Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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COAL SEAM GAS FRACKING SYSTEMS AND METHODS
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present Application for Patent claims priority to Provisional
Application
No. 61/525,679 entitled "COAL SEAM GAS FRACKING SYSTEMS AND
METHODS "filed August 19, 2011, and Provisional Application No. 61/613,382,
entitled "INFUSION SYSTEMS AND METHODS ", and filed on March 20,
2012, and assigned to the assignee hereof and the contents of which are
expressly
incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
BACKGROUND
Field
[0002] The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for
treating
fluids in used fracturing subterranean seams carrying hydrocarbons or coal.
Background
[0003] Fracking is a method of hydraulically fracturing subterranean coal
seams to
improve the rate and total recovery of gas therefrom. A coal seam is fractured
with acid and a proppant-laden fracturing fluid ("fracking fluid") in
alternating
injection stages. The initial injection stage of the fracturing fluid
generally
contains from about 0 to about 4 pounds of a spherical proppant having a
particle
size distribution substantially between 60 and 140 mesh. The subsequent
fracking
fluid injection stages are alternated with injection stages of a smaller
volume of
acid. The proppant loading in the fracking fluid is increased with each
injection
stage until the loading is from about 8 to about 12 pounds of proppant per
gallon
of fluid.
SUMMARY
[0004] In an aspect of the disclosure, a fracking fluid treatment system
comprises a
dispersion system that receives a portion of fracking fluid collected in a
well. The
dispersion system may comprise a hydrodynamic mixing chamber and a nozzle.
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An additive comprising one or more of ozone and oxygen may be mixed with a
portion of collected fluid passing through the mixing chamber. The nozzle may
disperse a mixture of the collected fluid and additive received from the
mixing
chamber.
[0005] In some embodiments, the system comprises a controller having at
least one
processor. The processor may be configured to monitor the level of the
additive
in the well. The processor may be configured to cause a portion of the fluid
to be
pumped from the well through an outflow main when the level of fluid in the
well
exceeds a threshold level. The processor may be configured to control a rate
of
flow of the additive to the mixing chamber. In some embodiments, the
dispersion
system comprises a manifold that communicates the portion of fluid and the
additive to the mixing chamber.
[0006] In some embodiments, the additive comprises liquid ozone. The
controller
may control rate of flow of the liquid ozone based on measurements provided by
sensors deployed in the well. The measurements may include a measurement of
residual ozone level in the fluid collected in the well. The measurements may
include a measurement of sulfide in the fluid collected in the well. The
measurements may include a measurement of hydrogen sulfide in the well.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] FIG. 1 is an elevation depicting an example of the presently claimed
apparatus deployed within a well.
[0008] FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of a mixer according to certain
aspects of
the invention.
[0009] FIG. 3 shows variously angled views of a deflector vane according to
certain
aspects of the invention.
[0010] FIG. 4 is a detailed view of a mixer.
[0011] FIG. 5 is a detailed view of a mixer.
[0012] FIG. 6 shows a spray assembly according to certain aspects of the
invention.
[0013] FIG. 7 shows a well having deployed therein, a spray assembly
according to
certain aspects of the invention.
[0014] FIG. 8 depicts mounting brackets used for mounting a spray assembly
according to certain aspects of the invention.
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[0015] FIG. 9 is a table of specifications associated with certain
embodiments of the
invention.
[0016] FIG. 10 shows a spray head according to certain aspects of the
invention.
[0017] FIG. 11 shows a simplified example of a computing system employed in
certain embodiments of the invention.
[0018] FIG. 12 shows a simplified processing system.
[0019] FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating a simplified process according
to certain
aspects of the invention.
[0020] FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating an example of an infuser
used in fluid
treatment system
[0021] FIG. 15 is a schematic illustrating an example of an infuser used in
fluid
treatment system
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0022] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the
appended
drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not
intended
to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein
may
be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the
purpose of
providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be
apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced
without
these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and
components
are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0023] Several aspects of water treatment systems will now be presented
with
reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will
be
described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the
accompanying
drawing by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes,
algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as "elements"). These elements may
be
implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination
thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software
depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the
overall system.
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[0024] By way
of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any
combination of elements may be implemented with a "processing system" that
includes one or more processors. Examples
of processors include
microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs), field
programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state
machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware
configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this
disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute
software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions,
instruction
sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software
modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines,
subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures,
functions, etc.,
whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware
description language, or otherwise. The software may reside on a computer-
readable medium. A computer-readable medium may include, by way of
example, a magnetic storage device (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic
strip),
an optical disk (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD)), a
smart
card, a flash memory device (e.g., card, stick, key drive), random access
memory
(RAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable
PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), a register, a
removable disk, a carrier wave, a transmission line, and any other suitable
medium for storing or transmitting software. The computer-readable medium
may be resident in the processing system, external to the processing system,
or
distributed across multiple entities including the processing system. Computer-
readable medium may be embodied in a computer-program product. By way of
example, a computer-program product may include a computer-readable medium
in packaging materials. Those skilled in the art will recognize how best to
implement the described functionality presented throughout this disclosure
depending on the particular application and the overall design constraints
imposed
on the overall system.
[0025] Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in
detail with
reference to the drawings, which are provided as illustrative examples so as
to
enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Notably, the
figures and
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examples below are not meant to limit the scope of the present invention to a
single embodiment, but other embodiments are possible by way of interchange of
some or all of the described or illustrated elements. Wherever convenient, the
same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to same
or
like parts. Where certain elements of these embodiments can be partially or
fully
implemented using known components, only those portions of such known
components that are necessary for an understanding of the present invention
will
be described, and detailed descriptions of other portions of such known
components will be omitted so as not to obscure the invention. In the present
specification, an embodiment showing a singular component should not be
considered limiting; rather, the invention is intended to encompass other
embodiments including a plurality of the same component, and vice-versa,
unless
explicitly stated otherwise herein. Moreover, applicants do not intend for any
term
in the specification or claims to be ascribed an uncommon or special meaning
unless explicitly set forth as such. Further, the present invention
encompasses
present and future known equivalents to the components referred to herein by
way
of illustration.
[0026] Certain embodiments of the invention provide systems and methods for
treating fluids introduced into wells and/or extracted from wells. In some
embodiments, the fluid to be treated is encountered or used for fracturing
subterranean seams ("fracking"), and may comprise water, proppants, chemicals
and other substances, which may be additives and/or contaminants. In some
embodiments, treatment includes introducing pressurized oxygen and/or ozone
into the fluid to be treated.
[0027] In one example, a pressurized stream of ozone and/or oxygen may be
introduced into fracking fluid, which is injected into subterranean coal
seams.
The fracking fluid may comprise a saturated stream of fluid, such as
pressurized
water and/or steam. The fracking fluid is typically laden with one or more
proppants. The fracking fluid may be used to create hydraulic fractures or to
expand natural fractures in the seam. A proppant is typically introduced to
maintain the fracture opening. Examples of proppants include grains of sand,
ceramics, and other particulate materials.
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[0028] The
quantity and point of introduction of ozone may be selected to accomplish
one or more purpose, including those illustrated in Table 1, below. Ozone may
be
introduced as a biocide and for well maintenance and stabilization. Ozone may
be
introduced to facilitate flow and entry of proppant, and/or to improve
hydrodynamic performance within the well.
Classes of Additives Purpose Examples
Biocides Kill bacteria and Ozone instead of itlutaraldehyde,
2.2
reduce risk of Di bromo - 3 -nitrilopropionamide
fouling
Breaker Facilitate Ozone instead of peroxodisulfates
proppant entry
Clay stabilizer Clay stabilization Ozone instead of salts, i.e.
tetramethylammonium chloride
Corrosion inhibitor Well Ozone instead of methanol
maintenance
Crosslinker Facilitate Ozone instead of potassium hydroxide
proppant entry
Friction reducers Improve surface Ozone instead of sodium acrylate,
pressure polyacrylamide
Iron control Well Ozone instead of citric acid,
maintenance thioglycolic acid
Scale inhibitor Prevention of Ozone instead of ammonium chloride,
precipitation ethylene glycol, polyaccrylate
Surfactant Reduction in Ozone instead of methanol,
isopropanol
fluid tension
Table 1
[0029] As shown in Table 1, oxygen and/or ozone serves as a replacement
for various
conventional classes of additives used for purposes, and can reduce the level
of
contaminants associated with treatment of the fracking fluid in conventional
systems. For example, ozone may
replace chemical additives used in
conventional systems to tailor the injected material to the specific
geological
situation, protect the well, and improve its operation. A typical injected
fracking
fluid comprises approximately 99 percent water and 1 percent proppant,
although
these proportions may vary based on the type of well. The composition of
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injected fluid and additives may be changed during the operation of a well,
and
different additives and/or proportions of additives may be introduced at
different
times. For example, acid may be used initially to increase permeability,
before
proppants are introduced. As time progresses, the size of proppant
particulates
may be gradual increased, and finally, the well may be flushed with
pressurized
water.
[0030] Typically, at least a portion of the injected fluid is recovered and
stored in
tanks, pits and/or containers. The recovered fluid can be toxic due to the
presence
of chemical additives used in current or prior processes, and materials and
chemicals washed out from the subterranean seam and the ground between the
surface and the seam. Recovered fracking fluid may be processed to enable
reuse
in further fracking operations. In some embodiments, the fracking fluid can be
treated. Using systems and methods described herein, to the extent that
portions of
the recovered fracking fluids may be released into the environment after
treatment. In some embodiments, at least a residual portion of the treated
fluids
may be placed in long-term or permanent deep-well storage.
[0031] The use of ozone and oxygen in place of conventionally used
chemicals can
reduce the quantity of toxins, known carcinogens and heavy metals which may
otherwise pollute ground water near well sites. In the United States, Congress
exempted fracturing fluid from regulations of the Safe Drinking Water Act in
2005. A number of chemicals, specifically biocides and certain petroleum
products that are present in fracking fluid are hazardous chemicals that may
cause
health risks that range from rashes to cancer. Some chemicals are identified
as
carcinogens. Some chemicals found injected into the earth identify as
endocrine
disruptors, which interrupt hormones and glands in the body that control
development, growth, reproduction and behavior in animals and humans. At least
some of the chemicals in Table 1 can be replaced or eliminated if pressurized
oxygen or ozone is used according to certain aspects of the invention.
[0032] Certain embodiments comprise systems and apparatus that resolve
environmental problems associated with fracking and other extraction and
drilling
applications. Ozone and/or oxygen may be effective in removing H25 & Volatile
organic compound ("VOC") odor, iron bacteria, fat, oil and grease ("FOG")
accumulation, and so on. For example, certain embodiments can be used to
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oxidize undesirable chemicals such as sulfides, ammonia and organic solvents,
and can kill bio-film growth. Certain embodiments of the invention provide
methods for controlling the operation of fracking apparatus. In particular,
computing systems may be deployed to monitor the environment within wells,
forced mains, tanks, pits and other infrastructure used in fracking systems.
The
fluids may include solid matter and/or particulates. There follows a
description of
certain fracking fluid treatment systems that serve as an example of systems
in
which the presently disclosed control system can be deployed.
[0033] Certain embodiments of the present invention can be deployed to
control
fracking apparatus in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of
such
equipment. Certain embodiments of the present invention can be retrofitted to
conventional fracking apparatus and it will be appreciated that certain
components
of fracking equipment may be redesigned, adapted and/or reconfigured to
maximize the advantages accrued from the present invention.
[0034] Various aspects of this disclosure apply to the preparation and
treatment of
fluids used for fracking and effluent or other fluids extracted from a
subterranean
seam during or after fracking. Thus, a fluid to be pressurized and introduced
into
the seam may be stored in a well or container, where it may be pretreated
using an
additive. Pretreatment may include removal of contaminants before introduction
to the seam. Fluid to be introduced to the seam may be pressurized and may be
treated by addition of an additive in an outflow conduit such as a pipe or
pressure
main using, for example, the infuser described in relation to FIG. 14. Fluid
extracted from the seam may be treated in an inflow conduit such as a pipe or
pressure main using, for example, the infuser described in relation to FIG.
14.
The fluid extracted from the seam may be collected in a one or more of a
series of
wells or other containers and may be treated while in the well. Accordingly,
aspects of the present invention maybe used for fluid preparation and fluid
cleanup or restoration.
[0035] As depicted in FIG. 1, a fracking apparatus according to certain
aspects of the
invention may include a well or storage tank 10. Ozone and/or oxygen may be
introduced into well 10 using a spray mechanism 15, which can be mounted on,
or
suspended from a frame or bracket 11 such that it extends into and is
configurable
to clean interior of well 10 and to treat a body of liquid 100 contained
within well
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10. The well-cleaning apparatus may be attached by fasteners 12 at the top of
a
well 10. It is contemplated that certain embodiments may provide a well-
cleaning
apparatus within a tank, a drum, a vault or other vessel, conduit or
container. For
the purpose of description, the terms well, tank, drum, vault, sump or other
container will be used henceforth interchangeably as well 10." In the example
of
FIG. 1, a fluid is transmitted through pipe or hose 17 to a conduit 14 and,
from
there, to spray assembly 15 which directs jets of fluid using deflectors 16 of
spray
assembly 15. In certain embodiments, spray assembly 15 is rotatably mounted to
conduit 14 such that spray assembly 15 may rotate around axis of rotation 13
in
order to obtain rotating water jets. Rotation is typically driven by force of
water
pressure. In operation, jets may provide a spray to the walls of the well 10,
the
surface of liquids 100 in the well 10 or tank and other equipment located
within
the well 10. The hose or pipe 17 is typically coupled to the conduit at
coupling 18
and the fluid provided for cleaning can be obtained from an external source of
water or derived from an effluent or residual fracking fluid extracted from a
seam
and pumped from the well by a submersible or other pump 19. It will be
appreciated that, in conventional systems, pump 19, conduit 14, coupling 18
and
jets may be subject to clogging, even where the system and its components are
designed to pass anticipated solids such as, for example, particulates and
solids up
to 50 mm in diameter and 90 mm long.
[0036] Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a spray
assembly 15 for
use in an automatic well washer that can reduce and/or eliminate the
occurrence of
blockage from accumulation of solid matter in a fluid stream used to wash the
well, vault or tank. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, a spray assembly according to
certain aspects of the invention typically comprises a mixer 20 and one or
more
deflectors 30 that cooperate to direct a flow of fluid to spray to the walls
of the
well 10, the surface of liquid 19 in the well 10 and other equipment located
within
the well 10. Mixer 20 is configured to optimize, control and generate flows
and
currents that prevent buildup of solid materials in an interior chamber 22 of
mixer
20 and on the deflectors 30. Deflectors 30 are typically used to direct the
flow of
fluid to a target area for cleaning and may be angled or tilted in a manner
that
causes the spray head to rotate. The deflectors may have preset tension
mechanisms fitted that allow the deflectors to automatically maintain the
required
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revolutions per minute ("RPM") at any given pressure and or flow, from the
mixing chamber outlets, needed for the successful rotation speed of the
hydrodynamic mixing chamber so it does not interfere with any fitted level
sensors that are existing within the wet well area. These sensors could
include
ultra sonic, electric float, pressure switch type mechanisms.
[0037] In conventional systems, eddy currents may create areas of low
pressure
within a spray head and variations in pressure may be observed during a
pumping
cycle, or when a flow fluid or liquid through the system and/or when a pump
ceases operation. In response to such variations, conventional equipment may
become progressively clogged as solids settle at junctions or distributors
(e.g. in a
tee piece), in small diameter pipe lines, fittings, bends, elbows, valves and
areas of
low pressure. Clogging can lead to partial or complete obstruction of the
system.
However, a mixing chamber constructed according to certain aspects of the
invention avoids the potential for obstruction.
[0038] Certain embodiments provide a spray assembly 15 that includes mixer
20
having specifically engineered curves calculated to provide clog free
operation of
washer head using un-filtered stream of fracking fluid and effluent. The
example
of FIG. 2 shows one embodiment where dimensions are typical for use in many
described applications. Radii of curvature, cross-sectional diameters and
other
dimensions are selected based on parameters attributable to the application,
including range of viscosity of the fluid, maximum and minimum size of solids,
pressure developed by pump 19 and operating temperatures. Fluid flowing into
chamber 22 from inlet 24 is directed to outlets 26 and 28. An impact surface
220
defined generally opposite the inlet is constructed to minimize undesired
reflections and resultant waves, eddies and vortices in the fluid. Thus, the
fluid
flows through chamber 22 relatively smoothly. In some embodiments, the fluid
can be caused to swirl, rotate or be otherwise agitated as desired.
[0039] In particular, the structure, location and dimensions of certain
curved sections
are calculated to enable free flow of un-filtered liquids. Fluid entering a
first
orifice 24, which serves as an inlet, passes to interior chamber 22 where the
flow
splits and exits the interior chamber 22 through other orifices 26 and 28 that
serve
as outlets to vent the liquid. The shape and dimensions of interior chamber 22
are
selected to cause deposits of particulates, solids and bio-solids to be rolled
and
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circulated into the liquid passing through the interior chamber 22.
Particulates,
solids and bio-solids are then pushed by the liquid flow liquid out of outlets
26
and 28.
[0040] In certain embodiments, mixer 20 can cause liquid to flow around
solids and
otherwise apply pressure to solids which have previously settled within
interior
chamber 22, including settlements occurring due to end of a pump cycle or
during
periods of low fluid flow. The structure of interior chamber 22 can create an
agitation that causes accumulated particulates, solids and/or bio-solids to be
lifted
and circulated and eventually carried through outlets 26 and 28.
[0041] FIG. 3 depicts various views of a deflector 30 that can be used in
conjunction
with spray assembly 15. One or more deflectors 30 can be attached to mixer 20.
In certain embodiments, deflector 30 is designed to respond to hydrodynamic
forces created by the liquid as it is expelled through outlets 46 and 48. As
the fluid
passes over surfaces of the deflector 30, it may exert direct pressure on the
surfaces of deflector 30 and/or generate aerodynamic or hydrodynamic pressure
differences that cause the desired rotation. Thus, the volume and pressure of
the
liquid forced out of the mixer 20 can be used to cause and control rotation of
the
spray assembly. Rotation typically occurs when deflector 30 is suitably angled
with respect to the outflow from outlets 26 and 28 and with respect to an axis
of
rotation 13 of the spray assembly. Thus, deflector 30 may have a "park" angle
at
which deflector 30 causes no rotational motion.
[0042] In certain embodiments, speed of rotation can be controlled by
configuration
and position of deflectors 30. A desired speed of rotation can be selected in
this
manner. Typically the angle of deflector 30 relative to an axis of rotation 13
of
the spray assembly is selected to control speed of rotation. Speed of rotation
may
be automatically controlled to limit rotation to the desired speed of rotation
by
varying the angle and position of deflectors based on current speed of
rotation. In
particular, angle and/or position of deflectors 30 may be automatically
adjusted in
response to changes in pressure and volume of liquid passing through the
outlets
26 and 28 of mixer 20. Consequently, the disclosed system may accommodate a
broad range of pumps 19 and modes of operation of those pumps 19. For example,
the system may accommodate a pump 19 driven at different rates selected to
obtain different throughputs.
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[0043] In certain embodiments, a pre-tensioned spring system can be used to
control
angle and or position of deflectors 30 based on actual speed of rotation. Such
control can reduce liquid dispersal to a "ribbon action" and can prevent
aerosol
action and/or misting that can cause release of undesired gas components. In
some
embodiments, speed of rotation may be automatically controlled using
aerodynamic or hydrodynamic elements attached to the deflector and/or mixer
20,
whereby the additional elements generate a force resistant to rotation
proportional
to the speed of rotation of spray assembly 15.
[0044] In certain embodiments, spray assembly 15 may be free to translate
along the
axis of rotation under the force of the outflow from outlets 26 and 28.
Additional
mechanisms may adjust the angle and direction of the deflector 30 after
translation
a predetermined distance, causing a reversal in direction and resulting in an
oscillation of the spray assembly 15 that increases the area treated by the
system.
In certain embodiments the form, size and angle of the deflectors 30 can be
used
to control surface area of spray coverage.
[0045] The spray assembly 15 may be operated in applications where full-
size solids
are required to pass through freely without obstruction and clogging at
various
volumes and pressures. Full-size solids include solids that can pass through
an
inlet orifice having a predetermined diameter.
[0046] In certain embodiments, liquids containing particulates, solids
and/or bio-
solids passing through mixer 20 are typically agitated, oxygenated and
homogenized. Moreover, a surface of a liquid contained by the well may be
agitated, oxygenated and homogenized by the action of spray assembly 15. In
addition to agitation, oxygenation and homogenization substances such as fat,
oil,
grease and bio-film present on the surface of the liquid in the well may be
solubilized. In certain embodiments, mixer 20 can be sized to accommodate
other
outflows without fixing a new mixing chamber by simply attaching flow reducers
to outlet orifices. FIGS. 4 and 5 are engineering drawings showing detailed
design information associated with one example of a spray assembly 15
according
to certain aspects of the invention.
[0047] FIG. 7 shows an example of a pumping station 70 that may supply a
fracking
fluid for introduction into a fracking system. A spray assembly 73 used to
pretreat
the fluid is fitted using bracket 74. Bracket 74 is used in this example to
mount
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the spray head assembly to a pipe. FIG. 8 shows two examples of brackets that
can be used: bracket 80 is typically used to mount spray assembly to a wall
and
bracket 82 has loop fasteners 83 and 84 for attachment to a pipe, as shown in
FIG.
7. Spray head 73 can deliver a spray, typically a ribbon spray, which breaks
up
and prevents build-up of organic and bio-organic matter that can include fat,
oil,
grease and biofilm on surface of well fluid 72. Fluid is pumped from the well
using pumps 71 and 72 and a portion of the pumped fluid is typically extracted
from a tap in a pipe 76 or 77 pressurized by the pump; this portion is
directed to
the spray head assembly 73 for mixing and spraying. As described above, spray
head assembly 73 typically includes a hydrodynamic mass transfer mixing
chamber that oxygenates fluids, thereby increasing oxygen levels in the well.
In
one example, fluid mixed in spray assembly 73 has increased dissolved oxygen
content that has been measured at 800% or more of the dissolved oxygen
observed
in conventional systems. Because a portion of the fluid in the well is
recycled,
particulates and other solids can be homogenized by agitation through the
nozzle
and by spraying.
[0048] In certain embodiments, the use of the described spray assembly 73
(and see
FIG. 6) automates cleaning of the pumping station and reduces maintenance
overhead by reducing or eliminating fat, oil, grease and biofilm accumulation,
in
addition to pretreating the fracking fluid. The spray head 73 may be rotated
under
the force of fracking fluid flowing or may remain static. Accordingly, the
cleaning mechanism can be powered by the pump already available within the
pumping station.
[0049] In certain embodiments, the rotary head assembly 73 may be selected
from a
plurality of different assembly types. The number of nozzles used on the head
assembly 73 may vary. In some embodiments, the number of nozzles may be
selected to provide maximum coverage when a spray head assembly is fixed and
does not rotate, but produces a fixed spray pattern (see FIG. 10). For
example, a
stationary spray head assembly may be deployed in small diameter wells.
However, some variants of the spray head assembly 73 maybe differentiated by a
diameter of the intake pipe which may be selected based on the intended
application. In one example, a large diameter head assembly may be selected to
handle wastewater having relatively large particulates. Larger diameter head
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assemblies may be used to handle larger fluid flows. Smaller diameter head
assemblies may be used where solid content in fluids provided to the head
assembly is minimized in size using, for example, a grinding pump. An example
of operational characteristics and specifications for various head assemblies
provided according to certain aspects of the invention is shown in FIG. 9.
[0050] Certain embodiments of the invention may be used in a variety of
water
applications, in effluent cleaning stations, and/or fracking fluid supply
tanks. The
rotary head assembly can be fitted with inserts that modify the flow rate. For
example, a 1/4" or 1" insert can lower flow requirements while providing
superior
oxygenation, surface agitation, and wash down action. Spray assembly may be
mounted on the side of a well or hung from a top edge of the well and can be
fed
using piping or hoses from a pipe that is driven by the pump. In certain
embodiments, the spray assembly can be mounted to one or more pipes including,
for example, a pipe that carries fluid driven by a pump, from which pipe the
spray
assembly 62 (FIG. 6) is fed. It will be appreciated that the pump typically
operates
when accumulation of waste or other well content increases above a "high-
water"
threshold and ceases operation when the content falls below a "low-water"
threshold. Accordingly, the system can operate intermittently or continuously
according to the rate of flow into the well.
[0051] An alternative nozzle can be used in a spray assembly that is
configured to
handle smaller particulates. A nozzle, such as hydro spear nozzle shown in
FIG.
10, can comprise a mixing chamber and delivery system that delivers a ribboned
stream of recycled wastewater. Mixing chamber may comprise a reduced size
chamber that can promote agitation in order to oxygenate recycled wastewater
and
to introduce additional turbulence that mitigates obstruction. The resultant
spray
agitates the surface of the well wastewater, thereby breaking up accumulated
fat,
oil, grease and biofilm. Increased oxygenation and further homogenization are
promoted that breaks down solids further and mixes homogenized matter with
air,
bacteria and creates an even dispersal of the matter.
[0052] The spray nozzle assembly 73 in a smaller well may be mounted on the
side of
a well or hung from a lid or top edge of the well but is typically mounted on
a
discharge pipe used to feed the spray assembly. The spray assembly is
typically
fed by tap on a pipe 76 and 77 that communicates fluids driven by a grinder
pump
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(e.g. pump 71 or 72). The spray assembly 73 can operate automatically to clean
the well based on the cyclic activity of the grinder pump 71 or 72. The pump
typically turns on when accumulation of waste or other well content increases
above a "high-water" threshold and turns off when the content falls below a
"low-
water" threshold. Accordingly, the system can operate intermittently or
continuously according to the rate of flow into the well.
[0053] In certain embodiments, a spray assembly may be configured or
adapted to
deliver chemicals and other additives to the interior of the well, including,
for
example, one or more of a detergent, an oxidizer (such as 02 or 03), bleach,
calcium nitrate, ferric chloride, magnesium hydroxide, peroxide, milk of
magnesia
and/or other chemical selected to target and breakdown a material or group of
materials. These additives may be introduced to the well to oxidize compounds
that can cause odor and corrosion within fracking fluid treatment systems. It
will
be appreciated that hydrogen sulfide may react with lime in concrete walls of
wells and such reaction can cause structural damage. Hydrogen sulfide may also
produce sulfuric acid that can attach and corrode metal and other
infrastructure of
a well. The oxidation process enabled according to certain aspects of the
invention
can oxidize sulfides in a wet well, including as it enters a force main,
thereby
eliminating conditions favorable for anaerobic bacteria to produce H2S. The
oxidation process enabled according to certain aspects of the invention can
provide an oxygen/ozone mix that is a powerful oxidant that inhibits incoming
anaerobic bacteria present in the wet well/force main by reducing sulfide
levels
while increasing dissolved oxygen ("DO"). Introduction of ozone and oxygen
into
the force main can augment these effects.
[0054] With reference also to FIG. 6, certain embodiments of the invention
provide
one or more input ports for feeding one or more chemicals 610, 611 into the
mixing chamber of head assemblies. Input ports may direct one or more chemical
feeds 610 and 611 to manifold 66 that, in the example of FIG. 6, mixes the one
or
more chemicals 610 and 611 with the fluid 61 (from well 70 or pump 71, 72) at,
or close to, the point of entry to spray head 60. Input ports can be provided
at tap
points of pipe 76 or 77 and/or as part of manifold 66 that receives flow 61
from a
pump 71 or 72. Spray head assemblies 73 that are used in the described
examples
of treatment systems typically comprise a hydrodynamic mass transfer mixing
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chamber that receives fluid 61 from the pump and that mixes the fluid 61 with
additives such as chemical feeds 610 and 611 from manifold 66. In the absence
of
chemical feeds 610 and 611, the mixing chamber improves oxygenation of the
fluid 61 by achieving mass transfer as it passes through the spray head 73.
The
chemical feeds 610 and 611 may include a feed that improves and/or augments
oxygenation. In one example, the one or more chemical feeds may include
generated oxygen and or ozone by a higher pressure feed.
[0055] Spray head assembly 73 may be mounted to enable rotation of at least
a
portion of assembly 73, such that nozzles are continuously or continually
repositioned in a plane or within generally cylindrical volume. Rotation is
typically powered by the force of pressure of fluid 61, by a pressurized feed
610
or 611 and/or by impact of fluids or solids on vanes provided in the interior
of, or
on the exterior of the head assembly 73. The mixing chamber is typically
constructed to generate turbulence in the fluid, cause mixing and aeration of
fluid
61 that is to be applied to the surface of water in a well and/or to the walls
of the
well.
[0056] In certain embodiments, a selection of materials 610, 611 can be
added to and
mixed with fracking fluid 61 through an input port or a plurality of input
ports.
The additives can be released intermittently according to a fixed schedule, by
manual intervention of maintenance staff and/or in response to a control
system
configured to measure chemical and biomaterial content and/or buildup. In one
example, a flow of ozone can be provided to fluid 61 received from a pump 71,
72
at a rate that is determined by one or more factors, including, rate of flow
of the
fluid 61, quantity of fluid 71 in well 70, measurements of odiferous, or other
undesirable compounds (e.g. hydrogen sulfide) in the well 70. For example,
hydrogen sulfide, whether in a gaseous or an aqueous state, is an example of
undesirable compounds commonly associated with waste water. A variety of
chemicals, organic compounds and/or other products may be mixed with the
wastewater and the combination, quantity and/or timing of introduction of such
compounds may be controlled based on well conditions and a treatment plan.
Treatment plans, schedules and rules may be provided to avoid undesired
interactions of the additives. Additives such as ozone and oxygen may used to
enhance breakdown of fat, oil, grease and bio-film. Additives may comprise a
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detergent, an oxidizer or other chemical selected to target and breakdown a
material or group of materials. Additives may also comprise an organism added
to
effect biological breakdown of materials. As will be appreciated, certain
additives
may react with or interfere with other additives; hence, different additives
may be
added at different times, typically to achieve different purposes.
[0057] In one example, certain embodiments of the invention pretreat
contaminated
water that contains various levels of sulfide (H2S) in aqueous and gaseous
state,
sulfite, sulfates and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD).
Elemental sulfur may be produced and is typically, flushed from the system.
Sulfite and sulfate contaminants are typically oxidized to effect change of
the
aqueous sulfide ion and subsequent sulfur forms. Certain embodiments of the
invention enable improved mixing and mass transfer of additives with
contaminated water and the increased contact, including time of contact, can
improve oxidation of sulfides and sulfates in contaminated water to produce
insoluble free sulfur, thereby eliminating or significantly reducing odors.
[0058] In one example, hydrogen sulfide and aqueous sulfide is easily
oxidized by
ozone to form sulfite. Initial oxidation is to form elemental sulfur. Further
oxidation dissolves the elemental sulfur to sulfite and continued ozone
oxidation
ultimately forms sulfate. More ozone is required to produce sulfate from
hydrogen
sulfide than is required for sulfur. To achieve this, certain embodiments of
the
invention employ a process of direct injection of concentrated ozone and/or
oxygen gas into a flowing stream of contaminated water through a mixing and
dispersion system maintained in a well, container, pump station and/or tank,
etc.,
used for treating a body of contaminated water. The mixing and dispersion
systems described above can direct a flow of oxidant onto the surface of the
body
of contaminated water through the delivery system in order to complete the
oxidation of aqueous sulfur and to accomplish marginal ancillary disinfection
as
the introduction of ozone and oxygen as per this method will typically
increase the
pH within the liquid flow, achieving a pH range of between 6 and 9. The mixing
head and nozzle can be provided in a compact form (see FIG. 10) that can be
introduced into small or large wells, lift stations, pumping stations and
grinder
stations.
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[0059] Certain embodiments of the invention comprise a processing system
that can
automatically detect levels of ozone in the body of water. In some
embodiments,
the processing system may detect presence or absence of other chemicals,
treatment byproducts and chemical and biological contaminants. Processing
systems, as described in more detail below, may include one or more computer
processors, storage, and communication elements and may be coupled to sensors
for detecting ozone, oxygen, gases such as odiferous agents, and/or other
chemicals. Dosage of oxygen and/or ozone may be calculated using processors to
monitor rate of consumption of ozone, presence of excess ozone and other
indicators that are related to sulfide and other contaminant levels. These
processors may be programmed with specific algorithms specific to the required
application. For example, a particular sulfide level can be neutralized by
application of a specific dose of ozone and the rate of consumption can be
used to
indicate the sulfide level and rate of treatment required to maintain a
desired
residual ozone level required for continuous or further treatment of the body
of
contaminated water in which the ozone is dispersed. Residual ozone can be
measured by a dissolved ozone monitor with a single loop feedback to the ozone
generator supply of oxygen, which may increase or decrease concentration to
suit
required residual need.
[0060] In certain embodiments, high concentrate ozone gas is pumped into a
stainless
steel (or other ozone resistant material) piped manifold system that can be
instantly mixed with contaminated water and further mixed within a stainless
steel
(or other ozone resistant material) hydraulic hydrodynamic mixing chamber
causing further oxidation. This treated contaminated water can in turn be
dispersed in the head space over a set body of contained contaminated water
ready
for further dispersion, thereby allowing further oxidation by increased
agitation
causing an increase of dissolved oxygen. Existing aqueous sulfide in the wet
well
is oxidized as it is dispersed into the headspace of the wet well with newly
formed
hydroxyl ions having an air scrubbing effect within the head space.
[0061] It will be appreciated that the mixing chambers, nozzles and
associated
hardware may be constructed from inert materials and/or treated/coated with
polymers, metals, glass, ceramics, etc. that are resist reactions and
corrosion by
chemicals in the contaminated water or additives.
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[0062] With reference to FIG. 11, a liquid phase ozone control system
employing in-
situ injection to a fracking seam may include a well 111, and mains 113, 115,
and
can promote oxidization and prevent bio-aerosols, aerosols and/or misting that
can
release H2S into the headspace of well 111 and any other undesired gas
components that can cause further release of H2SS03 or H2SO4. Systems and
methods according to certain aspects of the invention can deliver chemicals
such
as oxidants, an organism and/or bioactive materials, alone or in proportions
that
can be adjusted to safely clean, decontaminate and purify wastewater. Chemical
additives may be delivered to the interior of the well, including, for
example, one
or more of a detergent, an oxidizer (such as 02 or 03), bleach, calcium
nitrate,
ferric chloride, magnesium hydroxide, peroxide, milk of magnesia and/or other
chemical selected to target and breakdown a material or group of materials. In
certain embodiments, an ozone generator 119 may be operated and controlled
together with a well monitoring system 116a-116d such that the addition of
ozone
may be optimized according to application needs and capabilities of the ozone
generator 119. A computer-based controller 110 can monitor output of ozone
generator 119 and can increase or decrease rate of generation of ozone as
necessitated by the consumption of ozone in treating wells 111 and forced or
gravity mains 113 and 115. In certain embodiments, the controller 110 may
adjust
flow of wastewater through mains 113 and 115 based on the sufficiency of
available ozone needed to treat the flow of contaminated water. For the
purposes
of this discussion, mains 113 and 115 can include any combination force mains
or
gravity mains. In certain embodiments, waste water flows through main 115 may
originate at an upstream pumping station (not shown) and, for ease of
description,
it will be assumed that operation of main 115 may be similar to the operation
of
main 113.
[0063] In one example, the levels of fluid in upstream wells can be allowed
to
increase as needed to allow downstream wells to accumulate sufficient ozone
and/or to increase ozone generation to meet increases in demand. Furthermore,
the controller may provide ozone to in-line treatment systems 112, 114 for
forced
mains and gravity mains 113 and 115, based on calculated rates of flow and
pumping cycles. For example, when flow of contaminated fluids are increased, a
pumping station 111 may not have sufficient time to remove contaminants from
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the contaminated water and controller 110 may cause increased quantities of
ozone or other additives to be introduced to a downstream forced main
treatment
point 112 in order to effect oxidation of the sulfides in the main 113.
Controller
110 typically calculates the rate of introduction of ozone based on measured
ozone
and contaminants in the main, in addition to measured contaminated water flow
rates using the programmed algorithms. Similarly, in response to increases in
contaminants associated with inflows from main 115, controller 110 may cause
treatment station 114 to increase rate of injection of ozone or other
additives to
main 115.
[0064] A single ozone generator 119 may supply oxygen and ozone to a well
111 and
to one or more main 113 that feed or conduct fluid to and/or away from the
well
111. The controller 110 may control plural ozone generators 119. For example,
if
a forced main treatment point 112 or 114 is located at a sufficiently great
distance
upstream or downstream of a well 111 supplied by the ozone generator 119, it
may impractical to feed the remote treatment point from primary generator 119
and a secondary generator (not shown) maybe deployed close to the remote
treatment point 12 or 114. Control over the remote generator may be effected
using wired or wireless communication network of commands from the controller
110, which may receive remote measurements using the same communication
network.
[0065] Forced main treatment site 112, 114 may comprise an injection system
that
directly injects ozone, oxygen and/or other additives into the main 113, 115.
In
one example, forced main treatment point 112 or 114 comprises a mixing chamber
that receives a portion of the contaminated fluid and adds and/or mixes a
treatment chemical or additive before reintroducing the mixed fluid and
additive/chemical to the main 113. Controller 110 may directly control
operation
of treatment station 112, 114 and/or may cooperate with a local controller
collocated with, or embodied in treatment station 112, 114, typically control
mixing of chemicals/additives based on measured content of contaminant and/or
additive or other chemical in the main 113, 115. For example, the rate of
addition
of ozone may be increased when levels of residual ozone in the main 113 or 115
drop. In some embodiments, rate of addition of chemicals and additives may be
controlled based on the rate of flow of fluid through main 113 or 115, the
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measured in the main 113, 115 and/or the state of operation of a pump 118 in
the
pumping station 111. For example, downstream station 112 may be operated in a
first mode when a pump 118 is actively pumping waste water into force main 113
and may operate in a second mode when the pump 118 is inactive. The modes
may be distinguished by the rate of introduction of additive such as ozone, an
interval in time between sequential injections of the additive, weighting of
measurements from sensors 116a-116b used in a control algorithm, and so on.
Activity of the pump may be determined using one or more signals, where the
signal may include a signals provided by a sub-component of the controller
110, a
pump 118, a valve controlling access to the main 113, a sensor 116b which can
be
a pressure detector, a flow detector, etc. Force and gravity mains may use
different
means for determining pump activity: for example, pressure changes may not
sufficiently identify pump activity feeding gravity mains.
[0066] In certain embodiments, fluids are treated using a spray assembly
placed
within a well. The fluids may include treatment of water, including waste
water,
well water, sewage, storm water, contaminated water, grey water, oil well
brines,
and so on. The fluid may include solid matter. The spray assembly may be fixed
to a well wall, a cover of the well, a top edge of the well, the floor of the
well of
the well or mounted on one or more pipes or other fixtures located within the
well.
[0067] A process for treating the fluid comprises providing a portion of
the fluid to
the spray assembly. Typically, the portion of the fluid is provided using a
pump
used to evacuate fluid when the fluid content of the well exceeds a threshold
level.
The portion of fluid can be diverted through a tap on a pipe pressurized by
the
pump. The pump may be a grinding pump used to grind the solid matter, thereby
reducing the size of solids in the fluid. The process also includes a step of
introducing the fluid to a mixing chamber that introduces turbulence to the
fluid.
The turbulence typically aerates and/or oxygenates the fluid. Materials can be
added to the fluid prior to its entry into the mixing chamber. The materials
are
added through one or more input ports.
[0068] In certain embodiments, the mixing chamber has a curved inner
surface which
receives the forces of the fluids entering the mixing chamber. The form of the
curved surface is selected to minimize clogging and/or adherence of solid
matter.
Solid matter striking the curved surface is subjected to a force that tends to
break
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apart the solids. The mixing chamber typically provides an output of
homogenized, oxygenated fluid to one or more nozzle.
[0069] In certain embodiments, the process includes driving the
homogenized,
oxygenated fluid through the one or more nozzle to obtain a spray. The spray
may
be a ribbon spray. The process may also include selectively directing the
spray to
the surface of fluid remaining in the well. The process may also include
selectively directing the spray to a wall of the well. The process may also
include
selectively directing the spray to fittings within the well, where the
fittings can
include piping, pumps, ladders, and so on. The spray may deliver one or more
of
the added materials to the fluid of the well, the wall of the well and to
other
elements of the well.
[0070] In some embodiments, the added materials can be released according
to a
fixed schedule. In some embodiments, the added materials can be released by
manual intervention of a person. In some embodiments, the added materials can
be released in response to a control system configured to measure chemical and
biomaterial content and/or buildup. The added materials may comprise one or
more of a chemical, an organic compound and bio-augmentation products. The
added materials enhance breakdown of one or more materials that can include
fat,
oil, grease and bio-film. The added materials may comprise a detergent, an
oxidizer or other chemical selected to target and breakdown a material or
group of
materials and may further comprise an organism added to effect biological
breakdown of materials.
[0071] In certain embodiments, the process includes causing the spray to
cyclically
treat portions of the well. In some embodiments, cyclically treating includes
causing a portion of the spray assembly to rotate. Causing a portion of the
spray
assembly to rotate may include providing a portion of the spray to one or more
vanes that, through hydrodynamic action cause a portion of the spray assembly
to
rotate around a rotatable joint. In some embodiments, cyclically treating
includes
cycling the pump such that washing occurs at intervals of time. The intervals
of
time may coincide with cycles of pumping fluids from the well through a force
main. The intervals may be calculated by a control system.
[0072] In certain embodiments, a computer-based control system 110 is
employed to
control treatment operations. As depicted in FIG. 11, a computer system 110
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receives inputs from a variety of sensors 116a-116d located inside and around
the
well as well as in association with mains 113 upstream and downstream of the
well. An example of a computer system is described in more detail below.
Sensors
116a-116d may be used to monitor a plurality of operating parameters and may,
for example, be used to detect pressures in forced mains, fluid levels in
wells,
presence of certain chemicals in the well, in feed pipes and in forced mains.
Sensors 116a-116d may additionally be provided in components of the system,
including in one or more pumps 118, within a body of fluid in well 111 or
mains
113, in main treatment stations 112, in ozone generator 119 and/or ozone
storage
tanks (not shown, but typically a component of generators 119) and/or external
to
the system (see sensor 116d) and deployed to obtain measurements of
environmental conditions and contamination. The computing system 110 may
provide control signals to pumps 118, valves, ozone generators associated with
the
well. For example, one of pumps 118 may be operated to evacuate a portion of a
body of waste water contained in a well, while another of pumps 118 may be
used
to drive a portion of the waste water to a fracking system that comprises a
nozzle
and mixing chamber. It is contemplated that the fracking system may operate
using a pump 118 that evacuates a portion of the well to an outflow main and
that
cleaning and evacuation maybe concurrent and/or may be asynchronously
provided using a system of valves controlled by the controller 110. The
computer
system may also be used to directly control, interact with, and/or monitor
systems
deployed to directly control the operation of other treatment systems,
including,
for example, forced main treatment systems.
[0073] In one example, a forced main treatment system may receive ozone
from an
ozone generator and may pump the ozone into the forced main to control odors.
Accordingly, sensors may be deployed to detect the presence of compounds and
ions that include sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and other gases or
compounds
that may give rise to odors or harmful chemical effects. As appropriate, the
computing system may initiate ozone pumping in a forced main or other pipe to
control the level of gas and odor. Sensors and ozone pumping devices typically
form a closed loop control system that is configured to control the rate of
release
of ozone and total volume of release to counteract the level of sulfide or
hydrogen
sulfide detected. These sensors may also detect oxygen deficiency and or
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concentrations that infringe upon recognized lower explosive limit (LEL),
upper
explosive limit (UEL) and/or OSHA permissible exposure limits (PELs) required
for safety regulation. Other chemicals and organic materials may be monitored
to
identify direct cause of undesirable effects and to help identify causal
agents such
as bacteria and/or other organic materials that can be treated by release of
chemicals, organic compounds and/or bio-augmentation products may be mixed
with the wastewater. Additives may used to enhance breakdown of fat, oil,
grease
and bio-film. Additives may comprise a detergent, an oxidizer (such as 02 or
03),
bleach, calcium nitrate, ferric chloride, magnesium hydroxide, peroxide, milk
of
magnesia and/or other chemical selected to target and breakdown a material or
group of materials.
[0074] The computing system may monitor flow of fluids in the fracking
system and
in forced mains to determine the rate of introduction of additives. The rate
may be
capped to prevent an excess of additive that would be wasted if released into
the
system. Typically, the system can control the rate of pumping of waste fluids
and
can calculate the amount of additive to be introduced into the well and/or
forced
main and therefore can accurately calculate the rate of release of materials
for a
known time during which pumping occurs. Typically, release of additives is
suppressed when well pumps are inactive; however, it is possible to pump ozone
and other additives to address buildup of undesirable chemicals and organic
products. In a forced main, a portion of the fluid in the main can be diverted
for
mixing with the additive and pumped back into the main. In a well, the well
pump
or an auxiliary pump may be used to provide a carrier fluid for introducing
the
additive.
[0075] The computing system may communicate with sensors, pumps, additive
dispensers, ozone generators/pumps using wired or wireless communication
methods, such communication methods being well known to those in the data
communication and computing arts. In the example of forced main treatment
systems, considerable distance may exist between well and forced main
treatment
system and communication may often include a wireless network. In the latter
example, benefit can be accrued by controlling both systems using a common
controller. In one example, the forced main treatment system may have limited
capacity and, the controller may selectively increase levels of additive in
the well
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such that when the fluid is pumped into the forced main, residual levels of
the
additive continue to neutralize undesirable agents, chemicals and organic
matter.
In another example, a single ozone generator may provide ozone to both the
well
systems and the forced main system and a degree of balancing may be required
where the ozone generator has limited capability.
[0076] Turning now to FIG. 12, certain embodiments of the invention employ
a
processing system that includes at least one computing system 1200 deployed to
perform certain of the steps described above. Computing systems may be a
commercially available system that executes commercially available operating
systems such as Microsoft Windows , UNIX or a variant thereof, Linux, a real
time operating system and or a proprietary operating system. The architecture
of
the computing system may be adapted, configured and/or designed for
integration
in the processing system, for embedding in one or more of an image capture
system, a manufacturing/machining system, and/or a graphics processing
workstation. In one example, computing system 1200 comprises a bus 1202
and/or other mechanisms for communicating between processors, whether those
processors are integral to the computing system 120 (e.g. 1204, 1205) or
located
in different, perhaps physically separated computing systems 1200. Device
drivers
1203 may provide output signals used to control internal and external
components
[0077] Computing system 1200 also typically comprises memory 1206 that may
include one or more of random access memory ("RAM"), static memory, cache,
flash memory and any other suitable type of storage device that can be coupled
to
bus 1202. Memory 1206 can be used for storing instructions and data that can
cause one or more of processors 1204 and 1205 to perform a desired process.
Main memory 1206 may be used for storing transient and/or temporary data such
as variables and intermediate information generated and/or used during
execution
of the instructions by processor 1204 or 1205. Computing system 1200 also
typically comprises non-volatile storage such as read only memory ("ROM")
1208, flash memory, memory cards or the like; non-volatile storage may be
connected to the bus 1202, but may equally be connected using a high-speed
universal serial bus (USB), Firewire or other such bus that is coupled to bus
1202.
Non-volatile storage can be used for storing configuration, and other
information,
including instructions executed by processors 1204 and/or 1205. Non-volatile
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storage may also include mass storage device 1210, such as a magnetic disk,
optical disk, flash disk that may be directly or indirectly coupled to bus
1202 and
used for storing instructions to be executed by processors 1204 and/or 1205,
as
well as other information.
[0078] Computing system 1200 may provide an output for a display system
1212,
such as an LCD flat panel display, including touch panel displays,
electroluminescent display, plasma display, cathode ray tube or other display
device that can be configured and adapted to receive and display information
to a
user of computing system 1200. Typically, device drivers 1203 can include a
display driver, graphics adapter and/or other modules that maintain a digital
representation of a display and convert the digital representation to a signal
for
driving a display system 1212. Display system 1212 may also include logic and
software to generate a display from a signal provided by system 1200. In that
regard, display 1212 may be provided as a remote terminal or in a session on a
different computing system 1200. An input device 1214 is generally provided
locally or through a remote system and typically provides for alphanumeric
input
as well as cursor control 1216 input, such as a mouse, a trackball, etc. It
will be
appreciated that input and output can be provided to a wireless device such as
a
PDA, a tablet computer or other system suitable equipped to display the images
and provide user input.
[0079] Processor 1204 executes one or more sequences of instructions. For
example,
such instructions may be stored in main memory 1206, having been received from
a computer-readable medium such as storage device 1210. Execution of the
sequences of instructions contained in main memory 1206 causes processor 1204
to perform process steps according to certain aspects of the invention. In
certain
embodiments, functionality may be provided by embedded computing systems
that perform specific functions wherein the embedded systems employ a
customized combination of hardware and software to perform a set of predefined
tasks. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not limited to any specific
combination of hardware circuitry and software.
[0080] The term "computer-readable medium" is used to define any medium
that can
store and provide instructions and other data to processor 1204 and/or 1205,
particularly where the instructions are to be executed by processor 1204
and/or
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1205 and/or other peripheral of the processing system. Such medium can include
non-volatile storage, volatile storage and transmission media. Non-volatile
storage
may be embodied on media such as optical or magnetic disks, including DVD,
CD-ROM and BluRay. Storage may be provided locally and in physical proximity
to processors 1204 and 1205 or remotely, typically by use of network
connection.
Non-volatile storage may be removable from computing system 1204, as in the
example of BluRay, DVD or CD storage or memory cards or sticks that can be
easily connected or disconnected from a computer using a standard interface,
including USB, etc. Thus, computer-readable media can include floppy disks,
flexible disks, hard disks, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, CD-ROMs,
DVDs, BluRay, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other
physical medium with patterns of holes, RAM, PROM, EPROM,
FLASH/EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium
from which a computer can read.
[0081] Transmission media can be used to connect elements of the processing
system
and/or components of computing system 1200. Such media can include twisted
pair wiring, coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics. Transmission media
can
also include wireless media such as radio, acoustic and light waves. In
particular
radio frequency (RF), fiber optic and infrared (IR) data communications may be
used.
[0082] Various forms of computer readable media may provide instructions
and data
for execution by processor 1204 and/or 1205. For example, the instructions may
initially be retrieved from a magnetic disk of a remote computer and
transmitted
over a network or modem to computing system 1200. The instructions may
optionally be stored in a different storage or a different part of storage
prior to or
during execution.
[0083] Computing system 1200 may include a communication interface 1218
that
provides two-way data communication over a network 1220 that can include a
local network 1222, a wide area network or some combination of the two. For
example, an integrated services digital network (ISDN) may used in combination
with a local area network (LAN). In another example, a LAN may include a
wireless link. Network link 1220 typically provides data communication through
one or more networks to other data devices. For example, network link 1220 may
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provide a connection through local network 1222 to a host computer 1224 or to
a
wide area network such as the Internet 1228. Local network 1222 and Internet
1228 may both use electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry
digital
data streams.
[0084] Computing system 1200 can use one or more networks to send messages
and
data, including program code and other information. In the Internet example, a
server 1230 might transmit a requested code for an application program through
Internet 1228 and may receive in response a downloaded application that
provides
for the anatomical delineation described in the examples above. The received
code
may be executed by processor 1204 and/or 1205.
[0085] FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating a process for controlling
operation of the
simplified example shown in FIG. 11. At step 130, an inflow of contaminated
fracking fluid to pump station 111 is detected. Sensors in station 111 are
monitored to determine levels of contaminants and levels of fluid in the
station
111. As necessary, the body of fluid may be treated at step 132 with a flow of
fluid obtained from the station 111 that has been mixed with additives that
comprise ozone received from ozone generator 119. If the level of fluid in the
station 111 is detected at step 134 to exceed a threshold level, then a
portion of the
fluid may be pumped through forced main 113 at step 136. It is contemplated
that,
in some embodiments, the portion of fluid may be provided to a gravity feed
main.
At step 138, ozone may be selectively provided to main 113 based on
measurements of conditions in the main 113. Ozone is typically added to main
113 using treatment station 112.
[0086] In certain embodiments, computing system 110 can monitor upstream,
downstream and in-station conditions and can adjust flow of additives
according
to detected conditions. Additives may include ozone from ozone generator 119
and/or oxygen and other chemicals. The computing system 110 may comprise an
industrial controller collocated with the station 111, a forced main treatment
location 112 and/or an ozone generator 119. The computing system 110 may be at
least partially embodied in a remote device such as a network server. In
operation,
computing system monitors the presence of one or more contaminants and may
control one or more of the quantity and the rate of introduction of oxidant or
additive accordingly. For example, the interval between treatments may be
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increased or decreased based on rate of inflow and/or rate of increase of
contaminants measured in the station 111. The quantity of oxidant may be
increased or decreased according to conditions in the well. For example, a
sudden
inflow of waste water may result in a step increase of contaminants that may
be
best treated with short-term increase in the amount of additive provided to
the
station 111.
[0087] In certain embodiments, computing system 110 may pre-treat inflows
by
causing a treatment station (not shown) on an inflow force main 115 to inject
oxidants into the force main 115. Pre-treatment may be performed periodically
and/or in response to changes in measured contaminant levels measured in the
inflow force main 115 or in inflows received at a pumping station 111. In
certain
embodiments, computing system 110 may cause a treatment station 112 on an
outflow force main 113 to inject oxidants into the force main 113. Treatment
of
the outflow main 113 may be performed according to a schedule and/or may be
performed based on measured levels of contaminants and/or additives in the
force
main 113. Treatment of force main 113 may also be initiated by computing
system
110 based on contaminant levels measured in the pumping station 111 as the
waste water is pumped into force main 113. Computing system 110 can typically
be configured to adjust treatment plans, schedules and levels based on whether
an
inflow or outflow main is a force main or gravity main and/or based on whether
a
main treatment system 112 is available on the inflow or outflow main.
[0088] In certain embodiments, a control algorithm is executed by the
computing
system 110 to control treatment of the waste water system. Control algorithm
is
typically configured to manage a closed-loop system that includes additive
injection elements and instruments that measure controlled chemicals and/or
additives in the system. The wastewater treatment system may comprise multiple
pump and/or grinder stations 111 interconnected by force and/or gravity mains,
whereby the outflow main of one station serves as the inflow main of another
station. Control algorithm can typically be configured to model
pumping/grinding
station characteristics, including capacity and rates of flows of wastewater.
Control algorithm can typically be configured to model force and gravity mains
in
the system and may model throughputs, lengths of mains. Control algorithm may
be adaptive such that variations from expected performance or capacity of an
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element can be incorporated into a model of the element. Certain embodiments
automatically adjust to environmental conditions, including ambient
temperature
and humidity, and these systems may adjust treatment schedules and schemes
based on prior histories of measurements under similar conditions.
[0089] Certain embodiments comprise systems and methods for gas infusion to
an
unfiltered liquid particle saturation device. A gas infusion device may be
operated
pneumatically or by force of vacuum. In certain embodiments, the device
operates as an alternating multistage side stream gas infusion device. A
closed
loop system may infuse gas into a liquid in multiple stages. The gas, gasses,
and/or other fluids may be infused into a side stream of liquid diverted or
extracted from a greater body of liquid flow, where the side stream may
comprise
a relatively small fraction of the total volume of liquid to be treated. The
side
stream may be drawn from a main, feed pipe, pressure vessel, etc. in
alternating
succession over a timed cycle so to achieve regular constant saturation of gas
into
the side stream liquid. The side stream liquid may then be reintroduced into a
greater body of liquid flow, and the treated side stream may be pressurized to
a
greater pressure than the pressure of the main body of liquid. Accordingly,
the
returned side stream fluid is mixed with the main body fluid and extends
treatment
to the main body.
[0090] As depicted in the example of FIGs. 14 and 15, an infusion device
1404 may
be mounted in proximity to a pipe 1402 carrying a fluid to be treated. In one
example, pipe 1402 may be a force main carrying wastewater. The infusion
device 1404 may be coupled to the pipe by one or more mechanically taps 1406,
1408. The taps 1406, 1408 may be sized as appropriate for the application. The
infusion device 1404 can be fitted back to back in modular way so to increase
the
infusion treatment process within a shorter time period.
[0091] The diffusion device 1404 is depicted in block schematic form
generally at
1404'. In certain embodiments, a first stage comprises a chamber A 1424, which
is closed to atmosphere by an actuated valve B 1420 and actuated valve C 1430.
Chamber A 1424 is filled with a gas mixture at a desired pressure. After
chamber
A 1424 is filled, Valve B 1420 is opened to allow the flow of liquid 1410 from
a
fluid filled pipe 1402 to pass through the mechanically tapped point inlet
port
1406 into hydrodynamic mixing chamber E 1422. The flow of liquid may be
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derived from a pressurized system and may therefore have a pressure that is
greater than atmospheric pressure. The flow of liquid may then be introduced
into
chamber A 1424, where it is mixed with the gas mixture present in chamber A
1424. When pressure equalization occurs, such that chamber A 1424 is filled to
the point where the inflow cannot overcome the pressure of the fluid in
chamber A
1424, Valve B 1420 is closed to seal chamber A 1424.
[0092] Next, compressed gas F 1428 may be provided, where Gas F 1428 may
comprise oxygen and/or air, for example. Gas F 1428 is forced into Chamber A
1424 at a greater pressure than the inflow pressure (i.e. the pressure
achieved
when valve B 1420 was closed). The introduction of compressed gas F 1428
increases pressure in Chamber A 1424 until a predefined pressure is achieved,
or
pressure equalization occurs. Flow of compressed gas F 1428 may be stopped, by
flow control apparatus or through pressure equalization, and valve C 1430 is
opened to enable evacuation of the treated fluid from Chamber A 1424, which
may comprise a saturated liquid. The saturated liquid may be forced into
hydrodynamic mixing chamber G 1432, and from there through shearing nozzle H
1434, through non return valve 11436, and through mechanically tapped outlet
port 1408 into the fluid filled pipe 1402.
[0093] In certain embodiments, a second stage includes closing valve C 1430
when
chamber A 1424 is evacuated, thereby creating a sealed chamber and vacuum
pump J 1440 may then be activated to evacuate excess residual pressurized
atmosphere into chamber Aa 1442. Treatment gas 1428 may be simultaneously
fed under low pressure into a venturi of vacuum pump J 1440, creating a draw
of
gas by vacuum along with excess pressurized atmosphere of chamber A 1424 into
chamber Aa 1442 until a specified volume of treatment gas and/or specified
volume and pressure of compressed gas has been delivered into chamber Aa 1442.
When treatment gas volume and pressure reach a predefined threshold, then
vacuum pump J 1440 may be closed.
[0094] In certain embodiments, a third stage includes actuating Valve Bb in
order to
close chamber Aa to atmosphere while valve Cc is closed. Chamber Aa may then
be filled with a treatment gas mixture at a desired pressure. When chamber Aa
is
filled and/or pressurized, valve Bb 1444 may be opened to allow a flow of
liquid
from fluid filled pipe 1402, which is typically pressurized to an operating
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pressure, to pass through the mechanically tapped point inlet port 1406 of the
device into a hydrodynamic mixing chamber 1446. From chamber 1446, the flow
may be provided into chamber Aa 1442, where it is mixed with the gas present
in
chamber Aa 1442. When chamber Aa 1442 is filled, such that pressure
equalization occurs with regard to the operating pressure of the fluid flow,
valve
Bb 1444 may be closed to seal chamber Aa 1442. When valve Bb 1444 is closed,
compressed gas 1428 flow, comprising oxygen and/or air, for example, may be
forced into chamber Aa 1442 at a greater pressure than the equalized pressure
in
chamber Aa 1442 until a desired higher pressure is achieved. When the desired
higher pressure is achieved, typically using a compressed gas 1428 flow,
compressed gas 1428 flow stops actuated valve 1448 is opened. Chamber Aa
1442 is evacuated and purged of saturated liquid. Said saturated liquid under
pressure is forced into hydrodynamic mixing chamber G 1432 then through
shearing nozzle 1434, through non return valve I 1436 and then through
mechanically tapped outlet port 1408 into the fluid filled pipe 1402.
[0095] In certain embodiments a fourth stage comprises closing a valve Cc
1448
when chamber Aa 1442 is evacuated, thereby creating a sealed chamber. A
vacuum pump K (not shown) may be activated to evacuate excess residual
pressurized atmosphere into chamber A 1424 during which time treatment gas is
fed under low pressure into vacuum pump K venture, thereby creating a draw of
gas by means of the vacuum along with excess pressurized atmosphere of
chamber Aa 1442 into chamber A 1424, until a desired or predetermined volume
of treatment gas and/or a desired or predetermined volume and pressure of
compressed gas have been delivered into chamber A 1424. When treatment gas
volume and pressure have achieved appropriate levels, then vacuum pump K is
closed.
[0096] This four stage cycle maybe repeated for the full duration of
treatment process
over prescribed time frame. In some embodiments, valves, vacuum pumps and
other pneumatic components may be controlled using a processor, programmable
logic controller (PLC), or the like. In certain embodiments, the treatment
process
may be affected with the addition of a dedicated liquid pump. The system may
be
employed with wastewater, grey water and other fluids containing particles
that
have a size of up to at least 50 mm.
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[0097] Certain embodiments provide systems and methods for treating water
in a
force main. Some embodiments comprise conducting a portion of untreated fluid
from a main into a first chamber. Some embodiments comprise sealing the first
chamber. Some embodiments comprise infusing a treatment gas into the fluid in
the first chamber under force of pressure of the treatment gas. Some
embodiments
comprise returning the fluid from the first chamber to the main.
[0098] In some embodiments, returning the fluid includes pressurizing the
fluid in the
first chamber. In some embodiments, the fluid is pressurized using compressed
nitrogen. In some embodiments, the fluid is pressurized using compressed air.
Some embodiments comprise mixing the fluid with the treatment gas in a second
chamber. In some embodiments, the second chamber comprises a hydrodynamic
mixing chamber. In some embodiments, the treatment gas comprises oxygen. In
some embodiments, the treatment gas comprises ozone. In some embodiments,
the treatment gas comprises air.
Additional Descriptions of Certain Aspects of the Invention
[0099] The foregoing descriptions of the invention are intended to be
illustrative and
not limiting. For example, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the
invention
can be practiced with various combinations of the functionalities and
capabilities
described above, and can include fewer or additional components than described
above. Certain additional aspects and features of the invention are further
set forth
below, and can be obtained using the functionalities and components described
in
more detail above, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art after
being
taught by the present disclosure.
[00100] Certain embodiments of the invention provide fluid treatment
systems and
methods. In some embodiments, the system comprises a collection station having
a well for collecting fluid extracted from a subterranean seam during a seam
fracturing operation.
[00101] In some embodiments, the system comprises a dispersion system that
receives
a portion of collected fluid from the well. The dispersion system may comprise
a
hydrodynamic mixing chamber and a nozzle. An additive comprising one or more
of ozone and oxygen may be mixed with a portion of collected fluid passing
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through the mixing chamber. The nozzle may disperse a mixture of the collected
fluid and additive received from the mixing chamber.
[00102] In some embodiments, the system comprises a controller having at
least one
processor. The processor may be configured to monitor the level of the
additive
in the well. The processor may be configured to cause a portion of the fluid
to be
pumped from the well through an outflow main when the level of fluid in the
well
exceeds a threshold level, when the concentration of contaminant exceeds a
threshold and/or the concentration of additive reaches a desired level. The
processor may be configured to control a rate of flow of the additive to the
mixing
chamber. In some embodiments, the dispersion system comprises a manifold that
communicates the portion of fluid and the additive to the mixing chamber.
[00103] In some embodiments, the additive comprises liquid ozone. The
controller
may control rate of flow of the liquid ozone based on measurements provided by
sensors deployed in the well. The measurements may include a measurement of
residual ozone level in the fluid collected in the well. The measurements may
include a measurement of sulfide in the fluid collected in the well. The
measurements may include a measurement of hydrogen sulfide in the well.
[00104] In some embodiments, the controller is configured to control one or
more of
an inflow treatment system and an outflow treatment system. The outflow
treatment system may mix ozone with fluid pumped from the well. The outflow
treatment system may mix ozone with fluid in a pipe providing the fluid to be
collected by the well. At least a portion of the fluid pumped from the well
may be
introduced or reintroduced to the subterranean seam. The additive may comprise
a proppant.
[00105] In some embodiments, a method for treating a fluid extracted from a
subterranean seam comprises collecting a fluid extracted from the subterranean
seam, mixing an additive comprising one or more of oxygen and ozone with the
fluid collected from the subterranean seam in a hydrodynamic mixing chamber of
a dispersion system, and controlling the rate of flow of an additive to the
mixing
chamber based on a measured concentration of the additive or a contaminant in
the fluid collected from the subterranean seam and a rate of flow of the fluid
collected from the subterranean seam. The hydrodynamic mixing chamber may
provide a mixture of the fluid through a nozzle of the dispersion system to
the
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fluid collected from the subterranean seam. The additive may comprise liquid
ozone.
[00106] In some embodiments, the fluid from the subterranean seam may be
collected
in a containment vessel. The method may comprise measuring a concentration of
at least one contaminant in an outflow from the containment vessel. The method
may comprise causing a downstream treatment station to mix the additive with
fluid in the outflow when the measured concentration of the at least one
contaminant exceeds a predetermined threshold concentration.
[00107] In some embodiments, the outflow is conducted away from the
containment
vessel in a force main. The method may comprise detecting whether fluid is
flowing in the force main, and causing a downstream treatment station to
introduce ozone into the force main when fluid is flowing in the force main.
[00108] In some embodiments, the fluid from the subterranean seam may be
collected
in a containment vessel. The method may comprise measuring a concentration of
at least one contaminant in the containment vessel. The method may comprise
causing an upstream treatment station to pre-treat the fluid in an inflow to
the
containment vessel when the concentration of the at least one contaminant in
the
well exceeds a threshold concentration.
[00109] In some embodiments, the fluid from the subterranean seam is
collected in a
containment vessel. The method may comprise measuring a concentration of at
least one contaminant in the containment vessel, and increasing the rate of
flow of
the additive when the concentration of at least one contaminant measured in
the
containment vessel exceeds a first predetermined threshold concentration. The
method may comprise causing an upstream treatment station to introduce the
additive to an inflow of the containment vessel when the at least one
contaminant
measured in the containment vessel exceeds a second predetermined threshold
concentration.
[00110] Certain embodiments comprise a computer program product, including
a
computer-readable medium comprising code for: collecting a fluid extracted
from
a subterranean seam, mixing an additive comprising one or more of oxygen and
ozone with the fluid collected from the subterranean seam in a hydrodynamic
mixing chamber of a dispersion system, controlling the rate of flow of an
additive
to the mixing chamber based on a measured concentration of the additive or a
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contaminant in the fluid collected from the subterranean seam and a rate of
flow
of the fluid collected from the subterranean seam. The hydrodynamic mixing
chamber may provide a mixture of the fluid through a nozzle of the dispersion
system to the fluid collected from the subterranean seam. The additive may
comprise liquid ozone and the fluid from the subterranean seam may be
collected
in a containment vessel. The computer-readable medium may comprise code for
measuring a concentration of at least one contaminant in one or more of the
containment vessel, an inflow of the containment vessel, and an outflow from
the
containment vessel. The computer-readable medium may comprise code for
directing at least one of an upstream treatment station and a downstream
treatment
station to introduce the additive in the inflow or the outflow when the
measured
concentration of the at least one contaminant exceeds a predetermined
threshold
concentration.
[00111] Certain embodiments provide an apparatus for treating fluid
extracted from a
subterranean seam. A processing system of the apparatus may be configured to
collect a fluid extracted from the subterranean seam and mix an additive
comprising one or more of oxygen and ozone with the fluid in a hydrodynamic
mixing chamber of a dispersion system. The hydrodynamic mixing chamber may
provide a mixture of the additive and fluid through a nozzle of the dispersion
system to the fluid collected from the subterranean seam. The processing
system
of the apparatus may be configured to control the rate of flow of an additive
to the
mixing chamber based on a measured concentration of the additive or a
contaminant in the fluid collected from the subterranean seam and a rate of
flow
of the fluid collected from the subterranean seam. The additive may comprise
liquid ozone. The fluid from the subterranean seam may be collected in a
containment vessel, and the processing system may be configured to measure a
concentration of at least one contaminant in one or more of the containment
vessel, an inflow of the containment vessel, and an outflow from the
containment
vessel. The processing system may be configured to direct at least one of an
upstream treatment station and a downstream treatment station to introduce the
additive in the inflow or the outflow when the measured concentration of the
at
least one contaminant exceeds a predetermined threshold concentration.
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[00112] The claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown
herein, but is to
be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein
reference
to an element in the singular is not intended to mean "one and only one"
unless
specifically so stated, but rather "one or more." Unless specifically stated
otherwise, the term "some" refers to one or more. All structural and
functional
equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this
disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill
in
the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be
encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to
be
dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly
recited
in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35
U.S.C. 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using
the
phrase "means for" or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited
using
the phrase "step for."
37
