COMBINED CHEMILUMINESCENT AND FLUORESCENT POWDER MARKING SYSTEM

SYSTEME PULVERULENT DE MARQUAGE A LA FOIS CHIMIOLUMINESCENT ET FLUORESCENT

English Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a powder composition comprising both chemiluminescent and fluorescent components. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a marking system, which is in powder form, comprising at least one oxalate ester, at least one fluorescer, at least one peroxide, at least one catalyst, and at least one secondary fluorescent agent. In accordance with the present disclosure, the at least one oxalate ester, the at least one fluorescer, the at least one peroxide, and the at least one catalyst are admixed at the time of use for the generation of light. In certain embodiments, the chemiluminescent components emit light in the visible, ultra-violet, or infrared spectrum as the result of a chemical reaction, and the secondary fluorescent components can be selected for their ability to absorb at least some of the light generated by the chemiluminescent components, and then reemit light at a different wavelength.

French Abstract

La présente invention concerne une composition pulvérulente contenant à la fois des composants chimioluminescents et fluorescents. Dans certains modes de réalisation, l'invention concerne un système de marquage, qui est sous la forme d'une poudre, contenant au moins un ester d'oxalate, au moins un agent fluorescent, au moins un peroxyde, au moins un catalyseur et au moins un agent fluorescent secondaire. Selon la présente invention, le ou les esters d'oxalate, le ou les agents fluorescents, le ou les peroxydes et le ou les catalyseurs sont mélangés au moment de leur utilisation pour générer une lumière. Dans certains modes de réalisation, les composants chimioluminescents émettent une lumière dans le spectre visible, ultraviolet ou infrarouge du fait d'une réaction chimique, et les composants fluorescents secondaires sélectionnés sont capables d'absorber au moins une partie de la lumière générée par les composants chimioluminescents puis de réémettre une lumière à une longueur d'onde différente.

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A marking system, which is in powder form, comprising at least one
oxalate ester, at least one fluorescer, at least one peroxide, at least one
catalyst, and
at least one secondary fluorescent agent.
2. The marking system of claim 1, wherein the at least one oxalate ester
is chosen from bis(2,4,5-trichloro-6-carbopentoxyphenyl)oxalate, bis(2,4,5-
trichlorophenyl)oxalate, bis(2,4,5-tribromo-6-carbohexoxyphenyl)oxalate,
bis(2,4,5-
trichloro-6-carboisopentoxyphenyl) oxalate, bis(2,4,5-trichloro-6-
carbobenzoxyphenyl) oxalate, bis(2-nitrophenyl)oxalate, bis(2,4-
dinitrophenyl)oxalate, bis(2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenyl) oxalate, bis(2,4,6-
trichlorophenyl)oxalate, bis(3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenyl)oxalate, bis(2-
methyl-4,6-
dinitrophenyl)oxalate, bis(1,2-dimethyl-4,6-dinitrophenyl)oxalate, bis(2,4-
dichlorophenyl)oxalate, bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)oxalate, bis(2,5-
dinitrophenyl)oxalate,
bis(2-formyl-4-nitrophenyl)oxalate, bis(pentachlorophenyl)oxalate, bis(1,2-
dihydro-2-
oxo-1-pyridyl)glyoxal, bis(2,4-dinitro-6-methylphenyl)oxalate, bis-N-
phthalimidyl
oxalate, and oxalates represented by formula (I)
<IMG>
wherein R = CH2A and A is chosen from alkyl chains, alkyl rings, and aromatic
rings
or combinations thereof, such that R is nonlinear and such that R comprises
from 4-
15 carbons, and mixtures of any of the foregoing oxalates.
3. The marking system of claim 2, wherein the oxalates represented by
formula (I) are chosen from bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-
methylpropoxy)carbonyl]phenyl}
oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate,
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-methylbutoxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate, bis{3,4,6-
trichloro-2-
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[(3-methylbutoxy)carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2,2-
dimentylpropoxy)carbonyl]phenyl] oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-
methylpentyloxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(3-
methylpentyloxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate, bis{3,4,6-th chloro-2-[(4-
methylpentyloxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(3,3-
dimethylbutoxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-
ethylbutoxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-
[(cyclopentylmethoxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-
methylhexyloxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(3-
methylhexyloxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(4-
rnethylhexyloxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(5-
methylhexyloxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-
[(cyclohexylmethoxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-
[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-
phenylethoxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate, bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(2-
methylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate, bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(3-
methylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate, bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(4-
methylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate, bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(2,3-
dimethylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate, bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(2,4-
dimethylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate, bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[3,4-
dimethylphenyl)methoxyl)carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate, bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(3,5-
dimentylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate, bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(2,6-
dimethylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate, bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(2-
ethylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate, bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(3-
ethylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate, bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(4-
ethylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate, bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[2-(2-
methylphenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate, bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[2-(3-
methylphenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate, bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[2-(4-
methylphenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-
phenylpropoxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate, bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(3-
phenylpropoxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[1-
naphthalenylmethoxy)carbonyl]phenyl}oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-
naphthalenylmethoxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2,2-
diphenylethoxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(9-
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fluorenylmethoxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate, and bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(9-
anthracenylmethoxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate.
4. The marking system of claim 1, wherein the at least one oxalate ester
is microencapsulated.
5. The marking system of claim 1, wherein the at least one oxalate ester
is present in an amount ranging from about 3 % to about 60 % by weight, based
on
the total weight of the powder.
6. The marking system of claim 1, wherein the at least one fluorescer is
chosen from 1-methoxy-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene, perylene, rubrene,
16,17-didecycloxyviolanthrone, 2-ethyl-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene, 2-
chloro-
9,10-bis(4-ethoxyphenyl)anthracene, 2-chloro-9,10-
bis(4methoxyphenyl)anthracene,
9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene, 1-chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene,
1,8-
dichloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene, 1,5-dichloro-9,10-
bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene, 2,3-dichloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene,
5,12-
bis(phenylethynyl)tetracene, 9,10-diphenylanthracene, 1,6,7,12-tetraphenoxy-
N,N'-
bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide, 1,6,7,12-
tetraphenoxy-
N,N'-bis(2,5-di-t-butylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide, 1,7-di-chloro-
6,12-
diphenoxy-N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-per- ylene dicarboximide,
1,6,7,12-tetra(p-bromophenoxy)-N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-p-
erylene
dicarboximide, 1,6,7,12-tetraphenoxy-N,N'-di-neopentyl-3,4,9,10-perylene
dicarboximide, 1,6,7,12-tetra(p-t-butylphenoxy)N,N'-dineopentyl-3,4,9,10-
perylene
dicarboximide, 1,6,7,12-tetra(o-chlorophenoxy)-N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-
3,4,9,10--perylene dicarboximide, 1,6,7,12-tetra(p-chlorophenoxy)-N,N'-bis(2,6-
diisopropylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-- perylene dicarboximide, 1,6,7,12-tetra(o-
fluorophenoxy)-N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-- perylene
dicarboximide,
1 ,6,7,12-tetra(p-fluorophenoxy)-N,N'bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-p-
erylene
dicarboximide, 1,6,7,12-tetraphenoxy-N,N'-diethyl-3,4,9,10-perylene
dicarboximide,
1,7-dibromo-6,12-diphenoxy-N,N'-bis(2-isopropylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene
dicarboximide, 16,17-dihexyloxyviolanthrone, and 1,4-dimethyl-9,10-
bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene.
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7. The marking system of claim 1, wherein the at least one fluorescer is
present in an amount ranging from about 0.05 % to about 0.9 % based on the
total
weight of the powder.
8. The marking system of claim 1, wherein the at least one peroxide is
chosen from hydrogen peroxide; sodium peroxide; sodium perborate; sodium
pyrophosphate peroxide; urea peroxide; histidine peroxide; t-butyl-
hydroperoxide;
and peroxybenzoic acid, sodium percarbonate, and mixtures thereof.
9. The marking system according to claim 1, wherein he at least one
peroxide is present in an amount ranging from about 0.25 % to about 20 % based
on
the total weight of the powder.
10. The marking system of claim 1, wherein the at least one catalyst is
chosen from sodium salicylate, sodium-5-fluorosalicylate, sodium-5-
chlorosalicylate,
sodium-5-bromosalicylate, sodium trifluoroacetate, potassium salicylate,
potassium
pentachlorophenolate, lithium salicylate, lithium-3-chlorosalicylate, lithium-
5-
chlorosalicylate, lithium-3,5-dichlorosalicylate, lithium-3,5,6-
trichlorosalicylate,
lithium-2-chlorobenzoate, lithium-5-t-butylsalicylate, lithium
trifluoroacetate, rubidium
acetate, tetrabutylammonium salicylate, tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoborate,
tetraethylammonium benzoate, tetrabutylammonium benzoate, tetrabutylammonium
hexafluorophosphate, tetraethylammonium perchlorate, tetrabutylammonium
perchlorate, tetraoctylammonium perchlorate, tetrabutylammonium-2,3,5-
trichlorobenzoate, tetramethylammonium trifluoroacetate, magnesium salicylate,
magnesium-5-t-butyl-salicylate, magnesium-3-chlorosalicylate, magnesium-3,5-
dichloro-salicylate, and magnesium-3,5,6-trichlorosalicylate.
11. The marking system of claim 1, wherein the at least one secondary
fluorescer agent is chosen from UV fluorescent powders, polar, non-polar,
water
soluble, visible absorbers, and phosphors.
12. The marking system of claim 1, wherein the at least one secondary
fluorescer agent absorbs at least some of the light generated by the
chemiluminescent reaction, and then re-emits light.
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13. The marking system of claim 1, wherein the at least one secondary
fluorescer agent makes only a visible color appearance.
14. The marking system of claim 1, wherein the at least one secondary
fluorescer agent is produce from dyes chosen from Brown HT, Quinoline Yellow,
Indigo Carmine, Brilliant Blue FCF, Ponceau 4R, Sunset Yellow, lndigotine,
Fast
Green FCF, and Alura Red AC.
15. The marking system of claim 1, wherein the at least one fluorescer
agent is present in an amount ranging from about 1 % to about 55 % based on
the
total weight of the powder.
16. The marking system of claim 1, further comprising at least on solid
substrate.
17. The marking system of claim 16, wherein the at least one solid
substrate is chosen from potato starch, arrowroot, rice starch, wheat starch,
and
combinations or mixtures thereof.
18. The marking system of claim 16, wherein the at least one solid
substrate is present in an amount ranging from about 10 % to about 60 % based
on
the total weight of the powder.
19. A method of producing a powdered marking system for use with at
least one oxalate ester and at least one fluorescer to produce light, the
method
comprising:
preparing a first solution comprising at least one first solvent and at least
one
catalysts;
combining the first solution with at least one solid substrate and drying to
produce a first dried composition;
preparing a second solution comprising at least one solvent and at least one
fluorescer and a third solution comprising at least one solvent and at least
one
peroxide;
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combining the first dried composition with the second solution and the third
solution and drying to produce the powdered marking system.
20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:
combining the powdered marking system with at least one oxalate ester and
at least one fluorescer.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one oxalate ester is
microencapsulated.
22. A powdered marking system produced by the method of claim 19.
23. The powdered marking system of claim 22, wherein the powdered
marking system further comprises at least one oxalate ester is
microencapsulated.
24. The powdered marking system of claim 23, wherein the at least one
oxalate ester is microencapsulated.
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Description

CA 02857451 2014-05-28
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COMBINED CHEMILUMINESCENT AND FLUORESCENT
POWDER MARKING SYSTEM
[001] The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent
Application No. 61/564,299, filed November 28, 2011, which is incorporated
herein
by reference.
[002] The present disclosure relates to a powder composition comprising
both chemiluminescent and fluorescent components. The powder composition can
be used to produce markers and signals that can be used in a variety of
applications,
including military and law enforcement training, and in tactical operations.
[003] Markers are used by both military and law-enforcement organizations
for training, in tactical operations, and on the battlefield. The markers can
be used to
visually identify larger-scale targets such as the ground location of enemy
equipment
and vehicles, as well as smaller-scale targets such as an individual or a
specific
portion of an individual to indicate where that individual had been hit, for
example, by
a projectile. In these applications, it is desirable to have the ability to
mark a target
and have the target stay marked over an extended period of time.
Chemiluminescent marking systems can be light sensitive, and may lose the
ability
to generate light over time.
[004] For these aforementioned applications, it is desirable to have a
marking system that generates signals that can be seen in both darkness and in
daylight. Therefore, there is a need for such a marking system that may be
visible in
daylight and/or with thermal and/or night vision devices in darkness.
[005] According to the present disclosure, this can be achieved by
employing a marking system, which is in powder form, comprising at least one
oxalate ester, at least one fluorescer. at least one peroxide, at least one
catalyst. and
at least one secondary fluorescent agent. In certain embodiments, it is
desirable to
formulate a marking system, which is in a granular form, that can be deployed
on a
surface and which is dispersed in either an activated state, or wherein one
part of the
chemistry is microencapsulated, such that the pressure of movement occurring
upon
the surface causes initiation of the light emission.
[006] In accordance with the present disclosure, the at least one oxalate
ester, the at least one fluorescer, the at least one peroxide, and the at
least one
catalyst are admixed at the time of use for the generation of light. Altering
at least
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one of these components through microencapsulation, for example
microencapsulating the at least one oxalate ester, serves to delay the
generation of
light through the chemiluminescent reaction. An application of force would
then
rupture the microencapsulation around the oxalate ester and result in its
interacting
with the other active ingredients, initiating the chemiluminescent light
generating
reaction. This light can be discernable in the IR, UV, and/or visible light
wavelengths. The inclusion of the at least one secondary fluorescent agent to
the
compositions of these embodiments allows the marked target to be visible after
the
chemiluminescent reaction stops generating appreciable light.
[007] In certain embodiments the chemiluminescent components and the
secondary fluorescent components are selected to work in tandem. The
chemiluminescent components emit light in the visible, ultra-violet, or
infrared
spectrum as the result of a chemical reaction. The secondary fluorescent
components can be selected for their ability to absorb at least some of the
light
generated by the chemiluminescent components, and then reemit light at a
different
wavelength.
[008] Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent
from the following description.
[009] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of
ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and
claims are
to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about."
Accordingly,
unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the
following
specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending
upon
the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present disclosure.
[010] The powder marking system of the present disclosure is identifiable in
the visible light range and, when activated, by both thermal and/or night
vision
goggles. "Activation" as used herein means that a chemical reaction between
the
multiple chemiluminescent components has started. In accordance with the
present
disclosure, the powder compositions disclosed herein can be provided in any
desirable color.
[011] Altering for example the at least one oxalate ester by
microencapsulating delays the generation of light upon admixing with the other
chemiluminescent components until a force has been applied to the
microencapsulation. In other embodiments, at least one of the other components
can
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be microencapsulated. The application of force on the mixture can rupture the
microencapsulation and results in the interaction of the released component(s)
with
the other active ingredients, initiating the chemiluminescent light generating
reaction.
[012] Examples of the at least one oxalate useful in the present disclosure
include bis(2,4,5-trichloro-6-carbopentoxyphenypoxalate; bis(2,4,5-
trichlorophenyl)oxalate; bis(2,4,5-tribromo-6-carbohexoxyphenypoxalate;
bis(2,4,5-
trichloro-6-carboisopentoxyphenyl) oxalate; bis(2,4,5-trichloro-6-
carbobenzoxyphenyl) oxalate; bis(2-nitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(2,4-
dinitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenyl) oxalate; bis(2,4,6-
trichlorophenyl)oxalate; bis(3-trifluoromethy1-4-nitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(2-
methy1-4,6-
dinitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(1,2-dimethy1-4,6-dinitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(2,4-
dichlorophenyl)oxalate; bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(2,5-
dinitrophenyl)oxalate;
bis(2-formy1-4-nitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(pentachlorophenyl)oxalate; bis(1,2-
dihydro-2-
oxo-1-pyridyl)glyoxal; bis(2,4-dinitro-6-methylphenyl)oxalate; bis-N-
phthalimidyl
oxalate; bis(2-nitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)oxalate; and
oxalates
represented by the general formula (I)
R e.)
\ \µi
0 __________________________________ _ i
,
%
L.....4:1
i/ '' A
k: (I)
[013] wherein R = CH2A and A is chosen from alkyl chains, alkyl rings; and
aromatic rings or combinations thereof, such that R is nonlinear and such that
R
comprises from 4-15 carbons, and mixtures of any of the foregoing oxalates.
[014] Non-limiting examples of oxalates represented by formula (I) include:
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-methylpropoxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(cyclopropylmethwoj)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-methylbutoxy)carbonyl1phenyl) oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(3-methylbutoxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2,2-dimethylpropoxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate;
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bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-methylpentyloxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate;
bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(3-methylpenty1oxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-tri chloro-2-[(4-methylpentyloxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(3,3-dimethylbutoxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-ethylbutoxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-Rcyclopentylmethoxy)carbonyliphenyl) oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-methylnexyloxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(3-methylnexyloxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate;
lois{3,4,64richloro-2-[(4-methylliexyloxy)carbonyl]phenyll oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(5-methylnexyloxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(cyclohexylmethoxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-Rphenylmethoxy)carbonyljohenyl) oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-phenylethoxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate;
bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(2-methylphenyl)rnethoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate;
bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(3-methylphenyl)methoxyjcarbonyl}phenyl) oxalate;
bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(4-methylpheny1)methoxyjcarbonyl}phenyl) oxalate;
bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(2,3-dimethylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate;
bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(2.4-dimethylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate;
bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[3,4-dimethylphenyl)methoxyicarbonyl}phenyl) oxalate;
bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(3,5-dimethylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate;
bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate;
bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(2-ethylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate;
bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(3-ethylphenyl)methoxy]earbonyl}phenyl) oxalate;
bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(4-ethylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate;
bis(3.4,6-trichloro-2-([2-(2-methylphenypethoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate;
bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[2-(3-methylphenyl)ethoxy]carbonyllphenyl) oxalate;
bis(3,4,6-trichloro-24[2-(4-methylphenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-phenylpropoxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(3-phenylpropoxy)carbonyl]phenyl} oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2[1-naphthalenylmethoxy)carbonyliphenyl} oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2[2-naphthalenylmethoxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2,2-diphenylethoxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate;
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(9-fluorenylmethoxy)carbonyl]phenyll oxalate; and
bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(9-anthracenylmethoxy)carbonyl]phenyl) oxalate.
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Additional examples of oxalates represented by general formula (1) are
disclosed in
U.S. Published Application No. 2011-0084243, the disclosure of such oxalates
being
incorporated herein by reference.
[015] Examples of the at least one fluorescer useful in the present
disclosure include, but are not limited to, 1-methoxy-9,10-
bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene; perylene; rubrene; 16,17-
didecycloxyviolanthrone: 2-
ethy1-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene; 2-chloro-9,10-bis(4-
ethoxyphenyl)anthracene; 2-chloro-9,10-bis(4methoxyphenyl)anthracene; 9,10-
bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene; 1-chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene; 1,8-
dichloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene; 1,5-dichloro-9,10-
bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene; 2,3-dichloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene;
5,12-
bis(phenylethynyl)tetracene; 9,10-diphenylanthracene; 1,6,7,12-tetraphenoxy-
N,N1-
bis(2,6-diisopropylpheny1)-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-
tetraphenoxy-
N,N'-bis(2,5-di-t-butylpheny1)-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide; 1,7-di-chloro-
6,12-
diphenoxy-N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylpheny1)-3,4,9,10-per- ylene dicarboximide;
1,6,7,12-tetra(p-bromophenoxy)-NX-bis(2,6-diisopropylpheny1)-3,4,9,10-p-
erylene
dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-tetraphenoxy-N.N'-di-neopenty1-3,4,9,10-perylene
dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-tetra(p-t-butylphenoxy)N,N'-dineopenty1-3,4,9,10-
perylene
dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-tetra(o-chlorophenoxy)-N,N`-bis(2,6-diisopropylpheny1)-
3,4,9,10--perylene dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-tetra(p-chlorophenoxy)-N,N'-bis(2,6-
diisopropylpheny1)-3,4,9,10-- perylene dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-tetra(o-
fluorophenoxy)-N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylpheny1)-3,4,9,10-- perylene
dicarboximide;
1,6,7,12-tetra(p-fluorophenoxy)-N,N'bis(2,6-diisopropylpheny1)-3,4,9,10-p-
erylene
dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-tetraphenoxy-N,N'-diethy1-3,4,9,10-perylene
dicarboximide;
1,7-dibromo-6,12-diphenoxy-N,N'-bis(2-isopropylpheny1)-3,4,9,10-perylene
dicarboximide; 16,17-dihexyloxyviolanthrone; and 1,4-dimethy1-9,10-
bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene.
[016] Catalysts useful in the present invention include, but are not
limited to,
sodium salicylate; sodium-5-fluorosalicylate; sodium-5-chlorosalicylate;
sodium-5-
bromosalicylate; sodium trifluoroacetate; potassium salicylate; potassium
pentachlorophenolate; lithium salicylate; lithium-3-chlorosalicylate; lithium-
5-
chlorosalicylate; lithium-3,5-dichlorosalicylate; lithium-3,5,6-
trichlorosalicylate;
lithium-2-chlorobenzoate; lithium-5-t-butylsalicylate; lithium
trifluoroacetate; rubidium
acetate; tetrabutylammonium salicylate; tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoborate;
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tetraethylammonium benzoate; tetrabutylammonium benzoate; tetrabutylammonium
hexafluorophosphate; tetraethylammonium perchlorate; tetrabutylammonium
perchlorate; tetraoctylammonium perchlorate; tetrabutylammonium-2,3,5-
trichlorobenzoate; tetramethylammonium trifluoroacetate; magnesium salicylate;
magnesium-5-t-butyl-salicylate; magnesium-3-chlorosalicylate: magnesium-3,5-
dichloro-salicylate; and magnesium-3,5,6-trichlorosalicylate.
[017] The amount of the at least one oxalate and the at least one fluorescer
employed in the present disclosure is upwardly limited only by the solubility
of the
ester and fluorescer in the solvent chosen to produce the powder composition.
However, as would be appreciated by one in the art, the efficiency of the
reaction
would decrease at certain high concentrations. In certain embodiments, the at
least
one oxalate is present in an amount ranging from 3 percent to 60 percent by
weight,
based on the total weight of the chemiluminescent components in the powder
composition. For example, the at least one oxalate can be present in an amount
ranging from 3 percent to 50 percent by weight, based on the total weight of
the
chemiluminescent components in the powder composition, such as from 3 percent
to
40 percent by weight, from 3 percent to 30 percent by weight, from 5 percent
to 25
percent by weight, and from 7 percent to 25 percent by weight. In certain
embodiments, the at least one fluorescer is present in an amount ranging from
0.05
percent to 0.9 percent by weight based on the total weight of the
chemiluminescent
components in the powder composition. For example, the at least one fluorescer
can be present in an amount ranging from greater than 0.05 percent by weight
to 0.9
percent by weight, based on the total weight of the chemiluminescent
components in
the powder composition, such as from greater than 0.1 percent by weight, from
greater than 0.2 percent by weight, from greater than 0.3 percent by weight,
from
greater than 0.4 percent by weight, from greater than 0.5 percent by weight,
from
greater than 0.6 percent by weight, from greater than 0.7 percent by weight,
and
from greater than 0.8 percent by weight. In addition, the at least one
fluorescer can
be present in an amount ranging from 0.05 percent by weight to less than 0.9
percent by weight, based on the total weight of the chemiluminescent
components in
the powder composition, such as from less than 0.8 percent by weight, from
less
than 0.7 percent by weight, from less than 0.6 percent by weight, from less
than 0.5
percent by weight, from less than 0.4 percent by weight, from less than 0.3
percent
by weight, from less than 0.2 percent by weight, and from less than 0.1
percent by
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weight. It is also intended that the amount of the at least one oxalate and
the at least
one fluorescer can range between any of the numerical values listed above.
[018] Examples of the at least one peroxide useful in the present
disclosure
include, but are not limited to, hydrogen peroxide; sodium peroxide; sodium
perborate; sodium pyrophosphate peroxide; urea peroxide; histidine peroxide; t-
butyl-hydroperoxide; and peroxybenzoic acid, sodium percarbonate, and mixtures
thereof. In certain embodiments, the at least one peroxide is present in an
amount
ranging from 0.25 percent to 25 percent by weight, based on the total weight
of the
chemiluminescent components in the powder composition. For example, the at
least
one peroxide can be present in an amount ranging from 0.25 percent to 20
percent
by weight, based on the total weight of the chemiluminescent components in the
powder composition, such as from 0.5 percent to 20 percent by weight, from 0.5
percent to 15 percent by weight, from 0.5 percent to 10 percent by weight, and
from
0.5 percent to 6 percent by weight. In certain embodiments, the at least one
peroxide of the present disclosure can be hydrogen peroxide.
[019] Examples of the at least one catalyst useful in the present
disclosure
include, but are not limited to, sodium salicylate. lithium salicylate, 5-
chlorolithium
salicylate , triazoles (e.g., 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole), substituted
triazoles (e.g.,
substituted 1,2,3-triazole and substituted 1,2,4-triazole), imidazoles, and
substituted
imidazoles. In certain embodiments, the at least one catalyst is present in an
amount ranging from 0.0005 percent to 0.5 percent by weight, based on the
total
weight of the chemiluminescent components in the powder composition. For
example, the at least one catalyst can be present in an amount ranging from
greater
than 0.0005 percent by weight to 10 percent by weight, based on the total
weight of
the chemiluminescent components in the powder composition, such as from 0.001
percent or greater by weight, from 0.005 percent or greater by weight, from
0.01
percent or greater by weight, from 0.05 percent or greater by weight, from 0.1
percent or greater by weight, from 0.25 percent or greater by weight, from 0.5
percent or greater by weight, from 1 percent or greater by weight, from 1.5
percent or
greater by weight, from 2 percent or greater by weight, from 2.5 percent or
greater by
weight, from 3 percent or greater by weight, from 3.5 percent or greater by
weight,
from 4 percent or greater by weight, from 4.5 percent or greater by weight,
from 5
percent or greater by weight, and from 7.5 percent or greater by weight.
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[020] Examples of the at least one secondary fluorescent agent useful in
the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, UV fluorescent
powders, polar,
non-polar, water soluble, visible absorbers, and phosphors. In some
embodiments,
the at least one secondary fluorescent agent absorbs at least some of the
light
generated by the chemiluminescent reaction; and then re-emits light. In other
embodiments, the at least one secondary fluorescent agent makes only a visible
color appearance. In certain embodiments, these fluorescent agents can be
produce
from dyes such as Brown HT; Quinoline Yellow; Indigo Carmine; Brilliant Blue
FCF;
Ponceau 4R; Sunset Yellow; Indigotine; Fast Green FCF; and Alura Red AC. In
certain embodiments, the at least one secondary fluorescent agent is present
in an
amount ranging from 1 percent to 55 percent by weight, based on the total
weight of
the chemiluminescent components in the powder composition. For example, the at
least one secondary fluorescent agent can be present in an amount ranging from
1
percent to 40 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the
chemiluminescent
components in the powder composition, such as from 1 percent to 30 percent by
weight, from 1 percent to 20 percent by weight, from 5 percent to 15 percent
by
weight, from 5 percent to 25 percent, and from 10 percent to 30 percent by
weight.
[021] The powder marking system according to the present disclosure can
be formed through the use of at least one solvent. Examples of the at least
solvent
include, but are not limited to, dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate,
dioctal phthalate,
butyl benzoate, acetyl triethyl citrate, triethyl citrate, ethylene glycol
dibenzoate, and
propylene glycol dialkyl ether containing one to three propylene moieties and
each
alkyl group is independently a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl group
containing up to 8 carbon atoms. Further examples of the at least one solvent
include propylene glycol dialkyl ethers containing two propylene moieties such
as
dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, dipropylene glycol diethyl ether and
dipropylene
glycol di-t-butyl ether, dibutyl phthalate, butyl benzoate, propylene glycol
dibenzoate,
ethyl-hexyl diphenyl phosphate, and mixtures thereof.
[022] The powder marking system according to the present disclosure can
be formed through the use of at least one solid substrate, Examples of the at
least
solid substrate include, but are not limited to, potato starch, arrowroot;
rice starch,
wheat starch; and combinations or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments,
the at
least one solid substrate is present in an amount ranging from 10 percent to
60
percent by weight, based on the total weight of the chemiluminescent
components in
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the powder composition. For example, the at least one solid substrate can be
present in an amount ranging from 10 percent to 50 percent by weight, based on
the
total weight of the chemiluminescent components in the powder composition,
such
as from 10 percent to 40 percent by weight, from 10 percent to 30 percent by
weight,
from 10 percent to 20 percent by weight, from 15 percent to 25 percent, from
20
percent to 60 percent, from 30 percent to 60 percent, and from 40 percent to
60
percent by weight.
EXAMPLES
[023] In one illustrative embodiment, the following components were
individually made:
= a water solution of 13.4% sodium salicylate and 86.6% water;
= a dye solution with 0.54% rubrene and 99.455% propylene glycol
dibenzoate; and
= an activator solution with 12 % 50/50 peroxide and 88% triethyl
citrate.
[024] The water solution was mixed with starch / corn at a ratio of 28.63%
of water solution to 71.37% starch / corn. The mixture was then dried to a
minimum
of 9% moisture. The dried mixture was then added to the rubrene dye solution
and
the activator solution in a ratio of 73.3%/13.3%/13.3%, respectfully. The
mixture was
further dried, as appropriate, to produce a powder composition that, when
combined
with at least one oxalate and at least one fluorescer agent, emits light.
[025] Other embodiments of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled
in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the
disclosure herein.
It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary
only,
with a true scope and spirit of the disclosure being indicated by the
following claims.
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