144 has an insertion portion 174 for disposition in the bed
joint 130, one or
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more ribbon pintles 162, 164 each forming an interengaging portion 163 for
disposition in the
receptors 158, and one or more cavity portions 165, 160 that engages the
anchor 140 by
connecting the insertion portion 174 and the interengaging portion 163. The
insertion portion
174 is configured to maximize surface contact with the mortar in the bed joint
130. The
insertion portion 174 has one or more hooks 176 that extend from the cavity
portions 165, 166
and are contiguous with and connected by an insertion bar 178. The veneer tie
144 is a wire
formative and has compressively reduced ribbon pintles 162, 164 formed by
compressively
reducing the interengaging portion 163 of the veneer tie 144. Each ribbon
pintle 162, 164 is
dimensioned to closely fit one of the receptor portion 158 openings 160. The
ribbon pintles 162,
164 have been compressively reduced so that, when viewed as installed, the
cross-section taking
in a horizontal or an xz-plane that includes the longitudinal axis of the
receptor 158 shows the
greatest dimension substantially oriented along a z-vector. Similarly, when
viewed as installed,
the cross-section taking in a vertical plane that includes the longitudinal
axis of the wire member
154 shows the major axis dimension substantially oriented along a z-vector.
[0064] The cross-sectional illustrations of FIGS. 5 and 6 show the manner in
which
wythe-to-wythe and side-to-side movement is limited by the close fitting
relationship between
the compressively reduced pintles and the receptor openings. The minor axis of
the
compressively reduced pintle is optimally between 30 to 75% of the diameter of
the wire
formative and results in a veneer tie having compressive/tensile strength 130%
of the original
wire formative material. The pintle, once compressed, is ribbon-like in
appearance; however,
maintains substantially the same cross sectional area as the wire formative
body.
[0065] In the second embodiment in adapting the veneer tie 144 for high-
strength
applications, it is noted that the above-described arrangement of wire
formatives is strengthened
by the cold working thereof. In the past, while compressively altering wire
formatives is taught
by the patents of the inventors hereof, namely, U.S. Patent No. 6,668,505 and
7,017,318, the
teaching is to reduce the height of the wire formative inserted into the bed
joint or between
insulative panels. In this invention, in contrast to these past inventions,
the compressive altering
of wire formatives is found to enhance the strength of existing specified wire
formatives to
create anchoring systems with superior resistance to environmental forces,
especially those
exerted substantially normal to the exterior face of the outer wythe.
[0066] The ribbon pintles 162 and 164 of veneer tie 144 are considerably
compressed
and while maintaining the same mass of material per linear unit as the
adjacent wire formative, a
thick ribbon is produced. The resultant width or major axis of the ribbon
pintles 162 and 164 are
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increased so that, upon installation, the widths are dimensioned to have a
close fitting
relationship with receptor opening 160. The cold working enhances the mounting
strength of
veneer tie 144 and resist force vectors along the z-axis 138. The insertion
portion of the veneer
tie is considerably compressed with the vertical height being reduced. The
insertion portion of
the veneer tie has been strengthened in several ways. First, in place of the
standard 9-gage
(0.148-inch diameter) wall reinforcement wire, a 3/16-inch (0.187-inch
diameter) wire is used.
As a general rule, compressive reductions up to 75% are utilized and high-span
strength
calculations are based thereon,
[0067] The description which follows is of a third embodiment of the high-
strength
pintle anchoring system. For ease of comprehension, where similar parts are
used reference
designators "200" units higher are employed. Thus, the veneer tie 244 of the
third embodiment
is analogous to the veneer tie 44 of the first embodiment.
[0068] Referring now to FIGS. 8 through 10, the third embodiment of the high-
strength pintle anchoring system is shown and is referred to generally by the
numeral 210. The
system 210 employs a sheetrnetal wall anchor 240, Catalog #HB-200 manufactured
by
Hohmann and Barnard, Inc., a MiTek-Berkshire Hathaway company, Hauppauge, NY
11788.
The dry wall structure 212 is shown having an interior wythe 214 with
wallboard 216 as the
interior and exterior facings thereof. An exterior or outer wythe 218 of
facing brick 220 is
attached to dry wall structure 212 and a cavity 222 is formed therebetween.
The dry wall
structure 212 is constructed to include, besides the wallboard facings 216,
vertical channels 224
with insulation layers 226 disposed between adjacent channel members 224.
Selected bed joints
228 and 230 are constructed to be in cooperative functional relationship with
the veneer tie
described in more detail below.
[0069] For purposes of discussion, the exterior surface 232 of the interior
wythe 214
contains a horizontal line or x-axis 234 and an intersecting vertical line or
y-axis 236. A
horizontal line or z-axis 238 also passes through the coordinate origin formed
by the intersecting
x- and y-axes. The system 210 includes a dry wall anchor 240 constructed for
attachment to
vertical channel members 224, for embedment in joint 230 and for
interconnecting with the
veneer tie 244.
[0070] Reference is now directed to the L-shaped, surface-mounted sheetmetal
bracket
or wall anchor 240 comprising a mounting portion or base plate member 246 and
free end
projecting or extending portion 248 into the cavity 222 with a pintle-
receiving portion(s). The
projecting or extending portion 248 is contiguous with the base plate member
246 so as to have,
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upon installation, a horizontally disposed elongated aperture 250 which, as
best seen in FIG. 9,
provides for wire-tie-receiving receptors 251. The aperture 250 is formed in
plate member 248.
Upon installation, the projecting portion 248 is thus disposed substantially
at right angles with
respect to the plate member 246. To ease tolerance receptors 251 may be
slightly elongated
along the x-axis thereof. The plate member 246 is also provided with mounting
holes 256 at the
upper and lower ends thereof.
[0071] As is best seen in FIG. 9, the projecting portion 248 is spaced from
the plate
member 246 and adapted to receive the pintles 262, 264 of veneer tie 244
therewithin. In the
fabrication of the dry wall as the inner wythe of this construction system
210, the channel
members 224 are initially secured in place. In this regard, the channel
members 224 may also
comprise the standard framing member of a building. Sheets of exterior
wallboard 216, which
may be of an exterior grade gypsum board, are positioned in abutting
relationship with the
forward flange of the channel member 224. While the insulating layer 226 is
shown as panels
dimensioned for use between adjacent column 224, it is to be noted that any
similarly suited
rigid of flexible insulating material may be used herein with substantially
equal efficacy.
[0072] After the initial placement of the flexible insulation layer 226 and
the wallboard
216, the veneer anchors 240 are secured to the surface of the wallboard 216 in
front of channel
members 224. The sheetmetal Catalog #HB-200 (Hohmann & Barnard, Inc.,
Hauppauge, NY
11788). Thereafter, sheetmetal screws (not shown) are inserted into the
mounting holes 256 to
fasten the anchor 240 to the channel member 224.
[0073] The veneer tie 244, when viewed from a top or bottom elevation, is a
modified =
U-shaped design and is dimensioned to be accommodated by the receptors 250
previously
described. The tie 244 has an insertion portion 274 for disposition in the bed
joint 230, one or
more ribbon pintles 262, 264 each forming an interengaging portion 263 for
disposition in the
receptors 250, and one or more cavity portions 265, 260 that engages the
anchor 240 by
connecting the insertion portion 274 and the interengaging portion 263. The
insertion portion
274 is configured to maximize surface contact with the mortar in the bed joint
230. The
insertion portion 274 has one or more hooks 276 that extend from the cavity
portions 265, 266
and are contiguous with and connected by an insertion bar 278. The veneer tie
244 is a wire
formative and has compressively reduced ribbon pintles 262, 264 formed by
compressively
reducing the interengaging portion 263 of the veneer tie 244. Each ribbon
pintle 262, 264 is
dimensioned to closely fit one of the receptor portions 250. The ribbon
pintles 262, 264 have
been compressively reduced so that, when viewed as installed, the cross-
section taking in a
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horizontal or an xz-plane that includes the longitudinal axis of the receptor
shows the greatest
dimension substantially oriented along a z-vector. The minor axis of the
compressively reduced
pintle 262 is optimally between 30 to 75% of the diameter of the receptor 250
and results in a
veneer tie having compressive/tensile strength 130% of the original wire
formative material. The
pintle, once compressed, is ribbon-like in appearance; however, maintains
substantially the same
cross sectional area as the wire formative body.
[0074] The ribbon pintles 262 and 264 of veneer tie 244 are considerably
compressed
and while maintaining the same mass of material per linear unit as the
adjacent wire formative, a
thick ribbon is produced. The resultant width or major axis of the ribbon
pintles 262 and 264 are
increased so that, upon installation, the widths are dimensioned to have a
close fitting
relationship with receptor 250. The cold working enhances the mounting
strength of veneer tie
244 and resist force vectors along the z-axis 238. The insertion portion of
the veneer tie is
considerably compressed with the vertical height being reduced. The insertion
portion of the
veneer tie has been strengthened in several ways. First, in place of the
standard 9-gage (0.148-
inch diameter) wall reinforcement wire, a 3/16-inch (0.187-inch diameter) wire
is used. As a
general rule, compressive reductions up to 75% are utilized and calculations
are based thereon.
100751 The insertion portion 274 is optionally configured to accommodate
therewithin
in a reinforcement wire or straight wire member 271 of predetermined diameter.
The insertion
portion 274 twists around the reinforcement wire 271 to clamp the wire 271
into place using
clamping jaws 279 which are spaced to require an insertion force from 5 to 10
lbs. With this
configuration the bed joint height specification is readily maintained. As
differentiated from the
first two embodiments, the dry wall construction system 210 provides for the
structural integrity
by the securement of the veneer anchor construction to the channel member. The
anchoring
system hereof meets building code requirements for seismic construction and
the wall structure
reinforcement of both the inner and outer wythes exceeds the testing standards
therefor.
100761 In FIG. 10, the compression of wire formatives is shown schematically.
For
purposes of discussion, the elongation of the compressed wire is disregarded
as the elongation is
negligible and the cross-sectional area of the construct remains substantially
constant. Here, the
veneer tie 244 is formed from 0.187-inch diameter wire and the ribbon pintles
262, 264 are
reduced up to 75% of original diameter to a thickness of 0.113 inch.
[0077] Analytically, the circular cross-section of a wire provides greater
flexural
strength than a sheetmetal counterpart. In the embodiments described herein
the ribbon pintles
components of the veneer tie 244 is cold-worked or partially flattened so that
the specification is
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maintained and high-strength ribbon pintles are provided. It has been found
that, when the
appropriate metal alloy is cold-worked, the desired plastic deformation takes
place with a
concomitant increase in tensile strength and a decrease in ductility. These
property changes suit
the application at hand. In deforming a wire with a circular cross-section,
the cross-section of the
resultant body is substantially semicircular at the outer edges with a
rectangular body
therebetween, FIG. 10. The deformed body has substantially the same cross-
sectional area as
the original wire. In each example in FIG. 10, progressive deformation of a
wire is shown.
Disregarding elongation and noting the prior comments, the topmost portion
shows the original
wire having a radius, ri=1; and area, Al= T1; length of deformation, L=0; and
a diameter, Di.
Upon successive deformations, the illustrations shows the area of circular
cross-section bring
progressively %, % and % of the area, A1, or A2=V2 H; A3=% 11; and A4----1/4
11, respectively. With
the first deformation, the rectangular portion has a length L=1.11r (in terms
of the initial radius
of 1); a height, h2=1.14; (D2=0.71D1, where D=diameter); and therefore has an
area of
approximately % H. Likewise, with the second deformation, the rectangular
portion has a length,
L=1.38r; a height, h3=1.14; a diameter D3=0.57D1; and therefore has an area of
approximately %
H. Yet again, with the third deformation, the rectangular portion has a
length, L=2.36r; a height
hi=1; a diameter, degree of plastic deformation to remain at a 0.300 inch
(approx.) combined
height for the truss and wall tie can, as will be seen hereinbelow, be used to
optimize the high-
span ribbon pintle anchoring system.
[0078] In testing the high-strength veneer tie described hereinabove, the test
protocol is
drawn from ASTM Standard E754-80 (Reapproved 2006) entitled, Standard Test
Method for
Pullout Resistance of Ties and Anchors Embedded in Masonry Mortar Joints. This
test
method is promulgated by and is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06
on
Performance of Buildings.
[0079] In forming the ribbon pintles, the wire body of up to 0.375-inch in
diameter is
compressed up to 75% of the wire diameter. When compared to standard, wire
formatives
having diameters in the 0.172- to 0.195-inch range, a ribbon pintle reduced by
one-third from
the same stock as the standard tie showed upon testing a tension and
compression rating that was
at least 130% of the rating for the standard tie.
[0080] Because many varying and different embodiments may be made within the
scope of the inventive concept herein taught, and because many modifications
may be made in
the embodiments herein detailed in accordance with the descriptive requirement
of the law, it is
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to be understood that the details herein are to be interpreted as illustrative
and not in a limiting
sense.
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