Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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REINFORCED MASONRY PANEL STRUCTURES
Background
Current techniques for constructing larger buildings usually involve the use
of a load bearing
frame of steel or reinforced concrete, with attached cladding and/or masonry
infills. In the
case of masonry walls in such structures and elsewhere, it is necessary to
provide additional
strengthening where the area of the wall increases beyond certain limits. The
strengthening
is required to support the weight of the wall; to resist environmental loading
such as wind
forces, differences in air pressure and earthquakes; as well as to withstand
other dynamic
service loads such as crowd pressure, vehicle impact or explosions. The
required strength
for a given structure is governed not only by the laws of physics but also by
local building
regulations. In some cases it may also be necessary to divide the masonry
infill wall into a
number of smaller panels or sections separated by expansion joints so as to
relieve such
loads in the masonry, and/or to avoid excessive movement of the masonry in
response to
temperature variations, or cracking of the mortar or other jointing material
e.g. due to
differential shrinkage when drying or curing.
Traditionally where additional strength is needed, walls have been supported
by cross walls,
piers and areas of wall thickening. More recently the standard windpost has
been developed,
which occurs in most building walls (particularly interior walls), if their
length exceeds 4m.
The purpose of the post is to stiffen or strengthen the walling, in
circumstances of particular
lateral stress from wind induced pressure differences, crowd or any other
force. A wind post
generally consists of a steel column secured at its top and base to the
building frame or
another suitable load-bearing structure. This form of construction, while
effective, brings
with it the following disadvantages:
1. An expansion joint is required on either side of the wind post, where it
interfaces
with the adjacent masonry. Filler material is inserted between post and block
faces.
2. Frame ties typically at 225mm centres must be provided between the
masonry and
the post on both sides.
3. Mastic will often be a specification requirement.
4. A steel post will require fire protection.
5. There may also be acoustic concerns.
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7. The post typically requires four bolt fixings, two at the base and two
at the soffit.
8. The post must be erected before the walling and so isolated access (e.g.
scaffolding)
is required for safe work practice particularly at height.
Our invention seeks to replace the windpost and also achieve many other
positive
characteristics in strengthening panels of bonded masonry such as masonry
walls, both load
bearing and non load bearing; and optionally easing the provision of expansion
joints.
Our published patent specification W02008/015407 discloses a method of
constructing a
masonry infill in a load bearing structure. The method involves laying one or
more courses
of masonry in an infill space in the structure and partitioning off a casting
space having as its
base the then uppermost course of masonry. The casting space extends from one
side of the
infill space to the other. Reinforcing material is then positioned in the
casting space and an
end of the reinforcing material is secured to the load bearing structure. The
casting space is
then filled with concrete and one or more further courses of masonry are laid
on top of the
filled casting space. The reinforced concrete forms a bond beam which
strengthens the
masonry. The reinforcing material may be rebar, secured to a load-bearing
frame of the
building by a body for reception of the rebar ends. The body allows
longitudinal sliding
movement of the rebar relative to the frame, but restrains relative lateral
movement of the
rebar. The resulting structure forms a cost effective alternative to a wind
post reinforced
masonry infill, produced using components that are easier to handle, and
easier to install in
confined spaces, as well as having other advantages.
Our published patent specification W02009/098446 relates to a masonry infill
in a load
bearing structure which comprises hollow masonry units arranged to define a
cavity
extending through adjacent courses thereof, the cavity being filled with
reinforced
cementitious material e.g. reinforced concrete, a lower end of the
reinforcement being
secured to a load bearing support; a body being secured to the load bearing
structure and
receiving an upper end of the reinforcement so as to permit longitudinal
sliding movement
of the reinforcement upper end in the body, whilst constraining movement of
the
reinforcement in a direction transversely of the infill. The lower end of the
reinforcement
may be built into the support, or slidably received in a further body.
Alternatively one or
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both ends of the reinforcement may terminate in a bond beam. Brackets may be
embedded
in the cementitious material in the cavity to transfer shear forces between
the adjacent
blockwork and the cementatious material. W02009/098446 therefore discloses
methods for
providing generally vertically extending reinforced concrete structures in
blockwork, e.g. as
an alternative to or as a replacement for windposts, or as a reinforcement at
the vertical
edges of apertures in the blockwork, e.g. at the edges of window or door
openings or service
penetrations, or indeed at any other point in the blockwork as required.
Our published patent specification W02009/147427 concerns a masonry wall
reinforcing
bracket comprising an elongate inter-course stress transfer member which
comprises a rebar
cradling feature. The stress transfer member may comprise a flat strip
locatable within a
perpend in a masonry wall. The bracket may further comprise a supporting
member that
protrudes perpendicularly from the length of the stress transfer member so as
to be locatable
within a bed joint of the masonry wall 10. The supporting member 28 may be a
stabilising
foot, so that the bracket is generally L-shaped. In this configuration the
stabilising foot
forms the shorter bottom limb of the L and the rebar cradling feature is a
slot formed part-
way along the stress transfer member, i.e. the longer vertical limb of the L.
The slot has an
open mouth at a side edge of the flat strip. The rebars and brackets are used
in a bond beam
system incorporated within the masonry wall. The brackets disclosed in
W02009/098446
may also be of this form. W02009/147427 further describes connections between
the end
of a reinforced concrete column and the top or bottom side of a bond beam, and
similar
connections between the end of a vertical steel post and the top or bottom
side of a bond
beam.
The various components described in the foregoing patent specifications may be
used in a
wide variety of combinations and configurations so as to be capable of
providing a similarly
wide variety of reinforced masonry infills for pre-existing load bearing
structures such as the
load bearing frame of a large building. Where the pre-existing load bearing
structure is
made from steel columns and girders the body for reception of the rebar ends
may be simply
bolted to the load bearing structure. Where the pre-existing load bearing
structure is of
reinforced concrete, the body can be secured to it by expansion bolts, wall
plugs and
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threaded fasteners, studs anchored in holes in the structure by epoxy resin,
or any other
suitable fastening technique.
Although not previously considered for this purpose, such a body for reception
of rebar ends
could be used to terminate a bond beam within masonry (e.g. blockwork) at the
side of a
reinforced concrete column, slab or other volume of reinforced concrete also
encased within
the masonry (e.g. a column formed in accordance with W02009/098446). Moreover
an
expansion joint could be provided between the masonry encased column or the
like and an
adjacent panel of masonry (e.g. blockwork) containing the bond beam, e.g. to
accommodate
to thermal movement of the panel and mitigate cracking due to mortar
shrinkage on curing.
Expansion joints may also be useful in accommodating other deflections of the
building
under load, e.g. building settlement, and deflections arising under the above
described
environmental and service loads. However, improvements in, or additional
options for,
fixing the body to the masonry shell around the reinforced concrete column or
the like are
desirable. EP0779399 discloses a load transferring insert for placement in a
form for a
concrete structure. The insert comprises an enclosed internal volume
containing a V-shaped
nut. AU511489 concerns a bolt anchor system having a casing in which a bolt is
sealed
during pouring and casting of a concrete structure, and from which the bolt is
later extended
for use with external devices.
Summary of the invention
The present invention therefore provides a body and a mounting arrangement
adjustably
securable to the body, as defined in claim 1. As the body is not only mounted
to the
masonry skin or shell but is also engages (e.g. is directly secured to) the
further elongate
reinforcement and cementitious material behind the masonry skin or shell, this
reinforced
cementitious material as well as the masonry can act to resist the lateral
loads from the end
of the elongate reinforcement received in the body. Preferably the body is
adapted to receive
the end of the elongate reinforcement so that when encased in the cementations
material
longitudinal movement of the elongate reinforcement relative to the body is
allowed but
transverse movement of the elongate reinforcement relative to the body is
restrained.
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The mounting arrangement may comprise a hook or eye by which it is securable
to the
further elongate reinforcement. Alternatively the mounting arrangement may
comprise a
strip or plate having a slot in which the further elongate reinforcement is
received for
securing the mounting arrangement to it. Preferably however the mounting
arrangement
comprises a sleeve through which the further elongate reinforcement passes for
securing the
mounting arrangement to it.
More than one such body may share a single such mounting arrangement. The
mounting
arrangement (whether for one or more bodies) may be securable to more than one
such
further elongate reinforcement positioned behind the masonry skin or shell.
The mounting arrangement may comprise a threaded fastening by which it is
secured to the
body. This may allow adjustment of the distance between the body and the
further elongate
reinforcement, so that the body can be held closely adjacent to the exterior
surface of the
te masonry skin or shell when secured to the further elongate
reinforcement. The threaded
fastening may comprise a bolt received in a threaded hole. Preferably however
the threaded
fastening comprises a threaded bar or stud received in a threaded hole or nut
provided on a
sleeve through which the further elongate reinforcement passes for securing
the mounting
arrangement to it. One end of the threaded bar or stud passes into the
interior of the sleeve
so as to be clarnpable against the further elongate reinforcement. The other
end of the
threaded bar or stud carries a nut for securing it to the body.
The body may comprise a cleat having a mounting flange with a hole through
which the
threaded fastening passes. Two or more such holes may be provided. The cleat
may further
comprise one or more sockets for slidable reception of the elongate
reinforcement ends.
Alternatively, the cleat may comprise one or more spigots each for reception
within a socket
secured (e.g. welded) to the end of the elongate reinforcement. The head.
and/or foot of a
column, panel or other volume of cementations material containing the further
elongate
reinforcement(s) may be secured to adjacent load bearing structures (e.g. a
foundation and
so soffit, beams or floor slabs) by similar spigoted cleats arranged
to cooperate with socket(s)
secured to the ends of the further elongate reinforcernent(s). Additionally or
alternatively
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some or all of the ends of the further elongate reinforcements may be received
in sockets
provided on one or more of the corresponding cleats.
The invention therefore may be used to provide a masonry clad volume of
reinforced
cementitious material, a panel of masonry and an expansion joint between the
masonry clad
reinforced cementitious material volume and the masonry panel, in which the
masonry panel
contains a bond beam and in which an elongate reinforcement in the bond beam
has an end
coupled to a further elongate reinforcement in the volume of cementitious
material by a
body and mounting arrangement as described above.
Brief Description of the Drawings
The invention and various preferred features and advantages of it are further
described
below with reference to illustrative embodiments shown in the drawings, in
which:
Figure 1 shows a hook type mounting arrangement for use in embodiments of the
invention;
Figure 2 shows an eye type mounting arrangement for use in embodiments of the
invention;
Figure 3 shows a mounting arrangement with a slotted plate, for use in
embodiments of the
invention;
Figure 4 shows a mounting arrangement comprising a sleeve, bolt and threaded
hole, for use
in embodiments of the invention;
Figure 5 is a plan view of an elongate reinforcement receiving body in the
form of a cleat,
for use in embodiments of the present invention;
Figure 6 is a side view corresponding to Figure 5;
Figure 7 is a side view of a mounting arrangement comprising a sleeve and
studs, for use in
embodiments of the invention;
Figure 8 is an end view corresponding to Figure 7;
Figure 9 shows the cleat of Figures 5 and 6 assembled together with the
mounting
arrangement of Figures 7 and 8, and a hollow block and rebars;
Figure 10 shows part of a hollow blockwork encased, reinforced concrete column
and an
adjacent blockwork panel incorporating a bond beam, the panel and column being
separated
by an expansion joint and one block being omitted so as to show a cleat and
mounting
arrangement assembly corresponding to that of Figure 9;
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Figure 11 shows an alternative sleeve and stud mounting arrangement to that of
Figures 7
and 8;
Figure 12 shows a cleat with spigots, which may be used in embodiments of the
invention;
Figure 13 shows a terminal rebar with a socketed end;
Figure 14 shows two such socket ended rebars assembled together with the
spigoted cleat of
Figure 12;
Figure 15 shows a stage in the construction of a stack bonded hollow block
encased
reinforced concrete column;
Figure 16 shows a further stage in this construction process;
Figure 17 shows a header detail of a column, panel and expansion joint
corresponding to
those of Figure 10, with another block omitted to show internal reinforcement
details, and
Figure 18 shows another form of hollow block.
Detailed Description
Figure 1 shows a mounting arrangement 10a for the elongate reinforcement end
receiving
body. This mounting arrangement has a hooked end 12 which can embrace the
circumference of a further elongate reinforcement (e.g. a steel rebar, not
shown) positioned
behind a masonry skin or shell, such as inside a hollow blockwork casing so as
to form a
blockwork encased reinforced cementitious material column, (e.g. a reinforced
concrete
column). The masonry may be of any suitable kind, such as brick, cement blocks
or natural
or artificial stone. The further reinforcement may be received in any suitable
volume of
cementitious material behind the masonry skin. The mounting arrangement 10a
also has a
threaded shank 14 forming a threaded fastening which can be passed through a
hole formed
through the side of the encasing hollow block or other masonry skin, shell or
cladding, so as
to be secured to the elongate reinforcement receiving body externally of the
masonry. For
this purpose, the elongate reinforcement receiving body may be provided with a
through
hole through which the end of the shank 14 is passed. A nut can then be
screwed onto the
shank end, to secure the body adjacent to an outer surface of the maonry, but
also anchoring
it to the further elongate reinforcement (rebar) and surrounding concrete
behind the skin or
shell (e.g. inside a hollow masonry block).
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As a preferred option, the body may take the form of a cleat such as 30a shown
in Figures 5
and 6, in which ends of elongate reinforcing members external to the column or
other
volume of reinforced cementitious material (e.g. ends of steel rebars in a
bond beam formed
in an adjacent masonry panel) are received in sockets formed by tubular
pockets 36. The
pockets permit longitudinal sliding movement of the rebars, but restrain them
against lateral
movement. The cleat further comprises a base plate 32 with through holes 34
through which
the free end of the shank 14 can pass and then be secured by a washer and a
nut screwed
down the protruding tip of the shank 14 against the outer face of the base
plate 32.
1() Two (as shown) or more such holes 34 may be provided, each receiving a
respective
mounting arrangement 10a in a respective hole through the masonry skin or
shell, with the
hooked ends 12a engaging the same or a different internal (i.e. further)
elongate
reinforcement. The holes 34 are elongated, so as to permit adjustment of the
cleat position
longitudinally of its base plate. This adjustment may accommodate thermal
movement of
the masonry panel in the vertical direction. For this purpose, the securing
nuts may be left
fairly loose, e.g. finger tight, and locked by backing nuts also received on
the protruding tip
of the shank 14.
The mounting arrangement 10b of Figure 2 is similar to the mounting
arrangement 10a,
except that it has a closed loop or eye 12b in place of the hooked end 12a.
The loop may be
closed by welding. It is passed over the top of the column etc. internal
elongate
reinforcement or rebar and slid down close to its desired final position. The
shank 14 is
passed trough a pre-drilled hole in the associated masonry unit as it is being
laid. The cleat
30a or other external elongate reinforcement end receiving body is then
secured to the
protruding shank tip as described above.
As shown in Figure 3, the mounting arrangement is similar to that of Figure 1,
but the
hooked end 12a is replaced by a slotted metal plate or strip 12c. This is
welded to the shank
14. The slot is L-shaped, with an open mouth at one of the long side edges of
the strip 12c.
The cross-section of the internal elongate reinforcement is received in the
slot and the
mounting arrangement 10c otherwise operates in the same way as those of
Figures 1 and 2.
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Figure 4 shows a further form 10d of the mounting arrangement. This comprises
a circular
sectioned tubular sleeve 16a which is threaded over the upper end of the
internal elongate
reinforcement e.g. rebar. A housing 20a with a radially directed threaded hole
is welded to
one side of the sleeve 16a. A threaded fastener in the form of a bolt 18a is
inserted through
the hole 34 in the cleat base plate 32 and through the hole pre-drilled in the
masonry skin,
shell or cladding. It is then screwed into the housing 20a hole to secure the
cleat to the
internal rebar and to the surrounding reinforced cemetitious material, once
this has been cast
behind the skin or shell, e.g. in a columnar space formd inside a stack of
hollow masonry
blocks. The sleeve 16a may have a pair of the housings 20a spaced along its
length at a
separation corresponding to that of the holes 34 in the cleat base plate. Each
housing may
therefore accept a respective bolt 18a passing through each base plate hole
34. A single
mounting arrangement 10d comprising a single sleeve 16a and a pair of bolts
18a can
therefore be used to secure the cleat to an external surface of the masonry
skin or shell.
The mounting arrangement 10e shown in Figures 7 and 8 comprises a pair of nuts
20b
welded over circumferentially aligned side holes at either end of a tubular
sleeve 16b. A
threaded fastening in the form of a stud 18b is screwed into each nut 18b so
that the tips of
the studs enter the bore of the sleeve 16b. The other (outer) ends of the
studs 18b have
cross-slots 46 engageable by a flat bladed screwdriver so that the studs can
be screwed into
the sleeve 10e until their inner ends tightly engage and clamp a rebar or
other elongate
reinforcement received in the sleeve 16b. Of course, any other suitable
rotational drive
arrangement could also be used. The sleeve 16b without the studs fitted can
therefore be
slipped over the upper end of an internal (further) elongate reinforcement and
slid
downwards to approximately the desired location. The studs can be inserted
through pre-
drilled holes in the encasing hollow block or other masonry shell/skin, and
threaded into the
nuts 20b. Tightening the studs with a screwdriver or other suitable tool will
lock the sleeve
10e and studs 18b to the internal elongate reinforcement at the correct
location. Protruding
outer ends of the studs 18b can be inserted through the cleat base plate holes
34 to secure the
cleat in position against an outer face of the encasing block etc. using
washers, nuts and
backing nuts as required, again allowing for compensatory movement of the
cleat in the
vertical direction if desired.
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Figure 9 shows the mounting arrangement 10e and cleat 30a thus secured
respectively
within and upon a hollow encasing block 60. The studs pass through holes 62
pre-drilled
into a header face of the block 60. An internal rebar 38a is received and
secured in the
mounting arrangement sleeve 16b and further rebar ends 40a, 40b are slidingly
received in
5 the two cleat pockets. The cleat base plate is secured to the studs by
nuts 42 and washers 44,
in a manner permitting limited longitudinal sliding, if required. Backing nuts
(not shown) or
any other suitable locking means may be used to retain the nuts 42 in the
correct position.
Figure 10 shows the mounting arrangement 10e and cleat 30a in position in a
reinforced
1() concrete column 64 encased by hollow blockwork and in an adjacent
blockwork panel 66
respectively. An expansion joint 70 separates the column 64 from the panel 66.
The
expansion joint is formed in any suitable manner as may be used in standard
blockwork
walls, for example a strip of Corofil (TM) packing whose otherwise exposed
edges are
covered and sealed by a bead of mastic. The base of the cleat 30a lies in the
plane of the
expansion joint 70. The column contains a pair of elongate reinforcements 38a,
38b, e.g.
steel rebars. One of these (38a as shown) passes through the sleeve of the
mounting
arrangement. The panel 66 has a bond beam formed in it, encased within a
course of blocks
68 having a U-shapd cross-section. The rebars 40a, 40b serve to reinforce the
bond beam.
The rebar ends and cleat pockets are covered by heat shrinkable boots 72 so as
to maintain
the longitudinal slidability of the rebar ends even when they and the cleat
pockets have been
encased in the concrete of the bond beam. The bond beam may comprise stress
transfer
brackets for transmitting stresses between the bond beam and adjacent courses
of the
masonry panel and for cradling and supporting the rebars 40a, 40b during
casting of the
bond beam, as described in W02009/147427. A half block of the column 64 and an
adjacent half block at the end of the bond beam and their respective concrete
fillings are
omitted in Figure 10 so that the mounting arrangement 10e and cleat 30a are
exposed and
visible. Normally these components and their associated rebars will be fully
concealed
within the encasing blockwork and its concrete filling. Externally, the
reinforced blockwork
is therefore indistinguishable from standard, solid masonry, which can have
aesthetic
advantages. Where conditions dictate (e.g. for taller panels or panels having
openings in
them at various heights) the panel may be reinforced by several such bond
beams.
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The encasing masonry and the surrounding concrete or other cementitious
material provides
the internal metal reinforcements (e.g. rebars, cleats, cleat mounting
arrangements, stress
transfer brackets) with adequate corrosion and fire protection in many
instances. The
airtightness, thermal and acoustic performance of the column 64, expansion
joint 70 and
adjacent reinforced masonry panel 66 is similar to that of a plain panel of
solid masonry
blocks. The masonry of the panel 66 above and below the bond beam can comprise
lightweight blocks e.g. of foamed cconcrete where these will provide adequate
strength,
thereby reducing the weight on the load bearing structure and increasing the
thermal
performance of the building. All of the components used to form the reinforced
masonry
infills resulting from the present invention, as shown for example in Figure
10, are relatively
small and light, and can meet the statutory requirements for manual handling.
No lifting or
other load handling equipment is therefore necessary in the construction
process. The
construction methods can also be used in sites having restricted access.
The mounting arrangement 10f shown in Figure 11 is a further development of
that 10e
shown in Figures 7 and 8. It comprises a pair of sleeves 16c connected
together in parallel
by two lengths of rebar each welded at either end to sides of the sleeves so
as to form a
generally rectangular frame. The sleeves are each provided with welded-on nuts
20c
overlying through holes, similar to the nuts 20b and through holes shown in
Figures 7 and 8.
These may be distributed circumferentially about the ends of the sleeves,
proximate the
connecting rebar 74 ends as shown. Studs 18b may be selectively screwed into
the nuts 20c
so as to secure one or more rebar (or other elongate reinforcement) end
receiving bodies
(e.g. cleats 30a as shown in Figures 5 and 6) to the mounting arrangement 10f
in a number
of different possible configurations. For example the generally planar
configuration of four
studs in two pairs, each pair extending oppositely away from the connecting
rebars 74, may
be used to link a further panel of bond beam-containing masonry to the column
64, opposite
the bond beam containing panel 66; i.e. adjacent to the left hand vertical
edge of the column
64 shown as a free edge or reveal in Figure 10. In this configuration, the
mounting
arrangement 10f would be used in place of the mounting arrangement 10e to
secure two
opposed cleats 30a with their bases at opposed expansion joints 70. The rebars
38a and 38b
internal to the column 64 would be received in respective ones of the sleeves
16c. In this
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way a straight length of masonry wall containing the column 64 somewhere in
the middle,
and a pair of expansion joints, one on either side of the column, will result.
Additionally or alternatively, the nuts 20c at right angles to the connecting
rebars 74 can
receive cleat mounting studs 18b, so as to link further bond beam containing
masonry panels
to the column 64 at right angles to the panel 66 of Figure 10. Again the
further cleats or
rebar end receiving bodies so mounted may have a base plate in the plane of an
expansion
joint formed with the outer surface of the hollow masonry encased, reinforced
cementitious
material column or other volume. The welded-on nuts 20c may be distributed at
other
angles around the circumference of the tubes for use in linking bond beam
containing
masonry panels to the column etc. at any desired angle, besides at 00, 180
and 90 as
already described. The mounting arrangement sleeves 16a and 16b of Figures 4,
7 and 8
may be similarly provided with further housings 20a and nuts 20b distributed
at any suitable
angles about their circumferences.
The column shown in Figures 10 and 17 uses half blocks to form every other
course of the
hollow encasing masonry, and a half block in the corresponding courses of the
adjacent
masonry panel 66. In this way, the "stretcher bond" pointing pattern of the
panel is
continued into the column, apart from the interruption necessarily occurring
at the expansion
joint 70. Figures 12-16 show stages in the construction of a stack bonded,
hollow masonry
encased, reinforced cementitious material column. Such a column can be used in
place of
the columns 64 of Figures 10 and 17. Equally the construction process of
Figures 12-16 can
be readily adapted to produce columns as shown in Figures 10 and 17, simply by
using
hollow half blocks in the appropriate alternate courses.
Figure 12 shows a rebar (or other elongate reinforcement) end securing cleat
30b comprising
a base plate 32a having elongate securing holes 34a similar to the holes 34 of
cleat 30a
(Figures 5 and 6). Cleat 30b further comprises a pair of upstanding spigots
36a formed by
circular section metal rods welded to the base. The spigots are dimensioned to
form a snug
sliding fit within a tubular socket 80 welded to the end of a terminal rebar
82 (Figure 13).
The cleat can be fixed to a foundation, floor slab, beam or the like of a pre-
existing load
bearing structure in a position at the base of where it is desired to erect
the column (or other
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13
volume of reinforced cementitious material). Bolts, expansion bolts or other
appropriate
fasteners are used for this, passing through the base plate holes 34a. A pair
of terminal
rebars 82 is then fitted to the cleat 30b by engaging the sockets 80 over the
spigots 36a
(Figure 14). To form a column, a bed of mortar or like jointing material is
spread around the
base 34a of the cleat 30b. A hollow block 84 is then laid in the mortar in the
correct
position to form the first course of encasing masonry for the column. The
upper rim of the
block 84 just laid is spread with a layer of mortar and the next block 86 is
laid in stack bond
on top of it (Figure 15). Further blocks are laid similarly in succession
until only just
sufficient length of each terminal rebar 82 protrudes above the top block to
form a lap joint
with a length of plain rebar (or other elongate reinforcement) which is to be
joined to the
projecting upper end. Once the lap joints have been secured e.g. by wire ties
or the like,
further hollow blocks can be laid in stack bond, threaded over the tops of the
plain rebars
38c, 38d (Fig. 16). Further lengths of plain rebar (or other elongate
reinforcement) can be
secured by lap joining until the desired height for the column is reached. The
cavity
enclosed by the stacked hollow blocks can be filled with concrete or other
cementitious
material at suitable intervals as block laying progresses. The depth of fill
should not be so
great as to make tamping/vibratory compaction difficult; neither must the
interval between
successive pours be too great so that excessive curing takes place, leading to
a risk of "cold
joints" and weakness in the final cast column filling.
The adjacent masonry panel (such as 66 in Figures 10 and 17, but not shown in
Figures 15
and 16) may be built up course by course simultaneously with the column
blockwork, or
afterwards. Expansion joint packing material is built in as the work
progresses. When the
column reaches the height of a bond beam course in the adjacent masonry panel,
a hollow
block 60 is laid having pre-drilled holes (not visible in Figure 16) through
its header face at
the expansion joint plane. The sleeve 16b of a mounting arrangement 10e (for
example, as
other mounting arrangements can also be used as appropriate) is threaded over
the upper end
of the rebar 38d and slid into position with its nuts 20b aligned with the pre-
drilled holes.
The pair of studs 18b are then inserted through the holes and nuts and are
screwed tight
against the rebar 38d to clamp the mounting arrangement securely in position.
A cleat 30a
or other suitable rebar end receiving body may then be secured to the
protruding ends of the
studs 18b as described above. Once the ends of the bond beam rebars have been
inserted in
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14
the cleat pockets, the resulting assembly will be the same or similar to that
shown in Figure
9. Further courses of the column encasing blockwork may then be added and
filled in the
same way.
Figure 17 shows a head or soffit termination for a hollow masonry encased,
reinforced
cementitious material column. Prior to laying the final courses of the column,
terminal
rebars 82 are lap joined to the rebars 38a, 38b or 38c, 38d, with their
sockets engaged over
the depending spigots of a cleat 30b secured to a pre-existing, overhead load
bearing
structure such a steel joist section 88. Further blockwork courses are then
laid and filled
until the column reaches the full height of the soffit. An expansion joint
packing e.g. also of
Corofil may be included between the final blockwork course and the steel
joist. The
terminal rebars are preferably not pushed fully home onto the cleat 30b
spigots, but a gap 90
of at least the thickness of the expansion joint packing and preferably about
30mm is left
between the upper end of the terminal rebar sockets and the cleat base plate.
This allows for
thermal and other movement between the top of the column and the overhead load
bearing
structure. To enable the final blockwork courses to be threaded over the
terminal rebars as
they are laid, centre sections in the headers of the hollow blocks may be cut
through
vertically, so that the blocks have a C-shaped horizontal cross-section. The
concrete or
other cementitious filling for the final course can be trowelled in through
the expansion joint
gap, or pumped in/injected. Head portions of other reinforced, masonry faced,
cementitious
material volumes may be terminated and secured to an overlying load bearing
structure in a
similar manner.
The spigoted cleat 30b and the socketed cleat 30a described above may be
substituted one
for the other, for co-operation with socketed or plain rebar (or other
elongate reinforcement)
ends as appropriate.
It is also possible to omit the expansion joints 70 from the structures shown
in Figures 10
and 17. In that case the two half blocks on either side of the junction
between the column 64
and the panel 66 on every other course are replaced by a single whole block as
shown in
Figure18. Such blocks have a central vertical partition 92 running in the
thickness direction
and connecting the front and rear walls of the hollow block. This partition
serves to retain
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the wet cementitious filling in the column. Alternatively, hollow blocks as
shown in Figures
15 and 16 could be used, with the halves of their base apertures which extend
into the panel
66 being closed off by a sheet of cardboard or the like incorporated in the
bed joints during
construction.
5
