Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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PYRROLOBENZODIAZEPINE-ANTI-CD22 ANTIBODY CONJUGATES
The present invention relates to pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) having a labile
02 or N10
protecting group in the form of a linker to an antibody.
Background to the invention
Pyrrolobenzodiazepines
Some pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) have the ability to recognise and bond to
specific
sequences of DNA; the preferred sequence is PuGPu. The first PBD antitumour
antibiotic,
anthramycin, was discovered in 1965 (Leimgruber, etal., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 87,
5793-5795
(1965); Leimgruber, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 87, 5791-5793 (1965)). Since
then, a number
of naturally occurring PBDs have been reported, and over 10 synthetic routes
have been
developed to a variety of analogues (Thurston, etal., Chem. Rev. 1994, 433-465
(1994);
Antonow, D. and Thurston, D.E., Chem. Rev. 2011 111 (4), 2815-2864). Family
members
include abbeymycin (Hochlowski, etal., J. Antibiotics, 40, 145-148 (1987)),
chicamycin
(Konishi, etal., J. Antibiotics, 37, 200-206 (1984)), DC-81 (Japanese Patent
58-180 487;
Thurston, etal., Chem. Brit., 26, 767-772 (1990); Bose, etal., Tetrahedron,
48, 751-758
(1992)), mazethramycin (Kuminoto, et al., J. Antibiotics, 33, 665-667 (1980)),
neothramycins
A and B (Takeuchi, et al., J. Antibiotics, 29, 93-96 (1976)), porothramycin
(Tsunakawa, etal.,
J. Antibiotics, 41, 1 366-1373 (1988)), prothracarcin (Shimizu, et al, J.
Antibiotics, 29, 2492-
2503 (1982); Langley and Thurston, J. Org. Chem., 52, 91-97 (1987)),
sibanomicin (DC-
102)(Hara, etal., J. Antibiotics, 41, 702-704 (1988); ltoh, etal., J.
Antibiotics, 41,1281-1284
(1988)), sibiromycin (Leber, etal., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110, 2992-2993 (1988))
and
tomamycin (Arima, etal., J. Antibiotics, 25, 437-444 (1972)). PBDs are of the
general
structure:
9
H
8 \
A g 11a 1
7 2
N
6
0 3
They differ in the number, type and position of substituents, in both their
aromatic A rings
and pyrrolo C rings, and in the degree of saturation of the C ring. In the B-
ring there is either
30 an imine (N=C), a carbinolamine(NH-CH(OH)), or a carbinolamine methyl
ether (NH-
CH(OMe)) at the N10-C11 position which is the electrophilic centre responsible
for alkylating
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DNA. All of the known natural products have an (S)-configuration at the chiral
C1la position
which provides them with a right-handed twist when viewed from the C ring
towards the A
ring. This gives them the appropriate three-dimensional shape for isohelicity
with the minor
groove of B-form DNA, leading to a snug fit at the binding site (Kohn, In
Antibiotics
Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 3-11 (1975); Hurley and Needham-VanDevanter,
Acc.
Chem. Res., 19, 230-237 (1986)). Their ability to form an adduct in the minor
groove,
enables them to interfere with DNA processing, hence their use as antitumour
agents.
A particularly advantageous pyrrolobenzodiazepine compound is described by
Gregson et
al. (Chem. Commun. 1999, 797-798) as compound 1, and by Gregson etal. (J. Med.
Chem.
2001, 44, 1161-1174) as compound 4a. This compound, also known as SG2000, is
shown
below:
OMe Me0
0 0
S G2000
WO 2007/085930 describes the preparation of dimer PBD compounds having linker
groups
for connection to a cell binding agent, such as an antibody. The linker is
present in the
bridge linking the monomer PBD units of the dimer.
The present inventors have described dimer PBD compounds having linker groups
for
connection to a cell binding agent, such as an antibody, in WO 2011/130613 and
WO
2011/130616. The linker in these compounds is attached to the PBD core via the
C2
position, and are generally cleaved by action of an enzyme on the linker
group. In WO
2011/130598, the linker in these compounds is attached to one of the available
N10
positions on the PBD core, and are generally cleaved by action of an enzyme on
the linker
group.
Antibody-drug conjugates
Antibody therapy has been established for the targeted treatment of patients
with cancer,
immunological and angiogenic disorders (Carter, P. (2006) Nature Reviews
Immunology
6:343-357). The use of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), i.e. immunoconjugates,
for the
local delivery of cytotoxic or cytostatic agents, i.e. drugs to kill or
inhibit tumor cells in the
treatment of cancer, targets delivery of the drug moiety to tumors, and
intracellular
accumulation therein, whereas systemic administration of these unconjugated
drug agents
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may result in unacceptable levels of toxicity to normal cells (Xie et al
(2006) Expert. Opin.
Biol. Ther. 6(3):281-291; Kovtun et al (2006) Cancer Res. 66(6):3214-3121; Law
et al (2006)
Cancer Res. 66(4):2328-2337; Wu et al (2005) Nature Biotech. 23(9):1137-1145;
Lambert J.
(2005) Current Opin. in Pharmacol. 5:543-549; Hamann P. (2005) Expert Opin.
Ther.
Patents 15(9):1087-1103; Payne, G. (2003) Cancer Cell 3:207-212; Trail et al
(2003) Cancer
lmmunol. Immunother. 52:328-337; Syrigos and Epenetos (1999) Anticancer
Research
19:605-614).
Maximal efficacy with minimal toxicity is sought thereby. Efforts to design
and refine ADC
have focused on the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as well as
drug mechanism
of action, drug-linking, drug/antibody ratio (loading), and drug-releasing
properties (Junutula,
etal., 2008b Nature Biotech., 26(8):925-932; Dornan et al (2009) Blood
114(13):2721-2729;
US 7521541; US 7723485; W02009/052249; McDonagh (2006) Protein Eng. Design &
Sel.
19(7): 299-307; Doronina eta! (2006) Bioconj. Chem. 17:114-124; Erickson et al
(2006)
Cancer Res. 66(8):1-8; Sanderson eta! (2005) Clin. Cancer Res. 11:843-852;
Jeffrey eta!
(2005) J. Med. Chem. 48:1344-1358; Hamblett eta! (2004) Clin. Cancer Res.
10:7063-
7070). Drug moieties may impart their cytotoxic and cytostatic effects by
mechanisms
including tubulin binding, DNA binding, proteasome and/or topoisomerase
inhibition. Some
cytotoxic drugs tend to be inactive or less active when conjugated to large
antibodies or
protein receptor ligands.
The present inventors have developed particular PBD dimer antibody conjugates.
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Disclosure of the Invention
A first aspect of the present invention comprises a conjugate of formula L -
(DL)p, where DL is
of formula I or II:
R' 20 R9' g RLi
R11a
R21
1 1
Y._ Y
N R7'
R7 C2
2 "--
RI
C3 5 0 R6'
R6 0 C.3
..,30 9. 10
31 rc R
R c)..cR I R9 RI
,Y N
R"
R6 R22
2 ' R7
R1
C3' 0 R6'R7
0
wherein:
L is an antibody (Ab) as defined below;
when there is a double bond present between 02' and 03', R12 is selected from
the group
consisting of:
(ia) 05_10 aryl group, optionally substituted by one or more substituents
selected from the
group comprising: halo, nitro, cyano, ether, carboxy, ester, 01_7 alkyl, 03_7
heterocyclyl and
bis-oxy-C1_3 alkylene;
(ib) 01_5 saturated aliphatic alkyl;
(ic) 03_6 saturated cycloalkyl;
R22
(id) R21
, wherein each of R21, R22 and R23 are independently selected from H, 01_3
saturated alkyl, 02-3 alkenyl, 02-3 alkynyl and cyclopropyl, where the total
number of carbon
atoms in the R12 group is no more than 5;
R25b
*R25a
(ie) , wherein one of R25a and R25b is H and the other is
selected from: phenyl,
which phenyl is optionally substituted by a group selected from halo, methyl,
methoxy;
pyridyl; and thiophenyl; and
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(if) ¨ , where R24 is selected from: H; C1_3 saturated alkyl; C2_3
alkenyl; C2-3
alkynyl; cyclopropyl; phenyl, which phenyl is optionally substituted by a
group selected from
halo, methyl, methoxy; pyridyl; and thiophenyl;
when there is a single bond present between C2' and C3',
5 Ri2 is R26b
where R26a and R26b are independently selected from H, F, C14 saturated
alkyl, 02-3 alkenyl, which alkyl and alkenyl groups are optionally substituted
by a group
selected from 01_4 alkyl amido and 014 alkyl ester; or, when one of R26a and
R26b is H, the
other is selected from nitrile and a Ci4 alkyl ester;
R6 and R9 are independently selected from H, R, OH, OR, SH, SR, NH2, NHR,
NRR', nitro,
Me3Sn and halo;
where R and R' are independently selected from optionally substituted 01_12
alkyl, 03_20
heterocyclyl and C5_20 aryl groups;
R7 is selected from H, R, OH, OR, SH, SR, NH2, NHR, NHRR', nitro, Me3Sn and
halo;
R" is a 03_12 alkylene group, which chain may be interrupted by one or more
heteroatoms,
e.g. 0, S, NRN2 (where IRN2 is H or 014 alkyl), and/or aromatic rings, e.g.
benzene or
pyridine;
Y and Y' are selected from 0, S, or NH;
R6', R7', R9' are selected from the same groups as R6, R7 and R9 respectively;
[Formula I]
IRLI is a linker for connection to the antibody (Ab);
Rua is selected from OH, ORA, where RA is 014 alkyl, and SON, where z is 2 or
3 and M is
a monovalent pharmaceutically acceptable cation;
R29 and R21 either together form a double bond between the nitrogen and carbon
atoms to
which they are bound or;
.. R29 is selected from H and Rc, where IRc is a capping group;
R21 is selected from OH, ORA and SON;
when there is a double bond present between 02 and 03, R2 is selected from the
group
consisting of:
(ia) 05_10 aryl group, optionally substituted by one or more substituents
selected from the
group comprising: halo, nitro, cyano, ether, carboxy, ester, 01_7 alkyl, 03_7
heterocyclyl and
bis-oxy-01_3 alkylene;
(ib) Ci_5 saturated aliphatic alkyl;
(ic) 03_5 saturated cycloalkyl;
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R12
11
(id) R , wherein each of R11, R12 and R13 are independently
selected from H,
01_3 saturated alkyl, 02_3 alkenyl, 02_3 alkynyl and cyclopropyl, where the
total number of
carbon atoms in the R2 group is no more than 5;
R15b
15a
(le) , wherein one of R16a and R16b is H and the other is
selected from:
phenyl, which phenyl is optionally substituted by a group selected from halo,
methyl,
methoxy; pyridyl; and thiophenyl; and
14
(if) R , where R14 is selected from: H; 01.3 saturated alkyl;
02_3 alkenyl; 02-3
alkynyl; cyclopropyl; phenyl, which phenyl is optionally substituted by a
group selected from
halo, methyl, methoxy; pyridyl; and thiophenyl;
when there is a single bond present between 02 and 03,
R16a
Al 1613
R2 is R , where R16a and R16b are independently selected from H, F,
saturated alkyl, 02-3 alkenyl, which alkyl and alkenyl groups are optionally
substituted by a
group selected from C1_4 alkyl amido and 01-4 alkyl ester; or, when one of
R16a and R16b is H,
the other is selected from nitrile and a C1-4 alkyl ester;
[Formula Ill
R22 is of formula Illa, formula Illb or formula 111c:
I, (a) Q 1 Q 2,X IIIa
where A is a 05_7 aryl group, and either
(i) Q1 is a single bond, and 02 is selected from a single bond and -Z-(CH2)n-,
where Z is
selected from a single bond, 0, S and NH and n is from 1 to 3; or
(ii) Q1 is -CH=CH-, and Q2 is a single bond;
RC2
X
Illb
(b) R R
where;
Rci, 1-<¨C2
and Rc3 are independently selected from H and unsubstituted 01_2 alkyl;
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IIIc
(c)
where Q is selected from 0-1R1-2, SRI-2' and NRN-RI-2', and RN is selected
from H, methyl and
ethyl
X is selected from the group comprising: 0-1R1-2, S-RI-2', CO2-RI-2', CO-RI-
2', NH-C(=0)-RI-2',
\N-RLZ F-N N-RL2
NHNH-RI-2', CONHNH-RI-2', , NRNRI-2', wherein RN is
selected from the group comprising H and C1-4 alkyl;
RI-2' is a linker for connection to the antibody (Ab);
R1 and R11 either together form a double bond between the nitrogen and carbon
atoms to
which they are bound or;
R1 is H and R11 is selected from OH, ORA and SON;
R3 and R31 either together form a double bond between the nitrogen and carbon
atoms to
which they are bound or;
R3 is H and R31 is selected from OH, ORA and SO,M.
In some embodiments, the conjugate is not:
ConjA
0 0
H
0
0 a& H
(\
0 0 N
0 0 LO
0 0
NAL., NyyL)
1
H 0
ConjA
5
ConjB
N H
N N 0
0 0
0 0
0
H 0 0
ConjB
ConjC:
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0 0
NHnr^,
0
0
:r:
0 N 0 Lo
0
Conp =
9
ConjD
0 0
0
N
H. 0 40
0
r 0 H
N
0
o
0 0
ConjD ; Or
ConjE:
0
N
0
H
oOoO
0
r 0H
N--
===
0 0
ConjE
In other embodiments, it may be preferred that the conjugate is selected from
a conjugate of
formula ConjA, ConjB, ConjC, ConjD and ConjE.
The subscript p in the formula I is an integer of from 1 to 20. Accordingly,
the Conjugates
comprise an antibody (Ab) as defined below covalently linked to at least one
Drug unit by a
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Linker unit. The Ligand unit, described more fully below, is a targeting agent
that binds to a
target moiety. Accordingly, the present invention also provides methods for
the treatment of,
for example, various cancers and autoimmune disease. The drug loading is
represented by
p, the number of drug molecules per antibody. Drug loading may range from 1 to
20 Drug
units (DL) per antibody. For compositions, p represents the average drug
loading of the
Conjugates in the composition, and p ranges from 1 to 20.
A second aspect of the invention provides a method of making a conjugate
according to
the first aspect of the invention comprising conjugating a compound of formula
IL or !IL:
20 9. 9 RI-1N c2 2
R R 1a
IL
o
c2, :21 I
12
R RY7. R -RY7 I Ri
C3' R6'
R6 o
r,30 9. 9 R10
R31 rcI R
Ri
Y' Y
' R22
R"
R7' R7
2 N 1_
\o R6'
C3' R6 0
to the antibody (Ab) as defined below, wherein:
RI-1 is a linker suitable for conjugation to the antibody (Ab);
R221- is of formula IllaL, formula IIIIDL or formula 111cL:
(a) Qi 2 Illa
RC2
X
Illb
1C.'j'NYI C3
(b) R R =
IlIc
(c)
where QL is selected from 0-R1-2, S-R1-2 and NRN-RI-2, and RN is selected from
H, methyl and
ethyl
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XL is selected from the group comprising: 0-R'2, s_RL2, 002-RL2, CO-.-.K1_2,
N=C=O-R'2,
FrN_RL2. F
N/-\N-RL2'
NHNH-RL2, CONHNH-R'2, , , NRNRL, wherein RN is
selected from the group comprising H and C1-4 alkyl;
RL2 is a linker suitable for conjugation to the antibody (Ab);
5 and all the remaining groups are as defined in the first aspect.
Thus it may be preferred in the second aspect, that the invention provides a
method of
making a conjugate selected from the group consisting of ConjA, ConjB, ConjC,
ConjD and
ConjE comprising conjugating a compound which is selected respectively from A:
0 o
NH
0
LI 0 0 LiPi Am ....... H
0
vdr"
0 N
0 / 0
H 0_
N.k)
riLiNrr,
A
B:
't
0 0 N ........ 0
1---
0 0
I H 0
H 0
B
C:
0 0
...._C"*ANH
0
0õ
0
< 0 0
0 NI N)1õJ
H)1T- 0
C
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D:
O 0
0
H
O o
r 0 H
o
0 0
and E:
ON
OOOO
= 0
.õk)L
If i
O - 0
r 0H
,
0
0 0
with an antibody as defined below.
WO 2011/130615 discloses compound 26:
vo.e-N so
H
0 0 N
O 0
NH 2
26
which is the parent compound of A. Compound A comprises this PBD with a linker
for
attachment to a cell binding agent. The cell binding agent provides a number
of ethylene
glycol moieties to provide solubility which is useful in the synthesis of
conjugates.
WO 2010/043380 and WO 2011/130613 disclose compound 30:
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0 0 11111PI N N H2
0 0
WO 2011/130613 also discloses compound 51:
H N H
(xN )60
0 H
0 0 111141. N
0 0
N
30 0 0
0
5
Compound B differs from compound 30 by only having a (CH2)3 tether between the
PBD
moieties, instead of a (CH2)5 tether, which reduces the lipophilicity of the
released PBD
dimer. The linking group is attached to the 02-phenyl group in the para rather
than meta
position.
WO 2011/130613 discloses compound 93:
0 0
1114IF 0 4111111
H 0
H --N III&
0,1
N .."" N
0 0 0
Me0 0 Nirjiy,NyN,F1,,L)
H 0
93 0
Compound C differs from this in two respects. The cell binding agent provides
an increased
number of ethylene glycol moieties to provide solubility which is useful in
the synthesis of
conjugates, and the phenyl substiuent provide two rather than one oxygen atom,
which also
aids solubility. Compound C's strucutre may also mean it binds more strongly
in the minor
groove.
Compounds A, B and C have two sp2 centres in each C-ring, which may allow for
stronger
binding in the minor groove of DNA, than for compounds with only one sp2
centre in each C-
ring.
WO 2011/130598 discloses compound 80:
13
o
o
0 0
N N
0 HX1E1 0 Oy,0 0 H
11-1
0".
N
0 0
Compound D differs from this by comprising an iodoacetamide group for linking
to the cell
binding agent. This group may offer advantages over compound 80 with regards
to its
stability when bound to a cell binding agent (see below). The maleimide group
in compound
5 80 can undergo a retro-Michael reaction, becoming unconjugated from the
cell binding
agent, and thus vulnerable to scavenging by other thiol containing biological
molecules, such
as albumin and glutathione. Such unconjugation cannot occur with compound A.
Also, the
iodoacetamide group may avoid other unwanted side reactions.
10 Compound E differs from previously disclosed PBD dimers with a drug
linker having a C2-3
endo-double bond, by having a smaller, less lipophilic C2 substituent, e.g. 4F-
phenyl,
propylene. As such, the conjugates of compound B (see below) are less likely
to aggregate
once synthesised. Such aggregation of conjugates can be measured by Size
exclusion
chromatography (SEC).
Both compound D and E have two sp2 centres in each C-ring, which may allow for
stronger
binding in the minor groove of DNA, than for compounds with only one sp2
centre in each C-
ring.
The drug linkers disclosed in WO 2010/043880, WO 2011/130613, WO 2011/130598
and
WO 2011/130616 may be used in the present invention. The drug linkers
described herein
may be synthesised as described in these disclosures.
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13a
Brief description of the drawings
FIG. 1 shows the in vitro efficacy of a conjugate of the invention against
Daudi, Ramos,
WSU-DLCL2 and SU-DHL-1 cells.
FIG. 2 shows the in vitro efficacy of a conjugate not of the invention against
Daudi, Ramos,
VVSU-DLCL2 and SU-DHL-1 cells.
FIG. 3 shows the comparative anti-tumour activity of a conjugate of the
invention and a
conjugate not of the invention in a Ramos xenograft model.
Detailed description of the invention
The present invention is suitable for use in providing a PBD compound to a
preferred site in
a subject. The conjugate allows the release of an active PBD compound that
does not retain
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14
any part of the linker. There is no stub present that could affect the
reactivity of the PBD
compound. Thus ConjA would release the compound RelA:
H, -N
\ N
NH,
RelA
ConjB would release the compound RelB:
H (N 0.....,..õ0 ¨ H
N V
\ /
0 0
r---- NN2
/NJ
ReIR
ConjC would release the compound ReIC:
Q...,¨,..--
0
N 0/ -... 0 N /
<o 0 0
NH2
ReIC
ConjD would release the compound ReID:
H
V.- N
\
0 0
Re ID
and ConjE would release the compound RelE:
N N
...õ .:, ciN -H, -
/ :----\61
\ o ICY' N ......_
0 0
RelE
The specified link between the PBD dimer and the antibody, in the present
invention is
preferably stable extracellularly. Before transport or delivery into a cell,
the antibody-drug
conjugate (ADC) is preferably stable and remains intact, i.e. the antibody
remains linked to
the drug moiety. The linkers are stable outside the target cell and may be
cleaved at some
efficacious rate inside the cell. An effective linker will: (i) maintain the
specific binding
properties of the antibody; (ii) allow intracellular delivery of the conjugate
or drug moiety; (iii)
remain stable and intact, i.e. not cleaved, until the conjugate has been
delivered or
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transported to its targetted site; and (iv) maintain a cytotoxic, cell-killing
effect or a cytostatic
effect of the PBD drug moiety. Stability of the ADC may be measured by
standard analytical
techniques such as mass spectroscopy, HPLC, and the separation/analysis
technique
LC/MS.
5
Delivery of the compounds of formulae RelA, RelB, ReIC, RelD or RelE is
achieved at the
desired activation site of the conjugates of formulae ConjA, ConjB, ConjC,
ConjD or ConjE
by the action of an enzyme, such as cathepsin, on the linking group, and in
particular on the
valine-alanine dipeptide moiety.
Antibody
In one aspect the antibody is an antibody that binds to 0D22, the antibody
comprising a VH
domain having the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1.
The antibody may further comprise a VL domain. In some embodiments the
antibody further
comprises a VL domain having the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 2.
In some embodiments the antibody comprises a VH domain paired with a VL
domain, the
VH and VL domains having the sequences of SEQ ID NO. 1 paired with SEQ ID NO.
2.
The VH and VL domain(s) may pair so as to form an antibody antigen binding
site that binds
CD22.
In some embodiments the antibody is an intact antibody comprising a VH domain
paired with
a VL domain, the VH and VL domains having sequences of SEQ ID NO. 1 paired
with SEQ
ID NO. 2. In one embodiment the antibody comprises a heavy chain having the
sequence of
SEQ ID NO. 3 paired with a light chain having the sequence of SEQ ID NO. 4. In
one
embodiment the antibody is an intact antibody comprising two heavy chains
having the
sequence of SEQ ID NO. 3, each paired with a light chain having the sequence
of SEQ ID
NO. 4.
In aspect the antibody is an antibody as described herein which has been
modified (or
further modified) as described below. In some embodiments the antibody is a
humanised,
deimmunised or resurfaced version of an antibody disclosed herein.
Terminology
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The term "antibody" herein is used in the broadest sense and specifically
covers monoclonal
antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, dimers, multimers, multispecific antibodies
(e.g., bispecific
antibodies), intact antibodies and antibody fragments, so long as they exhibit
the desired
biological activity, for example, the ability to bind 0022 (Miller eta! (2003)
Jour. of
Immunology 170:4854-4861). Antibodies may be murine, human, humanized,
chimeric, or
derived from other species. An antibody is a protein generated by the immune
system that
is capable of recognizing and binding to a specific antigen. (Janeway, C.,
Travers, P.,
Walport, M., Shlomchik (2001) lmmuno Biology, 5th Ed., Garland Publishing, New
York). A
target antigen generally has numerous binding sites, also called epitopes,
recognized by
CDRs on multiple antibodies. Each antibody that specifically binds to a
different epitope has
a different structure. Thus, one antigen may have more than one corresponding
antibody.
An antibody includes a full-length immunoglobulin molecule or an
immunologically active
portion of a full-length immunoglobulin molecule, i.e., a molecule that
contains an antigen
binding site that immunospecifically binds an antigen of a target of interest
or part thereof,
such targets including but not limited to, cancer cell or cells that produce
autoimmune
antibodies associated with an autoimmune disease. The immunoglobulin can be of
any type
(e.g. IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, and IgA), class (e.g. IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1
and IgA2) or
subclass, or allotype (e.g. human Glml, G1m2, G1m3, non-G1m1 [that, is any
allotype
other than G1m1], G1m17, G2m23, G3m21, G3m28, G3m11, G3m5, G3m13, G3m14,
G3m10, G3m15, G3m16, G3m6, G3m24, G3m26, G3m27, A2m1, A2m2, Km1, Km2 and
Km3) of immunoglobulin molecule. The immunoglobulins can be derived from any
species,
including human, murine, or rabbit origin.
As used herein, "binds 0D22" is used to mean the antibody binds 0022 with a
higher affinity
than a non-specific partner such as Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA, Genbank
accession no.
0AA76847, version no. 0AA76847.1 GI:3336842, record update date: Jan 7, 2011
02:30
PM). In some embodiments the antibody binds 0022 with an association constant
(Ka) at
least 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 104, 105 or 106-
fold higher than
the antibody's association constant for BSA, when measured at physiological
conditions.
The antibodies of the invention can bind CO22 with a high affinity. For
example, in some
embodiments the antibody can bind 0022 with a KD equal to or less than about
10-6 M, such
as 1 x 10-6, 10-7, 10-8, 10-9,10-10, 10-11, 10-12, 10-13 or 10-14.
In some embodiments, 0022 polypeptide corresponds to Genbank accession no.
BAB15489, version no. BAB15489.1 GI:10439338, record update date: Sep 11,2006
11:24
PM. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid encoding 0022 polypeptide corresponds
to
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Genbank accession no AK026467, version no. AK026467.1 GI:10439337, record
update
date: Sep 11, 2006 11:24 PM.
"Antibody fragments" comprise a portion of a full length antibody, generally
the antigen
binding or variable region thereof. Examples of antibody fragments include
Fab, Fab',
F(ab')2, and scFv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies; fragments produced
by a Fab
expression library, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, CDR (complementary
determining
region), and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above which
immunospecifically bind to
cancer cell antigens, viral antigens or microbial antigens, single-chain
antibody molecules;
and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
The term "monoclonal antibody" as used herein refers to an antibody obtained
from a
population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e. the individual
antibodies comprising
the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations
that may be
present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being
directed against
a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to polyclonal antibody
preparations which
include different antibodies directed against different determinants
(epitopes), each
monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen.
In addition to
their specificity, the monoclonal antibodies are advantageous in that they may
be
synthesized uncontaminated by other antibodies. The modifier "monoclonal"
indicates the
character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous
population of
antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody
by any
particular method. For example, the monoclonal antibodies to be used in
accordance with
the present invention may be made by the hybridoma method first described by
Kohler et al
(1975) Nature 256:495, or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (see, US
4816567).
The monoclonal antibodies may also be isolated from phage antibody libraries
using the
techniques described in Clackson et al (1991) Nature, 352:624-628; Marks et al
(1991) J.
Mol. Biol., 222:581-597 or from transgenic mice carrying a fully human
immunoglobulin
system (Lonberg (2008) Curr. Opinion 20(4):450-459).
The monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include "chimeric" antibodies in
which a
portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to
corresponding
sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a
particular
antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical
with or
homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another
species or
belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such
antibodies, so
18
long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (US 4816567; and Morrison
et al (1984)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851-6855). Chimeric antibodies include
"primatized"
antibodies comprising variable domain antigen-binding sequences derived from a
non-
human primate (e.g. Old World Monkey or Ape) and human constant region
sequences.
An "intact antibody" herein is one comprising VL and VH domains, as well as a
light chain
constant domain (CL) and heavy chain constant domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3. The
constant domains may be native sequence constant domains (e.g. human native
sequence
constant domains) or amino acid sequence variant thereof. The intact antibody
may have
one or more "effector functions" which refer to those biological activities
attributable to the Fc
region (a native sequence Fc region or amino acid sequence variant Fc region)
of an
antibody. Examples of antibody effector functions include C1q binding;
complement
dependent cytotoxicity; Fc receptor binding; antibody-dependent cell-mediated
cytotoxicity
(ADCC); phagocytosis; and down regulation of cell surface receptors such as B
cell receptor
and BCR.
Depending on the amino acid sequence of the constant domain of their heavy
chains, intact
antibodies can be assigned to different "classes." There are five major
classes of intact
antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further
divided into
"subclasses" (isotypes), e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, and IgA2. The
heavy-chain
constant domains that correspond to the different classes of antibodies are
called a, 6, c, y,
and p, respectively. The subunit structures and three-dimensional
configurations of different
classes of immunoglobulins are well known.
Modification of antibodies
The antibodies disclosed herein may be modified. For example, to make them
less
immunogenic to a human subject. This may be achieved using any of a number of
techniques familiar to the person skilled in the art. Some of these techniques
are described
in more detail below.
Humanisation
Techniques to reduce the in vivo immunogenicity of a non-human antibody or
antibody
fragment include those termed "humanisation".
A "humanized antibody" refers to a polypeptide comprising at least a portion
of a modified
variable region of a human antibody wherein a portion of the variable region,
preferably a
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portion substantially less than the intact human variable domain, has been
substituted by the
corresponding sequence from a non-human species and wherein the modified
variable
region is linked to at least another part of another protein, preferably the
constant region of a
human antibody. The expression "humanized antibodies" includes human
antibodies in
which one or more complementarity determining region ("CDR") amino acid
residues and/or
one or more framework region ("FW" or "FR") amino acid residues are
substituted by amino
acid residues from analogous sites in rodent or other non-human antibodies.
The expression
"humanized antibody" also includes an immunoglobulin amino acid sequence
variant or
fragment thereof that comprises an FR having substantially the amino acid
sequence of a
human immunoglobulin and a CDR having substantially the amino acid sequence of
a non-
human immunoglobulin.
"Humanized" forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are chimeric
antibodies that
contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. Or, looked at
another
way, a humanized antibody is a human antibody that also contains selected
sequences from
non-human (e.g. murine) antibodies in place of the human sequences. A
humanized
antibody can include conservative amino acid substitutions or non-natural
residues from the
same or different species that do not significantly alter its binding and/or
biologic activity.
Such antibodies are chimeric antibodies that contain minimal sequence derived
from non-
human immunoglobulins.
There are a range of humanisation techniques, including 'CDR grafting',
'guided selection',
'cleimmunization', 'resurfacing' (also known as Veneering'), 'composite
antibodies', 'Human
String Content Optimisation' and framework shuffling.
CDR grafting
In this technique, the humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins
(recipient antibody)
in which residues from a complementary-determining region (CDR) of the
recipient antibody
are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non-human species (donor antibody)
such as
mouse, rat, camel, bovine, goat, or rabbit having the desired properties (in
effect, the non-
human CDRs are 'grafted' onto the human framework). In some instances,
framework region
(FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-
human
residues (this may happen when, for example, a particular FR residue has
significant effect
on antigen binding).
20
Furthermore, humanized antibodies can comprise residues that are found neither
in the
recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences. These
modifications
are made to further refine and maximize antibody performance, Thus, in
general, a
humanized antibody will comprise all of at least one, and in one aspect two,
variable
domains, in which all or all of the hypervariable loops correspond to those of
a non-human
immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a
human
immunoglobulin sequence. The humanized antibody optionally also will comprise
at least a
portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), or that of a human
immunoglobulin.
Guided selection
The method consists of combining the VH or VL domain of a given non-human
antibody
specific for a particular epitope with a human VH or VL library and specific
human V domains
are selected against the antigen of interest. This selected human VH is then
combined with a
VL library to generate a completely human VHxVL combination. The method is
described in
Nature Biotechnology (N.Y.) 12, (1994) 899-903.
Composite antibodies
In this method, two or more segments of amino acid sequence from a human
antibody are
combined within the final antibody molecule. They are constructed by combining
multiple
human VH and VL sequence segments in combinations which limit or avoid human T
cell
epitopes in the final composite antibody V regions. Where required, T cell
epitopes are
limited or avoided by, exchanging V region segments contributing to or
encoding a T cell
epitope with alternative segments which avoid T cell epitopes. This method is
described in
US 2008/0206239 Al.
Deimmunization
This method involves the removal of human (or other second species) 1-cell
epitopes
from the V regions of the therapeutic antibody (or other molecule). The
therapeutic
antibodies V-region sequence is analysed for the presence of MHC class II-
binding
motifs by, for example, comparison with databases of MHC-binding motifs.
Alternatively,
MHC class II- binding motifs may be identified using computational threading
methods
such as those devised by Altuvia et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 249 244-250 (1995)); in
these
methods, consecutive overlapping peptides from the V-region sequences are
testing
for their binding energies to MHC class II proteins. This data can then be
combined with
information on other sequence features which relate to successfully
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presented peptides, such as amphipathicity, Rothbard motifs, and cleavage
sites for
cathepsin B and other processing enzymes.
Once potential second species (e.g. human) T-cell epitopes have been
identified, they are
eliminated by the alteration of one or more amino acids. The modified amino
acids are
usually within the T-cell epitope itself, but may also be adjacent to the
epitope in terms of the
primary or secondary structure of the protein (and therefore, may not be
adjacent in the
primary structure). Most typically, the alteration is by way of substitution
but, in some
circumstances amino acid addition or deletion will be more appropriate.
All alterations can be accomplished by recombinant DNA technology, so that the
final
molecule may be prepared by expression from a recombinant host using well
established
methods such as Site Directed Mutagenesis. However, the use of protein
chemistry or any
other means of molecular alteration is also possible.
Resurfacing
This method involves:
(a) determining the conformational structure of the variable region of the non-
human
(e.g. rodent) antibody (or fragment thereof) by constructing a three-
dimensional model of the
non-human antibody variable region;
(b) generating sequence alignments using relative accessibility distributions
from
x-ray crystallographic structures of a sufficient number of non-human and
human antibody
variable region heavy and light chains to give a set of heavy and light chain
framework
positions wherein the alignment positions are identical in 98% of the
sufficient number of
non-human antibody heavy and light chains;
(c) defining for the non-human antibody to be humanized, a set of heavy and
light
chain surface exposed amino acid residues using the set of framework positions
generated
in step (b);
(d) identifying from human antibody amino acid sequences a set of heavy and
light
chain surface exposed amino acid residues that is most closely identical to
the set of surface
exposed amino acid residues defined in step (c), wherein the heavy and light
chain from the
human antibody are or are not naturally paired;
(e) substituting, in the amino acid sequence of the non-human antibody to be
humanized, the set of heavy and light chain surface exposed amino acid
residues defined in
step (c) with the set of heavy and light chain surface exposed amino acid
residues identified
in step (d);
22
(f) constructing a three-dimensional model of the variable region of the non-
human
antibody resulting from the substituting specified in step (e);
(g) identifying, by comparing the three-dimensional models constructed in
steps (a)
and (f), any amino acid residues from the sets identified in steps (c) or (d),
that are within 5
Angstroms of any atom of any residue of the complementarity determining
regions of the
non-human antibody to be humanized; and
(h) changing any residues identified in step (g) from the human to the
original non-
human amino acid residue to thereby define a non-human antibody humanizing set
of
surface exposed amino acid residues; with the proviso that step (a) need not
be conducted
first, but must be conducted prior to step (g).
Suoerhumanization
The method compares the non-human sequence with the functional human germline
gene
repertoire. Those human genes encoding canonical structures identical or
closely related to
the non-human sequences are selected. Those selected human genes with highest
homology within the CDRs are chosen as FR donors. Finally, the non-human CDRs
are
grafted onto these human FRs. This method is described in patent WO
2005/079479 A2.
Human String Content Optimization
This method compares the non-human (e.g. mouse) sequence with the repertoire
of human
germline genes and the differences are scored as Human String Content (HSC)
that
quantifies a sequence at the level of potential MHC/T-cell epitopes. The
target sequence is
then humanized by maximizing its HSC rather than using a global identity
measure to
generate multiple diverse humanized variants (described in Molecular
Immunology, 44,
(2007) 1986-1998).
Framework Shuffling
The CDRs of the non-human antibody are fused in-frame to cDNA pools
encompassing all
known heavy and light chain human germline gene frameworks. Humanised
antibodies are
then selected by e.g. panning of the phage displayed antibody library. This is
described in
Methods 36, 43-60 (2005).
Definitions
Pharmaceutically acceptable cations
Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable monovalent and divalent cations are
discussed in
Berge, et al., J. Pharm. Sc., 66, 1-19 (1977).
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The pharmaceutically acceptable cation may be inorganic or organic.
Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable monovalent inorganic cations include,
but are not
.. limited to, alkali metal ions such as Na + and K. Examples of
pharmaceutically acceptable
divalent inorganic cations include, but are not limited to, alkaline earth
cations such as Ca2+
and Mg2+. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable organic cations include, but
are not
limited to, ammonium ion (i.e. NH4) and substituted ammonium ions (e.g. NH3R+,
NH2R2+,
NHR3+, NR4+). Examples of some suitable substituted ammonium ions are those
derived
.. from: ethylamine, diethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, triethylamine,
butylamine,
ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, benzylamine,
phenylbenzylamine, choline, meglumine, and tromethamine, as well as amino
acids, such as
lysine and arginine. An example of a common quaternary ammonium ion is
N(CH3)4*.
Substituents
.. The phrase "optionally substituted" as used herein, pertains to a parent
group which may be
unsubstituted or which may be substituted.
Unless otherwise specified, the term "substituted" as used herein, pertains to
a parent group
which bears one or more substituents. The term "substitucnt" is used herein in
the
.. conventional sense and refers to a chemical moiety which is covalently
attached to, or if
appropriate, fused to, a parent group. A wide variety of substituents are well
known, and
methods for their formation and introduction into a variety of parent groups
are also well
known.
.. Examples of substituents are described in more detail below.
C1-12 alkyl: The term "C1_12 alkyl" as used herein, pertains to a monovalent
moiety obtained
by removing a hydrogen atom from a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon compound
having from
1 to 12 carbon atoms, which may be aliphatic or alicyclic, and which may be
saturated or
.. unsaturated (e.g. partially unsaturated, fully unsaturated). The term "C1_4
alkyl" as used
herein, pertains to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom
from a
carbon atom of a hydrocarbon compound having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, which
may be
aliphatic or alicyclic, and which may be saturated or unsaturated (e.g.
partially unsaturated,
fully unsaturated). Thus, the term "alkyl" includes the sub-classes alkenyl,
alkynyl,
cycloalkyl, etc., discussed below.
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Examples of saturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl
(C1), ethyl (02),
propyl (C3), butyl (C4), pentyl (C5), hexyl (C6) and heptyl (C7).
Examples of saturated linear alkyl groups include, but are not limited to,
methyl (C1), ethyl
(02), n-propyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), n-pentyl (amyl) (05), n-hexyl (C6) and n-
heptyl (C7).
Examples of saturated branched alkyl groups include iso-propyl (03), iso-butyl
(04), sec-butyl
(04), tert-butyl (04), iso-pentyl (05), and neo-pentYI (C5).
02_12 Alkenyl: The term "02_12 alkenyl" as used herein, pertains to an alkyl
group having one
or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
Examples of unsaturated alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to,
ethenyl (vinyl, -
CH=CH2), 1-propenyl (-CH=CH-CH3), 2-propenyl (ally!, -CH-CH=CH2), isopropenyl
(1-
methylvinyl, -C(CH3)=CH2), butenyl (C4), pentenyl (C5), and hexenyl (C6).
02_12 alkynyl: The term "02_12 alkynyl" as used herein, pertains to an alkyl
group having one
or more carbon-carbon triple bonds.
Examples of unsaturated alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to,
ethynyl (-CECH) and
2-propynyl (propargyl, -CH2-CECH).
03_12 cycloalkyl: The term '`C3_12 cycloalkyl" as used herein, pertains to an
alkyl group which
.. is also a cyclyl group; that is, a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a
hydrogen atom
from an alicyclic ring atom of a cyclic hydrocarbon (carbocyclic) compound,
which moiety
has from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, including from 3 to 7 ring atoms.
Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived
from:
saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon compounds:
cyclopropane (03), cyclobutane (C4), cyclopentane (05), cyclohexane (06),
cycloheptane
(07), methylcyclopropane (04), dimethylcyclopropane (05), methylcyclobutane
(05),
dimethylcyclobutane (C6), methylcyclopentane (C6), dimethylcyclopentane (07)
and
methylcyclohexane (C7);
unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbon compounds:
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cyclopropene (03), cyclobutene (04), cyclopentene (05), cyclohexene (06),
methylcyclopropene (C4), dimethylcyclopropene (C5), methylcyclobutene (05),
dimethylcyclobutene (C6), methylcyclopentene (C6), dimethylcyclopentene (C7)
and
methylcyclohexene (07); and
5 saturated polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds:
norcarane (07), norpinane (07), norbornane (07).
C3_20 heterocyclyl: The term "03_20 heterocyclyl" as used herein, pertains to
a monovalent
moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a ring atom of a heterocyclic
compound,
10 which moiety has from 3 to 20 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 10 are ring
heteroatoms.
Preferably, each ring has from 3 to 7 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 4 are
ring heteroatoms.
In this context, the prefixes (e.g. 03_20, 03-7, 05-6, etc.) denote the number
of ring atoms, or
range of number of ring atoms, whether carbon atoms or heteroatoms. For
example, the
15 term "C5_6heterocycly1", as used herein, pertains to a heterocyclyl
group having 5 or 6 ring
atoms.
Examples of monocyclic heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to,
those derived
from:
20 N1: aziridine (C3), azetidine (C4), pyrrolidine (tetrahydropyrrole)
(C5), pyrroline (e.g.,
3-pyrroline, 2,5-dihydropyrrole) (C5), 2H-pyrrole or 3H-pyrrole (isopyrrole,
isoazole) (C5),
piperidine (06), dihydropyridine (06), tetrahydropyridine (06), azepine (07);
01: oxirane (03), oxetane (C4), oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) (05), oxole
(dihydrofuran) (C5),
oxane (tetrahydropyran) (C6), dihydropyran (06), pyran (C6), oxepin (07);
25 S1: thiirane (03), thietane (C4), thiolane (tetrahydrothiophene) (C5),
thiane
(tetrahydrothiopyran) (06), thiepane (07);
02: dioxolane (C5), dioxane (06), and dioxepane (07);
03: trioxane (C6);
N2: imidazolidine (05), pyrazolidine (diazolidine) (05), imidazoline (C5),
pyrazoline
(dihydropyrazole) (C5), piperazine (C6);
N101: tetrahydrooxazole (C5), dihydrooxazole (C5), tetrahydroisoxazole (C5),
dihydroisoxazole (05), morpholine (06), tetrahydrooxazine (06), dihydrooxazine
(06), oxazine
(06);
NISI: thiazoline (C5), thiazolidine (C5), thiomorpholine (C6);
N201: oxadiazine (06);
01S1: oxathiole (C5) and oxathiane (thioxane) (06); and,
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1\1101S1: oxathiazine (C6).
Examples of substituted monocyclic heterocyclyl groups include those derived
from
saccharides, in cyclic form, for example, furanoses (05), such as
arabinofuranose,
lyxofuranose, ribofuranose, and xylofuranse, and pyranoses (06), such as
allopyranose,
altropyranose, glucopyranose, man nopyranose, gulopyranose, idopyranose,
galactopyranose, and talopyranose.
05-20 aryl: The term "05-20 aryl", as used herein, pertains to a monovalent
moiety obtained by
removing a hydrogen atom from an aromatic ring atom of an aromatic compound,
which
moiety has from 3 to 20 ring atoms. The term "05_7 aryl", as used herein,
pertains to a
monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an aromatic ring
atom of an
aromatic compound, which moiety has from 5 to 7 ring atoms and the term "C5_10
aryl", as
used herein, pertains to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen
atom from
an aromatic ring atom of an aromatic compound, which moiety has from 5 to 10
ring atoms.
Preferably, each ring has from 5 to 7 ring atoms.
In this context, the prefixes (e.g. 03-20, 05-7, 05-6, 05-10, etc.) denote the
number of ring atoms,
or range of number of ring atoms, whether carbon atoms or heteroatoms. For
example, the
term "C5 aryl" as used herein, pertains to an aryl group having 5 or 6 ring
atoms.
The ring atoms may be all carbon atoms, as in "carboaryl groups".
Examples of carboaryl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived
from benzene
(i.e. phenyl) (06), naphthalene (Co), azulene (Co), anthracene (014),
phenanthrene (014),
naphthacene (C18), and pyrene (CO.
Examples of aryl groups which comprise fused rings, at least one of which is
an aromatic
ring, include, but are not limited to, groups derived from indane (e.g. 2,3-
dihydro-1H-indene)
(C9), indene (C9), isoindene (09), tetraline (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene
(CO,
acenaphthene (C12), fluorene (C13), phenalene (C13), acephenanthrene (C15),
and
aceanthrene (C16).
Alternatively, the ring atoms may include one or more heteroatoms, as in
"heteroaryl
groups". Examples of monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited
to, those
derived from:
N1: pyrrole (azole) (C5), pyridine (azine) (Cs);
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01: furan (oxole) (C5);
S1: thiophene (thiole) (C5);
N101: oxazole (C5), isoxazole (C5), isoxazine (CO;
N201: oxadiazole (furazan) (05);
N301: oxatriazole (C5);
Ni thiazole (05), isothiazole (C5);
N2: imidazole (1,3-diazole) (C5), pyrazole (1,2-diazole) (05), pyridazine (1,2-
diazine) (06),
pyrimidine (1,3-diazine) (C6) (e.g., cytosine, thymine, uracil), pyrazine (1,4-
diazine) (C6);
N3: triazole (C5), triazine (C6); and,
N4: tetrazole (CO.
Examples of heteroaryl which comprise fused rings, include, but are not
limited to:
09 (with 2 fused rings) derived from benzofuran (01), isobenzofuran (01),
indole (NO,
isoindole (N1), indolizine (N1), indoline (N1), isoindoline (N1), purine (N4)
(e.g., adenine,
guanine), benzimidazole (N2), indazole (N2), benzoxazole (N101), benzisoxazole
(N101),
benzodioxole (02), benzofurazan (N201), benzotriazole (N3), benzothiofuran
(Si),
benzothiazole (NISI), benzothiadiazole (N2S);
010 (with 2 fused rings) derived from chromene (01), isochromene (01), chroman
(01), isochroman (01), benzodioxan (02), quinoline (N1), isoquinoline (N1),
quinolizine (N1),
.. benzoxazine (N101), benzodiazine (N2), pyridopyridine (N2), quinoxaline
(N2), quinazoline
(N2), cinnoline (N2), phthalazine (N2), naphthyridine (N2), pteridine (N4);
C11 (with 2 fused rings) derived from benzodiazepine (N2);
013 (with 3 fused rings) derived from carbazole (N1), dibenzofuran (01),
dibenzothiophene (S1), carboline (N2), perimidine (N2), pyridoindole (N2);
and,
014 (with 3 fused rings) derived from acridine (N1), xanthene (01),
thioxanthene (Si),
oxanthrene (02), phenoxathiin (01S1), phenazine (N2), phenoxazine (N101),
phenothiazine
thianthrene (S2), phenanthridine (N1), phenanthroline (N2), phenazine (N2).
The above groups, whether alone or part of another substituent, may themselves
optionally
be substituted with one or more groups selected from themselves and the
additional
substituents listed below.
Halo: -F, -Cl, -Br, and -I.
Hydroxy: -OH.
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Ether: -OR, wherein R is an ether substituent, for example, a 017 alkyl group
(also referred
to as a C1_7 alkoxy group, discussed below), a C3_20 heterocyclyl group (also
referred to as a
C3_20 heterocyclyloxy group), or a C5_20 aryl group (also referred to as a
C5_20 aryloxy group),
preferably a C1_7alkyl group.
Alkoxy: -OR, wherein R is an alkyl group, for example, a C1-7 alkyl group.
Examples of C1-7
alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, -0Me (methoxy), -0Et (ethoxy), -
0(nPr) (n-
propoxy), -0(iPr) (isopropoxy), -0(nBu) (n-butoxy), -0(sBu) (sec-butoxy), -
0(iBu)
(isobutoxy), and -0(tBu) (tert-butoxy).
Acetal: -CH(OR1)(0R2), wherein R1 and R2 are independently acetal
substituents, for
example, a 017 alkyl group, a 03_20 heterocyclyl group, or a 05_20 aryl group,
preferably a 01_7
alkyl group, or, in the case of a "cyclic" acetal group, R1 and R2, taken
together with the two
oxygen atoms to which they are attached, and the carbon atoms to which they
are attached,
form a heterocyclic ring having from 4 to 8 ring atoms. Examples of acetal
groups include,
but are not limited to, -CH(OMe)2, -CH(OEt)2, and -CH(OMe)(0Et).
Hemiacetal: -CH(OH)(0R1), wherein R1 is a hemiacetal substituent, for example,
a C17 alkyl
group, a 03_20 heterocyclyl group, or a 05_20 aryl group, preferably a C17
alkyl group.
Examples of hemiacetal groups include, but are not limited to, -CH(OH)(0Me)
and -
CH(OH)(0Et).
Ketal: -CR(0R1)(0R2), where R1 and R2 are as defined for acetals, and R is a
ketal
substituent other than hydrogen, for example, a 017 alkyl group, a C3_20
heterocyclyl group, or
a C5-20 aryl group, preferably a 01-7 alkyl group. Examples ketal groups
include, but are not
limited to, -C(Me)(0Me)2, -C(Me)(0Et)2, -C(Me)(0Me)(0Et), -C(Et)(0Me)2, -
C(Et)(0Et)2, and
-C(Et)(0Me)(0Et).
Hemiketal: -CR(OH)(0R1), where R1 is as defined for hemiacetals, and R is a
hemiketal
substituent other than hydrogen, for example, a C17 alkyl group, a C3_20
heterocyclyl group, or
a C5_20 aryl group, preferably a 01_7 alkyl group. Examples of hemiacetal
groups include, but
are not limited to, -C(Me)(OH)(0Me), -C(Et)(OH)(0Me), -C(Me)(OH)(0Et), and
-C(Et)(OH)(CEt).
Oxo (keto, -one): =0.
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Thione (thioketone): =S.
lmino (imine): =NR, wherein R is an imino substituent, for example, hydrogen,
C1_7 alkyl
group, a 03-20 heterocyclyl group, or a 05_20 aryl group, preferably hydrogen
or a 01_7 alkyl
group. Examples of ester groups include, but are not limited to, =NH, =NMe,
=NEt, and
=NPh.
Formyl (carbaldehyde, carboxaldehyde): -C(0)H.
Acyl (keto): -C(=0)R, wherein R is an acyl substituent, for example, a 017
alkyl group (also
referred to as 01_7 alkylacyl or 01_7 alkanoyl), a 03_20 heterocyclyl group
(also referred to as
03_20 heterocyclylacyl), or a 05_20 aryl group (also referred to as C5_20
arylacyl), preferably a
01_7 alkyl group. Examples of acyl groups include, but are not limited to, -
C(=0)CH3 (acetyl),
-C(=0)CH2CH3 (propionyl), -C(=0)C(CH3)3 (t-butyryl), and -C(=0)Ph (benzoyl,
phenone).
Carboxy (carboxylic acid): -C(=0)0H.
Thiocarboxy (thiocarboxylic acid): -C(=S)SH.
Thiolocarboxy (thiolocarboxylic acid): -C(=O)SH.
Thionocarboxy (thionocarboxylic acid): -C(=S)OH.
lmidic acid: -C(=NH)OH.
Hydroxamic acid: -C(=NOH)OH.
Ester (carboxylate, carboxylic acid ester, oxycarbonyl): -C(=0)0R, wherein R
is an ester
substituent, for example, a 01_7 alkyl group, a 03_20 heterocyclyl group, or a
05_20 aryl group,
preferably a C1_7 alkyl group. Examples of ester groups include, but are not
limited to,
-C(=0)0CH3, -C(=0)0CH2CH3, -C(=0)0C(CH3)3, and -C(=0)0Ph.
Acyloxy (reverse ester): -0C(=0)R, wherein R is an acyloxy substituent, for
example, a 01-7
alkyl group, a 03_20 heterocyclyl group, or a C5_20 aryl group, preferably a
C17 alkyl group.
Examples of acyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, -0C(=0)CH3
(acetoxy),
-0C(=0)CH2CH3, -0C(=0)C(CH3)3, -0C(=0)Ph, and -0C(=0)CH2Ph.
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Oxycarboyloxy: -0C(=0)0R, wherein R is an ester substituent, for example, a C7
alkyl
group, a 03_20 heterocyclyl group, or a C5_20 aryl group, preferably a Ci_7
alkyl group.
Examples of ester groups include, but are not limited to, -0C(=0)00H3, -
0C(=0)0CH2CH3,
5 -0C(=0)0C(CH3)3, and -0C(=0)0Ph.
Amino: -NR1R2, wherein R1 and R2 are independently amino substituents, for
example,
hydrogen, a 01-7 alkyl group (also referred to as 01-7 alkylamino or di-
C17alkylamino), a C3-20
heterocyclyl group, or a 05_20 aryl group, preferably H or a 01_7 alkyl group,
or, in the case of a
10 "cyclic" amino group, R1 and R2, taken together with the nitrogen atom
to which they are
attached, form a heterocyclic ring having from 4 to 8 ring atoms. Amino groups
may be
primary (-NH2), secondary (-NHR1), or tertiary (-NHR1R2), and in cationic
form, may be
quaternary (-1-NR1R2R3). Examples of amino groups include, but are not limited
to, -NH2,
-NHCH3, -NHC(CH3)2, -N(CH3)2, -N(CH2CH3)2, and -NHPh. Examples of cyclic amino
groups
15 include, but are not limited to, aziridino, azetidino, pyrrolidino,
piperldino, piperazino,
morpholino, and thiomorpholino.
Amido (carbamoyl, carbamyl, aminocarbonyl, carboxamide): -C(=0)NR1R2, wherein
R1 and
R2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups. Examples
of amido
20 groups include, but are not limited to, -C(0)NH2, -C(=0)NHCH3, -
C(=0)N(CH3)2,
-C(=0)NHCH2CH3, and -C(=0)N(0H20H3)2, as well as amido groups in which R1 and
R2,
together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a
heterocyclic structure as
in, for example, piperidinocarbonyl, morpholinocarbonyl,
thiomorpholinocarbonyl, and
piperazinocarbonyl.
Thioamido (thiocarbamyl): -C(=S)NR1R2, wherein R1 and R2 are independently
amino
substituents, as defined for amino groups. Examples of amido groups include,
but are not
limited to, -C(=S)NH2, -C(=S)NHCH3, -C(=S)N(CH3)2, and -C(=S)NHCH2CH3.
Acylamido (acylamino): -NR1C(=0)R2, wherein R1 is an amide substituent, for
example,
hydrogen, a Cijalkyl group, a C3_20 heterocyclyl group, or a C5_20 aryl group,
preferably
hydrogen or a 017 alkyl group, and R2 is an acyl substituent, for example, a
017 alkyl group,
a C3_20 heterocyclyl group, or a C5_20aryl group, preferably hydrogen or a
01_7 alkyl group.
Examples of acylamide groups include, but are not limited to, -NHC(=0)CH3 ,
-NHC(=0)CH2CH3, and -NHC(=0)Ph. R1 and R2 may together form a cyclic
structure, as in,
for example, succinimidyl, maleimidyl, and phthalimidyl:
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0 0
oo 0¨Nro
succininnidyl maleinnidyl phthalinnidyl
Aminocarbonyloxy: -0C(=0)NR1R2, wherein R1 and R2 are independently amino
substituents, as defined for amino groups. Examples of aminocarbonyloxy groups
include,
but are not limited to, -0C(=0)NH2, -0C(=0)NHMe, -0C(=0)NMe2, and -0C(=0)NEt2,
Ureido: -N(R1)CONR2R3 wherein R2 and R3 are independently amino substituents,
as
defined for amino groups, and R1 is a ureido substituent, for example,
hydrogen, a C17 alkyl
group, a C3_20 heterocyclyl group, or a C5_20 aryl group, preferably hydrogen
or a Ci_7 alkyl
.. group. Examples of ureido groups include, but are not limited to, -NHCONH2,
-NHCONHMe,
-NHCONHEt, -NHCONMe2, -NHCONEt2, -NMeCONH2, -NMeCONHMe, -NMeCONHEt, -
NMeCONMe2, and -NMeCONEt2.
Guanidino: -NH-C(=NH)NH2.
Tetrazolyl: a five membered aromatic ring having four nitrogen atoms and one
carbon atom,
N
II
Imino: =NR, wherein R is an imino substituent, for example, for example,
hydrogen, a 01_7
alkyl group, a C3_20 heterocyclyl group, or a C5_20 aryl group, preferably H
or a Cijalkyl group.
Examples of imino groups include, but are not limited to, =NH, =NMe, and =NEt.
Amidine (amidino): -C(=NR)N R2, wherein each R is an amidine substituent, for
example,
hydrogen, a 01_7 alkyl group, a 03_20 heterocyclyl group, or a 05_20 aryl
group, preferably H or
a 017 alkyl group. Examples of amidine groups include, but are not limited to,
-C(=NH)NH2,
-C(=NH)NMe2, and -C(=NMe)NMe2.
Nitro: -NO2.
Nitroso: -NO.
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Azido: -N3.
Cyano (nitrile, carbonitrile): -ON.
lsocyano: -NC.
Cyanato: -OCN.
lsocyanato: -NCO.
Thiocyano (thiocyanato): -SON.
lsothiocyano (isothiocyanato): -N CS.
Sulfhydryl (thiol, mercapto): -SH.
Thioether (sulfide): -SR, wherein R is a thioether substituent, for example, a
017 alkyl group
(also referred to as a 017a1ky1thi0 group), a 03-20 heterocyclyl group, or a
C5_20 aryl group,
preferably a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of 01_7 alkylthio groups include, but
are not limited to,
-SCH3 and -SCH2CH3.
Disulfide: -SS-R, wherein R is a disulfide substituent, for example, a 01-7
alkyl group, a 03-20
heterocyclyl group, or a 05_20 aryl group, preferably a 01_7 alkyl group (also
referred to herein
as 01_7 alkyl disulfide). Examples of C1_7alkyl disulfide groups include, but
are not limited to,
-SSCH3 and -SSCH2CH3.
Sulfine (sulfinyl, sulfoxide): -S(=0)R, wherein R is a sulfine substituent,
for example, a 01-7
alkyl group, a 03_20 heterocyclyl group, or a 05_20 aryl group, preferably a
01_7 alkyl group.
Examples of sulfine groups include, but are not limited to, -S(=0)CH3 and -
S(=0)CH2CH3.
Sulfone (sulfonyl): -S(=0)2R, wherein R is a sulfone substituent, for example,
a 01_7 alkyl
group, a 03_20 heterocyclyl group, or a C5_20 aryl group, preferably a 01_7
alkyl group, including,
for example, a fluorinated or perfluorinated Ci_7 alkyl group. Examples of
sulfone groups
include, but are not limited to, -S(=0)20H3 (methanesulfonyl, mesyl), -
S(=0)20F3(trifly1),
-S(=0)2CH2CH3 (esyl), -S(=0)204F9 (nonaflyl), -S(=0)20H20F3 (tresyl), -
S(=0)2CH2CH2NH2
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(tauryl), -S(=0)2Ph (phenylsulfonyl, besyl), 4-methylphenylsulfonyl (tosyl),
4-chlorophenylsulfonyl (closyl), 4-bromophenylsulfonyl (brosyl), 4-nitrophenyl
(nosyl),
2-naphthalenesulfonate (napsyl), and 5-dimethylamino-naphthalen-1-ylsulfonate
(dansyl).
Sulfinic acid (sulfino): -S(=0)0H, -S02H.
Sulfonic acid (sulfo): -S(=0)20H, -S03H.
Sulfinate (sulfinic acid ester): -S(=0)0R; wherein R is a sulfinate
substituent, for example, a
017 alkyl group, a 03_20 heterocyclyl group, or a 0520 aryl group, preferably
a C7 alkyl group.
Examples of sulfinate groups include, but are not limited to, -S(=0)0CH3
(methoxysulfinyl;
methyl sulfinate) and -S(=0)00H20H3 (ethoxysulfinyl; ethyl sulfinate).
Sulfonate (sulfonic acid ester): -S(=0)20R, wherein R is a sulfonate
substituent, for example,
a 017 alkyl group, a 03_20 heterocyclyl group, or a 0520 aryl group,
preferably a 017 alkyl
group. Examples of sulfonate groups include, but are not limited to, -
S(=0)200H3
(methoxysulfonyl; methyl sulfonate) and -S(=0)20CH2CH3 (ethoxysulfonyl; ethyl
sulfonate).
Sulfinyloxy: -0S(=0)R, wherein R is a sulfinyloxy substituent, for example, a
C1_7alkyl group,
a C3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C5_20 aryl group, preferably a C1_7 alkyl
group. Examples of
sulfinyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, -0S(=0)CH3 and -
0S(=0)CH2CH3.
Sulfonyloxy: -0S(=0)2R, wherein R is a sulfonyloxy substituent, for example, a
017 alkyl
group, a 03_20 heterocyclyl group, or a 05_20 aryl group, preferably a 017
alkyl group.
Examples of sulfonyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, -0S(=0)20H3
(mesylate) and
-0S(=0)2CH2CH3 (esylate).
Sulfate: -0S(=0)20R; wherein R is a sulfate substituent, for example, a 01_7
alkyl group, a
03_20 heterocyclyl group, or a 05_20 aryl group, preferably a 017 alkyl group.
Examples of
sulfate groups include, but are not limited to, -0S(=0)20CH3 and -
S0(=0)20CH2CH3.
Sulfamyl (sulfamoyl; sulfinic acid amide; sulfinamide): -S(=0)NR1R2, wherein
R1 and R2 are
independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups. Examples of
sulfamyl
groups include, but are not limited to, -S(=0)NH2, -S(=0)NH(CH3), -
S(=0)N(CH3)2,
-S(=0)NH(0H20H3), -S(=0)N(0H20H3)2, and -S(=0)NHPh.
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Sulfonamido (sulfinamoyl; sulfonic acid amide; sulfonamide): -S(=0)2NR1R2,
wherein R1 and
R2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups. Examples
of
sulfonamido groups include, but are not limited to, -S(=0)2NH2, -
S(=0)2NH(CH3),
-S(=0)2N(CH3)2, -S(=0)2NH(CH2CH3), -S(=0)2N(CH2CH3)2, and -S(=0)2NHPh.
Sulfamino: -NR1S(=0)20H, wherein R1 is an amino substituent, as defined for
amino groups.
Examples of sulfamino groups include, but are not limited to, -NHS(=0)20H and
-N(CH3)S(=0)20H.
Sulfonamino: -NR1S(=0)2R, wherein R1 is an amino substituent, as defined for
amino
groups, and R is a sulfonamino substituent, for example, a C17 alkyl group, a
03-20
heterocyclyl group, or a 05_20 aryl group, preferably a 017 alkyl group.
Examples of
sulfonamino groups include, but are not limited to, -NHS(=0)20H3 and -
N(CH3)S(=0)2C6H5.
Sulfinamino: -NR1S(=0)R, wherein R1 is an amino substituent, as defined for
amino groups,
and R is a sulfinamino substituent, for example, a C17 alkyl group, a C3_20
heterocyclyl group,
or a 05-20 aryl group, preferably a C1-7 alkyl group. Examples of sulfinamino
groups include,
but are not limited to, -NHS(=0)CH3 and -N(CH3)S(=0)C6H5.
Phosphino (phosphine): -PR2, wherein R is a phosphino substituent, for
example, -H, a C1_7
alkyl group, a C3_20 heterocyclyl group, or a 05_20 aryl group, preferably -H,
a 017 alkyl group,
or a C5_20 aryl group. Examples of phosphino groups include, but are not
limited to, -PH2,
-P(CH3)2, -P(CH2CH3)2, -P(t-Bu)2, and -P(Ph)2.
Phospho: -P(=0)2.
Phosphinyl (phosphine oxide): -P(=0)R2, wherein R is a phosphinyl substituent,
for example,
a C1_7 alkyl group, a C3_20 heterocyclyl group, or a C5_20 aryl group,
preferably a 01.7 alkyl
group or a 05_20 aryl group. Examples of phosphinyl groups include, but are
not limited to,
-P(=0)(CH3)2, -P(=0)(CH2CH3)2, -P(=0)(t-Bu)2, and -P(=0)(Ph)2.
Phosphonic acid (phosphono): -P(=0)(OH)2.
Phosphonate (phosphono ester): -P(=0)(0R)2, where R is a phosphonate
substituent, for
example, -H, a C1_7alkyl group, a C3_20 heterocyclyl group, or a C5_20aryl
group, preferably -H,
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a C1_7 alkyl group, or a 05_20 aryl group. Examples of phosphonate groups
include, but are
not limited to, -P(=0)(OCH3)2, -P(=0)(OCH2CH3)2, -P(=0)(0-t-Bu)2, and -
P(=0)(0Ph)2.
Phosphoric acid (phosphonooxy): -0P(=0)(OH)2.
5
Phosphate (phosphonooxy ester): -0P(=0)(0R)2, where R is a phosphate
substituent, for
example, -H, a C17 alkyl group, a C3_20 heterocyclyl group, or a C5_20 aryl
group, preferably -H,
a C1_7 alkyl group, or a 05_20 aryl group. Examples of phosphate groups
include, but are not
limited to, -0P(=0)(00H3)2, -0P(=0)(OCH2CH3)2, -0P(=0)(0-t-Bu)2, and -
0P(=0)(0Ph)2.
Phosphorous acid: -0P(OH)2.
Phosphite: -0P(OR)2, where R is a phosphite substituent, for example, -H, a
01_7alkyl group,
a C3_20 heterocyclyl group, or a 05_20 aryl group, preferably -H, a 01_7 alkyl
group, or a 05_20 aryl
group. Examples of phosphite groups include, but are not limited to, -
0P(00H3)2,
-0P(OCH2CH3)2, -0P(0-t-Bu)2, and -0P(OPN2.
Phosphoramidite: -0P(0R1)-NR22, where R1 and R2 are phosphoramidite
substituents, for
example, -H, a (optionally substituted) C1_7 alkyl group, a C3_20 heterocyclyl
group, or a 05_20
aryl group, preferably -H, a C1_7 alkyl group, or a C5_20 aryl group. Examples
of
phosphoramidite groups include, but are not limited to, -0P(OCH2CH3)-N(CH3)2,
-0P(OCH2CH3)-N(i-Pr)2, and -0P(OCH2CH2CN)-N(i-Pr)2.
Phosphoramidate: -0P(=0)(0R1)-NR22, where R1 and R2 are phosphoramidate
substituents,
for example, -H, a (optionally substituted) C1-7 alkyl group, a C3-20
heterocyclyl group, or a
05_20 aryl group, preferably -H, a C1_7 alkyl group, or a 05_20 aryl group.
Examples of
phosphoramidate groups include, but are not limited to, -0P(=0)(OCH2CH3)-
N(CH3)2,
-0P(=0)(OCH2CH3)-N(i-Pr)2, and -0P(=0)(OCH2CH2CN)-N(i-Pr)2.
Alkylene
03-12 alkylene: The term "03_12 alkylene", as used herein, pertains to a
bidentate moiety
obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms, either both from the same carbon
atom, or one
from each of two different carbon atoms, of a hydrocarbon compound having from
3 to 12
carbon atoms (unless otherwise specified), which may be aliphatic or
alicyclic, and which
may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated. Thus, the term
"alkylene"
includes the sub-classes alkenylene, alkynylene, cycloalkylene, etc.,
discussed below.
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Examples of linear saturated C3_12 alkylene groups include, but are not
limited to, -(CH2)5-
where n is an integer from 3 to 12, for example, -CH2CH2CH2- (Propylene),
-CH2CH2CH2CH2- (butylene), -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- (pentylene) and
.. -CH2CH2CH2CH-2CH2CH2CH2- (heptylene).
Examples of branched saturated 03_12 alkylene groups include, but are not
limited to,
-CH(CH3)CH2-, -CH(CH3)CH2CH2-, -CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2-, -CH2CH(CH3)CH2-,
-CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2-, -CH(CH2CH3)-, -CH(CH2CH3)CH2-, and -CH2CH(CH2CH3)CH2-=
Examples of linear partially unsaturated C3_12 alkylene groups (03_12
alkenylene, and
alkynylene groups) include, but are not limited to, -CH=CH-CH2-, -CH2-CH=CH2-,
-CH-CH-CH2-CH2-, -CH-CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-, -CH-CH-CH-CH-, -C1-1-CH-C1-1-CH-CH2-, -
CH=CH-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-, -CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-, -CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-, and -CH2-
.. CEO-CH2-.
Examples of branched partially unsaturated C3_12 alkylene groups (C3_12
alkenylene and
alkynylene groups) include, but are not limited to, -C(CH3)=CH-, -C(CH3)=CH-
CH2-,
-CH=CH-CH(CH3)- and -CEC-CH(CH3)-.
Examples of alicyclic saturated C3_12 alkylene groups (03_12 cycloalkylenes)
include, but are
not limited to, cyclopentylene (e.g. cyclopent-1,3-ylene), and cyclohexylene
(e.g. cyclohex-1,4-ylene).
Examples of alicyclic partially unsaturated C3_12 alkylene groups (C3_12
cycloalkylenes)
include, but are not limited to, cyclopentenylene (e.g. 4-cyclopenten-1,3-
ylene),
cyclohexenylene (e.g. 2-cyclohexen-1,4-ylene; 3-cyclohexen-1,2-ylene; 2,5-
cyclohexadien-
1,4-ylene).
Carbamate nitrogen protecting group: the term "carbamate nitrogen protecting
group"
pertains to a moiety which masks the nitrogen in the imine bond, and these are
well known
in the art. These groups have the following structure:
R' ¨0 0
37
wherein R'1 is R as defined above. A large number of suitable groups are
described on
pages 503 to 549 of Greene, T.W. and Wuts, GM., Protective Groups in Organic
Synthesis,
3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999.
Hemi-aminal nitrogen protecting group: the term "hemi-aminal nitrogen
protecting group"
pertains to a group having the following structure:
R.10 0
wherein R'1 is R as defined above. A large number of suitable groups are
described on
pages 633 to 647 as amide protecting groups of Greene, T.W. and Wuts, G.M.,
Protective
Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999.
The groups Carbamate nitrogen protecting group and Hemi-aminal nitrogen
protecting group
may be jointly termed a "nitrogen protecting group for synthesis".
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Conjugates
The present invention provides a conjugate comprising a PBD compound connected
to the
antibody via a Linker Unit.
In one embodiment, the conjugate comprises the antibody connected to a spacer
connecting
group, the spacer connected to a trigger, the trigger connected to a self-
immolative linker,
and the self-immolative linker connected to the N10 position of the PBD
compound. Such a
conjugate is illustrated below:
(Ab) __________ Connecting __
Trigger ¨ Self-Immolative Linker ¨ PBD
Group
I¨ A-1 Ll and L2 ___________
______________________________ IRL ________________________
where Ab is the antibody as defined above and PBD is a pyrrolobenzodiazepine
compound
(D), as described herein. The illustration shows the portions that correspond
to RI:, A, L1
and L2 in certain embodiments of the invention. RI: may be either RI-1' or RI-
2'. D is DL with
RI-I or RI-2' removed.
The present invention is suitable for use in providing a PBD compound to a
preferred site in
a subject. In the preferred embodiments, the conjugate allows the release of
an active PBD
compound that does not retain any part of the linker. There is no stub present
that could
affect the reactivity of the PBD compound.
The linker attaches the antibody to the PBD drug moiety D through covalent
bond(s). The
linker is a bifunctional or multifunctional moiety which can be used to link
one or more drug
moiety (D) and an antibody unit (Ab) to form antibody-drug conjugates (ADC).
The linker
(RI:) may be stable outside a cell, i.e. extracellular, or it may be cleavable
by enzymatic
activity, hydrolysis, or other metabolic conditions. Antibody-drug conjugates
(ADC) can be
conveniently prepared using a linker having reactive functionality for binding
to the drug
moiety and to the antibody. A cysteine thiol, or an amine, e.g. N-terminus or
amino acid side
chain such as lysine, of the antibody (Ab) can form a bond with a functional
group of a linker
or spacer reagent, PBD drug moiety (D) or drug-linker reagent (DL, D -RL),
where RL can be
RL1 or RL2.
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The linkers of the ADC preferably prevent aggregation of ADC molecules and
keep the ADC
freely soluble in aqueous media and in a monomeric state.
.. The linkers of the ADC are preferably stable extracellularly. Before
transport or delivery into
a cell, the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is preferably stable and remains
intact, i.e. the
antibody remains linked to the drug moiety. The linkers are stable outside the
target cell and
may be cleaved at some efficacious rate inside the cell. An effective linker
will: (i) maintain
the specific binding properties of the antibody; (ii) allow intracellular
delivery of the conjugate
or drug moiety; (iii) remain stable and intact, i.e. not cleaved, until the
conjugate has been
delivered or transported to its targetted site; and (iv) maintain a cytotoxic,
cell-killing effect or
a cytostatic effect of the PBD drug moiety. Stability of the ADC may be
measured by
standard analytical techniques such as mass spectroscopy, HPLC, and the
separation/analysis technique LC/MS.
Covalent attachment of the antibody and the drug moiety requires the linker to
have two
reactive functional groups, i.e. bivalency in a reactive sense. Bivalent
linker reagents which
are useful to attach two or more functional or biologically active moieties,
such as peptides,
nucleic acids, drugs, toxins, antibodies, haptens, and reporter groups are
known, and
methods have been described their resulting conjugates (Hermanson, G.T. (1996)
Bioconjugate Techniques; Academic Press: New York, p 234-242).
In another embodiment, the linker may be substituted with groups which
modulate
aggregation, solubility or reactivity. For example, a sulfonate substituent
may increase water
solubility of the reagent and facilitate the coupling reaction of the linker
reagent with the
antibody or the drug moiety, or facilitate the coupling reaction of Ab-L with
DL, or DL -L with
Ab, depending on the synthetic route employed to prepare the ADC.
In one embodiment, L-RL' is a group:
CA-I)
y"..
A L
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to the Drug Unit (D), Ab
is the
antibody (L), L1 is a linker, A is a connecting group connecting L1 to the
antibody, L2 is a
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covalent bond or together with -0C(=0)- forms a self-immolative linker, and L1
or L2 is a
cleavable linker.
L1 is preferably the cleavable linker, and may be referred to as a trigger for
activation of the
5 linker for cleavage.
The nature of L1 and L2, where present, can vary widely. These groups are
chosen on the
basis of their cleavage characteristics, which may be dictated by the
conditions at the site to
which the conjugate is delivered. Those linkers that are cleaved by the action
of enzymes
10 are preferred, although linkers that are cleavable by changes in pH
(e.g. acid or base labile),
temperature or upon irradiation (e.g. photolabile) may also be used. Linkers
that are
cleavable under reducing or oxidising conditions may also find use in the
present invention.
L1 may comprise a contiguous sequence of amino acids. The amino acid sequence
may be
15 the target substrate for enzymatic cleavage, thereby allowing release of
L-RI: from the N10
position.
In one embodiment, L1 is cleavable by the action of an enzyme. In one
embodiment, the
enzyme is an esterase or a peptidase.
In one embodiment, L2 is present and together with -C(=0)0- forms a self-
immolative linker.
In one embodiment, L2 is a substrate for enzymatic activity, thereby allowing
release of L-R.1-'
from the N10 position.
In one embodiment, where L1 is cleavable by the action of an enzyme and L2 is
present, the
enzyme cleaves the bond between L1 and L2.
L1 and L2, where present, may be connected by a bond selected from:
-C(=O)N H-,
-NHC(=0)-,
-0C(=0)0-,
-NHC(=0)0-,
-0C(0)NH-, and
-NHC(=0)NH-.
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An amino group of L1 that connects to L2 may be the N-terminus of an amino
acid or may be
derived from an amino group of an amino acid side chain, for example a lysine
amino acid
side chain.
A carboxyl group of L1 that connects to L2 may be the C-terminus of an amino
acid or may be
derived from a carboxyl group of an amino acid side chain, for example a
glutamic acid
amino acid side chain.
A hydroxyl group of L1 that connects to L2 may be derived from a hydroxyl
group of an amino
acid side chain, for example a serine amino acid side chain.
The term "amino acid side chain" includes those groups found in: (i) naturally
occurring
amino acids such as alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine,
glutamine,
glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
phenylalanine,
proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine; (ii) minor amino
acids such as
ornithine and citrulline; (iii) unnatural amino acids, beta-amino acids,
synthetic analogs and
derivatives of naturally occurring amino acids; and (iv) all enantiomers,
diastereomers,
isomerically enriched, isotopically labelled (e.g. 2H, 3H, 14C, 15N),
protected forms, and
racemic mixtures thereof.
In one embodiment, -C(=0)0- and L2 together form the group:
*
n
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to the N10 position, the
wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to the linker L1, Y is -N(H)-, -0-, -
C(=0)N(H)- or -C(=0)0-,
and n is 0 to 3. The phenylene ring is optionally substituted with one, two or
three
substituents as described herein. In one embodiment, the phenylene group is
optionally
substituted with halo, NO2, R or OR.
In one embodiment, Y is NH.
In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1. Preferably, n is 0.
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Where Y is NH and n is 0, the self-immolative linker may be referred to as a
p-aminobenzylcarbonyl linker (PABC).
The self-immolative linker will allow for release of the protected compound
when a remote
site is activated, proceeding along the lines shown below (for n=0):
Y.
-3.. C 2 (101 +
where L* is the activated form of the remaining portion of the linker. These
groups
have the advantage of separating the site of activation from the compound
being protected.
As described above, the phenylene group may be optionally substituted.
In one embodiment described herein, the group L* is a linker L1 as described
herein, which
may include a dipeptide group.
In another embodiment, -C(=0)0- and L2 together form a group selected from:
n
0
0
n
0
where the asterisk, the wavy line, Y, and n are as defined above. Each
phenylene
ring is optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents as
described herein. In one
embodiment, the phenylene ring having the Y substituent is optionally
substituted and the
.. phenylene ring not having the Y substituent is unsubstituted. In one
embodiment, the
43
phenylene ring having the Y substituent is unsubstituted and the phenylene
ring not having
the Y substituent is optionally substituted.
In another embodiment, -C(=0)0- and L2 together form a group selected from:
F
D ______________________________ N
1_2 ____________________________ E
where the asterisk, the wavy line, Y, and n are as defined above, E is 0, S or
NR, D
is N, CH, or CR, and F is N, CH, or OR.
In one embodiment, D is N.
In one embodiment, D is CH.
In one embodiment, E is 0 or S.
In one embodiment, F is CH.
In a preferred embodiment, the linker is a cathepsin labile linker.
In one embodiment, L1 comprises a dipeptide. The dipeptide may be represented
as
-NH-X1-X2-00-, where -NH- and -CO- represent the N- and C-terminals of the
amino acid
groups X1 and X2 respectively. The amino acids in the dipeptide may be any
combination of
natural amino acids. Where the linker is a cathepsin labile linker, the
dipeptide may be the
site of action for cathepsin-mediated cleavage.
Additionally, for those amino acid groups having carboxyl or amino side chain
functionality,
for example Glu and Lys respectively, CO and NH may represent that side chain
functionality.
In one embodiment, the group -Xi-X2- in dipeptide, -NH-X1-X2-00-, is selected
from:
-Phe-Lys-,
-Val-Ala-,
-Val-Lys-,
-Ala-Lys-,
-Val-Olt-,
-Phe-Cit-,
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-Leu-Cit-,
-Ile-Cit-,
-Phe-Arg-,
-Trp-Cit-
where Cit is citrulline.
Preferably, the group -X1-X2- in dipeptide, -NH-X1-X2-CO-, is selected from:
-Phe-Lys-,
-Val-Ala-,
-Val-Lys-,
-Ala-Lys-,
-Val-Cit-.
Most preferably, the group -Xi-X2- in dipeptide, -NH-Xi-X2-00-, is -Phe-Lys-
or -Val-Ala-.
Other dipeptide combinations may be used, including those described by
Dubowchik et al.,
Bioconju gate Chemistry, 2002, 13,855-869.
In one embodiment, the amino acid side chain is derivatised, where
appropriate. For
example, an amino group or carboxy group of an amino acid side chain may be
derivatised.
In one embodiment, an amino group NH2 of a side chain amino acid, such as
lysine, is a
derivatised form selected from the group consisting of NHR and NRR'.
In one embodiment, a carboxy group COOH of a side chain amino acid, such as
aspartic
acid, is a derivatised form selected from the group consisting of COOR, CONH2,
CONHR
and CONRR'.
In one embodiment, the amino acid side chain is chemically protected, where
appropriate.
The side chain protecting group may be a group as discussed below in relation
to the group
RL. The present inventors have established that protected amino acid sequences
are
.. cleavable by enzymes. For example, it has been established that a dipeptide
sequence
comprising a Boc side chain-protected Lys residue is cleavable by cathepsin.
Protecting groups for the side chains of amino acids are well known in the art
and are
described in the Novabiochem Catalog. Additional protecting group strategies
are set out in
Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Greene and Wuts.
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Possible side chain protecting groups are shown below for those amino acids
having
reactive side chain functionality:
Arg: Z, Mtr, Tos;
Asn: Trt, Xan;
5 Asp: BzI, t-Bu;
Cys: Acm, BzI, BzI-0Me, BzI-Me, Trt;
Glu: BzI, t-Bu;
Gin: Trt, Xan;
His: Boc, Dnp, Tos, Trt;
10 Lys: Boc, Z-CI, Fmoc, Z, Alloc;
Ser: Bzl, TBDMS, TBDPS;
Thr: Bz;
Trp: Boc;
Tyr: BzI, Z, Z-Br.
In one embodiment, the side chain protection is selected to be orthogonal to a
group
provided as, or as part of, a capping group, where present. Thus, the removal
of the side
chain protecting group does not remove the capping group, or any protecting
group
functionality that is part of the capping group.
In other embodiments of the invention, the amino acids selected are those
having no
reactive side chain functionality. For example, the amino acids may be
selected from: Ala,
Gly, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, and Val.
In one embodiment, the dipeptide is used in combination with a self-immolative
linker. The
self-immolative linker may be connected to -X2-.
Where a self-immolative linker is present, -X2- is connected directly to the
self-immolative
linker. Preferably the group -X2-00- is connected to Y, where Y is NH, thereby
forming the
group -X2-CO-NH-.
-NH-X1- is connected directly to A. A may comprise the functionality -CO-
thereby to form an
amide link with -X1-.
In one embodiment, L1 and L2 together with -0C(=0)- comprise the group
NH-X1-X2-CO-PABC-. The PABC group is connected directly to the N10 position.
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Preferably, the self-immolative linker and the dipeptide together form the
group -NH-Phe-
Lys-CO-NH-PABC-, which is illustrated below:
JO
H 1.1
0
NH2
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to the N10 position, and
the
wavy line indicates the point of attachment to the remaining portion of the
linker L1 or the
point of attachment to A. Preferably, the wavy line indicates the point of
attachment to A.
The side chain of the Lys amino acid may be protected, for example, with Boc,
Fmoc, or
Alloc, as described above.
Alternatively, the self-immolative linker and the dipeptide together form the
group
-NH-Val-Ala-CO-NH-PABC-, which is illustrated below:
0
H
frrj
0
where the asterisk and the wavy line are as defined above.
Alternatively, the self-immolative linker and the dipeptide together form the
group
-NH-Val-Cit-CO-NH-PABC-, which is illustrated below:
0
0 0
H E H
0
=.NH
1-1,1\10
where the asterisk and the wavy line are as defined above.
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In one embodiment, A is a covalent bond. Thus, L1 and the antibody are
directly connected.
For example, where L1 comprises a contiguous amino acid sequence, the N-
terminus of the
sequence may connect directly to the antibody.
Thus, where A is a covalent bond, the connection between the antibody and L1
may be
selected from:
-C(=O)N H-,
-C(=0)0-,
-NHC(=0)-,
-0C(=0)-,
-0C(=0)0-,
-NHC(=0)0-,
-0C(=0)N H-,
-NHC(=0)N H-,
-C(=0)N HC(=0)-,
-S-,
-S-S-,
-CH2C(=0)-, and
=N-NH-.
An amino group of L1 that connects to the antibody may be the N-terminus of an
amino acid
or may be derived from an amino group of an amino acid side chain, for example
a lysine
amino acid side chain.
An carboxyl group of L1 that connects to the antibody may be the C-terminus of
an amino
acid or may be derived from a carboxyl group of an amino acid side chain, for
example a
glutamic acid amino acid side chain.
A hydroxyl group of L1 that connects to the antibody may be derived from a
hydroxyl group of
an amino acid side chain, for example a serine amino acid side chain.
A thiol group of L1 that connects to the antibody may be derived from a thiol
group of an
amino acid side chain, for example a serine amino acid side chain.
The comments above in relation to the amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and thiol
groups of L1 also
apply to the antibody.
In one embodiment, L2 together with -0C(=0)- represents:
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0
n 0
where the asterisk Indicates the point of attachment to the N10 position, the
wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to L1, n is 0 to 3, Y is a covalent bond or
a functional group,
and E is an activatable group, for example by enzymatic action or light,
thereby to generate
a self-immolative unit. The phenylene ring is optionally further substituted
with one, two or
three substituents as described herein. In one embodiment, the phenylene group
is
optionally further substituted with halo, NO2, R or OR. Preferably n is 0 or
1, most
preferably 0.
E is selected such that the group is susceptible to activation, e.g. by light
or by the action of
an enzyme. E may be -NO2 or glucoronic acid. The former may be susceptible to
the action
of a nitroreductase, the latter to the action of a 13-glucoronidase.
In this embodiment, the self-immolative linker will allow for release of the
protected
compound when E is activated, proceeding along the lines shown below (for
n=0):
E*
c 2
0 0
/¨'
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to the N10 position, E*
is the
activated form of E, and Y is as described above. These groups have the
advantage of
separating the site of activation from the compound being protected. As
described above,
the phenylene group may be optionally further substituted.
The group Y may be a covalent bond to L1.
The group Y may be a functional group selected from:
-NH-
-0-
-C(=0)NH-,
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-C(=0)0-,
-NHC(=0)-,
-0C(=0)0-,
-NHC(=0)0-,
-0C(=0)NH-,
-NHC(=0)NH-,
-NHC(=0)NH,
-C(=0)NHC(=0)-, and
-S-.
Where L1 is a dipeptide, it is preferred that Y is -NH- or -C(=0)-, thereby to
form an amide
bond between L1 and Y. In this embodiment, the dipeptide sequence need not be
a
substrate for an enzymatic activity.
In another embodiment, A is a spacer group. Thus, L1 and the antibody are
indirectly
connected.
L1 and A may be connected by a bond selected from:
-C(=0)NH-,
-C(=0)0-,
-NHC(=0)-,
-0C(=0)0-,
-NHC(=0)0-,
-0C(0)NH-, and
-NHC(=0)NH-.
In one embodiment, the group A is:
0
.n *
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L1, the wavy line
indicates the
point of attachment to the antibody, and n is 0 to 6. In one embodiment, n is
5.
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In one embodiment, the group A is:
0
*
0
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L1, the wavy line
indicates the
point of attachment to the antibody, and n is 0 to 6. In one embodiment, n is
5.
5
In one embodiment, the group A is:
0 0
*
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L1, the wavy line
indicates the
point of attachment to the antibody, n is 0 or 1, and m is 0 to 30. In a
preferred embodiment,
10 n is 1 and m is 0 to 10, 1 to 8, preferably 4 to 8, and most preferably
4 or 8. In another
embodiment, m is 10 to 30, and preferably 20 to 30. Alternatively, m is 0 to
50. In this
embodiment, m is preferably 10-40 and n is 1.
In one embodiment, the group A is:
0 0
- n m-
15 0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L1, the wavy line
indicates the
point of attachment to the antibody, n is 0 or 1, and m is 0 to 30. In a
preferred embodiment,
n is 1 and m is 0 to 10, 1 to 8, preferably 4 to 8, and most preferably 4 or
8. In another
embodiment, m is 10 to 30, and preferably 20 to 30. Alternatively, m is 0 to
50. In this
20 embodiment, m is preferably 10-40 and n is 1.
In one embodiment, the connection between the antibody and A is through a
thiol residue of
the antibody and a maleimide group of A.
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In one embodiment, the connection between the antibody and A is:
0
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to the remaining portion
of A and
the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to the remaining portion of
the antibody. In
this embodiment, the S atom is typically derived from the antibody.
In each of the embodiments above, an alternative functionality may be used in
place of the
maleimide-derived group shown below:
0
1\1-
0
where the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to the antibody as
before, and
the asterisk indicates the bond to the remaining portion of the A group.
In one embodiment, the maleimide-derived group is replaced with the group:
0
/¨N\NAI
I4 0
where the wavy line indicates point of attachment to the antibody, and the
asterisk
indicates the bond to the remaining portion of the A group.
In one embodiment, the maleimide-derived group is replaced with a group, which
optionally
together with the antibody, is selected from:
-C(=0)NH-,
-C(=0)0-,
-NHC(=0)-,
-0C(=0)-,
-0C(=0)0-,
-NHC(=0)0-,
-0C(=0)NH-,
-NHC(=0)NH-,
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-NHC(=0)NH,
-C(=0)NHC(=0)-,
-S-,
-S-S-,
-CH2C(=0)-
-C(=0)CH2-,
=N-NH-, and
-NH-N=.
In one embodiment, the maleimide-derived group is replaced with a group, which
optionally
together with the antibody, is selected from:
fJ
where the wavy line indicates either the point of attachment to the antibody
or the
bond to the remaining portion of the A group, and the asterisk indicates the
other of the point
of attachment to the antibody or the bond to the remaining portion of the A
group.
Other groups suitable for connecting L1 to the antibody are described in WO
2005/082023.
In one embodiment, the Connecting Group A is present, the Trigger L1 is
present and Self-
lmmolative Linker L2 is absent. Thus, L1 and the Drug unit are directly
connected via a bond.
Equivalently in this embodiment, L2 is a bond. This may be particularly
relevant when DL is
of Formula II.
L1 and D may be connected by a bond selected from:
-C(=0)N<,
-C(=0)0-,
-NHC(=0)-,
-0C(=0)-,
-0C(=0)0-,
-NHC(=0)0-,
-0C(=0)N<, and
-NHC(=0)N<,
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where N or 0- are part of D.
In one embodiment, L1 and D are preferably connected by a bond selected from:
-C(=0)N<, and
-NHC(=0)-.
In one embodiment, L1 comprises a dipeptide and one end of the dipeptide is
linked to D. As
described above, the amino acids in the dipeptide may be any combination of
natural amino
acids and non-natural amino acids. In some embodiments, the dipeptide
comprises natural
amino acids. Where the linker is a cathepsin labile linker, the dipeptide is
the site of action
for cathepsin-mediated cleavage. The dipeptide then is a recognition site for
cathepsin.
In one embodiment, the group -X1-X2- in dipeptide, -NH-X1-X2-00-, is selected
from:
-Phe-Lys-,
-Val-Ala-,
-Val-Lys-,
-Ala-Lys-,
-Val-Cit-,
-Phe-Cit-,
-Leu-Cit-,
-1Ie-Cit-,
-Phe-Arg-, and
-Trp-Cit-;
where Cit is citrulline. In such a dipeptide, -NH- is the amino group of X1,
and CO is the
carbonyl group of X2.
Preferably, the group -X1-X2- in dipeptide, -NH-X1-X2-00-, is selected from:
-Phe-Lys-,
-Val-Ala-,
-Val-Lys-,
-Ala-Lys-, and
-Val-Cit-.
Most preferably, the group -X1-X2- in dipeptide, -NH-X1-X2-00-, is -Phe-Lys-
or -Val-Ala-.
Other dipeptide combinations of interest include:
54
-Pro-Pro-, and
-Val-Glu-.
Other dipeptide combinations may be used, including those described above.
In one embodiment, L1- D is:
-NH-X1-X2-CO-N<*
where -NH-X1-X2-CO is the dipeptide, -N< is part of the Drug unit, the
asterisk
indicates the points of attachment to the remainder of the Drug unit, and the
wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to the remaining portion oft) or the point
of attachment to
A. Preferably, the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to A.
In one embodiment, the dipeptide is valine-alanine and L1- D is:
YH 0
0 -
where the asterisks, -N< and the wavy line are as defined above.
In one embodiment, the dipeptide is phenylalanine-lysine and L1- D is:
0
0 *
NH2
where the asterisks, -N< and the wavy line are as defined above.
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In one embodiment, the dipeptide is valine-citrulline.
In one embodiment, the groups A-L1 are:
0
Li
5 0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, the wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to the Ligand unit, and n is 0 to 6. In one
embodiment, n
is 5.
10 In one embodiment, the groups A-L1 are:
0
1,..N.c..,Thicc
L *
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, the wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to the Ligand unit, and n is 0 to 6. In one
embodiment, n
is 5.
In one embodiment, the groups A-L1 are:
- -
0 0
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, the wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to the Ligand unit, n is 0 or 1, and m is 0
to 30. In a
preferred embodiment, n is 1 and m is 0 to 10, 1 to 8, preferably 4 to 8, most
preferably 4
or 8.
In one embodiment, the groups A-L1 are:
0 0
*
0
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where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, the wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to the Ligand unit, n is 0 or 1, and m is 0
to 30. In a
preferred embodiment, n is 1 and m is 0 to 10, 1 to 7, preferably 3 to 7, most
preferably 3
or 7.
In one embodiment, the groups A-L1 are:
0
n L *
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, the wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to the Ligand unit, and n is 0 to 6. In one
embodiment, n
is 5.
In one embodiment, the groups A-L1 are:
0
0 11
*
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, the wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to the Ligand unit, and n is 0 to 6. In one
embodiment, n
is 5.
In one embodiment, the groups A-L1 are:
0
0
- n - - m
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, the wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to the Ligand unit, n is 0 or 1, and m is 0
to 30. In a
preferred embodiment, n is 1 and m is 0 to 10, 1 to 8, preferably 4 to 8, most
preferably 4
or 8.
In one embodiment, the groups A-L1 is:
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0
0 *
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, the wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to the Ligand unit, n is 0 or 1, and m is 0
to 30. In a
preferred embodiment, n is 1 and m is 0 to 10, 1 to 8, preferably 4 to 8, most
preferably 4
or 8.
In one embodiment, the groups A-Care:
0
= n Li ¨*
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, S is a sulfur
group of
the Ligand unit, the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to the rest
of the Ligand unit,
and n is 0 to 6. In one embodiment, n is 5.
In one embodiment, the group A-Care:
0
F
L1 *
S
0
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, S is a sulfur
group of
the Ligand unit, the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to the
remainder of the
Ligand unit, and n is 0 to 6. In one embodiment, n is 5.
In one embodiment, the groups Al-Li are:
0 0
*
-n
-m
0
1¨S
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where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, S is a sulfur
group of
the Ligand unit, the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to the
remainder of the
Ligand unit, n is 0 or 1, and m is 0 to 30. In a preferred embodiment, n is 1
and m is 0 to 10,
1 to 8, preferably 4 to 8, most preferably 4 or 8.
In one embodiment, the groups A1-L1 are:
- _
0 0
Li
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, the wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to the Ligand unit, n is 0 or 1, and m is 0
to 30. In a
preferred embodiment, n is 1 and m is 0 to 10, 1 to 7, preferably 4 to 8, most
preferably 4
or 8.
In one embodiment, the groups A1-L1 are:
0
L1 *
¨A\J
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, the wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to the remainder of the Ligand unit, and n
is 0 to 6. In one
embodiment, n is 5.
In one embodiment, the groups A1-L1 are:
0
0
L1--- "
C
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, the wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to the remainder of the Ligand unit, and n
is 0 to 6. In one
embodiment, n is 5.
In one embodiment, the groups A1-L1 are:
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0
-n - -m
0
51¨s
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, the wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to the remainder of the Ligand unit, n is 0
or 1, and m is 0
to 30. In a preferred embodiment, n is 1 and m is 0 to 10, Ito 8, preferably 4
to 8, most
preferably 4 or 8.
In one embodiment, the groups A1-L1 are:
- -
0
0 LNoLi
- n m- -o
0
¨S
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L2 or D, the wavy line
indicates the point of attachment to the remainder of the Ligand unit, n is 0
or 1, and m is 0
to 30. In a preferred embodiment, n is 1 and m is 0 to 10, 1 to 8, preferably
4 to 8, most
preferably 4 or 8.
The group RI: is derivable from the group RL. The group RL may be converted to
a group RI:
by connection of an antibody to a functional group of RL. Other steps may be
taken to
convert RL to RL'. These steps may include the removal of protecting groups,
where present,
or the installation of an appropriate functional group.
RL
Linkers can include protease-cleavable peptidic moieties comprising one or
more amino acid
units. Peptide linker reagents may be prepared by solid phase or liquid phase
synthesis
methods (E. SchrOder and K. Lubke, The Peptides, volume 1, pp 76-136 (1965)
Academic
Press) that are well known in the field of peptide chemistry, including t-BOC
chemistry
(Geiser et al "Automation of solid-phase peptide synthesis" in Macromolecular
Sequencing
and Synthesis, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1988, pp. 199-218) and Fmoc/HBTU chemistry
(Fields, G.
60
and Noble, R. (1990) "Solid phase peptide synthesis utilizing 9-
fluoroenylmethoxycarbonyl
amino acids", Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 35:161-214), on an automated
synthesizer such as
the Rainin SymphonyTM Peptide Synthesizer (Protein Technologies, Inc., Tucson,
AZ), or
Model 433 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).
Exemplary amino acid linkers include a dipeptide, a tripeptide, a tetrapeptide
or a
pentapeptide. Exemplary dipeptides include: valine-citrulline (vc or val-cit),
alanine-
phenylalanine (af or ala-phe). Exemplary tripeptides include: glycine-valine-
citrulline (gly-
val-cit) and glycine-glycine-glycine (gly-gly-gly). Amino acid residues which
comprise an
amino acid linker component include those occurring naturally, as well as
minor amino acids
and non-naturally occurring amino acid analogs, such as citrulline. Amino acid
linker
components can be designed and optimized in their selectivity for enzymatic
cleavage by a
particular enzymes, for example, a tumor-associated protease, cathepsin B, C
and D, or a
plasmin protease.
Amino acid side chains include those occurring naturally, as well as minor
amino acids and
non-naturally occurring amino acid analogs, such as citrulline. Amino acid
side chains
include hydrogen, methyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, benzyl, p-
hydroxybenzyl, -CH2OH, -
CH(OH)CH3, -CH2CH2SCH3, -CH2CONH2, -CH2000H, -CH2CH2CONH2, -CH2CH2COOH, -
(CH2)3NHC(=NH)NH2, -(CH2)3NH2, -(CH2)3NHCOCH3, -(CH2)3NHCHO, -
(CH2)4NHC(=NH)NH2, -(CH2)4NH2, -(CH2)4NHCOCH3, -(CH2)4NHCHO, -(CH2)3NHCONH2, -
(CH2)4NHCONH2, -CH2CH2CH(OH)CH2NH2, 2-pyridylmethyl-, 3-pyridylmethyl-, 4-
pyridylmethyl-, phenyl, cyclohexyl, as well as the following structures:
OH
csss
¨CH) or=
CH2
scss N
=
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When the amino acid side chains include other than hydrogen (glycine), the
carbon atom to
which the amino acid side chain is attached is chiral. Each carbon atom to
which the amino
acid side chain is attached is independently in the (S) or (R) configuration,
or a racemic
mixture. Drug-linker reagents may thus be enantiomerically pure, racemic, or
diastereomeric.
In exemplary embodiments, amino acid side chains are selected from those of
natural and
non-natural amino acids, including alanine, 2-amino-2-cyclohexylacetic acid, 2-
amino-2-
phenylacetic acid, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine,
glutamic acid,
glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, norleucine,
phenylalanine, proline,
serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, y-aminobutyric acid, a,a-
dimethyl
aminobutyric acid, 8,8-dimethyl y-aminobutyric acid, omithine, and citrulline
(Cit).
An exemplary valine-citrulline (val-cit or vc) dipeptide linker reagent useful
for constructing a
.. linker-PBD drug moiety intermediate for conjugation to an antibody, having
a para-
aminobenzylcarbamoyl (PAB) self-immolative spacer has the structure:
0
CH3 0 cz,-0
H3c 0 =
NO2
N N
Fnnoc¨N H
H0ThL
NH
L
H2N/ ¨n
where Q is 01-08 alkyl, -0-(C1-08 alkyl), -halogen, -NO2 or -ON; and m is an
integer ranging
from 0-4.
An exemplary phe-lys(Mtr) dipeptide linker reagent having a p-aminobenzyl
group can be
prepared according to Dubowchik, et al. (1997) Tetrahedron Letters, 38:5257-
60, and has
the structure:
---
Ph 0
Fnnoc¨N H
HN¨Mtr
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where Mtr is mono-4-methoxytrityl, Q is C1¨C8 alkyl, -0-(01¨C8 alkyl), -
halogen, -NO2 or -CN;
and m is an integer ranging from 0-4.
The "self-imrnolative linker" PAB (para-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl), attaches the
drug moiety
to the antibody in the antibody drug conjugate (Carl et al (1981) J. Med.
Chem. 24:479-480;
Chakravarty et al (1983) J. Med. Chem. 26:638-644; US 6214345; US20030130189;
US20030096743; US6759509; US20040052793; US6218519; US6835807; US6268488;
US20040018194; W098/13059; US20040052793; US6677435; US5621002;
US20040121940; W02004/032828). Other examples of self-immolative spacers
besides
PAB include, but are not limited to: (i) aromatic compounds that are
electronically similar to
the PAB group such as 2-aminoimidazol-5-methanol derivatives (Hay et al.
(1999) Bioorg.
Med. Chem. Lett. 9:2237), thiazoles (US 7375078), multiple, elongated PAB
units (de Groot
et al (2001) J. Org. Chem. 66:8815-8830); and ortho or para-
aminobenzylacetals; and (II)
homologated styryl PAB analogs (US 7223837). Spacers can be used that undergo
cyclization upon amide bond hydrolysis, such as substituted and unsubstituted
4-
aminobutyric acid amides (Rodrigues et al (1995) Chemistry Biology 2:223),
appropriately
substituted bicyclo[2.2.1] and bicyclo[2.2.2] ring systems (Storm et al (1972)
J. Amer. Chem.
Soc. 94:5815) and 2-aminophenylpropionic acid amides (Amsberry, et al (1990)
J. Org.
Chem. 55:5867). Elimination of amine-containing drugs that are substituted at
glycine
(Kingsbury et al (1984) J. Med. Chem. 27:1447) are also examples of self-
immolative
spacers useful in ADC.
In one embodiment, a valine-citrulline dipeptide PAB analog reagent has a 2,6
dimethyl
phenyl group and has the structure:
0
F N.)(
nnoc¨N H 0
0
- N
H 0
\
NH
H21\10
Linker reagents useful for the antibody drug conjugates of the invention
include, but are not
limited to: BMPEO, BMPS. EMCS, GMBS, HBVS, LC-SMCC, MBS, MPBH, SBAP, SIA,
SIAB, SMCC, SMPB, SMPH, sulfo-EMCS, sulfo-GMBS, sulfo-KMUS, sulfo-MBS, sulfo-
.. SIAB, sulfo-SMCC, and sulfo-SMPB, and SVSB (succinimidy1-(4-
vinylsulfone)benzoate), and
bis-maleimide reagents: DIME, BMB, BMDB, BMH, BMOE, 1,8-bis-
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maleimidodiethyleneglycol (BM(PEO)2), and 1,11-bis-maleimidotriethyleneglycol
(BM(PEO)3), which are commercially available from Pierce Biotechnology, Inc.,
ThermoScientific, Rockford, IL, and other reagent suppliers. Bis-maleimide
reagents allow
the attachment of a free thiol group of a cysteine residue of an antibody to a
thiol-containing
drug moiety, label, or linker intermediate, in a sequential or concurrent
fashion. Other
functional groups besides maleimide, which are reactive with a thiol group of
an antibody,
PBD drug moiety, or linker intermediate include iodoacetamide, bromoacetamide,
vinyl
pyridine, disulfide, pyridyl disulfide, isocyanate, and isothiocyanate.
0
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
BM(PEO)2 BM(PEO)3
Other embodiments of linker reagents are: N-succinimidy1-4-(2-
pyridylthio)pentanoate (SPP),
N-succinimidy1-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP, Carlsson et al (1978)
Biochem. J.
173:723-737), succinimidy1-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate
(SMCC),
iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl
adipimidate NCI),
active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as
glutaraldehyde), bis-
azido compounds (such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium
derivatives
(such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyI)-ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as
toluene 2,6-
diisocyanate), and bis-active fluorine compounds (such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-
dinitrobenzene).
Useful linker reagents can also be obtained via other commercial sources, such
as
Molecular Biosciences Inc.(Boulder, CO), or synthesized in accordance with
procedures
.. described in Toki et al (2002) J. Org. Chem. 67:1866-1872; US 6214345; WO
02/088172;
US 2003130189; U52003096743; WO 03/026577; WO 03/043583; and WO 04/032828.
The Linker may be a dendritic type linker for covalent attachment of more than
one drug
moiety through a branching, multifunctional linker moiety to an antibody (US
2006/116422;
US 2005/271615; de Groot et al (2003) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42:4490-4494; Amir
et al
(2003) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42:4494-4499; Shamis et al (2004) J. Am. Chem.
Soc.
126:1726-1731; Sun et al (2002) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
12:2213-2215;
Sun et al (2003) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 11:1761-1768; King et al
(2002)
Tetrahedron Letters 43:1987-1990). Dendritic linkers can increase the molar
ratio of drug to
antibody, i.e. loading, which is related to the potency of the ADC. Thus,
where an antibody
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bears only one reactive cysteine thiol group, a multitude of drug moieties may
be attached
through a dendritic or branched linker.
One exemplary embodiment of a dendritic type linker has the structure:
0
0
401
- N
0
0 0 0 H
LNH
0
HN
H2N0
0
HN 110
H2N...1(NH 0
0
where the asterisk indicate the point of attachment to the N10 position of a
PBD moiety.
Rc, Capping Group
The conjugate of the first aspect of the invention may have a capping group Rc
at the N10
position. Compound E may have a capping group Rc.
In one embodiment, where the conjugate is a dimer with each monomer being of
formula
(A), the group R1 in one of the monomer units is a capping group Rc or is a
group R10
.
In one embodiment, where the conjugate is a dimer with each monomer being of
formula
(A), the group R1 in one of the monomer units is a capping group Rc.
65
In one embodiment, where compound E is a dimer with each monomer being of
formula (E),
the group RL in one of the monomer units is a capping group Rc or is a linker
for connection
to an antibody.
In one embodiment, where compound E is a dimer with each monomer being of
formula (E),
the group RL in one of the monomer units is a capping group R.
The group Rc is removable from the N1 0 position of the PBD moiety to leave an
N10-C11
imine bond, a carbinolamine, a substituted carbinolamine, where QR11 is OSO3M,
a bisulfite
adduct, a thiocarbinolamine, a substituted thiocarbinolamine, or a substituted
carbinalamine.
In one embodiment, Rc, may be a protecting group that is removable to leave an
N10-C11
imine bond, a carbinolamine, a substituted carbinolamine, or, where QR11 is
OSO3M, a
bisulfite adduct. In one embodiment, Rc is a protecting group that is
removable to leave an
N10-C11 imine bond.
The group Rc is intended to be removable under the same conditions as those
required for
the removal of the group R10, for example to yield an N10-C11 imine bond, a
carbinolamine
and so on. The capping group acts as a protecting group for the intended
functionality at the
.. N10 position. The capping group is intended not to be reactive towards an
antibody. For
example, IR is not the same as RL.
Compounds having a capping group may be used as intermediates in the synthesis
of
dimers having an imine monomer_ Alternatively, compounds having a capping
group may be
used as conjugates, where the capping group is removed at the target location
to yield an
imine, a carbinolamine, a substituted carbinolamine and so on. Thus, in this
embodiment,
the capping group may be referred to as a therapeutically removable nitrogen
protecting
group, as defined in the inventors' earlier application WO 00/12507.
In one embodiment, the group RC is removable under the conditions that cleave
the linker RL
of the group R10. Thus, in one embodiment, the capping group is cleavable by
the action of
an enzyme.
In an alternative embodiment, the capping group is removable prior to the
connection of the
linker RL to the antibody. In this embodiment, the capping group is removable
under
conditions that do not cleave the linker RL.
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Where a compound includes a functional group G1 to form a connection to the
antibody, the
capping group is removable prior to the addition or unmasking of G1.
The capping group may be used as part of a protecting group strategy to ensure
that only
one of the monomer units in a dimer is connected to an antibody.
The capping group may be used as a mask for a N10-011 imine bond. The capping
group
may be removed at such time as the imine functionality is required in the
compound. The
capping group is also a mask for a carbinolamine, a substituted carbinolamine,
and a
bisulfite adduct, as described above.
Rc may be an N10 protecting group, such as those groups described in the
inventors' earlier
application, WO 00/12507. In one embodiment, Rc is a therapeutically removable
nitrogen
.. protecting group, as defined in the inventors' earlier application, WO
00/12507.
In one embodiment, Rc is a carbamate protecting group.
In one embodiment, the carbamate protecting group is selected from:
Alloc, Fmoc, Boc, Troc, Teoc, Psec, Cbz and PNZ.
Optionally, the carbamate protecting group is further selected from Moc.
In one embodiment, Rc is a linker group R'- lacking the functional group for
connection to the
antibody.
This application is particularly concerned with those Rc groups which are
carbamates.
In one embodiment, Rc is a group:
*
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to the N10 position, G2
is a
terminating group, L3 is a covalent bond or a cleavable linker 1_1, L2 is a
covalent bond or
together with OC(=0) forms a self-immolative linker.
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Where L3 and L2 are both covalent bonds, G2 and OC(=0) together form a
carbamate
protecting group as defined above.
L1 is as defined above in relation to R13.
.. L2 is as defined above in relation to R13.
Various terminating groups are described below, including those based on well
known
protecting groups.
In one embodiment L3 is a cleavable linker L1, and L2, together with OC(=0),
forms a self-
immolative linker. In this embodiment, G2 is Ac (acetyl) or Moc, or a
carbamate protecting
group selected from:
AIloc, Fmoc, Boc, Troc, Teoc, Psec, Cbz and PNZ.
Optionally, the carbamate protecting group is further selected from Moc.
In another embodiment, G2 is an acyl group -C(=0)G3, where G3 is selected from
alkyl
(including cycloalkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl), heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl and
aryl (including
heteroaryl and carboaryl). These groups may be optionally substituted. The
acyl group
together with an amino group of L3 or L2, where appropriate, may form an amide
bond. The
acyl group together with a hydroxy group of L3 or L2, where appropriate, may
form an ester
bond.
In one embodiment, G3 is heteroalkyl. The heteroalkyl group may comprise
polyethylene
glycol. The heteroalkyl group may have a heteroatom, such as 0 or N, adjacent
to the acyl
group, thereby forming a carbamate or carbonate group, where appropriate, with
a
heteroatom present in the group L3 or L2, where appropriate.
In one embodiment, G3 is selected from NH2, NHR and NRR'. Preferably, G3 is
NRR'.
In one embodiment G2 is the group:
n *
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L3, n is 0 to 6 and G4
is
selected from OH, OR, SH, SR, COOR, CONH2, CONHR, CONRR', NH2, NHR, NRR', NO2,
and halo. The groups OH, SH, NH2 and NHR are protected. In one embodiment, n
is Ito 6,
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and preferably n is 5. In one embodiment, G4 is OR, SR, COOR, CONH2, CONHR,
CONRR', and NRR'. In one embodiment, G4 is OR, SR, and NRR'. Preferably G4 is
selected from OR and NRR', most preferably G4 is OR. Most preferably G4 is
OMe.
In one embodiment, the group G2 is:
_
0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L3, and n and G4 are
as
defined above.
In one embodiment, the group G2 is:
0
-n - -m
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L3, n is 0 or 1, m is
0 to 50,
and G4 is selected from OH, OR, SH, SR, COOR, CONH2, CONHR, CONRR', NH2, NHR,
NRR', NO2, and halo. In a preferred embodiment, n is 1 and m is 0 to 10, 1 to
2, preferably
4 to 8, and most preferably 4 or 8. In another embodiment, n is 1 and m is 10
to 50,
preferably 20 to 40. The groups OH, SH, NH2and NHR are protected. In one
embodiment,
G4 is OR, SR, COOR, CONH2, CONHR, CONRR', and NRR'. In one embodiment, G4 is
OR,
SR, and NRR'. Preferably G4 is selected from OR and NRR', most preferably G4
is OR.
Preferably G4 is OMe.
In one embodiment, the group G2 is:
0
G4 0.,..1r*
- n m- -0
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L3, and n, m and G4
are as
defined above.
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In one embodiment, the group G2 is:
-
n- - _ _
where n is 1-20, m is 0-6, and G4 is selected from OH, OR, SH, SR, COOR,
CONH2,
CONHR, CONRR', NH2, NHR, NRR', NO2, and halo. In one embodiment, n is 1-10. In
.. another embodiment, n is 10 to 50, preferably 20 to 40. In one embodiment,
n is 1. In one
embodiment, m is 1. The groups OH, SH, NH2 and NHR are protected. In one
embodiment,
G4 is OR, SR, COOR, CONH2, CONHR, CONRR', and NRR'. In one embodiment, G4 is
OR,
SR, and NRR'. Preferably G4 is selected from OR and NRR', most preferably G4
is OR.
Preferably G4 is OMe.
In one embodiment, the group G2 is:
- - - m
where the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to L3, and n, m and G4
are as
defined above.
In each of the embodiments above G4 may be OH, SH, NH2 and NHR. These groups
are
preferably protected.
In one embodiment, OH is protected with Bzl, TBDMS, or TBDPS.
In one embodiment, SH is protected with Acm, Bzl, Bz1-0Me, Bzl-Me, or Trt.
In one embodiment, NH2 or NHR are protected with Boc, Moc, Z-CI, Fmoc, Z, or
Alloc.
In one embodiment, the group G2 is present in combination with a group L3,
which group is a
dipeptide.
The capping group is not intended for connection to the antibody. Thus, the
other monomer
present in the dimer serves as the point of connection to the antibody via a
linker.
Accordingly, it is preferred that the functionality present in the capping
group is not available
for reaction with an antibody. Thus, reactive functional groups such as OH,
SH, NH2, COOH
are preferably avoided. However, such functionality may be present in the
capping group if
protected, as described above.
70
Embodiments
Embodiments of the present invention include ConjA wherein the antibody is as
defined
above.
Embodiments of the present invention include ConjB wherein the antibody is as
defined
above.
Embodiments of the present invention include ConjC wherein the antibody is as
defined
above.
Embodiments of the present invention include ConjD wherein the antibody is as
defined
above.
Embodiments of the present invention include ConjE wherein the antibody is as
defined
above.
As mentioned above, some embodiments of the invention exclude ConjA, ConjB,
ConjC,
ConjD and ConjE.
Drug loading
The drug loading is the average number of PBD drugs per antibody, e.g.
antibody. Where
the compounds of the invention are bound to cysteines, drug loading may range
from 1 to 8
drugs (DL) per antibody, i.e. where 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 drug moieties
are covalently
attached to the antibody. Compositions of conjugates include collections of
antibodies,
conjugated with a range of drugs, from 1 to 8. Where the compounds of the
invention are
bound to lysines, drug loading may range from 1 to 80 drugs (DI-) per
antibody, although an
upper limit of 40, 20, 10 or 8 may be preferred. Compositions of conjugates
include
collections of antibodies, conjugated with a range of drugs, from 1 to 80, 1
to 40, 1 to 20, 1 to
10 or 1 to 8.
The average number of drugs per antibody in preparations of ADC from
conjugation
reactions may be characterized by conventional means such as UV, reverse phase
HPLC,
HIC, mass spectroscopy, ELISA assay, and electrophoresis. The quantitative
distribution of
ADC in terms of p may also be determined. By ELISA, the averaged value of p in
a
particular preparation of ADC may be determined (Hamblett et al (2004) Olin.
Cancer Res.
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10:7063-7070; Sanderson et al (2005) Olin. Cancer Res. 11:843-852). However,
the
distribution of p (drug) values is not discernible by the antibody-antigen
binding and
detection limitation of ELISA. Also, ELISA assay for detection of antibody-
drug conjugates
does not determine where the drug moieties are attached to the antibody, such
as the heavy
chain or light chain fragments, or the particular amino acid residues. In some
instances,
separation, purification, and characterization of homogeneous ADC where p is a
certain
value from ADC with other drug loadings may be achieved by means such as
reverse phase
HPLC or electrophoresis. Such techniques are also applicable to other types of
conjugates.
For some antibody-drug conjugates, p may be limited by the number of
attachment sites on
the antibody. For example, an antibody may have only one or several cysteine
thiol groups,
or may have only one or several sufficiently reactive thiol groups through
which a linker may
be attached. Higher drug loading, e.g. p >5, may cause aggregation,
insolubility, toxicity, or
loss of cellular permeability of certain antibody-drug conjugates.
Typically, fewer than the theoretical maximum of drug moieties are conjugated
to an
antibody during a conjugation reaction. An antibody may contain, for example,
many lysine
residues that do not react with the drug-linker intermediate (D-L) or linker
reagent. Only the
most reactive lysine groups may react with an amine-reactive linker reagent.
Also, only the
most reactive cysteine thiol groups may react with a thiol-reactive linker
reagent. Generally,
antibodies do not contain many, if any, free and reactive cysteine thiol
groups which may be
linked to a drug moiety. Most cysteine thiol residues in the antibodies of the
compounds
exist as disulfide bridges and must be reduced with a reducing agent such as
dithiothreitol
(DTT) or TCEP, under partial or total reducing conditions. The loading
(drug/antibody ratio)
of an ADC may be controlled in several different manners, including: (i)
limiting the molar
excess of drug-linker intermediate (D-L) or linker reagent relative to
antibody, (ii) limiting the
conjugation reaction time or temperature, and (iii) partial or limiting
reductive conditions for
cysteine thiol modification.
Certain antibodies have reducible interchain disulfides, i.e. cysteine
bridges. Antibodies may
be made reactive for conjugation with linker reagents by treatment with a
reducing agent
such as DTT (dithiothreitol). Each cysteine bridge will thus form,
theoretically, two reactive
thiol nucleophiles. Additional nucleophilic groups can be introduced into
antibodies through
the reaction of lysines with 2-iminothiolane (Traut's reagent) resulting in
conversion of an
amine into a thiol. Reactive thiol groups may be introduced into the antibody
(or fragment
thereof) by engineering one, two, three, four, or more cysteine residues
(e.g., preparing
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mutant antibodies comprising one or more non-native cysteine amino acid
residues). US
7521541 teaches engineering antibodies by introduction of reactive cysteine
amino acids.
Cysteine amino acids may be engineered at reactive sites in an antibody and
which do not
form intrachain or intermolecular disulfide linkages (Junutula, et al., 2008b
Nature Biotech.,
26(8):925-932; Dornan et al (2009) Blood 114(13):2721-2729; US 7521541; US
7723485;
W02009/052249). The engineered cysteine thiols may react with linker reagents
or the
drug-linker reagents of the present invention which have thiol-reactive,
electrophilic groups
such as maleimide or alpha-halo amides to form ADC with cysteine engineered
antibodies
and the PBD drug moieties. The location of the drug moiety can thus be
designed,
controlled, and known. The drug loading can be controlled since the engineered
cysteine
thiol groups typically react with thiol-reactive linker reagents or drug-
linker reagents in high
yield. Engineering an IgG antibody to introduce a cysteine amino acid by
substitution at a
single site on the heavy or light chain gives two new cysteines on the
symmetrical antibody.
A drug loading near 2 can be achieved with near homogeneity of the conjugation
product
ADC.
Alternatively, site-specific conjugation can be achieved by engineering
antibodies to contain
unnatural amino acids in their heavy and/or light chains as described by Axup
et al. ((2012),
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 109(40):16101-16116). The unnatural amino acids
provide the
additional advantage that orthogonal chemistry can be designed to attach the
linker reagent
and drug
Where more than one nucleophilic or electrophilic group of the antibody reacts
with a drug-
linker intermediate, or linker reagent followed by drug moiety reagent, then
the resulting
product is a mixture of ADC compounds with a distribution of drug moieties
attached to an
antibody, e.g. 1, 2, 3, etc. Liquid chromatography methods such as polymeric
reverse phase
(PLRP) and hydrophobic interaction (H IC) may separate compounds in the
mixture by drug
loading value. Preparations of ADC with a single drug loading value (p) may be
isolated,
however, these single loading value ADCs may still be heterogeneous mixtures
because the
drug moieties may be attached, via the linker, at different sites on the
antibody.
Thus the antibody-drug conjugate compositions of the invention include
mixtures of
antibody-drug conjugate compounds where the antibody has one or more PBD drug
moieties and where the drug moieties may be attached to the antibody at
various amino acid
residues.
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In one embodiment, the average number of dimer pyrrolobenzodiazepine groups
per
antibody is in the range 1 to 20. In some embodiments the range is selected
from 1 to 8, 2
to 8, 2 to 6, 2 to 4, and 4 to 8.
In some embodiments, there is one dimer pyrrolobenzodiazepine group per
antibody.
Includes Other Forms
Unless otherwise specified, included in the above are the well known ionic,
salt, solvate, and
protected forms of these substituents. For example, a reference to carboxylic
acid (-COOH)
also includes the anionic (carboxylate) form (-COO), a salt or solvate
thereof, as well as
conventional protected forms. Similarly, a reference to an amino group
includes the
protonated form (-N1+1-1R1R2), a salt or solvate of the amino group, for
example, a
hydrochloride salt, as well as conventional protected forms of an amino group.
Similarly, a
reference to a hydroxyl group also includes the anionic form (-0), a salt or
solvate thereof,
as well as conventional protected forms.
Salts
It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle a
corresponding salt of
the active compound, for example, a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt. Examples
of
pharmaceutically acceptable salts are discussed in Berge, et al., J. Pharm.
Sc., 66, 1-19
(1977).
For example, if the compound is anionic, or has a functional group which may
be anionic
(e.g. -COOH may be -000), then a salt may be formed with a suitable cation.
Examples of
suitable inorganic cations include, but are not limited to, alkali metal ions
such as Na + and
IC', alkaline earth cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+, and other cations such as
A1+3. Examples
of suitable organic cations include, but are not limited to, ammonium ion
(i.e. NH4-) and
substituted ammonium ions (e.g. NH3R+, NH2R2+, NHR34, NIR4+). Examples of some
suitable
substituted ammonium ions are those derived from: ethylamine, diethylamine,
dicyclohexylamine, triethylamine, butylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine,
diethanolamine, piperazine, benzylamine, phenylbenzylamine, choline,
meglumine, and
tromethamine, as well as amino acids, such as lysine and arginine. An example
of a
common quaternary ammonium ion is N(CH3)4+.
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If the compound is cationic, or has a functional group which may be cationic
(e.g. -NH2 may
be -NH3), then a salt may be formed with a suitable anion. Examples of
suitable inorganic
anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following
inorganic acids:
hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, nitrous,
phosphoric, and
phosphorous.
Examples of suitable organic anions include, but are not limited to, those
derived from the
following organic acids: 2-acetyoxybenzoic, acetic, ascorbic, aspartic,
benzoic,
camphorsulfonic, cinnamic, citric, edetic, ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic,
fumaric,
glucheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthalene
carboxylic,
isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauric, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic,
mucic, oleic, oxalic,
palmitic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phenylsulfonic, propionic,
pyruvic, salicylic,
stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, trifluoroacetic acid
and valeric.
Examples of suitable polymeric organic anions include, but are not limited to,
those derived
from the following polymeric acids: tannic acid, carboxymethyl cellulose.
Solvates
It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle a
corresponding solvate
of the active compound. The term "solvate" is used herein in the conventional
sense to refer
to a complex of solute (e.g. active compound, salt of active compound) and
solvent. If the
solvent is water, the solvate may be conveniently referred to as a hydrate,
for example, a
mono-hydrate, a di-hydrate, a tri-hydrate, etc.
The invention includes compounds where a solvent adds across the imine bond of
the PBD
moiety, which is illustrated below where the solvent is water or an alcohol
(RAOH, where RA
is C1_4 alkyl):
R9 I-1 R9 R9 H
\ OH \ ORA
R8 R8 RAO H R8 2
0
R7 N õ R7 N R7 N
R2 H2
R6 0 R6 0 R6 0
These forms can be called the carbinolamine and carbinolamine ether forms of
the PBD (as
described in the section relating to al above). The balance of these
equilibria depend on
the conditions in which the compounds are found, as well as the nature of the
moiety itself.
These particular compounds may be isolated in solid form, for example, by
lyophilisation.
=
Isomers
Certain compounds of the invention may exist in one or more particular
geometric, optical,
enantiomeric, diastereomeric, epimeric, atropic, stereoisomeric, tautomeric,
conformational,
or anomeric forms, including but not limited to, cis- and trans-forms; E- and
Z-forms; c-, t-,
5 and r- forms; endo- and exo-forms; R-, S-, and meso-forms; D- and L-
forms; d- and I-forms;
(+) and (-) forms; keto-, end-, and enolate-forms; syn- and anti-forms;
synclinal- and
anticlinal-forms; a- and 13-forms; axial and equatorial forms; boat-, chair-,
twist-, envelope-,
and halfchair-forms; and combinations thereof, hereinafter collectively
referred to as
"isomers" (or "isomeric forms").
The term "chiral" refers to molecules which have the property of non-
superimposability of the
mirror image partner, while the term "achiral" refers to molecules which are
superimposable
on their mirror image partner
The term "stereoisomers" refers to compounds which have identical chemical
constitution,
but differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space.
"Diastereomer" refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers of chirality
and whose
molecules are not mirror images of one another. Diastereomers have different
physical
properties, e.g. melting points, boiling points, spectral properties, and
reactivities. Mixtures
of diastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical procedures such
as
electrophoresis and chromatography.
"Enantiomers" refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non-
superimposable
mirror images of one another.
Stereochemical definitions and conventions used herein generally follow S. P.
Parker, Ed.,
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (1984) McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York;
and Eliel, E. and Wilen, S., "Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds", John
Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, 1994. The compounds of the invention may contain asymmetric or
chiral
centers, and therefore exist in different stereoisomeric forms. It is intended
that all
stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of the invention, including but not
limited to,
diastereomers, enantiomers and atropisomers, as well as mixtures thereof such
as racemic
mixtures, form part of the present invention. Many organic compounds exist in
optically
active forms, i.e., they have the ability to rotate the plane of plane-
polarized light. In
describing an optically active compound, the prefixes D and L, or R and S, are
used to
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denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s).
The prefixes d
and I or (+) and (-) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-
polarized light by
the compound, with (-) orlmeaning that the compound is levorotatory. A
compound
prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory. For a given chemical structure,
these stereoisomers
are identical except that they are mirror images of one another. A specific
stereoisomer may
also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often
called an
enantiomeric mixture. A 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a
racemic mixture or
a racemate, which may occur where there has been no stereoselection or
stereospecificity in
a chemical reaction or process. The terms "racemic mixture" and "racemate"
refer to an
equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.
Note that, except as discussed below for tautomeric forms, specifically
excluded from the
term "isomers", as used herein, are structural (or constitutional) isomers
(i.e. isomers which
differ in the connections between atoms rather than merely by the position of
atoms in
space). For example, a reference to a methoxy group, -OCH3, is not to be
construed as a
reference to its structural isomer, a hydroxymethyl group, -CH2OH. Similarly,
a reference to
ortho-chlorophenyl is not to be construed as a reference to its structural
isomer, meta-
chlorophenyl. However, a reference to a class of structures may well include
structurally
isomeric forms falling within that class (e.g. Clj alkyl includes n-propyl and
iso-propyl; butyl
includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl; methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, meta-,
and para-
methoxypheny1).
The above exclusion does not pertain to tautomeric forms, for example, keto-,
enol-, and
enolate-forms, as in, for example, the following tautomeric pairs: keto/enol
(illustrated
below), imine/enamine, amide/imino alcohol, amidine/amidine, nitroso/oxime,
thioketone/enethiol, N-nitroso/hyroxyazo, and nitro/aci-nitro.
I /0 ,OH H+
C=C
C=C
\ / \ H / \
keto enol enolate
The term "tautomer" or "tautomeric form" refers to structural isomers of
different energies
which are interconvertible via a low energy barrier. For example, proton
tautomers (also
known as prototropic tautomers) include interconversions via migration of a
proton, such as
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keto-enol and imine-enamine isomerizations. Valence tautomers include
interconversions
by reorganization of some of the bonding electrons.
Note that specifically included in the term "isomer" are compounds with one or
more isotopic
.. substitutions. For example, H may be in any isotopic form, including 1H, 2H
(D), and 3H (T);
C may be in any isotopic form, including 120, 13C, and 140; 0 may be in any
isotopic form,
including 160 and 180; and the like.
Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention
include
.. isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, and
chlorine, such
as, but not limited to 2H (deuterium, D), 3H (tritium), 110, 130, 140, 15N,
18F, 31F, 32F, 35s, 3601,
and 1261. Various isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention, for
example those
into which radioactive isotopes such as 3H, 130, and 140 are incorporated.
Such
isotopically labelled compounds may be useful in metabolic studies, reaction
kinetic studies,
detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or
single-
photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue
distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients. Deuterium
labelled or substituted
therapeutic compounds of the invention may have improved DMPK (drug metabolism
and
pharmacokinetics) properties, relating to distribution, metabolism, and
excretion (ADME).
Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium may afford certain
therapeutic
advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased
in vivo half-life
or reduced dosage requirements. An 18F labeled compound may be useful for PET
or
SPECT studies. Isotopically labeled compounds of this invention and prodrugs
thereof can
generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes
or in the
examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available
isotopically
labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent. Further, substitution
with heavier
isotopes, particularly deuterium (i.e., 2H or D) may afford certain
therapeutic advantages
resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-
life or reduced
dosage requirements or an improvement in therapeutic index. It is understood
that deuterium
in this context is regarded as a substituent. The concentration of such a
heavier isotope,
specifically deuterium, may be defined by an isotopic enrichment factor. In
the compounds of
this invention any atom not specifically designated as a particular isotope is
meant to
represent any stable isotope of that atom.
Unless otherwise specified, a reference to a particular compound includes all
such isomeric
forms, including (wholly or partially) racemic and other mixtures thereof.
Methods for the
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preparation (e.g. asymmetric synthesis) and separation (e.g. fractional
crystallisation and
chromatographic means) of such isomeric forms are either known in the art or
are readily
obtained by adapting the methods taught herein, or known methods, in a known
manner.
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Biological Activity
In vitro cell proliferation assays
Generally, the cytotoxic or cytostatic activity of an antibody-drug conjugate
(ADC) is
measured by: exposing mammalian cells having receptor proteins to the antibody
of the
ADC in a cell culture medium; culturing the cells for a period from about 6
hours to about 5
days; and measuring cell viability. Cell-based in vitro assays are used to
measure viability
(proliferation), cytotoxicity, and induction of apoptosis (caspase activation)
of an ADC of the
invention.
The in vitro potency of antibody-drug conjugates can be measured by a cell
proliferation
assay. The CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay is a commercially
available
(Promega Corp., Madison, WI), homogeneous assay method based on the
recombinant
expression of Coleoptera luciferase (US Patent Nos. 5583024; 5674713 and
5700670). This
cell proliferation assay determines the number of viable cells in culture
based on quantitation
of the ATP present, an indicator of metabolically active cells (Crouch et al
(1993) J. immunol.
Meth. 160:81-88; US 6602677). The CellTiter-Glo Assay is conducted in 96 well
format,
making it amenable to automated high-throughput screening (HTS) (Cree eta!
(1995)
AntiCancer Drugs 6:398-404). The homogeneous assay procedure involves adding
the
single reagent (CellTiter-Glo Reagent) directly to cells cultured in serum-
supplemented
medium. Cell washing, removal of medium and multiple pipetting steps are not
required. The
system detects as few as 15 cells/well in a 384-well format in 10 minutes
after adding
reagent and mixing. The cells may be treated continuously with ADC, or they
may be
treated and separated from ADC. Generally, cells treated briefly, i.e. 3
hours, showed the
same potency effects as continuously treated cells.
The homogeneous "add-mix-measure" format results in cell lysis and generation
of a
luminescent signal proportional to the amount of ATP present. The amount of
ATP is directly
proportional to the number of cells present in culture. The CellTiter-Glo
Assay generates a
"glow-type" luminescent signal, produced by the luciferase reaction, which has
a half-life
generally greater than five hours, depending on cell type and medium used.
Viable cells are
reflected in relative luminescence units (RLU). The substrate, Beetle
Luciferin, is oxidatively
decarboxylated by recombinant firefly luciferase with concomitant conversion
of ATP to AMP
and generation of photons.
The in vitro potency of antibody-drug conjugates can also be measured by a
cytotoxicity
assay. Cultured adherent cells are washed with PBS, detached with trypsin,
diluted in
80
complete medium, containing 10% FCS, centrifuged, re-suspended in fresh medium
and
counted with a haemocytometer. Suspension cultures are counted directly.
Monodisperse
cell suspensions suitable for counting may require agitation of the suspension
by repeated
aspiration to break up cell clumps.
The cell suspension is diluted to the desired seeding density and dispensed
(100p1 per well)
into black 96 well plates. Plates of adherent cell lines are incubated
overnight to allow
adherence. Suspension cell cultures can be used on the day of seeding.
A stock solution (1mI) of ADC (20pg/m1) is made in the appropriate cell
culture medium.
Serial 10-fold dilutions of stock ADC are made in 15m1 centrifuge tubes by
serially
transferring 100pIto 900p1 of cell culture medium.
Four replicate wells of each ADC dilution (100p1) are dispensed in 96-well
black plates,
previously plated with cell suspension (100p1), resulting in a final volume of
200 pl. Control
wells receive cell culture medium (100p1).
If the doubling time of the cell line is greater than 30 hours, ADC incubation
is for 5 days,
otherwise a four day incubation is done.
At the end of the incubation period, cell viability is assessed with the
Alannar blue assay.
AlamarBlue TM (I nvitrogen) is dispensed over the whole plate (20p1 per well)
and incubated
for 4 hours. Alamar blue fluorescence is measured at excitation 570nm,
emission 585nm on
the Varioskan TM flash plate reader. Percentage cell survival is calculated
from the mean
fluorescence in the ADC treated wells compared to the mean fluorescence in the
control
wells.
Use
The conjugates of the invention may be used to provide a PBD compound at a
target
location.
The target location is preferably a proliferative cell population. The
antibody is an antibody
for an antigen present on a proliferative cell population.
In one embodiment the antigen is absent or present at a reduced level in a non-
proliferative
cell population compared to the amount of antigen present in the proliferative
cell population,
for example a tumour cell population.
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At the target location the linker may be cleaved so as to release a compound
RelA, RelB,
ReIC, RelD or RelE. Thus, the conjugate may be used to selectively provide a
compound
RelA, RelB, Rel C, RelD or RelE to the target location.
The linker may be cleaved by an enzyme present at the target location.
The target location may be in vitro, in vivo or ex vivo.
The antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) compounds of the invention include those
with utility for
anticancer activity. In particular, the compounds include an antibody
conjugated, i.e.
covalently attached by a linker, to a PBD drug moiety, i.e. toxin. When the
drug is not
conjugated to an antibody, the PBD drug has a cytotoxic effect. The biological
activity of the
PBD drug moiety is thus modulated by conjugation to an antibody. The antibody-
drug
conjugates (ADC) of the invention selectively deliver an effective dose of a
cytotoxic agent to
tumor tissue whereby greater selectivity, i.e. a lower efficacious dose, may
be achieved.
Thus, in one aspect, the present invention provides a conjugate compound as
described
herein for use in therapy.
In a further aspect there is also provides a conjugate compound as described
herein for use
in the treatment of a proliferative disease. A second aspect of the present
invention provides
the use of a conjugate compound in the manufacture of a medicament for
treating a
proliferative disease.
One of ordinary skill in the art is readily able to determine whether or not a
candidate
conjugate treats a proliferative condition for any particular cell type. For
example, assays
which may conveniently be used to assess the activity offered by a particular
compound are
described in the examples below.
The term "proliferative disease" pertains to an unwanted or uncontrolled
cellular proliferation
of excessive or abnormal cells which is undesired, such as, neoplastic or
hyperplastic
growth, whether in vitro or in vivo.
Examples of proliferative conditions include, but are not limited to, benign,
pre-malignant,
and malignant cellular proliferation, including but not limited to, neoplasms
and tumours (e.g.
82
histocytoma, glioma, astrocytoma, osteoma), cancers (e.g. lung cancer, small
cell lung
cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, bowel cancer, colon cancer, breast carcinoma,
ovarian
carcinoma, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer,
bladder cancer,
pancreas cancer, brain cancer, sarcoma, osteosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma,
melanoma),
lymphomas, leukemias, psoriasis, bone diseases, fibroproliferative disorders
(e.g. of
connective tissues), and atherosclerosis. Cancers of particular interest
include, but are not
limited to, leukemias and ovarian cancers.
Any type of cell may be treated, including but not limited to, lung,
gastrointestinal (including,
e.g. bowel, colon), breast (mammary), ovarian, prostate, liver (hepatic),
kidney (renal),
bladder, pancreas, brain, and skin.
Disorders of particular interest include, but are not limited to, non-Hodgkin
Lymphoma
including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma, (FL),
Mantle Cell
lymphoma (MCL), chronic lymphatic lymphoma (CLL) and leukemias such as Hairy
cell
leukemia (HCL), Hairy cell leukemia variant (HCL-v) and Acute Lymphoblastic
Leukaemia
(ALL).
It is contemplated that the antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) of the present
invention may be
used to treat various diseases or disorders, e.g. characterized by the
overexpression of a
tumor antigen. Exemplary conditions or hyperproliferative disorders include
benign or
malignant tumors; leukemia, haematological, and lymphoid malignancies. Others
include
neuronal, glial, astrocytal, hypothalamic, glandular, macrophagal, epithelial,
stromal,
blastocoelic, inflammatory, angiogenic and immunologic, including autoimmune,
disorders.
Generally, the disease or disorder to be treated is a hyperproliferative
disease such as
cancer. Examples of cancer to be treated herein include, but are not limited
to, carcinoma,
lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia or lymphoid malignancies. More
particular
examples of such cancers include squamous cell cancer (e.g. epithelial
squamous cell
cancer), lung cancer including small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung
cancer,
adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the
peritoneum,
hepatocellular cancer, gastric or stomach cancer including gastrointestinal
cancer,
pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver
cancer, bladder
cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal
cancer, endometrial
or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney or renal cancer,
prostate cancer,
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vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, anal carcinoma, penile
carcinoma, as well
as head and neck cancer.
Autoimmune diseases for which the ADC compounds may be used in treatment
include
rheumatologic disorders (such as, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's
syndrome,
scleroderma, lupus such as SLE and lupus nephritis,
polymyositis/dermatomyositis,
cryoglobulinemia, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, and psoriatic
arthritis), osteoarthritis,
autoimmune gastrointestinal and liver disorders (such as, for example,
inflammatory bowel
diseases (e.g. ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), autoimmune gastritis
and pernicious
.. anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing
cholangitis, and
celiac disease), vasculitis (such as, for example, ANCA-associated vasculitis,
including
Churg-Strauss vasculitis, VVegener's granulomatosis, and polyarteritis),
autoimmune
neurological disorders (such as, for example, multiple sclerosis, opsoclonus
myoclonus
syndrome, myasthenia gravis, neuromyelitis optica, Parkinson's disease,
Alzheimer's
disease, and autoimmune polyneuropathies), renal disorders (such as, for
example,
glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, and Berger's disease), autoimmune
dermatologic disorders (such as, for example, psoriasis, urticaria, hives,
pemphigus vulgaris,
bullous pemphigoid, and cutaneous lupus erythematosus), hematologic disorders
(such as,
for example, thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura,
post-
transfusion purpura, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia), atherosclerosis,
uveitis,
autoimmune hearing diseases (such as, for example, inner ear disease and
hearing loss),
Behcet's disease, Raynaud's syndrome, organ transplant, and autoimmune
endocrine
disorders (such as, for example, diabetic-related autoimmune diseases such as
insulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), Addison's disease, and autoimmune thyroid
disease
(e.g. Graves' disease and thyroiditis)). More preferred such diseases include,
for example,
rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, ANCA-associated vasculitis, lupus,
multiple sclerosis,
SjOgren's syndrome, Graves' disease, IDDM, pernicious anemia, thyroiditis, and
glomerulonephritis.
Methods of Treatment
The conjugates of the present invention may be used in a method of therapy.
Also provided
is a method of treatment, comprising administering to a subject in need of
treatment a
therapeutically-effective amount of a conjugate compound of the invention. The
term
"therapeutically effective amount" is an amount sufficient to show benefit to
a patient. Such
benefit may be at least amelioration of at least one symptom. The actual
amount
administered, and rate and time-course of administration, will depend on the
nature and
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severity of what is being treated. Prescription of treatment, e.g. decisions
on dosage, is
within the responsibility of general practitioners and other medical doctors.
A compound of the invention may be administered alone or in combination with
other
treatments, either simultaneously or sequentially dependent upon the condition
to be treated.
Examples of treatments and therapies include, but are not limited to,
chemotherapy (the
administration of active agents, including, e.g. drugs, such as
chemotherapeutics); surgery;
and radiation therapy.
A "chemotherapeutic agent" is a chemical compound useful in the treatment of
cancer,
regardless of mechanism of action. Classes of chemotherapeutic agents include,
but are not
limited to: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, spindle poison plant
alkaloids,
cytotoxic/antitumor antibiotics, topoisomerase inhibitors, antibodies,
photosensitizers, and
kinase inhibitors. Chemotherapeutic agents include compounds used in "targeted
therapy"
.. and conventional chemotherapy.
Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include: erlotinib (TARCEVA ,
Genentech/OSI
Pharm.), docetaxel (TAXOTEREO, Sanofi-Aventis), 5-FU (fluorouracil, 5-
fluorouracil, CAS
No. 51-21-8), gemcitabine (GEMZARO, Lilly), PD-0325901 (CAS No. 391210-10-9,
Pfizer),
cisplatin (cis-diamine, dichloroplatinum(II), CAS No. 15663-27-1), carboplatin
(CAS No.
41575-94-4), paclitaxel (TAXOL , Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton,
N.J.),
trastuzumab (HERCEPTINO, Genentech), temozolomide (4-methyl-5-oxo- 2,3,4,6,8-
pentazabicyclo [4.3.0] nona-2,7,9-triene- 9-carboxamide, CAS No. 85622-93-1,
TEMODARO, TEMODAL , Schering Plough), tamoxifen ((Z)-244-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-
enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethylethanamine, NOLVADEXO, ISTUBAL , VALODEXO), and
doxorubicin (ADRIAMYCINO), Akti-1/2, HPPD, and rapamycin.
More examples of chemotherapeutic agents include: oxaliplatin (ELOXATINO,
Sanofi),
bortezomib (VELCADEO, Millennium Pharm.), sutent (SUNITINIB , SU11248,
Pfizer),
letrozole (FEMARAO, Novartis), imatinib mesylate (GLEEVECO, Novartis), XL-518
(Mek
inhibitor, Exelixis, WO 2007/044515), ARRY-886 (Mek inhibitor, AZD6244, Array
BioPharma,
Astra Zeneca), SF-1126 (PI3K inhibitor, Semafore Pharmaceuticals), BEZ-235
(PI3K
inhibitor, Novartis), XL-147 (PI3K inhibitor, Exelixis), PTK787/ZK 222584
(Novartis),
fulvestrant (FASLODEXO, AstraZeneca), leucovorin (folinic acid), rapamycin
(sirolimus,
RAPAMUNEO, Wyeth), lapatinib (TYKERB , G5K572016, Glaxo Smith Kline),
lonafamib
.. (SARASARTM, SCH 66336, Schering Plough), sorafenib (NEXAVARO, BAY43-9006,
Bayer
Labs), gefitinib (IRESSAO, AstraZeneca), irinotecan (CAMPTOSARO, CPT-11,
Pfizer),
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tipifarnib (ZARNESTRATm, Johnson & Johnson), ABRAXANETM (Cremophor-free),
albumin-
engineered nanoparticle formulations of paclitaxel (American Pharmaceutical
Partners,
Schaumberg, II), vandetanib (rINN, ZD6474, ZACTIMA , AstraZeneca),
chloranmbucil,
AG1478, AG1571 (SU 5271; Sugen), temsirolimus (TORISEL , Wyeth), pazopanib
5 (GlaxoSmithKline), canfosfamide (TELCYTAO, Telik), thiotepa and
cyclosphosphamide
(CYTOXAN , NEOSAR0); alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and
piposulfan;
aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa;
ethylenimines and
methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine,
triethylenephosphoramide,
triethylenethiophosphoramide and trimethylomelamine; acetogenins (especially
bullatacin
10 and bullatacinone); a camptothecin (including the synthetic analog
topotecan); bryostatin;
callystatin; CC-1065 (including its adozelesin, carzelesin and bizelesin
synthetic analogs);
cryptophycins (particularly cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8); dolastatin;
duocarmycin
(including the synthetic analogs, KW-2189 and CBI-TM1); eleutherobin;
pancratistatin; a
sarcodictyin; spongistatin; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil,
chlornaphazine,
15 chlorophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine,
mechlorethamine oxide
hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine,
trofosfamide, uracil
mustard; nitrosoureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, fotemustine,
lomustine, nimustine,
and ranimnustine; antibiotics such as the enediyne antibiotics (e.g.
calicheamicin,
calicheamicin gamma11, calicheamicin omegal1 (Angew Chem. Intl. Ed. Engl.
(1994)
20 33:183-186); dynemicin, dynemicin A; bisphosphonates, such as
clodronate; an
esperamicin; as well as neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein
enediyne
antibiotic chromophores), aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine,
bleomycins,
cactinomycin, carabicin, carminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycinis,
dactinomycin,
daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, morpholino-doxorubicin,
25 cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and
deoxydoxorubicin), epirubicin,
esorubicin, idarubicin, nemorubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins such as
mitomycin C,
mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, porfiromycin,
puromycin,
quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex,
zinostatin,
zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU);
folic acid analogs
30 such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, trimetrexate; purine
analogs such as
fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs
such as
ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine,
doxifluridine,
enocitabine, floxuridine; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone
propionate,
epitiostanol, mepitiostane, testolactone; anti-adrenals such as
aminoglutethimide, mitotane,
35 trilostane; folic acid replenisher such as frolinic acid; aceglatone;
aldophosphamide
glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; eniluracil; amsacrine; bestrabucil;
bisantrene; edatraxate;
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defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elfornithine; elliptinium acetate; an
epothilone;
etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidainine; maytansinoids
such as
maytansine and ansamitocins; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidanmol;
nitraerine;
pentostatin; phenamet; pirarubicin; losoxantrone; podophyllinic acid; 2-
ethylhydrazide;
.. procarbazine; PSKO polysaccharide complex (JHS Natural Products, Eugene,
OR);
razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofiran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone;
2,2',2"-
trichlorotriethylamine; trichothecenes (especially T-2 toxin, verracurin A,
roridin A and
anguidine); urethan; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol;
mitolactol;
pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside ("Ara-C"); cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; 6-
thioguanine;
mercaptopurine; methotrexate; platinum analogs such as cisplatin and
carboplatin;
vinblastine; etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide; mitoxantrone; vincristine;
vinorelbine
(NAVELBINE0); novantrone; teniposide; edatrexate; daunomycin; aminopterin;
capecitabine
(XELODA , Roche); ibandronate; CPT-11; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000;
difluoromethylornithine (DMF0); retinoids such as retinoic acid; and
pharmaceutically
acceptable salts, acids and derivatives of any of the above.
Also included in the definition of "chemotherapeutic agent" are: (i) anti-
hormonal agents that
act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors such as anti-estrogens and
selective
estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), including, for example, tamoxifen
(including
.. NOLVADEXO; tamoxifen citrate), raloxifene, droloxifene, 4-hydroxytamoxifen,
trioxifene,
keoxifene, LY117018, onapristone, and FARESTONO (toremifine citrate); (ii)
aromatase
inhibitors that inhibit the enzyme aromatase, which regulates estrogen
production in the
adrenal glands, such as, for example, 4(5)-imidazoles, aminoglutethimide,
MEGASE0
(megestrol acetate), AROMAS IN (exemestane; Pfizer), formestanie, fad rozole,
RIVISORO
(vorozole), FEMARACD (letrozole; Novartis), and ARIMIDEXO (anastrozole;
AstraZeneca);
(iii) anti-androgens such as flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide,
and goserelin; as
well as troxacitabine (a 1,3-dioxolane nucleoside cytosine analog); (iv)
protein kinase
inhibitors such as MEK inhibitors (WO 2007/044515); (v) lipid kinase
inhibitors; (vi) antisense
oligonucleotides, particularly those which inhibit expression of genes in
signaling pathways
.. implicated in aberrant cell proliferation, for example, PKC-alpha, Raf and
H-Ras, such as
oblimersen (GENASENSEO, Genta Inc.); (vii) ribozymes such as VEGF expression
inhibitors (e.g., ANGIOZYMEO) and HER2 expression inhibitors; (viii) vaccines
such as gene
therapy vaccines, for example, ALLOVECTINO, LEUVECTINO, and VAXID ; PROLEUKINO
rIL-2; topoisomerase 1 inhibitors such as LURTOTECANO; ABARELIXO rmRH; (ix)
anti-
.. angiogenic agents such as bevacizumab (AVASTIN , Genentech); and
pharmaceutically
acceptable salts, acids and derivatives of any of the above.
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Also included in the definition of "chemotherapeutic agent" are therapeutic
antibodies such
as alemtuzumab (Campath), bevacizumab (AVASTINCD, Genentech); cetuximab
(ERBITUXO, Imolone); panitumumab (VECTIBIXO, Amgen), rituximab (RITUXANO,
Genentech/Biogen Idec), ofatumumab (ARZERRA , GSK), pertuzumab (PERJETATm,
OMNITARGTm, 2C4, Genentech), trastuzumab (HERCEPTINO, Genentech), tositumomab
(Bexxar, Corixia), and the antibody drug conjugate, gemtuzumab ozogamicin
(MYLOTARGO, Wyeth).
Humanized monoclonal antibodies with therapeutic potential as chemotherapeutic
agents in
combination with the conjugates of the invention include: alemtuzumab,
apolizumab,
aselizumab, atlizumab, bapineuzumab, bevacizumab, bivatuzumab mertansine,
cantuzumab
mertansine, cedelizumab, certolizumab pegol, cidfusituzumab, cidtuzumab,
daclizumab,
eculizumab, efalizumab, epratuzumab, erlizumab, felvizumab, fontolizumab,
gemtuzumab
ozogamicin, inotuzumab ozogamicin, ipilimumab, labetuzumab, lintuzumab,
matuzumab,
mepolizumab, motavizumab, motovizumab, natalizumab, nimotuzumab, nolovizumab,
numavizumab, ocrelizumab, omalizumab, palivizumab, pascolizumab,
pecfusituzumab,
pectuzumab, pertuzumab, pexelizumab, ralivizumab, ranibizumab, reslivizumab,
reslizumab,
resyvizumab, rovelizumab, ruplizumab, sibrotuzumab, siplizumab, sontuzumab,
tacatuzumab tetraxetan, tadocizumab, talizumab, tefibazumab, tocilizumab,
toralizumab,
trastuzumab, tucotuzumab celmoleukin, tucusituzumab, umavizumab, urtoxazumab,
and
visilizumab.
Pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention, and for use in
accordance
with the present invention, may comprise, in addition to the active
ingredient, i.e. a conjugate
compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, buffer, stabiliser
or other
materials well known to those skilled in the art. Such materials should be non-
toxic and
should not interfere with the efficacy of the active ingredient. The precise
nature of the
carrier or other material will depend on the route of administration, which
may be oral, or by
injection, e.g. cutaneous, subcutaneous, or intravenous.
Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration may be in tablet, capsule,
powder or
liquid form. A tablet may comprise a solid carrier or an adjuvant. Liquid
pharmaceutical
compositions generally comprise a liquid carrier such as water, petroleum,
animal or
vegetable oils, mineral oil or synthetic oil. Physiological saline solution,
dextrose or other
saccharide solution or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or
polyethylene
glycol may be included. A capsule may comprise a solid carrier such a gelatin.
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For intravenous, cutaneous or subcutaneous injection, or injection at the site
of affliction, the
active ingredient will be in the form of a parenterally acceptable aqueous
solution which is
pyrogen-free and has suitable pH, isotonicity and stability. Those of relevant
skill in the art
are well able to prepare suitable solutions using, for example, isotonic
vehicles such as
Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Lactated Ringer's Injection.
Preservatives,
stabilisers, buffers, antioxidants and/or other additives may be included, as
required.
Formulations
While it is possible for the conjugate compound to be used (e.g.,
administered) alone, it is
often preferable to present it as a composition or formulation.
In one embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition (e.g.,
formulation,
preparation, medicament) comprising a conjugate compound, as described herein,
and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
In one embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition comprising
at least
one conjugate compound, as described herein, together with one or more other
pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well known to those skilled in the
art, including, but
not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients,
adjuvants, fillers,
buffers, preservatives, anti-oxidants, lubricants, stabilisers, solubilisers,
surfactants (e.g.,
wetting agents), masking agents, colouring agents, flavouring agents, and
sweetening
agents.
In one embodiment, the composition further comprises other active agents, for
example,
other therapeutic or prophylactic agents.
Suitable carriers, diluents, excipients, etc. can be found in standard
pharmaceutical texts.
See, for example, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, 2nd Edition (eds. M.
Ash and I.
Ash), 2001 (Synapse Information Resources, Inc., Endicott, New York, USA),
Remington's
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th edition, pub. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins,
2000; and
Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 2nd edition, 1994.
Another aspect of the present invention pertains to methods of making a
pharmaceutical
composition comprising admixing at least one [11C]-radiolabelled conjugate or
conjugate-like
compound, as defined herein, together with one or more other pharmaceutically
acceptable
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ingredients well known to those skilled in the art, e.g., carriers, diluents,
excipients, etc. If
formulated as discrete units (e.g., tablets, etc.), each unit contains a
predetermined amount
(dosage) of the active compound.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable," as used herein, pertains to compounds,
ingredients, materials, compositions, dosage forms, etc., which are, within
the scope of
sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of the
subject in
question (e.g., human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic
response, or other
problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
Each carrier,
diluent, excipient, etc. must also be "acceptable" in the sense of being
compatible with the
other ingredients of the formulation.
The formulations may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of
pharmacy. Such
methods include the step of bringing into association the active compound with
a carrier
which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the
formulations are
prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active
compound with
carriers (e.g., liquid carriers, finely divided solid carrier, etc.), and then
shaping the product, if
necessary.
.. The formulation may be prepared to provide for rapid or slow release;
immediate, delayed,
timed, or sustained release; or a combination thereof.
Formulations suitable for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection),
include aqueous or
non-aqueous, isotonic, pyrogen-free, sterile liquids (e.g., solutions,
suspensions), in which
.. the active ingredient is dissolved, suspended, or otherwise provided (e.g.,
in a liposome or
other microparticulate). Such liquids may additional contain other
pharmaceutically
acceptable ingredients, such as anti-oxidants, buffers, preservatives,
stabilisers,
bacteriostats, suspending agents, thickening agents, and solutes which render
the
formulation isotonic with the blood (or other relevant bodily fluid) of the
intended recipient.
.. Examples of excipients include, for example, water, alcohols, polyols,
glycerol, vegetable
oils, and the like. Examples of suitable isotonic carriers for use in such
formulations include
Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Solution, or Lactated Ringer's Injection.
Typically, the
concentration of the active ingredient in the liquid is from about 1 ng/ml to
about 10 pg/ml,
for example from about 10 ng/ml to about 1 pg/ml. The formulations may be
presented in
unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials,
and may be
stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition
of the sterile liquid
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carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
Extemporaneous injection
solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and
tablets.
Dosage
5 It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that appropriate
dosages of the conjugate
compound, and compositions comprising the conjugate compound, can vary from
patient to
patient. Determining the optimal dosage will generally involve the balancing
of the level of
therapeutic benefit against any risk or deleterious side effects. The selected
dosage level
will depend on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the
activity of the particular
10 compound, the route of administration, the time of administration, the
rate of excretion of the
compound, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds, and/or
materials used in
combination, the severity of the condition, and the species, sex, age, weight,
condition,
general health, and prior medical history of the patient. The amount of
compound and route
of administration will ultimately be at the discretion of the physician,
veterinarian, or clinician,
15 although generally the dosage will be selected to achieve local
concentrations at the site of
action which achieve the desired effect without causing substantial harmful or
deleterious
side-effects.
Administration can be effected in one dose, continuously or intermittently
(e.g., in divided
20 doses at appropriate intervals) throughout the course of treatment.
Methods of determining
the most effective means and dosage of administration are well known to those
of skill in the
art and will vary with the formulation used for therapy, the purpose of the
therapy, the target
cell(s) being treated, and the subject being treated. Single or multiple
administrations can be
carried out with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treating
physician,
25 veterinarian, or clinician.
In general, a suitable dose of the active compound is in the range of about
100 ng to about
25 mg (more typically about 1 pg to about 10 mg) per kilogram body weight of
the subject
per day. Where the active compound is a salt, an ester, an amide, a prodrug,
or the like, the
30 amount administered is calculated on the basis of the parent compound
and so the actual
weight to be used is increased proportionately.
In one embodiment, the active compound is administered to a human patient
according to
the following dosage regime: about 100 mg, 3 times daily.
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In one embodiment, the active compound is administered to a human patient
according to
the following dosage regime: about 150 mg, 2 times daily.
In one embodiment, the active compound is administered to a human patient
according to
the following dosage regime: about 200 mg, 2 times daily.
However in one embodiment, the conjugate compound is administered to a human
patient
according to the following dosage regime: about 50 or about 75 mg, 3 or 4
times daily.
In one embodiment, the conjugate compound is administered to a human patient
according
to the following dosage regime: about 100 or about 125 mg, 2 times daily.
The dosage amounts described above may apply to the conjugate (including the
PBD moiety
and the linker to the antibody) or to the effective amount of PBD compound
provided, for
example the amount of compound that is releasable after cleavage of the
linker.
For the prevention or treatment of disease, the appropriate dosage of an ADC
of the
invention will depend on the type of disease to be treated, as defined above,
the severity
and course of the disease, whether the molecule is administered for preventive
or
therapeutic purposes, previous therapy, the patient's clinical history and
response to the
antibody, and the discretion of the attending physician. The molecule is
suitably
administered to the patient at one time or over a series of treatments.
Depending on the type
and severity of the disease, about 1 Rg/kg to 15 mg/kg (e.g. 0.1-20 mg/kg) of
molecule is an
initial candidate dosage for administration to the patient, whether, for
example, by one or
more separate administrations, or by continuous infusion. A typical daily
dosage might range
from about 1 Rg/kg to 100 mg/kg or more, depending on the factors mentioned
above. An
exemplary dosage of ADC to be administered to a patient is in the range of
about 0.1 to
about 10 mg/kg of patient weight. For repeated administrations over several
days or longer,
depending on the condition, the treatment is sustained until a desired
suppression of disease
symptoms occurs. An exemplary dosing regimen comprises a course of
administering an
initial loading dose of about 4 mg/kg, followed by additional doses every
week, two weeks, or
three weeks of an ADC. Other dosage regimens may be useful. The progress of
this
therapy is easily monitored by conventional techniques and assays.
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Treatment
The term "treatment," as used herein in the context of treating a condition,
pertains generally
to treatment and therapy, whether of a human or an animal (e.g., in veterinary
applications),
in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the
inhibition of the
progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a
halt in the rate
of progress, regression of the condition, amelioration of the condition, and
cure of the
condition. Treatment as a prophylactic measure (i.e., prophylaxis, prevention)
is also
included.
The term "therapeutically-effective amount," as used herein, pertains to that
amount of an
active compound, or a material, composition or dosage from comprising an
active
compound, which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect,
commensurate
with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a
desired
treatment regimen.
Similarly, the term "prophylactically-effective amount," as used herein,
pertains to that
amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage from
comprising an
active compound, which is effective for producing some desired prophylactic
effect,
commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in
accordance with a
desired treatment regimen.
Preparation of Drug conjugates
Antibody drug conjugates may be prepared by several routes, employing organic
chemistry
reactions, conditions, and reagents known to those skilled in the art,
including reaction of a
nucleophilic group of an antibody with a drug-linker reagent. This method may
be employed
to prepare the antibody-drug conjugates of the invention.
Nucleophilic groups on antibodies include, but are not limited to side chain
thiol groups, e.g.
cysteine. Thiol groups are nucleophilic and capable of reacting to form
covalent bonds with
electrophilic groups on linker moieties such as those of the present
invention. Certain
antibodies have reducible interchain disulfides, i.e. cysteine bridges.
Antibodies may be
made reactive for conjugation with linker reagents by treatment with a
reducing agent such
as DTT (Cleland's reagent, dithiothreitol) or TCEP (tris(2-
carboxyethyl)phosphine
hydrochloride; Getz et al (1999) Anal. Biochem. Vol 273:73-80; Soltec
Ventures, Beverly,
MA). Each cysteine disulfide bridge will thus form, theoretically, two
reactive thiol
nucleophiles. Additional nucleophilic groups can be introduced into antibodies
through the
93
reaction of lysines with 2-iminothiolane (Traut's reagent) resulting in
conversion of an amine
into a thiol.
The Subject/Patient
The subject/patient may be an animal, mammal, a placental mammal, a marsupial
(e.g., kangaroo, wombat), a monotreme (e.g., duckbilled platypus), a rodent
(e.g., a guinea
pig, a hamster, a rat, a mouse), murine (e.g., a mouse), a lagomorph (e.g., a
rabbit), avian
(e.g., a bird), canine (e.g., a dog), feline (e.g., a cat), equine (e.g., a
horse), porcine (e.g., a
pig), ovine (e.g., a sheep), bovine (e.g., a cow), a primate, simian (e.g., a
monkey or ape), a
monkey (e.g., marmoset, baboon), an ape (e.g., gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan,
gibbon), or
a human.
Furthermore, the subject/patient may be any of its forms of development, for
example, a
foetus. In one preferred embodiment, the subject/patient is a human.
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Further Preferences
The following preferences may apply to all aspects of the invention as
described above, or
may relate to a single aspect. The preferences may be combined together in any
combination.
In some embodiments, R6', RT, R9', and Y are preferably the same as R6, R7,
R9, and Y
respectively.
Dimer link
Y and Y' are preferably 0.
R" is preferably a 03_7 alkylene group with no substituents. More preferably
R" is a 03, C5 or
07 alkylene. Most preferably, R" is a 03 or C5 alkylene.
R6 to R9
R9 is preferably H.
R6 is preferably selected from H, OH, OR, SH, NH2, nitro and halo, and is more
preferably H
or halo, and most preferably is H.
R7 is preferably selected from H, OH, OR, SH, SR, NH2, NHR, NRR', and halo,
and more
preferably independently selected from H, OH and OR, where R is preferably
selected from
optionally substituted 01_7 alkyl, 03_10 heterocyclyl and C5_10 aryl groups. R
may be more
preferably a 01-4 alkyl group, which may or may not be substituted. A
substituent of interest
is a 05-6 aryl group (e.g. phenyl). Particularly preferred substituents at the
7- positions are
OMe and OCH2Ph. Other substituents of particular interest are dimethylamino
(i.e. ¨NMe2);
-(002H4)q0Me, where q is from 0 to 2; nitrogen-containing 06 heterocyclyls,
including
morpholino, piperidinyl and N-methyl-piperazinyl.
These preferences apply to R9', R6' and RT respectively.
R/2
When there is a double bond present between 02' and 03', R12 is selected from:
(a) C5_10 aryl group, optionally substituted by one or more substituents
selected from the
group comprising: halo, nitro, cyano, ether, 01-7 alkyl, 03-7 heterocyclyl and
bis-oxy-01-3
alkylene;
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(b) C1_5 saturated aliphatic alkyl;
(c) C3_6 saturated cycloalkyl;
R22
*R23
(d) R21
, wherein each of R21, R22 and R23 are independently selected from H, 01_3
saturated alkyl, 02_3 alkenyl, C2_3 alkynyl and cyclopropyl, where the total
number of carbon
5 atoms in the R12 group is no more than 5;
25b
(e) , wherein one of R25a and R25b is H and the other is selected from:
phenyl,
which phenyl is optionally substituted by a group selected from halo methyl,
methoxy;
pyridyl; and thiophenyl; and
N'pe24
(f) ¨ , where R24 is selected from: H; 01_3 saturated alkyl; C2_3 alkenyl;
02_3
10 alkynyl; cyclopropyl; phenyl, which phenyl is optionally substituted by
a group selected from
halo methyl, methoxy; pyridyl; and thiophenyl.
When R12 is a C5_10 aryl group, it may be a 05_7 aryl group. A 057 aryl group
may be a phenyl
group or a C5_7 heteroaryl group, for example furanyl, thiophenyl and pyridyl.
In some
15 embodiments, R12 is preferably phenyl. In other embodiments, R12 is
preferably thiophenyl,
for example, thiophen-2-y1 and thiophen-3-yl.
When R12 is a C5_10 aryl group, it may be a 08_10 aryl, for example a
quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl
group. The quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl group may be bound to the PBD core
through any
20 available ring position. For example, the quinolinyl may be quinolin-2-
yl, quinolin-3-yl,
quinolin-4y1, quinolin-5-yl, quinolin-6-yl, quinolin-7-y1 and quinolin-8-yl_
Of these quinolin-3-y1
and quinolin-6-y1 may be preferred. The isoquinolinyl may be isoquinolin-1-yl,
isoquinolin-3-
yl, isoquinolin-4y1, isoquinolin-5-yl, isoquinolin-6-yl, isoquinolin-7-y1 and
isoquinolin-8-yl. Of
these isoquinolin-3-y1 and isoquinolin-6-y1 may be preferred.
When R12 is a C5_10 aryl group, it may bear any number of substituent groups.
It preferably
bears from 1 to 3 substituent groups, with 1 and 2 being more preferred, and
singly
substituted groups being most preferred. The substituents may be any position.
=
96
Where R12 is 06-7 aryl group, a single substituent is preferably on a ring
atom that is not
adjacent the bond to the remainder of the compound, i.e. it is preferably 13
or y to the bond to
the remainder of the compound. Therefore, where the 06-7 aryl group is phenyl,
the
substituent is preferably in the meta- or para- positions, and more preferably
is in the para-
position.
Where R12 is a 08-10 aryl group, for example quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl, it
may bear any
number of substituents at any position of the quinoline or isoquinoline rings.
In some
embodiments, it bears one, two or three substituents, and these may be on
either the
proximal and distal rings or both (if more than one substituent).
R12 substituents, when R12 is a C5_10 aryl group
If a substituent on R12 when R12 is a 05_10 aryl group is halo, it is
preferably F or CI, more
preferably Cl.
If a substituent on R12 when R12 is a 05_10 aryl group is ether, it may in
some embodiments
be an alkoxy group, for example, a 01.7 alkoxy group (e.g. methoxy, ethoxl,f)
or it may in
some embodiments be a 06-7 aryloxy group (e.g. phenoxy, pyridyloxy,
furanyloxy). The
alkoxy group may itself be further substituted, for example by an amino group
(e.g.
dimethylamino).
If a substituent on R12 when R12 is a 05.13 aryl group is 01_7 alkyl, it may
preferably be a C1-4
alkyl group (e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl).
If a substituent on R12 when R12 is a C6-10 aryl group is 03-7 heterocyclyl,
it may in some
embodiments be 06 nitrogen containing heterocyclyl group, e.g. morpholino,
thiomorpholino,
piperidinyl, piperazinyl. These groups may be bound to the rest of the PBD
moiety via the
nitrogen atom. These groups may be further substituted, for example, by 01.4
alkyl groups.
If the 06 nitrogen containing heterocyclyl group is piperazinyl, the said
further substituent
may be on the second nitrogen ring atom.
If a substituent on R12 when R12 is a Cs.-10 aryl group is bis-oxy-01.3
alkylene, this is preferably
bis-oxy-methylene or bis-oxy-ethylene.
If a substituent on R12 when 1=212 is a C5-10 aryl group is ester, this is
preferably methyl ester
or ethyl ester.
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Particularly preferred substituents when R12 is a 05_10 aryl group include
methoxy, ethoxy,
fluoro, chloro, cyano, bis-oxy-methylene, methyl-piperazinyl, morpholino and
methyl-
thiophenyl. Other particularly preferred substituent for R12 are
dimethylaminopropyloxy and
carboxy.
Particularly preferred substituted R12 groups when R12 is a 05-10 aryl group
include, but are
not limited to, 4-methoxy-phenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-ethoxy-phenyl, 3-ethoxy-
phenyl, 4-
fluoro-phenyl, 4-chloro-phenyl, 3,4-bisoxymethylene-phenyl, 4-
methylthiophenyl, 4-
cyanophenyl, 4-phenoxyphenyl, quinolin-3-y1 and quinolin-6-yl, isoquinolin-3-
y1 and
isoquinolin-6-yl, 2-thienyl, 2-furanyl, methoxynaphthyl, and naphthyl. Another
possible
substituted R12 group is 4-nitrophenyl. R12 groups of particular interest
include 4-(4-
methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl and 3,4-bisoxymethylene-phenyl.
When R12 is 01_5 saturated aliphatic alkyl, it may be methyl, ethyl, propyl,
butyl or pentyl. In
some embodiments, it may be methyl, ethyl or propyl (n-pentyl or isopropyl).
In some of
these embodiments, it may be methyl. In other embodiments, it may be butyl or
pentyl,
which may be linear or branched.
When R12 is C3_6 saturated cycloalkyl, it may be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,
cyclopentyl or
cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, it may be cyclopropyl.
R22
*R23
21
When R12 is R ,
each of R21, R22 and R23 are independently selected from H, 01_3
saturated alkyl, C2_3 alkenyl, C2_3 alkynyl and cyclopropyl, where the total
number of carbon
atoms in the R12 group is no more than 5. In some embodiments, the total
number of carbon
atoms in the R12 group is no more than 4 or no more than 3.
In some embodiments, one of R21, R22 and R23 is H, with the other two groups
being selected
from H, 01_3 saturated alkyl, 02_3 alkenyl, 02_3 alkynyl and cyclopropyl.
In other embodiments, two of R21, R22 and R23 are H, with the other group
being selected
from H, 01_3 saturated alkyl, 02_3 alkenyl, 02_3 alkynyl and cyclopropyl.
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In some embodiments, the groups that are not H are selected from methyl and
ethyl. In
some of these embodiments, the groups that re not H are methyl.
In some embodiments, R21 is H.
In some embodiments, R22 is H.
In some embodiments, R23 is H.
In some embodiments, R21 and R22 are H.
In some embodiments, R21 and R23 are H.
In some embodiments, R22 and R23 are H.
An R12 group of particular interest is:
R25b
25a
When R12 is , one of R25a and R25b is H and the other is selected
from: phenyl,
which phenyl is optionally substituted by a group selected from halo, methyl,
methoxy;
pyridyl; and thiophenyl. In some embodiments, the group which is not H is
optionally
substituted phenyl. If the phenyl optional substituent is halo, it is
preferably fluoro. In some
embodiment, the phenyl group is unsubstituted.
24
When R12 is ¨ , R24 is selected from: H; 01_3 saturated alkyl; C2-3
alkenyl; C2-3
alkynyl; cyclopropyl; phenyl, which phenyl is optionally substituted by a
group selected from
halo methyl, methoxy; pyridyl; and thiophenyl. If the phenyl optional
substituent is halo, it is
preferably fluoro. In some embodiment, the phenyl group is unsubstituted.
In some embodiments, R24 is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, ethenyl and
ethynyl. In some of
these embodiments, R24 is selected from H and methyl.
When there is a single bond present between C2' and C3',
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6a
R12 is R26b ,
where R26a and R26b are independently selected from H, F, C1_4 saturated
alkyl, 02-3 alkenyl, which alkyl and alkenyl groups are optionally substituted
by a group
selected from 01_4 alkyl amido and 01_4 alkyl ester; or, when one of R26a and
R26b is H, the
other is selected from nitrile and a Ci_4 alkyl ester.
In some embodiments, it is preferred that R26a and R26b are both H.
In other embodiments, it is preferred that R26a and R26b are both methyl.
In further embodiments, it is preferred that one of R26a and R26b is H, and
the other is
selected from 01-4 saturated alkyl, 02-3 alkenyl, which alkyl and alkenyl
groups are optionally
substituted. In these further embodiment, it may be further preferred that the
group which is
not H is selected from methyl and ethyl.
R2
The above preferences for R12 apply equally to R2.
R22
In some embodiments, R22 is of formula Ila.
A in R22 when it is of formula Ila may be phenyl group or a 05_7 heteroaryl
group, for example
furanyl, thiophenyl and pyridyl. In some embodiments, A is preferably phenyl.
Q2-X may be on any of the available ring atoms of the C5_1 aryl group, but is
preferably on a
ring atom that is not adjacent the bond to the remainder of the compound, i.e.
it is preferably
13 or y to the bond to the remainder of the compound. Therefore, where the
05_7 aryl group
(A) is phenyl, the substituent (Q2-X) is preferably in the meta- or para-
positions, and more
preferably is in the para- position.
In some embodiments, Q1 is a single bond. In these embodiments, Q2 is selected
from a
single bond and -Z-(CH2)n-, where Z is selected from a single bond, 0, S and
NH and is from
1 to 3. In some of these embodiments, Q2 is a single bond. In other
embodiments, Q2 is -Z-
(0H2)n-. In these embodiments, Z may be 0 or S and n may be 1 or n may be 2.
In other of
these embodiments, Z may be a single bond and n may be 1.
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In other embodiments, Q1 is -CH=CH-.
In other embodiments, R22 is of formula lib. In these embodiments, Rci, Rc2
and Rc3 are
.. independently selected from H and unsubstituted C1_2 alkyl. In some
preferred
embodiments, Rcl, Rc2 and
K are all H. In other embodiments, Rcl, Rc2 and RC3 are all
methyl. In certain embodiments, Rci, Rc2 and 1-<.-.C3
are independently selected from H and
methyl.
Xis a group selected from the list comprising: c ¨ r<1_2',
CO-RI-2', NH-C(=0)-
HCN_RL2' '
NHNH-RI-2', CONHNH-RI-2', NRR2, wherein RN
is selected from the group comprising H and C1_4 alkyl. X may preferably be:
OH, SH, CO2H,
-N=C=O or NH RN, and may more preferably be: 0-RI-2', s_RL2', co2RL2', -N H-
C(= 0 )- RI-2' or
NH-RL2'. Particularly preferred groups include: 0-R'2',
and NH-R'2', with NH-RL2' being
the most preferred group.
In some embodiments R22 is of formula 11c. In these embodiments, it is
preferred that Q is
NRN_RL2'. In other embodiments, Q is 0-RI-2'. In further embodiments, Q is SRI-
2'. RN is
preferably selected from H and methyl. In some embodiment, RN is H. In other
embodiments, RN is methyl.
In some embodiments, R22 may be -A-CH2-X and -A-X. In these embodiments, X may
be 0-
K CO-RI-2' and NH-RI-2'. In particularly preferred embodiments, X may be
NH-RI-2'.
R10, R"
In some embodiments, R1 and R11 together form a double bond between the
nitrogen and
carbon atoms to which they are bound.
In some embodiments, R11 is OH.
In some embodiments, R11 is OMe.
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In some embodiments, R11 is SON, where z is 2 or 3 and M is a monovalent
pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
In some embodiments, R11a is OH.
In some embodiments, R115 is OMe.
In some embodiments, Rua is SOzM, where z is 2 or 3 and M is a monovalent
pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
R2o, R21
In some embodiments, R2 and R71 together form a double bond between the
nitrogen and
carbon atoms to which they are bound.
In some embodiments R2 is H.
In some embodiments, R2 is Rc.
In some embodiments, R21 is OH.
In some embodiments, R21 is OMe.
In some embodiments, R21 is SON, where z is 2 or 3 and M is a monovalent
pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
R30, R31
In some embodiments, R3 and R31 together form a double bond between the
nitrogen and
carbon atoms to which they are bound.
In some embodiments, R31 is OH.
In some embodiments, R31 is OMe.
In some embodiments, R31 is SON, where z is 2 or 3 and M is a monovalent
pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
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Mandz
It is preferred that M is a monovalent pharmaceutically acceptable cation, and
is more
preferably Nat.
z is preferably 3.
Preferred conjugates of the first aspect of the present invention may have a
DL of formula la:
RL1'
R
R21 \ 0 H
la
R2a/a¨ ORia R1a R2a
0 0
10 where
Ri_t, R20 and
are as defined above;
n is 1 or 3;
R1 a is methyl or phenyl; and
R2a is selected from:
*
15 (a) Me =
(b) .
(c) ;
(d) =
(e)
20 (f) =
0
<
(g) 0 ;and
(h)
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Preferred conjugates of the first aspect of the present invention may have a
DL of formula lb:
L1'
R20
R
R21 \ OH
iX
lb
ORia R1 a0
0 0
where
Ri_t, R20 and
are as defined above;
n is 1 or 3; and
R1 a is methyl or phenyl.
Preferred conjugates of the first aspect of the present invention may have a
DL of formula lc:
mai 0
31 R30
R11
RH N/i
RL2' IC
OR1a R120
R12a
0 0
where IRL2', R10, R11, R30 and
are as defined above
n is 1 or 3;
Rua is selected from:
401 *
(a) Me0
(b) ;
(c) ;
(d)
(e)
(f)
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0
(g) <0 el
;and
N.N)
(h)
the amino group is at either the meta or para positions of the phenyl group.
Preferred conjugates of the first aspect of the present invention may have a
DL of formula Id:
30 R R10
31 11
R R
ORla
Rla0 N,,RL2'
R12a N
o 0
where IRL2', R105 R115 R30 and -31
are as defined above
n is 1 or 3;
Rid is methyl or phenyl;
R12a is selected from:
010
(a) Me0
(b) ;
(c) ;
(d) =
V* .
(e)
(f) =
0
(g) <0 el
;and
(h)
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Preferred conjugates of the first aspect of the present invention may have a
DL of formula le:
30 10
R31 R R \ Ri 1
/
le
N 0 R1 a la0 H
R N
12a /
R ------ NR
, L2'
-.,...
0 0
where RL2', R10, R11, R30 and K.--.31
are as defined above
n is 1 or 3;
R1 a is methyl or phenyl;
Rua is selected from:
00 *
(a) Me0 .
,
(b)
(c) * ;
.,
(d) = ,
V-* .
(e)
(f) = ,
(g) <00
.;and
(h) " .
106
Examples
General Experimental Methods
Optical rotations were measured on an ADP 220 polarimeter (Bellingham Stanley
Ltd.) and
concentrations (c) are given in g/100mL. Melting points were measured using a
digital
melting point apparatus (Electrothermal). IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-
Elmer
Spectrum 1000 FT IR Spectrometer. 1H and 130 NMR spectra were acquired at 300
K using
a Bruker Avance TM NMR spectrometer at 400 and 100 MHz, respectively. Chemical
shifts
are reported relative to TMS (6 = 0.0 ppm), and signals are designated as s
(singlet), d
(doublet), t (triplet), dt (double triplet), dd (doublet of doublets), ddd
(double doublet of
doublets) or m (multiplet), with coupling constants given in Hertz (Hz). Mass
spectroscopy
(MS) data were collected using a Waters MicromasslM ZQ instrument coupled to a
Waters
2695 HPLC with a Waters 2996 PDA. Waters MicromassTM ZQ parameters used were:
Capillary (kV), 3.38; Cone (V), 35; Extractor (V), 3.0; Source temperature (
C), 100;
Desolvation Temperature ( C), 200; Cone flow rate (L/h), 50; De-solvation flow
rate (Uh),
250. High-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) data were recorded on a Waters
Micromass TM QTOF Global in positive W-mode using metal-coated borosilicate
glass tips to
introduce the samples into the instrument. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was
performed on silica gel aluminium plates (Merck 60, F254), and flash
chromatography utilised
silica gel (Merck 60, 230-400 mesh ASTM). Except for the HOBt (NovaBiochem)
and solid-
supported reagents (Argonaut), all other chemicals and solvents were purchased
from
Sigma-Aldrich and were used as supplied without further purification.
Anhydrous solvents
were prepared by distillation under a dry nitrogen atmosphere in the presence
of an
appropriate drying agent, and were stored over 4A molecular sieves or sodium
wire.
Petroleum ether refers to the fraction boiling at 40-60 C.
General LC/MS conditions:
Method 1 (default method, used unless stated otherwise)
The HPLC (Waters Alliance 2695) was run using a mobile phase of water (A)
(formic acid
0.1%) and acetonitrile (B) (formic acid 0.1%). Gradient: initial composition
5% B held over
1.0 min, then increase from 5% B to 95% B over a 3 min period. The composition
was held
for 0.1 min at 95% B, then returned to 5% B in 0.03 minutes and hold there for
0.87 min.
Total gradient run time equals 5 minutes.
Method 2
The HPLC (Waters Alliance 2695) was run using a mobile phase of water (A)
(formic acid
0.1%) and acetonitrile (B) (formic acid 0.1%). Gradient: initial composition
5% B held over
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1.0 minute, then increase from 5% B to 95% B over a 2.5 minute period. The
composition
was held for 0.5 minutes at 95% B, then returned to 5% B in 0.1 minutes and
hold there for
0.9 min. Total gradient run time equals 5 minutes.
For both methods
Flow rate 3.0 mL/min, 400pL was split via a zero dead volume tee piece which
passes into
the mass spectrometer. Wavelength detection range: 220 to 400 nm. Function
type: diode
array (535 scans). Column: Phenomenex Onyx Monolithic C18 50 x 4.60 mm.
The reverse phase flash purification conditions were as follows: The Flash
purification
system (Varian 971-Fp) was run using a mobile phase of water (A) and
acetonitrile (B).
Gradient: initial composition 5% B over 20 C.V. (Column Volume) then 5% B to
70% B within
60 C.V. The composition was held for 15 C.V. at 95% B, and then returned to 5%
B in 5 C.V.
and held at 5%B for 10 C.V. Total gradient run time equals 120 C.V. Flow rate
6.0 mL/min.
Wavelength detection range: 254 nm. Column: Agilent AX1372-1 SF10-5.5gC8.
Preparative HPLC: Reverse-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography
(U PLC)
was carried out on Phenomenex Gemini NX 5p C-18 columns of the following
dimensions:
150 x 4.6 mm for analysis, and 150 x 21.20 mm for preparative work. All UPLC
experiments
were performed with gradient conditions. Eluents used were solvent A (H20 with
0.1%
Formic acid) and solvent B (CH3CN with 0.1% Formic acid). Flow rates used were
1.0
ml/min for analytical, and 20.0 ml/min for preparative HPLC. Detection was at
254 and 280
nm.
Synthesis of Intermediate 12
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108
HO
¨ ati 0.......,0 ga
02N ah 0.,...........-0 ail 502
Me0 "11111 CO2Me Me02C It. OMe Me0 "IP CO2Me Me02C "1111 OMe Me0 "IP
CO2Me
2 4
3
0
Me0 / O ==\..._.0Me
025
ifk O',.../C) op NO
02 NO2 -
0,õ......,.........,0 , I
_A..
HOC 411I'LV OMe Vle0 CO,H H 0 = OMe wo RP NIDOH -'-
0 8 0
0........õ
6
0 H 0 0 H H 0 0 ,....0 40 N1-.\--
CZN-N
111111IF 0 H OMe Me0 Ili'LlIIIIP
N
O 0 TBSOs
OTBS
0 0
7 8
SEM SEM SEM SEM
\ 0
N N N N
at0,...,".....õ,0 I I IA 0,,,,........õ...0 IA
TBso,õ:6- mi OMe Me * - 1,113.s .[I''' N 11111P OMe Me0 114111 --
56,. ----'-
OTBS OH
O 9 0 0 0
SEM SEM SEM SEM
N
eN
111-111111P OMe Me0 IIII-LIIIIIP N "Ir OMe Me0
0 0 Tf0 '... N
0 0 0 0
11
12
(a) 1',3'-Bis[2-methoxy-4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenoxy]propane (3)
Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (71.3 mL, 73.2 g, 362 mmol) was added drop-wise
over a
period of 60 min to an overhead stirred solution of methyl vanillate 2 (60.0
g, 329 mmol) and
5 Ph3P (129.4 g, 494 mmol) in anhydrous THF (800 mL) at 0-5 C (ice/acetone)
under a
nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 0-5 C for an
additional 1
hour after which time a solution of 1,3-propanediol (11.4 mL, 12.0 g, 158
mmol) in THF (12
mL) was added drop-wise over a period of 20 min. The reaction mixture was
allowed to
warm to room temperature and stirred for 5 days. The resulting white
precipitate 3 was
10 collected by vacuum filtration, washed with THF and dried in a vacuum
desiccator to
constant weight. Yield = 54.7 g (84% based on 1,3-propanediol). Purity
satisfactory by
LC/MS (3.20 min (ES+) miz (relative intensity) 427 GM + Na], 10); 1H NMR (400
MHz,
CDCI3) 6 7.64 (dd, 2H, J = 1.8, 8.3 Hz), 7.54 (d, 2H, J = 1.8 Hz), 6.93 (d,
2H, J = 8.5 Hz),
4.30 (t, 4H, J= 6.1 Hz), 3.90 (s, 6H), 3.89 (s, 6H), 2.40 (p, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz).
(b) 1;3'-Bis12-methoxy-4-(methoxycarbony1)-5-nitrophenoxylpropane (4)
Solid Cu(NO3)2.3H20 (81.5 g, 337.5 mmol) was added slowly to an overhead
stirred slurry of
the bis-ester 3 (54.7 g, 135 mmol) in acetic anhydride (650 mL) at 0-5 C
(ice/acetone). The
reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 1 hour at 0-5 C and then allowed to
warm to room
temperature. A mild exotherm (ca. 40-50 C), accompanied by thickening of the
mixture and
evolution of NO2 was observed at this stage. Additional acetic anhydride (300
mL) was
added and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 16 hours at room
temperature. The
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reaction mixture was poured on to ice (- 1.5 L), stirred and allowed to return
to room
temperature. The resulting yellow precipitate was collected by vacuum
filtration and dried in
a desiccator to afford the desired bis-nitro compound 4 as a yellow solid.
Yield = 66.7 g
(100%). Purity satisfactory by LC/MS (3.25 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity)
517 ([M +
Na]' , 40); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 7.49 (s, 2H), 7.06 (s, 2H), 4.32 (t, 4H,
J = 6.0 Hz),
3.95 (s, 6H), 3.90 (s, 6H), 2.45-2.40 (m, 2H).
(c) 1',3'-Bis(4-carboxy-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenoxy) propane (5)
A slurry of the methyl ester 4 (66.7 g, 135 mmol) in THF (700 mL) was treated
with 1N
NaOH (700 mL) and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir vigorously at room
temperature.
After 4 days stirring, the slurry became a dark coloured solution which was
subjected to
rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to remove THF. The resulting aqueous
residue
was acidified to pH 1 with concentrated HCI and the colourless precipitate 5
was collected
and dried thoroughly in a vacuum oven (50 C). Yield = 54.5 g (87%). Purity
satisfactory by
LC/MS (2.65 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 489 ([M + Na], 30)); 1H NMR
(400 MHz,
DMSO-d6) 6 7.62 (s, 2H), 7.30 (s, 2H), 4.29 (t, 4H, J = 6.0 Hz), 3.85 (s, 6H),
2.30-2.26 (m,
2H).
(d) 1,1 '-1[(Propane-1,3-diy1)dioxy]bis[(5-methoxy-2-nitro-1,4-
phenyiene)carbonyl]bis[(2S,4R)-
methyl-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylate] (6)
Oxalyl chloride (24.5 mL, 35.6 g, 281 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension
of the
nitrobenzoic acid 5 (43 g, 92.3 mmol) and DMF (6 mL) in anhydrous DCM (600mL).
Following initial effervescence the reaction suspension became a solution and
the mixture
was allowed to stir at room temperature for 16 hours. Conversion to the acid
chloride was
confirmed by treating a sample of the reaction mixture with Me0H and the
resulting bis-
methyl ester was observed by LC/MS. The majority of solvent was removed by
evaporation
under reduced pressure; the resulting concentrated solution was re-dissolved
in a minimum
amount of dry DCM and triturated with diethyl ether. The resulting yellow
precipitate was
collected by filtration, washed with cold diethyl ether and dried for 1 hour
in a vacuum oven
at 40 C. The solid acid chloride was added portionwise over a period of 25 min
to a stirred
suspension of (2S,4R)-methyl-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylate hydrochloride
(38.1 g, 210
mmol) and TEA (64.5 mL, g, 463 mmol) in DCM (400mL) at -40 C (dry ice/CH3CN).
Immediately, the reaction was complete as judged by LC/MS (2.47 min (ES+) m/z
(relative
intensity) 721 UM + , 100). The mixture was diluted with DCM (200 mL) and
washed with
1N HCI ( 300 mL), saturated NaHCO3 (300 mL), brine (400 mL), dried (MgSO4),
filtered and
the solvent evaporated in vacuo to give the pure product 6 as an orange solid
(66.7 g,
110
100%). [0]220 = -46.1 (c= 0.47, CHC13); 'H NMR (400 MHz, 00013) (rotamers)
67.63 (s,
2H), 6.82 (s, 2H), 4.79-4.72 (m, 2H), 4.49-4.28 (m, 6H), 3.96 (s, 6H), 3.79
(s, 6H), 3.46-
3.38 (m, 2H), 3.02 (d, 2H, J = 11.1 Hz), 2.48-2.30 (m, 4H), 2.29-2.04 (m, 4H);
130 NMR
(100 MHz, CD0I3) (rotamers) 6 172.4, 166.7, 154.6, 148.4, 137.2, 127.0, 109.7,
108.2, 69.7,
65.1, 57.4, 57.0, 56.7, 52.4, 37.8, 29.0; IR (ATR, 0H013) 3410 (br), 3010,
2953, 1741, 1622,
1577, 1519, 1455, 1429, 1334, 1274, 1211, 1177, 1072, 1050, 1008, 871 cm-1; MS
(ES) m/z
(relative intensity) 721 ([M + H]*., 47), 388 (80); HRMS [M + Hy-- theoretical
031H36N4016 m/z
721.2199, found (ES) m/z 721.2227.
(e) 1 ,1 '-[[(Propane-1,3-diAdioxy]bis(1 1 a S,2R)-2-(hydroxy)-7-methoxy-
1,2,3, 10,11 ,11 a-
hexahydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepin-5, 1 1-dione] (7)
Method A: A solution of the nitro-ester 6 (44 g, 61.1 mmol) in Me0H (2.8 L)
was added to
freshly purchased Raney nickel (- 50 g of a - 50% slurry in H20) and anti-
bumping
granules in a 5L 3-neck round bottomed flask. The mixture was heated at reflux
and then
treated dropwise with a solution of hydrazine hydrate (21.6 mL, 22.2 g, 693
mmol) in Me0H
(200 mL) at which point vigorous effervescence was observed. When the addition
was
complete (- 45 min) additional Raney nickel was added carefully until
effervescence had
ceased and the initial yellow colour of the reaction mixture was discharged.
The mixture was
heated at reflux for a further 5 min at which point the reaction was deemed
complete by TLC
(90:10 v/v CHC13/Me0H) and LC/MS (2.12 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 597
([M +
100)). The reaction mixture was filtered hot immediately through a sinter
funnel containing
Celite TM with vacuum suction. The filtrate was reduced in volume by
evaporation in vacuo at
which point a colourless precipitate formed which was collected by filtration
and dried in a
vacuum desiccator to provide 7 (31 g, 85%). [c(127D = +404' (c = 0.10, DMF);
IH NMR (400
MHz, DMSO-c16) 6 10.2 (s, 2H, NH), 7.26 (s, 2H), 6.73 (s, 2H), 5.11 (d, 2H, J
= 3.98 Hz, OH),
4.32-4.27(m, 2H), 4.19-4.07 (m, 6H), 3.78(s, 6H), 3.62 (dd, 2H, J= 12.1, 3.60
Hz), 3.43
(dd, 2H, J= 12.0, 4.72 Hz), 2.67-2.57(m, 2H), 2.26(p, 2H, J= 5.90 Hz), 1.99-
1.89 (m, 2H);
13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) 6 169.1, 164.0, 149.9,144.5, 129.8, 117.1, 111.3,
104.5,
54.8, 54.4, 53.1, 33.5, 27.5; IR (ATR, neat) 3438, 1680, 1654, 1610, 1605,
1516, 1490,
1434, 1379, 1263, 1234, 1216, 1177, 1156, 1115, 1089, 1038, 1018, 952, 870 cm-
1; MS
(ES) m/z (relative intensity) 619 ([M + Na], 10), 597 ([M + , 52), 445
(12), 326 (11);
HRMS [M + H] theoretical C29H32N4010m/z 597.2191, found (ES) m/z 597.2205.
Method B: A suspension of 10% Pd/C (7.5 g, 10% w/w) in DMF (40 mL) was added
to a
solution of the nitro-ester 6 (75 g, 104 mmol) in DMF (360 mL). The suspension
was
hydrogenated in a Parr hydrogenation apparatus over 8 hours. Progress of the
reaction was
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monitored by LC/MS after the hydrogen uptake had stopped. Solid Pd/C was
removed by
filtration and the filtrate was concentrated by rotary evaporation under
vacuum (below
10mbar) at 40 C to afford a dark oil containing traces of DMF and residual
charcoal. The
residue was digested in Et0H (500 mL) at 40 C on a water bath (rotary
evaporator bath) and
the resulting suspension was filtered through Celite TM and washed with
ethanol (500 mL) to
give a clear filtrate. Hydrazine hydrate (10 mL, 321 mmol) was added to the
solution and the
reaction mixture was heated at reflux. After 20 minutes the formation of a
white precipitate
was observed and reflux was allowed to continue for a further 30 minutes. The
mixture was
allowed to cool down to room temperature and the precipitate was retrieved by
filtration,
.. washed with diethyl ether (2:1 volume of precipitate) and dried in a vacuum
desiccator to
provide 7 (50 g, 81%). Analytical data for method B: Identical to those
obtained for Method
A (optical rotation, 1H NMR, LC/MS and TLC).
(f) 1,1 '-[[(Propane-1,3-diyOdioxy]bis(11aS,2R)-2-(tert-
butyldimethylsilyloxy)-7-methoxy-
1,2,3,10,11,11 a-hexahydro-5H-pyrrok42,1-4[1,4]-benzodiazepin-5,11-dione] (8)
TBSCI (27.6 g, 182.9 mmol) and imidazole (29.9 g, 438.8 mmol) were added to a
cloudy
solution of the tetralactam 7 (21.8 g, 36.6 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (400 mL) at
0 C
(ice/acetone). The mixture was allowed to stir under a nitrogen atmosphere for
3 hours after
which time the reaction was deemed complete as judged by LC/MS (3.90 min (ES+)
m/z
(relative intensity) 825 GM + Hr., 100). The reaction mixture was poured onto
ice (- 1.75 L)
and allowed to warm to room temperature with stirring. The resulting white
precipitate was
collected by vacuum filtration, washed with H20, diethyl ether and dried in
the vacuum
desiccator to provide pure 8(30.1 g, 99%). [a]23D = +234 (c = 0.41, 0H013);
1H NMR (400
MHz, CDCI3) 6 8.65 (s, 2H, NH), 7.44 (s, 2H), 6.54 (s, 2H), 4.50 (p, 2H, J =
5.38 Hz), 4.21-
.. 4.10 (m, 6H), 3.87 (s, 6H), 3.73-3.63 (m, 4H), 2.85-2.79 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.29
(m, 2H), 2.07-
1.99 (m, 2H), 0.86 (s, 18H), 0.08 (s, 12H); 130 NMR (100 MHz, 0D013) 5 170.4,
165.7, 151.4,
146.6, 129.7, 118.9, 112.8, 105.3, 69.2, 65.4, 56.3, 55.7, 54.2, 35.2, 28.7,
25.7, 18.0, -4.82
and -4.86; IR (ATR, CHCI3) 3235, 2955, 2926, 2855, 1698, 1695, 1603, 1518,
1491, 1446,
1380, 1356, 1251, 1220, 1120, 1099, 1033 cm-1; MS (ES) m/z (relative
intensity) 825 ([M+
H]., 62), 721 (14), 440 (38); HRMS [M + H] theoretical C41H6oN4OloSi2 m/z
825.3921, found
(ES) m/z 825.3948.
(g) 1,1'-ff(Propane-1,3-diy1)dioxylbis(11 aS, 2R)-2-(tert-
butyldimethylsilyloxy)-7-methoxy-10-
((2-(trimethylsily0ethoxy)methyl)-1,2,3,10,1 1,11a-hexahydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-
c][1,4]-
benzodiazepin-5,11-dionel (9)
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A solution of n-BuLi (68.3 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexane, 109 mmol) was
added dropwise
to a stirred suspension of the tetralactam 8 (30.08 g, 36.4 mmol) in anhydrous
THF (600 mL)
at -30 C (dry ice/ethylene glycol) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction
mixture was
allowed to stir at this temperature for 1 hour (now a reddish orange colour)
at which point a
solution of SEMCI (19.3 mL, 18.2 g, 109 mmol) in anhydrous THF (120 mL) was
added
dropwise. The reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature
and was
stirred for 16 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was deemed
complete as
judged by TLC (Et0Ac) and LC/MS (4.77 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 1085
([M + ,
100). The THF was removed by evaporation in vacuo and the resulting residue
dissolved in
Et0Ac (750 mL), washed with H20 (250 mL), brine (250 mL), dried (MgSO4)
filtered and
evaporated in vacuo to provide the crude N10-SEM-protected tetralactam 9 as an
oil (max'
39.5 g, 100%). Product carried through to next step without purification.
[a]23D = +163 (c =
0.41, CHCI3); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD0I3) 6 7.33 (s, 2H), 7.22 (s, 2H), 5.47 (d,
2H, J = 9.98
Hz), 4.68 (d, 2H, J = 9.99 Hz), 4.57 (p, 2H, J = 5.77 Hz), 4.29-4.19 (m, 6H),
3.89 (s, 6H),
3.79-3.51 (m, 8H), 2.87-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.41 (p, 2H, J = 5.81 Hz), 2.03-1.90 (m,
2H), 1.02-
0.81 (m, 22H), 0.09 (s, 12H), 0.01 (s, 18H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCI3) 6 170.0,
165.7,
151.2, 147.5, 133.8, 121.8, 111.6, 106.9, 78.1, 69.6, 67.1, 65.5, 56.6, 56.3,
53.7, 35.6, 30.0,
25.8, 18.4,18.1, -1.24, -4.73; IR (ATR, CHCI3) 2951, 1685,1640, 1606, 1517,
1462, 1433,
1360, 1247, 1127, 1065 cm-1; MS (ES) m/z (relative intensity) 1113 GM + Na],
48), 1085
UM + Hr, 100), 1009 (5), 813 (6); HRMS [M + Hr theoretical C53H33N4012Si4 m/z
1085.5548, found (ES) m/z 1085.5542.
(h) 1,141(Propane-1,3-diyOdioxylbis(11aS,2R)-2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1042-
(trimethylsilyi)ethoxy)methyl)-1,2,3,10,11,11a-hexahydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-[1,4]-
benzodiazepin-5,11-dione] (10)
A solution of TBAF (150 mL of a 1.0 M solution in THE, 150 mmol) was added to
a stirred
solution of the crude bis-silyl ether 9 [84.0 g (max' 56.8 g), 52.4 mmol] in
THF (800 mL) at
room temperature. After stirring for 1 hour, analysis of the reaction mixture
by TLC (95:5 v/v
CHC13/Me0H) revealed completion of reaction. The THF was removed by
evaporation under
reduced pressure at room temperature and the resulting residue dissolved in
Et0Ac (500
mL) and washed with NH40I (300 mL). The combined organic layers were washed
with brine
(60 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to
provide the
crude product. Purification by flash chromatography (gradient elution: 100%
CHCI3 to 96:4
v/v CHC13/Me0H) gave the pure tetralactam 10 as a white foam (36.0 g, 79%).
LC/MS 3.33
min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 879 ([M + Na], 100), 857 ([M + H], 40);
[O]23D = +202 (c
= 0.34, CHCI3); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 57.28 (s, 2H), 7.20 (s, 2H), 5.44 (d,
2H, J = 10.0
=
=
113
Hz), 4.72 (d, 2H, J = 10.0 Hz), 4.61-4.58 (m, 2H), 4.25 (t, 4H, J = 5.83 Hz),
4.20-4.16 (m,
2H), 3.91-3.85 (m, 8H), 3.77-3.54 (m, 6H), 3.01 (br s, 2H, OH), 2.96-2.90 (m,
2H), 2.38 (p,
2H, J = 5.77 Hz), 2.11-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.00-0.91 (m, 4H), 0.00 (s, 18H); 130 NMR
(100 MHz,
CDCI3) 5 169.5, 165.9, 151.3, 147.4, 133.7, 121.5, 111.6, 106.9, 79.4, 69.3,
67.2, 65.2, 56.5,
56.2, 54.1, 35.2, 29.1, 18.4, -1.23; IR (ATR, CHC13) 2956, 1684, 1625, 1604,
1518,1464,
1434, 1361, 1238, 1058, 1021 cm-1; MS (ES) m/z (relative intensity) 885 ([M+
29r, 70),
857 ([M + H], 100), 711(8), 448 (17); HRMS [M + Hr theoretical C41H60N4012Si2
m/z
857.3819, found (ES) m/z 857.3826.
(I 1,1'1(Propane-1, 3-diy1)dioxylbis(11 aS)-7-methoxy-2-oxo-1042-
(trimethylsilyi)ethoxy)methyl)-1, 2,3,10, 11,11a-hexahydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1
, 4]-
benzodiazepin-5,11-dione] (1 1)
Diol 10(25.6 g, 30 mmol, 1 eq.), Na0Ac (6.99, 84 mmol, 2.8 eq.) and TEMPO (188
mg, 1.2
mmol, 0.04 eq.) were dissolved in DCM (326 mL) under Ar. This was cooled to -8
C (internal
temperature) and TCCA (9.7 g, 42 mmol, 1.4 eq.) was added portionwise over 15
minutes.
TLC (Et0Ac) and LC/MS [3.60 min. (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 854.21 ([M +
H]', 40), (ES-
m/z (relative intensity) 887.07 ([M ¨ H + 10)] after 30 minutes indicated
that reaction
was complete. Cold DCM (200 mL) was added and the mixture was filtered through
a pad of
Celite TM before washing with a solution of saturated sodium hydrogen
carbonate/ sodium
thiosulfate (1:1 v/v; 200 mL x 2). The organic layer was dried with MgSO4,
filtered and the
solvent removed in vacuo to yield a yellow/orange sponge (25.4 g, 99%). LC/MS
[3.60 min.
(ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 854.21 ([M + H], 40); [a]20o = +291 (c= 0.26,
0H013); 1H NMR
(400 MHz, 0D013) 5 7.32 (s, 2H), 7.25 (s, 2H), 5.50 (d, 2H, J = 10.1 Hz), 4.75
(d, 2H, J =
10.1 Hz), 4.60 (dd, 2H, J= 9.85, 3.07 Hz), 4.31-4.18 (m, 6H), 3.89-3.84 (m,
8H), 3.78-3.62
(m, 4H), 3.55 (dd, 2H, J = 19.2, 2.85 Hz), 2.76 (dd, 2H, J = 19.2, 9.90 Hz),
2.42 (p, 2H, J =
5.77 Hz), 0.98-0.91 (m, 4H), 0.00 (s, 18H); 130 NMR (100 MHz, CDCI3) ö 206.8,
168.8,
165.9, 151.8, 148.0, 133.9, 120.9, 111.6, 107.2, 78.2, 67.3, 65.6, 56.3, 54.9,
52.4, 37.4,
29.0, 18.4, -1.24; IR (AIR, 0H013) 2957, 1763, 1685, 1644, 1606, 1516, 1457,
1434, 1360,
1247, 1209, 1098, 1066, 1023 cm-1; MS (ES) m/z (relative intensity) 881 GM +
29r, 38),
853 ([M + Hr., 100), 707 (8), 542 (12); HRMS [M+ Hr theoretical
0.41H53N4012Si2m/z
853.3506, found (ES) m/z 853.3502.
0) 1,1 '-[[(Propane-I, 3-diy1)dioxy]bis(11aS)-7-me th oxy-2-
fftrifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]oxy]-10-
((2-(trimethylsily0ethoxy)methyl)-1,10,11,11 a-tetrahydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,
benzodiazepin-5,11-dione] (12)
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Anhydrous 2.6-lutidine (5.15 mL, 4.74 g, 44.2 mmol) was injected in one
portion to a
vigorously stirred solution of bis-ketone 11(6.08 g, 7.1 mmol) in dry DCM (180
mL) at -45 C
(dry ice/acetonitrile) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Anhydrous triflic
anhydride, taken from a
freshly opened ampoule (7.2 mL, 12.08 g, 42.8 mmol), was injected rapidly
dropwise, while
maintaining the temperature at -40 C or below. The reaction mixture was
allowed to stir at -
45 C for 1 hour at which point TLC (50/50 v/v n-hexane/Et0Ac) revealed the
complete
consumption of starting material. The cold reaction mixture was immediately
diluted with
DCM (200 mL) and, with vigorous shaking, washed with water (1 x 100 mL), 5%
citric acid
solution (1 x 200 mL) saturated NaHCO3 (200 mL), brine (100 mL) and dried
(MgSO4).
Filtration and evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure afforded the
crude product
which was purified by flash column chromatography (gradient elution: 90:10 v/v
n-
hexane lEt0 Ac to 70:30 v/v n-hexane/Et0Ac) to afford bis-enol triflate 12 as
a yellow foam
(5.5 g, 70%). LC/MS 4.32 min (ES+) inIz (relative intensity) 1139 ([M + Na],
20); [0174D =
+271 (c = 0.18, CHC13); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 67.33 (s, 2H), 7.26 (s, 2H),
7.14 (t, 2H,
J= 1.97 Hz), 5.51 (d, 2H, J= 10.1 Hz), 4.76 (d, 2H, J= 10.1 Hz), 4.62 (dd, 2H,
J= 11.0,
3.69 Hz), 4.32-4.23 (m, 4H), 3.94-3.90 (m, 8H), 3.81-3.64 (m, 4H), 3.16 (ddd,
21-1, J = 16.3,
11.0, 2.36 Hz), 2.43 (p, 2H, J= 5.85 Hz), 1.23-0.92 (m, 4H), 0.02 (s, 18H);
13C NMR (100
MHz, CDC13) 6 167.1, 162.7, 151.9, 148.0, 138.4, 133.6, 120.2, 118.8, 111.9,
107.4, 78.6,
67.5, 65.6, 56.7, 56.3, 30.8, 29.0, 18.4, -1.25; IR (ATR, CHCI3) 2958, 1690,
1646, 1605,
1517, 1456, 1428, 1360, 1327, 1207, 1136, 1096, 1060, 1022, 938, 913 cm 1; MS
(ES) m/z
(relative intensity) 1144 ([M+ 28], 100), 1117 ([M+ ,
48), 1041 (40), 578 (8); HRMS [M
+ Hr theoretical C43H54N4016Si2S2F6 m/z 1117.2491, found (ES) m/z 1117.2465.
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Example 1
SEM SEM SEM SEM
70 igi -a=
CM. Me0 WI .....,
2-- -a-
0 D 0 0
12 13
NH,
SEM SEM
N
OMe Me0 ILIIIP N .,õ
OMe Me0
0
14 0 0 +
NH,
15 NH2
0 '''N('' 0 0,..õ....,,...., 0 A6,
MP H
-'-'
OMe Me0
T I H 0
16
1-111)LYNI)C H
0
--- H
-1.-
4114LIP imp moo N ,
'Z.-
0 0 0 H .
17 EN?LirsCir'NH 2
0
NHC('N"-.....j.'
\
0 ,0
H 1)
IP0,) O'''
18 1")Y1W)
,
(a) (S)-8-(3-(((S)-2-(4-aminophenyI)-7-methoxy-5,11-dioxo-10-((2-
(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-5,10,11,11a-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-
a][1, 4]diazepin-
8-yl)oxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-5,11 -dioxo-104(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-
5,10,11,11a-
tetrahydro-1H-benzoNpyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-2-yltrifluoromethanesulfonate
(13)
Pd(PPh3)4 (116.9 mg, 0.101 mmol) was added to a stirred mixture of the bis-
enol triflate 12
(5.65 g, 5.06 mmol), 4-Aminophenylboronic acid pinacol ester (1 g, 4.56 mmol),
Na2CO3
(2.46 g, 23.2 mmol), Me0H (37 mL), toluene (74 mL) and water (37 mL). The
reaction
mixture was allowed to stir at 30 C under a nitrogen atmosphere for 24 hours
after which
time all the boronic ester has consumed. The reaction mixture was then
evaporated to
dryness before the residue was taken up in Et0Ac (150 mL) and washed with H20
(2 x 100
mL), brine (150 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and evaporated under reduced
pressure to
provide the crude product. Purification by flash chromatography (gradient
elution: 80:20 v/v
Hexane/Et0Ac to 60:40 v/v Hexane/Et0Ac) afforded product 13 as a yellowish
foam (2.4 g,
45%). LC/MS 4.02 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 1060.21 ([M4- H], 100);
1H¨NMR:
(CDCI3, 400 MHz) 57.40 (s, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.27 (bs, 3H), 7.24 (d, 2H, J =
8.5 Hz), 7.15 (t,
1H, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.66 (d, 2H, J = 8.5 Hz), 5.52 (d, 2H, J = 10.0 Hz), 4.77 (d,
1H, J = 10.0 Hz),
116
4.76(d, 1H, J = 10.0 Hz), 4.62 ( dd, 1H, J = 3.7, 11.0 Hz), 4.58 (dd, 1H, J =
3.4, 10.6 Hz),
4.29 (t, 4H, J = 5.6 Hz), 4.00-3.85 (m, 8H), 3.80- 3.60 (m, 4H), 3.16 (ddd,
1H, J = 2.4, 11.0,
16.3 Hz), 3.11 (ddd, 1H, J= 2.2, 10.5, 16.1 Hz), 2.43 (p, 2H, J = 5.9 Hz), 1.1-
0.9 (m, 4H), 0.2
(s, 18H). 130-NMR: (CD0I3, 100 MHz) 6 169.8, 168.3, 164.0, 162.7, 153.3,
152.6, 149.28,
149.0, 147.6, 139.6, 134.8, 134.5, 127.9, 127.5, 125.1,123.21, 121.5, 120.5,
120.1, 116.4,
113.2, 108.7, 79.8, 79.6, 68.7, 68.5, 67.0, 66.8, 58.8, 58.0, 57.6, 32.8,
32.0, 30.3, 19.7, 0.25.
(b) (S)-2-(4-Aminophenyl)-8-(34(S)-2-cyclopropyi-7-methoxy-5,11-dioxo-10-((2-
(trimethylsily1)ethoxy)methyl)-5,10,11,11a-tetrahydro-1H-benzorelpyrrolo[1,2-
41.1 , 4.1diazepin-
8-yl)oxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-1042-(trimethylsily0ethoxy)methyl)-1 H-
benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-
a][1,4]diazepine-5,11(10H,1 1 aH)-dione (14)
Triphenylarsine (0.24 g, 0.8 mmol), silver (I) oxide (1.02 g, 4.4 mmol),
cyclopropylboronic
acid (0.47 g, 5.5 mmol) and starting material 13(1.15 g, 1.1 mmol) were
dissolved in
dioxane (30 mL) under an argon atmosphere. Potassium phosphate tribasic (2.8
g, 13.2
mmol) was ground-up with a pestle and mortar and quickly added to the reaction
mixture.
The reaction mixture was evacuated and flushed with argon 3 times and heated
to 71 C.
Palladium (II) bis (benzonitrile chloride) (84 mg, 0.22 mmol) was added and
the reaction
vessel was evacuated and flushed with argon 3 times. After 10 minutes a small
sample was
taken for analysis by TLC (80:20 v/v ethyl acetate/hexane) and LC/MS. After 30
minutes the
reaction had gone to completion (LC/MS analysis indicated complete consumption
of starting
material) and the reaction was filtered through Celite TM and the filter pad
washed with ethyl
acetate (400 mL). The filtrate was washed with water (2 x 200 mL) and brine (2
x 200 mL).
The organic layer was dried with MgSO4, filtered and the solvent removed in
vacuo.
Purification by silica gel column chromatography (30:70 v/v Hexane/ Ethyl
acetate) afforded
the product 14 as an orangey/yellow solid (0.66 g, 63%). Method 1, LC/MS (3.85
min (ES)
m/z (relative intensity) 952.17 ([M + H], 100).1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 6 7.36
(d, 2H, J =
8.4 Hz), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.25 - 7.19 (m, 4H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.62 (d, 2H, J = 8.4
Hz), 5.49 (dd, 2H,
J = 5.6, 10.0 Hz), 4.73 (app. t, 2H, J = 10.8 Hz), 4.54 (dd, 1H, J = 3.2, 10.4
Hz), 4.40 (dd,
1H, J = 3.2, 10.4 Hz), 4.29 - 4.23 (m, 4H), 3.91 - 3.85 (m, 7H), 3.80 -3.71
(m, 2H), 3.70 -
3.61 (m, 2H), 3.38 - 3.32 (m, 1H), 3.12 - 3.01 (m, 1H), 2.50 - 2.69 (m, 1H),
2.40 (q, 2H, J =
5.6 Hz), 1.50- 1.43 (m, 1H), 0.99 - 0.71 (m, 6H), 0.54 - 0.59 (m, 2H), 0.00
(s, 18H) ppm.
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(c) (S)-2-(4-Aminophenyi)-8-(34(S)-2-cyclopropy1-7-methoxy-5-oxo-5,11a-dihydro-
1H-
benzolelpyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yipxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-1H-
benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-
a][1,4]diazepin-5(11aH)-one (15)
SEM dilactam 14 (0.66 g, 0.69 mmol) was dissolved in THF (23 mL) and cooled to
-78 C
under an argon atmosphere. Super-Hydride solution (1.7 mL, 1 M in THF) was
added drop
wise over 5 minutes while monitoring the temperature. After 20 minutes a small
sample was
taken and washed with water for LC/MS analysis. Water (50 mL) was added and
the cold
bath was removed. The organic layer was extracted and washed with brine (60
mL). The
combined aqueous layers were washed with CH2C12/Me0H (90/10 v/v) (2 x 50 mL).
The
combined organic layers were dried with MgSO4, filtered and the solvent
removed in vacuo.
The crude product was dissolved in Me0H (48 mL), CH2C12 (18 mL) and water (6
mL) and
sufficient silica gel was added to afford a thick suspension. After 5 days
stirring, the
suspension was filtered through a sintered funnel and washed with CH2C12/Me0H
(9:1) (-
200 mL) until product ceased to be eluted. The organic layer was washed with
brine (2 x 70
mL), dried with MgSO4, filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. Purification
by silica gel
column chromatography (100% CHC13 to 96/4 v/v CHC13/Me0H) afforded the product
15 as
a yellow solid (302 mg, 66%). Method 1, LC/MS (2.42 min (ES) m/z (relative
intensity)
660.74 ([M + H], 30). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 7.86 (d, 1H, J = 3.6 Hz), 7.78
(d, 1H, J =
3.6 Hz), 7.58¨ 7.44 (m, 3H), 7.34 ¨ 7.20 (m, 3H), 6.88 ¨ 6.66 (m, 4H), 4.35¨
4.15 (m, 6H),
3.95¨ 3.75 (m, /H), 3.39¨ 3.22 (m, 1H), 3.14¨ 3.04 (m, 1H), 2.93- 2.85 (m,
1H), 2.46 ¨
2.36 (m, 2H), 1.49 ¨ 1.41 (m, 1H), 0.80 ¨ 0.72 (m, 2H), 0.58 ¨ 0.51 (app. s,
2H) ppm.
(d) Ally! ((2S)-14(2S)-14(4-(8-(342-cyclopropy1-7-methoxy-5-oxo-5,11a-dihydro-
1 H-
benzolelpyrrolo[1,2-a][1, 4kliazepin-8-yi)oxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-5,11a-
dihydro-1 H-
benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-2-yl)phenyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)amino)-
3-methyl-1-
oxobutan-2-yOcarbamate (16)
In a degassed round bottom flask filled with argon, HO-Ala-Val-alloc (149.6
mg, 0.549 mmol)
and EEDQ (135.8 mg, 0.549 mmol) were dissolved in a 9:1 mixture of dry
CH2C12/Me0H (5
mL). The flask was wrapped in aluminium foil and the reaction mixture was
allowed to stir at
room temperature for 1 hour before starting material 15 (302 mg, 0.457 mmol)
was added.
The reaction mixture was left to stir for a further 40 hours at room
temperature before the
volatiles were removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure (the
reaction was
followed by LC/MS, RT starting material 2.32 min, (ES + 660.29 ([M+H],100)).
The crude
product was directly purified by silica gel chromatography column (100% CHCI3
to 90/10 v/v
.. CHC13/Me0H) to afford the pure product (16) in 42% yield (174 mg). Method 2
LC/MS (2.70
min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 914.73 ([M+H], 60), 660.43 (60), 184.31
(100)).
118
(e) (2S)-2-amino-N-((2S)-1-((4-(8-(3-((2-cyclopropyl-7-methoxy-5-oxo-5, I la-
dihydro-IH-
benzo(e]pyrrolo[1, 2-4[1,4Jol1azep1n-8-y0oxy)propoxy)-7-meth oxy-5-oxo-5,11 a-
dihydro-1 H-
benzo[e]pyrrolo[1, 2-4(1 ,4Jdiazepin-2-Aphenyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-y1)-3-
methylbutanamide (17)
The starting material 16 (170 mg, 0.185 mmol) was dissolved in dry CH2Cl2 (5
mL) in a
round bottom flask filled with argon, before pyrrolidine (41 pL, 0.21 mmol)
was added. The
flask was purged/refilled three times with argon before Pd(PPh3)4 (14 mg,
0.084 mmol) was
added and the flushing operation repeated. After 1 hour, complete consumption
of starting
material was observed (the reaction was followed by LC/MS) and Et20 (50 mL)
was added
to the reaction mixture which was allowed to stir until all the product had
crashed out of
solution. The solid was filtered through a sintered funnel and washed twice
with Et20 (2 x 25
mL). The collecting flask was replaced and the isolated solid was dissolved in
0H0I3 (100
mL or until all the product had passed through the sintered funnel). The
volatiles were then
removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to afford the crude
product 17 which
was used directly in the next step (168 mg). LC/MS method 2(2.70 min (ES+) m/z
(relative
intensity) 830.27 ([M+H]s, 50), 660.13 (80), 171.15 (100)).
(f) N-((R)-1-(((S)-144-((S)-8-(3-(((S)-2-cyclopropy1-7-methoxy-5-oxo-5,1 1 a-
dihydro-1 H-
benzo[e]pyrrolo[1, 2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yl)oxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-5,11a-
dihydro-1 H-
benzo[e]pyrrolo[1, 2-41,41diazepin-2-yl)ph enyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)amino)-
3-methyl-1-
oxobutan-2-y1)-1-(3-(2, 5-dioxo-2, 5-dihydro-1 H-pyrrol-1-yl)propanam ido)-
3,6, 9,12,15,18,21, 24-octaoxaheptacosan-27-amide (18)
Starting material 17 (154 mg, 0.185 mmol) and EDCI.HCI (110 mg, 0.185 mmol)
were
solubilised in dry CH2Cl2 (5 mL) in a round bottom flask purged and filled
with argon. The
mixture was left to stir at room temperature for 1 hour before PEG8-maleimide
(35.6 mg,
0.185 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for a further 16 hours
(or until the
reaction is complete, monitored by LC/MS). The reaction solution was diluted
with CH2Cl2
(50 mL) and the organics were washed with H20 (50 mL) and brine (50 mL) before
being
dried with MgSO4, filtered and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation under
reduced
pressure to afford the crude product. Purification on silica gel column
chromatography
(100% CHCI3 to 85/15 v/v CHC13/Me0H) gave the desired product (135mg), however
remaining traces of unreacted PEG8-maleimide were observed (by LC/MS, 2.21
min, method
2). Automated reverse phase silica gel chromatography (H20/C1-13CN) (see
general
information for conditions) successfully removed the impurity affording pure
final product (18,
37mg of pure product starting from 110mg, 33%). Overall yield = 17%. Method 2
LC/MS
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119
(2.58 min (ES+) tn/z (relative intensity) 1404.03 ([M+H] , 20), 702.63 (100)).
1H NMR (400
MHz, CDCI3) 6 7.91 (t, J = 3.5 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J =
8.8 Hz, 1H),
7.69 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.54 ¨ 7.50 (m, 2H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.39 ¨ 7.31 (m,
2H), 6.87 (d, J =
10.5 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.72 ¨ 6.68 (m, 2H), 4.74 ¨ 4.62 (m, 1H), 4.45 ¨
4.17 (m, 7H),
3.95 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.67 ¨ 3.58 (m, 34H), 3.54 (m, 2H), 3.42 (dd, J =
10.2, 5.2 Hz,
2H), 3.16 ¨ 3.07 (m, 1H), 2.92 (dd, J = 16.1, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 2.62 ¨ 2.49 (m,
4H), 2.48 ¨2.39
(m, 2H), 2.37 ¨ 2.25 (m, 1H), 1.92(s, 1H), 1.52 ¨ 1.44 (m, 3H), 1.10 ¨ 0.93
(m, 6H), 0.79
(dd, J = 9.2, 5.3 Hz, 2H), 0.57 (dd, J = 9.2, 5.3 Hz, 2H), NH were not
observed.
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Example 2
0 --.......õ- 0 `.,, 0 .---`?
0-- B
H . H A
-.=
_,... 0
H 0)r----N 0
4101 )1._
H OArNy-L=N H 2 H
0
0
0
200 20b
SEM SEM
0,........,--,õ../0 si 56,
+ :cr N---/, ,õ.
OMe Me0 ..."
TIO ...... OTf
O 0
12
SEM SEM
0 / % 0
Olo CL......."...... OMe Me0 ,o 0 H ,...
N N
...--'
Tf0 )0ty r.rL.N.."-11,110
0 0
21
N
H
0
SEM SEM
võ... 1.... -cr.:, 4. N N=
0,......õ.".õ,, 0
0 1.1 H
,
OMe Me0 N
..."
0 0
O 0 A...,.... y.. wit._
22 N
H H
0
-)...
OMe Me0 ...,
23
0
rkry-H
0
H....,N 0õ....õ,-..........., 0 0 .:
-1.-
N 0 OMe Me0 N
...-- N,..,...."
0
O 0 1,olty..H 3
NN1NH-12
17 0
0 0
,...(le=-=AN H
\
0 0
7... õ.......e-H.,. -- oN.õ7" \ /0 40) ---
0,)
0 *.-..- 0 LO
H
H I 0
18
121
(a) (R)-2-((R)-2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yhmethoxy)carbonyhamino)-3-methylbutanamido)
propanoic
acid (20b)
HO-Ala-Val-H 20a (350 mg, 1.86 mmol) and Na2003 (493 mg, 4.65 mmol) were
dissolved in
distilled H20 (15 mL) and the mixture was cooled to 0 C before dioxane (15 mL)
was added
(partial precipitation of the amino acid salt occurred). A solution of Fmoc-CI
(504 mg, 1.95
mmol) in dioxane (15 mL) was added dropwise with vigorous stirring over 10
minutes. The
resulting mixture was stirred at 0 C for 2 hours before the ice bath was
removed and stirring
was maintained for 16 hours. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation
under reduced
pressure and the residue dissolved in water (150 mL). The pH was adjusted from
9 to 2 with
1N HCI and the aqueous layer was subsequently extracted with Et0Ac (3x100 mL).
The
combined organics were washed with brine (100 mL), dried with MgSO4, filtered
and the
volatiles removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to afford pure
HO-Ala-Val-
Fmoc 20b (746 mg, 97% yield). LC/MS 2.85 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity)
410.60
NMR (400 MHz, CD0I3) 6 7.79 (d, J=7.77 Hz, 2H), 7.60(d, J7.77 Hz, 2H), 7.43(d,
J=7.5 Hz,
2H), 7.34 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.30 (bs, 1H), 5.30 (bs. 1H), 4.71-7.56 (m, 1H),
4.54-4.36 (m,
2H), 4.08-3.91 (m, 1H), 2.21-2.07 (m, 1H), 1.50 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.06-0.90
(m, 6H).
(b) (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl ((S)-3-methy1-1-oxo-1-(((S)-1-oxo-14(4-(4,4, 5, 5-
tetramethyl-
1,3, 2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)amino)propan-2-yl)amino)butan-2-yl)carbamate
(20)
4-Aminophenylboronic acid pinacol ester was added (146.9 mg, 0.67 mmol) was
added to a
solution of HO-Ala-Val-Fmoc 20b (330mg, 0.8 mmol), DCC (166 mg, 0.8 mmol) and
DMAP
(5 mg, cat.) in dry DCM (8 mL) previously stirred for 30 minutes at room
temperature in a
flask flushed with argon. The reaction mixture was then allowed to stir at
room temperature
overnight. The reaction was followed by LCMS and TLC. The reaction mixture was
diluted
with 0H2Cl2and the organics were washed with H20 and brine before being dried
with
MgSO4, filtered and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced
pressure. The
crude product was dryloaded on a silica gel chromatography column
(Hexane/Et0Ac, 6:4)
and pure product 20 was isolated as a white solid in 88% yield (360 mg).
(c) 8-(34(2-(44(S)-24(S)-2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yhmethoxy)carbonyhamino)-3-
methylbutanamido)propanamido)pheny1)-7-methoxy-5,11-dioxo-104(2-
(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-5,10,11,1 1 a-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-
a][1 ,4]diazepin-
8-yl)oxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-5,11-dioxo-10-((2-(trimethylsily0ethoxy)methyl)-
5,10,11,11a-
tetrahydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-aj[1,4Jd1azep1n-2-y1
trifluoromethanesulfonate (2/)
Bis-triflate 12 (2.03g, 1.81 mmol), boronic pinacol ester (19, 1.63 mmol) and
Na2CO3 (881
mg, 8.31 mmol) were dissolved in a mixture of toluene/Me0H/H20, 2:1:1(40 mL).
The
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122
reaction flask was purged and filled with argon three times before
tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (41 mg, 0.035 mmol) was added and the
reaction
mixture heated to 30 C overnight. The solvents were removed under reduce
pressure and
the residue was taken up in H20 (100 mL) and extracted with Et0Ac (3 x 100
mL). The
combined organics were washed with brine (100 mL), dried with MgSO4, filtered
and the
volatiles removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The crude
product was
purified by silica gel chromatography column (Hexane/Et0Ac, 8:2 to 25:75) to
afford pure 21
in 33% yield (885 mg). LC/MS 3.85 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 1452.90;
1H NMR
(400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 7.78 ¨ 7.16 (m, 17H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 6.51 ¨6.24 (m, 1H),
5.51 (dd, J =
10.0, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 5.36 ¨ 5.11 (m, 1H), 4.74 (dd, J = 10.1, 4.4 Hz, 2H), 4.70
¨4.53 (m, 2H),
4.47 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (m, 4H), 4.20 ¨ 4.14
(m, 1H), 3.90 (s,
3H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.77 (ddd, J = 16.7, 9.0, 6.4 Hz, 3H), 3.71 ¨ 3.61 (m, 2H),
3.24 ¨2.91 (m,
3H), 2.55 ¨ 2.33 (m, 2H), 2.22¨ 2.07 (m, 1H), 1.52¨ 1.37 (m, 3H), 1.04¨ 0.86
(m, 10H),
0.00 (s, 18H).
(d) (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyk(2S)-14(2S)-144-(8-(342-cyclopropyl-7-methoxy-5, I
1-dioxo-
104(2-(trimethylsily0ethoxy)methyl)-5,10,11,11 a-tetrahydro-1H-
benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-
a]p ,41diazepin-8-yl)oxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-5,11-dioxo-1042-
(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-
5,10,11,1 1 a-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1 ,4]diazepin-2-
Apheny0amino)-1-
oxopropan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamate (22)
Triphenylarsine (42 mg, 0.137 mmol) was added to a mixture of PBD-triflate
21(250 mg,
0.172 mmol), cyclopropylboronic acid (73.9 mg, 0.86 mmol), silver oxide (159
mg, 0.688
mmol) and potassium phosphate tribasic (438 mg, 2.06 mmol) in dry dioxane (10
mL) under
an argon atmosphere. The reaction was flushed with argon 3 times and
bis(benzonitrile)palladium(II) chloride (13.2 mg, 0.034 mmol) was added. The
reaction was
flushed with Argon 3 more times before being warmed to 75 C and stirred for 10
minutes.
The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite T" which was
subsequently rinsed
with ethyl acetate. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation under
reduced pressure.
The resulting residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (silica
gel; 1 %
methanol/chloroform). Pure fractions were collected and combined, and excess
eluent was
removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to afford the desired
product 22 (132
mg, 50 % yield). LC/MS 3.83 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 1345.91 ;1H NMR
(400 MHz,
0D013) 6 7.88 ¨ 7.14 (m, 17H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 6.45 ¨ 6.25 (m, 1H), 5.57 ¨ 5.41
(m, 2H), 5.34 ¨
5.14 (m, 1H), 4.78 ¨4.67 (m, 2H), 4.62 ¨4.55 (m, 1H), 4.50 ¨4.45 (m, 2H), 4.51
¨4.44 (m,
.. 1H), 4.31 ¨4.21 (m, 4H), 4.16 (m, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.82 ¨
3.71 (m, 2H), 3.66
(m, 3H), 3.40¨ 3.28 (m, 1H), 3.07 (m, 1H), 2.70 ¨ 2.57 (m, 1H), 2.47 ¨ 2.36
(m, 2H), 2.15
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(m, 1H), 1.51 ¨ 1.40 (m, 3H), 1.03 ¨ 0.87 (m, 11H), 0.77 ¨ 0.71 (m, 2H), 0.60
¨ 0.54 (m, 2H),
0.00 (t, J = 3.0 Hz, 18H).
(e) (9H-fluoren-9-Amethyl((2S)-1-(((2S)-1-((4-(8-(3-((2-cyclopropyl-7-methoxy-
5-oxo-5,11 a-
dihydro-1H-benzolelpyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-y0oxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-5-
oxo-5,11a-
dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-2-yl)phenyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-
2-yl)amino)-
3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yOcarbamate (23)
A solution of Super-Hydride (0.5 mL, 1M in THF) was added dropwise to a
solution of SEM
dilactam 22 (265 mg g, 0.19 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at -78 C under an argon
atmosphere.
The addition was completed over 5 minutes in order to maintain the internal
temperature of
the reaction mixture constant. After 20 minutes, an aliquot was quenched with
water for
LC/MS analysis, which revealed that the reaction was complete. Water (20 mL)
was added
to the reaction mixture and the cold bath was removed. The organic layer was
extracted with
Et0Ac (3 x 30 mL) and the combined organics were washed with brine (50 mL),
dried with
MgSO4, filtered and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced
pressure. The
crude product was dissolved in Me0H (12 mL), CH2Cl2 (6 mL), water (2 mL) and
enough
silica gel to form a thick stirring suspension. After 5 days, the suspension
was filtered
through a sintered funnel and washed with CH2C12/Me0H (9:1) (200 mL) until the
elution of
the product was complete. The organic layer was washed with brine (2 x 70 mL),
dried with
MgSO4, filtered and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced
pressure.
Purification by silica gel column chromatography (100% CHCI3 to 96% CHCI3/ 4%
Me0H)
afforded the product 23 as a yellow solid (162 mg, 78%). LC/MS 3.02 min (ES+)
m/z
(relative intensity) 1052.37.
(f) (2S)-2-amino-N-((2S)-1-a4-(8-(3-((2-cyclopropyl-7-methoxy-5-oxo-5,11 a-
dihyd ro-1H-
be nzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yl)oxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-5,11 a-
dihydro-1 H-
be nzolelpyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-2-Aphenyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yi)-3-
methylbutanamide (17)
Excess piperidine was added (0.2 mL, 2 mmol) to a solution of SEM-dilactam 23
(76 mg,
0.073 mmol) in DMF (1 mL). The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature
for 20 min,
at which point the reaction had gone to completion (as monitored by LC/MS).
The reaction
mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2 (75 mL) and the organic phase was washed with
H20 (3x75
mL) until complete piperidine removal. The organic phase was dried over MgSO4,
filtered
and excess solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to
afford crude
product 17 which was used as such in the next step. LC/MS 2.32 min (ES+) m/z
(relative
intensity) 830.00.
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(g) N4(2S)-1-(((2S)-114-(8-(3-((2-cyclopropyl-7-methoxy-5-oxo-5,11a-dihydro-1
H-
be nzofelpyrrolo[1, 2-a][1, 4]diazepin-8-y0oxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-5,11a-
dihydro-1 H-
be nzolelpyrrolo1-1, 41diazepin-2-Aphenyl)amin o)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)a mino)-
3-methy1-1-
oxobutan-2-y1)-1-(3-(2, 5-dioxo-2, 5-dihydro-1 H-pyrrol-1-yl)propa namido)-
3, 6,9,12,15,18, 21,24-octaoxaheptacosan-27-amide (18)
EDO! hydrochloride (14 mg, 0.0732 mmol) was added to a suspension of Maleimide-
PEG8-
acid (43.4 mg, 0.0732 mmol) in dry CH20I2 (5 mL) under argon atmosphere. The
mixture
was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature before PBD 17 (60.7 mg, 0.0732
mmol) was
added. Stirring was maintained until the reaction was complete (usually 5
hours). The
reaction was diluted with CH2Cl2and the organic phase was washed with H20 and
brine
before being dried over MgSO4, filtered and excess solvent removed by rotary
evaporation
under reduced pressure by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The
product was
purified by careful silica gel chromatography (slow elution starting with 100%
CHCI3 up to 9:1
CH013/Me0H) followed by reverse phase chromatography to remove unreacted
maleimide-
PEG8-acid. The product 18 was isolated in 17.6% (21.8 mg). LC/MS 2.57 min
(ES+) m/z
(relative intensity) 1405.30; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 57.91 (t, J= 3.5 Hz,
1H), 7.80 (d, J
= 4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.54 ¨ 7.50
(m, 2H), 7.45 (s,
1H), 7.39 ¨ 7.31 (m, 2H), 6.87 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.72 ¨ 6.68
(m, 2H), 4.74 ¨
4.62 (m, 1H), 4.45 ¨4.17 (m, 7H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.67 ¨ 3.58 (m,
34H), 3.54 (m,
2H), 3.42 (dd, J = 10.2, 5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.16 ¨ 3.07 (m, 1H), 2.92 (dd, J = 16.1,
4.1 Hz, 1H),
2.62 ¨2.49 (m, 4H), 2.48 ¨ 2.39 (m, 2H), 2.37 ¨ 2.25 (m, 1H), 1.92 (s, 1H),
1.52¨ 1.44 (m,
3H), 1.10 ¨ 0.93 (m, 6H), 0.79 (dd, J = 9.2, 5.3 Hz, 2H), 0.57 (dd, J = 9.2,
5.3 Hz, 2H), NH
were not observed.
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Example 3
SEM SEM
0 I 1 0
N
OMe
Tf0 An
Me0 W
0
12
SEM SEM
--.17
0 1 1 0
õ,, orb 0,,0 Am N-iia
+ . 8 so N jii,H yA0
¨
OMe Me0 IW
N ...'. OTf H 0
0 0
SEM SEM
OVIe Me0 latilliF
?YWC
0
..... N ONle26 Me0 N ,....
0 0 -a
FIATI\Lih[rf)L
...,,N.,....) 0
0,.....,.........,0 Ahri ..... H
OMe Me0 IIIW N ....,
0 'Y'
IV 1
)*".NH,
H 1
0 0
/0 28
I-NI)YNN)C'
0 0
(a) (S)-7-methoxy-8-(34(S)-7-methoxy-2-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yOpheny1)-5,11-
dioxo-10-
((2-(trimethylsily0ethoxy)methyl)-5,10,11,11a-tetrahydro-1 H-pyrrolo[2,1-
c][1 ,4]benzodiazepin-8-yl)oxy)propoxy)-5,11-dioxo-10-((2-
(trimethylsily0ethoxy)methyl)-
5,10,11, 11 a-tetrahydro-1 H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1 ,4]benzodiazepin-2-
yltrifluoromethanesulfonate
(24)
Pd(PPh3)4 (20.6 mg, 0.018 mmol) was added to a stirred mixture of the bis-enol
triflate 12
(500 mg, 0.44 mmol), N-methyl piperazine boronic ester (100 mg, 0.4 mmol),
Na2CO3 (218
mg, 2.05 mmol), Me0H (2.5 mL), toluene (5 mL) and water (2.5 mL). The reaction
mixture
was allowed to stir at 30 C under a nitrogen atmosphere for 24 hours after
which time all the
boronic ester has consumed. The reaction mixture was then evaporated to
dryness before
the residue was taken up in Et0Ac (100 mL) and washed with H20 (2 x 50 mL),
brine (50
mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to provide
the crude
product. Purification by flash chromatography (gradient elution: 80:20 v/v
Hexane/Et0Ac to
60:40 v/v Hexane/Et0Ac) afforded product 24 as a yellowish foam (122.6 mg,
25%).
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LC/MS 3.15 min (ES+) tn/z (relative intensity) 1144 ([M+ H], 20%).
(b) (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl ((S)-14(S)-1444S)-7-methoxy-8-(3-(aS)-7-methoxy-2-
(4-(4-
methylpiperazin-1-Apheny1)-5,11-dioxo-104(2-(trimethylsilyi)ethoxy)methyl)-
5,10,11,11a-
tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo12,1-41,41benzodiazepin-8-yl)oxy)propoxy)-5,11-dioxo-10-
((2-
(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-5,10,11,11a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-
c][1,4]benzodiazepin-2-
yl)phenyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamate
(25)
PBD-triflate 24 (359 mg, 0.314 mmol), boronic pinacol ester 20 (250 mg, 0.408
mmol) and
triethylamine (0.35 mL, 2.51 mmol) were dissolved in a mixture of
toluene/Me0H/H20, 2:1:1
(3 mL). The microwave vessel was purged and filled with argon three times
before
tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (21.7 mg, 0.018 mmol) was added and
the reaction
mixture placed in the microwave at 80 C for 10 minutes. Subsequently, 0H2012
(100 mL) was
added and the organics were washed with water (2 x 50 mL) and brine (50 mL)
before being
dried with MgSO4, filtered and the volatiles removed by rotary evaporation
under reduced
pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography column
(0H013/Me0H, 100% to 9:1) to afford pure 25 (200 mg, 43% yield). LC/MS 3.27
min (ES+)
tniz (relative intensity) 1478 ([M + H], 100%).
(c) (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl thoxy-
2-(4-(4-
(26)
A solution of Super-Hydride (0.34 mL, 1M in THF) was added dropwise to a
solution of
SEM-dilactam 25 (200 mg, 0.135 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at -78 C under an argon
atmosphere.
The addition was completed over 5 minutes in order to maintain the internal
temperature of
the reaction mixture constant. After 20 minutes, an aliquot was quenched with
water for
LC/MS analysis, which revealed that the reaction was complete. Water (20 mL)
was added
to the reaction mixture and the cold bath was removed. The organic layer was
extracted with
Et0Ac (3 x 30 mL) and the combined organics were washed with brine (50 mL),
dried with
MgSat, filtered and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced
pressure. The
crude product was dissolved in Me0H (6 mL), CH2Cl2 (3 mL), water (1 mL) and
enough
silica gel to form a thick stirring suspension. After 5 days, the suspension
was filtered
through a sintered funnel and washed with CH2C12/Me0H (9:1) (100 mL) until the
elution of
the product was complete. The organic layer was washed with brine (2 x 50 mL),
dried with
MgSO4, filtered and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced
pressure.
Purification by silica gel column chromatography (100% CHCI3 to 96% CHCI3/ 4%
Me0H)
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afforded the product 26 as a yellow solid (100 mg, 63%). LC/MS 2.67 min (ES+)
m/z
(relative intensity) 1186 ([M + 5%).
(d) (S)-2-amino-N-((S)-14(44(R)-7-methoxy-8-(3-(((R)-7-methoxy-2-(4-(4-
methylpiperazin-1-
Apheny1)-5-oxo-5,1 1 a-dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo[2,1 -41,4]benzodiazepin-8-
y0oxy)propoxy)-5-oxo-
5,11 a-dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepin-2-Aphenyl)amino)-1-
oxopropan-2-yl)-3-
methylbutanamide (27)
Excess piperidine was added (0.1 mL, 1 mmol) to a solution of PBD 26 (36.4 mg,
0.03
mmol) in DMF (0.9 mL). The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for
20 min, at
which point the reaction had gone to completion (as monitored by LC/MS). The
reaction
mixture was diluted with CI-12C12 (50 mL) and the organic phase was washed
with H20 (3 x
50 mL) until complete piperidine removal. The organic phase was dried over
MgSO4, filtered
and excess solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to
afford crude
product 27 which was used as such in the next step. LC/MS 2.20 min (ES+) m/z
(relative
intensity) 964 GM + H1+ , 5%).
(e) 6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1 H-pyrrol-1-yl)-N-((S)-1-(((S)-1-((4-((S)-7-
methoxy-8-(3-(((S)-7-
methoxy-2-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yOphenyl)-5-oxo-5,11a-dihydro-1 H-
pyrrolo[2,1-
b][1 ,4ibenzodiazepin-8-y0oxy)propoxy)-5-oxo-5,1 1 a-dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo[2, I-
c][1 ,4]be nzodiazepin-2-yl)phenyl)a mino)-1 -oxopropan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-
oxob uta n-2-
yl)hexanamide (28)
EDCI hydrochloride (4.7 mg, 0.03 mmol) was added to a suspension of 6-
maleimidohexanoic acid (6.5 mg, 0.03 mmol) in dry CH2C12 (3 mL) under argon
atmosphere.
The mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature before PBD 27 (34 mg,
crude) was
added. Stirring was maintained until the reaction was complete (6 hours). The
reaction was
diluted with CH2Cl2and the organic phase was washed with H20 and brine before
being
dried over MgSO4, filtered and excess solvent removed by rotary evaporation
under reduced
pressure by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The product was
purified by careful
silica gel chromatography (slow elution starting with 100% CHCI3 up to 9:1
CHC13/Me0H)
followed by reverse phase chromatography to remove unreacted maleimide-PEG8-
acid. The
product 28 was isolated in 41% over two steps (14.6 mg). LC/MS 2.40 min (ES+)
m/z
(relative intensity) 1157 ([M + 5%)
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Example 4 ¨ alternative synthesis of compound 25
SEM SEM
0 / 0
40 40
OMe Me0
Tf02¨ 0 0
0 H
21 FNI)IY 0
0
SEM SEM
0 / 0
0
N H
OMe Me0 111111111 0 "'N,V 0
0 0
rrs,
PBD-triflate 21(469 mg, 0.323 mmol), boronic pinacol ester (146.5 mg, 0.484
mmol) and
Na2CO3 (157 mg, 1.48 mmol) were dissolved in a mixture of toluene/Me0H/H20,
2:1:1 (10
5 mL). The reaction flask was purged with argon three times before
tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (7.41 mg, 0.0064 mmol) was added and
the
reaction mixture heated to 30 C overnight. The solvents were removed under
reduced
pressure and the residue was taken up in H20 (50 mL) and extracted with Et0Ac
(3 x 50
mL). The combined organics were washed with brine (100 mL), dried with MgSO4,
filtered
10 and the volatiles removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure.
The crude product
was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCI3 100% to CHC13/Me0H
95%:5%) to
afford pure 25 in 33% yield (885 mg). LC/MS 3.27 min (ES+) miz (relative
intensity) 1478
([M+ H], 100%).
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Example 5
SEM SEM
N
0.,.....õ,,,.......õ0 0
H
_>.
Tf0\
N OMe Me0 N
./
0 0
13 N H2
SEM SEM
N 0 0 N
H H
-)...
N OMe Me N
0 /
< 0
29 0
O N H2
_________________________________________________ ).
N OMe Me 11111111111 N
O \
< 0
30 0
N H2
N O
__N N H
w, 0 0,...,..0 , Me Me0 N
0 \
< 0 0
O 31 N'liN'Irr NA 0
H H
N 1111P1 OMe Me0os N
0 \ / -1.-
<0 0 0 0 H
32 H NI-12
0
0 0
_..1\µ1e'N'AN H
0
0õ..s....,..,....
Cli
0 N W..--- N..
0 0 W N
< 0 0 H
33
H
I \111)YNrN
(a) (S)-2-(4-Aminophenyl)-8-(31(S)-2-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-y1)-7-methoxy-5,1
1 -dioxo-10-
((2-(trimethylsily0ethoxy)methyl)-5,10,11,11a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-
c][1,4]benzodiazepin-8-y0oxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-10-((2-
(trimethylsily0ethoxy)methyl)-1 H-
pyrrolo12,1-oll-1,41benz0d1azep1ne-5, I I (10H, I I aH)-dione (29)
3, 4-(Methylenedioxy)phenyl boronic acid (356 mg, 2.1 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), TEA
(1.8 mL, 12.9
mmol, 8 equiv.) and triflate/aniline 13 (1.75 g, 1.7 mmol, 1 equiv.) were
dissolved in a
mixture of ethanol (7 mL), toluene (13 mL) and water (2 mL) under an Ar
atmosphere. The
reaction mixture was evacuated and flushed with Ar 3 times, before addition of
tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (114 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.06 equiv.). The
flask was
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again evacuated and flushed with Ar 3 times and heated in a microwave at 80 C
for 8
minutes with 30 seconds pre-stirring time. Analysis by TLC (80:20 v/v ethyl
acetate/hexane)
indicated complete consumption of starting material. The reaction mixture was
diluted with
dichloromethane (50 mL) and washed with water (50 mL). The organic layer was
dried with
MgSO4, filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. Purification by silica gel
column
chromatography (60:40 to 20:80 v/v hexane/ ethyl acetate) afforded the product
29 as a
yellow solid (1.21 g,71%). LC/MS (3.92 min (ES) m/z (relative intensity)
1032.44 ([M+ H]+ ,
100).
.. (b) (S)-2-(4-Aminophenyl)-8-(3-(((S)-2-(benzo[d][1 ,Ndioxo1-5-y1)-7-methoxy-
5-oxo-5,11 a-
dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepin-8-yl)oxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-1H-
pyrrolo[2,1-
c][1 ,4]benzodiazepin-5(11 aH)-one (30)
SEM dilactam 29 (0.25 g, 0.24 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in THF (8 mL) and
cooled to
-78 C under an Ar atmosphere. Super-Hydride (0.6 mL, 1 M in THF, 2.5 equiv.)
was added
drop wise over 5 minutes while monitoring the temperature. After 20 minutes a
small sample
was taken and worked-up for LCMS analysis. Water (50 mL) was added, the cold
bath was
removed and the solution washed with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The organic layer
was
extracted and washed with brine (60 mL), dried with MgSO4, filtered and the
solvent
removed in vacuo. The crude product was dissolved in Et0H (15 mL), CH2Cl2 (7.5
mL) and
water (2.5 mL) and enough silica gel was added until it was a thick
suspension. After 5 days
stirring, it was filtered through a sintered funnel and washed with
CH2C12/Me0H (9:1) (100
mL) until product ceased to be eluted. The organic layer was washed with brine
(2 x 50 mL),
dried with MgSO4, filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. Purification by
silica gel column
chromatography (OHCI3 with 1% to 4% Me0H gradient) afforded the product 30 as
a yellow
solid (94 mg, 53%). LC/MS (2.53 min (ES) m/z (relative intensity) 739.64 ([M],
70).
(c) Ally! ((S)-1-(((S)-14(44(S)-8-(3-(((S)-2-(benzoid][1,3]dioxol-5-y1)-7-
methoxy-5-oxo-5,11 a-
dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepin-8-yl)oxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-
5,11 a-
dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo12,1-[1,4]benzodiazepin-2-y1)phenyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-
y0amino)-3-
.. methyl-l-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamate (31)
Under an Ar atmosphere, Alanine-Valine-Alloc (180 mg, 0.66 mmol, 1.2 equiv.)
was stirred
with EEDQ (163 mg, 0.66 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (21 mL) and
methanol (1
mL) for 1 hour. The PBD 30 (407 mg, 0.55 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in
anhydrous
CH20I2(21 mL) and methanol (1 mL) and added to the reaction. LC/MS after 5
days stirring
at room temperature showed majority product formation. The solvent was removed
in vacuo
before purification by column chromatography (CH2Cl2 with 1% to 6% Me0H
gradient) to
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yield the product 31 as a yellow solid (184 mg, 34%). LC/MS (2.95 min (ES) m/z
(relative
intensity) 994.95 ([M + H], 60).
(d) (S)-2-Amino-N-((S)-14(44(S)-8-(31(S)-2-(be nzokt 1[1,3]clioxol-5-y1)-7-
methoxy-5-oxo-
5,11 a-dihyd ro-1 H-pyrrolo[2,1 -41-1,4jbenzodiazepin-8-y0oxy)propoxy)-7-
methoxy-5-oxo-
5,11 a-dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1, 4]benzodiazepin-2-yl)phenyl)amino)-1 -
oxopropan-2-yI)-3-
methylbutanamide (32)
The imine 31(100 mg, 0.1 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (10
mL) (with
the aid of one drop of methanol to aid dissolution) under an Ar atmosphere.
Pyrrolidine (30
pL, 0.15 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) was added drop wise before the flask was evacuated
and flushed
with Ar three times. Pd(PPh3)4 (7 mg, 6 pmol, 0.06 equiv.) was added and the
flask was
evacuated and flushed with Ar three times. LC/MS analysis after 1 hour
indicated product
formation and complete loss of starting material. Et20 (60 mL) was added to
the reaction
mixture and it was left to stir until all the product had crashed out of
solution. The precipitate
was filtered through a sintered funnel and washed twice with Et20 (2 x 20 mL).
The
collection flask was replaced and the isolated solid was dissolved and washed
through the
sinter with CHCI3 (100 mL). The solvent was removed in vacuo to afford the
crude product
32 as a yellow solid which was used directly in the next step. LC/MS (1.14 min
(ES) m/z
(relative intensity) 910.40 ([M + H]' , 67).
(e) N-((S)-1-(((S)-14(44(S)-8-(3-(((S)-2-(Benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-y1)-7-methoxy-
5-oxo-5,11a-
dihydro-1H-pyrrolo12,1-41,4]benzodiazepin-8-y0oxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-
5,11a-
dihydro-1H-pyrrolo12,1-0-1,41benzodiazepin-2-yOphenyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-
y0amino)-3-
methyl-1-oxobutan-2-y1)-1-(3-(2,5-dioxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)propana
mido)-
3, 6,9,12,15,18,21,24-octaoxaheptacosan-27-amide (33)
The imine 32 (92 mg, 0.1 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) was dissolved in CH0I3 (6 mL) with
one drop of
anhydrous Me0H to aid dissolution. Maleimide-PEG8-acid (53 mg, 0.09 mmol, 1
equiv.) was
added followed by EEDQ (33 mg, 0.14 mmol, 1.5 equiv.). This was left to stir
vigorously at
room temperature under Ar for 4 days until LC/MS analysis showed majority
product
.. formation. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product was
partially purified by
silica gel column chromatography (CHCI3 with 1% to 10% Me0H gradient) yielding
33
(81mg). The material was purified further by preparative HPLC to give 33 as a
yellow solid
(26.3 mg, 18%). Fast Formic run: LC/MS (1.39 min (ES+) m/z (relative
intensity) 1485.00
+1-1]+., 64).
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Example 6
SEM SEM
N
LIP1111111F OVe Me
Tf0 0 H 0
0 0
21 IsrAT,N,L,NA0
H
SEM SEM g
0 / 0
-.,
N OMe Me0 11111111F N
0 H 0
<00
0 0
34 NA
H
0
--N N""" H
4111*VI OMe Me0 411111111P 0 H 0
<On
0 0
35 N)1' 0
H
0
H
OMe Me0 "P
H
/0
0 0
\ 0 32 N'ANIN'TfA'N H 2
(a) 9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methyl ((S)-1-a(S)-14(44(S)-8-(3-(((S)-2-
(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-y1)-7-
methoxy-5,11-dioxo-104(2-(trimethyisilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-5,10,11,11 a-
tetrahydro-1H-
pyrrolo12,1-c][1,41benzodiazepin-8-yl)oxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-5,11-dioxo-10-((2-
(trimethylsily1)ethoxy)methyl)-5,10,11,11a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo12,1-
c][1,4]benzodiazepin-2-
Aphenyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-y0amino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-Acarbamate (34)
The triflate 21(0.5 g, 0.35 mmol, 1 equiv.), 3, 4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl
boronic acid (75 mg,
0.45 mmol, 1.3 equiv.) and Na2CO3 (0.17 g, 1.6 mmol, 4.5 equiv.) were
dissolved in toluene
(11 mL), Et0H (5.5 mL) and water (5.5 mL) under an Ar atmosphere. The flask
was
evacuated and flushed with Ar three times. Pd(PPh3)4(24 mg, 0.02 mmol, 0.06
equiv.) was
added and again the flask was evacuated and flushed with Ar three times. This
was heated
to 30 C and left stirring overnight. Analysis by LC/MS showed complete loss of
starting
material. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue dissolved in water
(60 mL)
before washing with ethyl acetate (60 mL x 3). The combined organic layers
were washed
with brine (50 mL), dried with MgSO4, filtered and the solvent removed in
vacuo. Purification
by column chromatography (50:50 to 25:75 v/v hexane/ ethyl acetate) afforded
the product
34 as a yellow solid (310 mg, 64%). LC/MS (1.44 min (ES-) m/z (relative
intensity) 1423.35
([M - H]., 79).
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(b) (9H-Fluoren-9-Amethyl ((S)-1-(((S)-144-((S)-8-(3-(((S)-2-
(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-y1)-7-
methoxy-5-oxo-5,11a-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepin-8-
yi)oxy)propoxy)-7-
methoxy-5-oxo-5,11a-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepin-2-
yl)phenyl)amino)-1-
oxopropan-2-Aamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-y1)carbamate (35)
SEM dilactam 34 (0.31 g, 0.22 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in THF (10 mL) and
cooled to
-78 C under an Ar atmosphere. Super-Hydride (0.5 mL, 1 M in THF, 2.5 equiv.)
was added
drop wise over 5 minutes while monitoring the temperature. After 30 minutes a
small sample
was taken and worked-up for LC/MS analysis. Water (50 mL) was added, the cold
bath was
removed and the solution washed with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The organic layer
was
extracted and washed with brine (60 mL), dried with MgSO4, filtered and the
solvent
removed in vacuo. The crude product was dissolved in Et0H (13.2 mL), CH2Cl2
(6.6 mL) and
water (2.2 mL) and enough silica gel was added until it was a thick
suspension. After 5 days
stirring, it was filtered through a sintered funnel and washed with
0H2C12/Me0H (9:1) (100
mL) until product ceased to be eluted. The organic layer was washed with brine
(2 x 50 mL),
dried with MgSO4, filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. Purification by
silica gel column
chromatography (CHCI3 with 1% to 4% Me0H gradient) afforded the pure product
35 as a
yellow solid (185 mg, 75%). LC/MS (1.70 min (ES) m/z (relative intensity)
1132.85 ([M +
H], 60).
(c) (S)-2-Amino-N-((S)-1-a4-((S)-8-(3-(((S)-2-(benzo[d][1,3idioxol-5-y1)-7-
methoxy-5-oxo-
5,11a-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-41,41benzodiazepin-8-Aoxy)propoxy)-7-methoxy-5-
oxo-
5,11a-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepin-2-Aphenyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-
2-y1)-3-
methylbutanamide (32)
The imine 35 (82 mg, 0.07 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in DMF (1 mL) before
piperidine
(0.2 mL, 2 mmol, excess) was added slowly. This solution was left to stir at
room
temperature for 20 minutes until LC/MS analysis showed complete consumption of
starting
material. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2 (50 mL), washed with
water (50 mL x
4), dried with MgSO4, filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. The product
33 was used
without further purification in the next step. LC/MS (1.15 min (ES) m/z
(relative intensity)
910.60 UM + , 58).
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Example 7
(i) (S)-(2-amino-5-methoxy-4-((triisopropylsilypoxy)phenyl)(2-(((tert-
butyldimethylsilvfloxy)methyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihvdro-1H-byrrol-1-yl)methanone
(49)
OTBS
NO2 TIPSO NO2 TIPSO NO2 :(
H 0 mail,h
+ =
WI H H 0 0 H H Nis----- -1..
Me0 Me0 Me0
\----N,
0 0 0 0 H
41 42 43 44
OTB5 (OTBS OTBS
NO2'TIPSO Ali NO2 ( TIPSO NO2 .,,
TIPSO
N 46 N N 7: =
7--- -).- > a
\o is
'0 IIP '''0
\O H 0 OTf
0 0 0
45 47
OTBS
I TIPSO N H OTBS
TIPSO lia.h NO2 : 2( ,
-:
-).=
Ni.
NJ
N \n
0 0
48 49
(a) 5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)benzaldehyde (42)
Neat triisopropylsilylchloride (56.4 mL, 262 mmol) was added to a mixture of
imidazole (48.7
g, 715.23 mmol) and 4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde 41(47 g, 238 mmol)
(ground together). The mixture was heated until the phenol and imidazole
melted and went
into solution (100 C). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 15
minutes and was then
allowed to cool, whereupon a solid was observed to form at the bottom of the
flask
(imidazole chloride). The reaction mixture was diluted with 5% Et0Ac/ hexanes
and loaded
directly onto silica gel and the pad was eluted with 5% Et0Ac/ hexanes
,followed by 10%
Et0Ac/hexanes (due to the low excess, very little unreacted TIPSCI was found
in the
product). The desired product was eluted with 5 % ethyl acetate in hexane.
Excess eluent
was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure, followed by drying
under high
vacuum to afford a crystalline light sensitive solid (74.4 g, 88 %). Purity
satisfactory by
LC/MS (4.22 min (ES+) ailz (relative intensity) 353.88 ([M + H], 100)); 1H NMR
(400 MHz,
CDCI3) 510.43 (s, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 1.35¨ 1.24
(m, 3H), 1.10 (m,
18H).
135
(b) 5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-((triisopropylsily0oxy)benzoic acid (43)
A solution of sodium chlorite (47.3 g, 523 mmol, 80 `)/0 technical grade) and
sodium
dihydrogenphosphate monobasic (35.2 g, 293 mmol) (NaH2PO4) in water (800 mL)
was
added to a solution of compound 2 (74 g, 209 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (500 mL)
at room
temperature. Hydrogen peroxide (60 % w/w, 140 mL, 2.93 mol) was immediately
added to
the vigorously stirred biphasic mixture. The reaction mixture evolved gas
(oxygen), the
starting material dissolved and the temperature of the reaction mixture rose
to 45 C. After
30 minutes LC/MS revealed that the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture
was
cooled in an ice bath and hydrochloric acid (1 M) was added to lower the pH to
3 (this step
was found unnecessary in many instances, as the pH at the end of the reaction
is already
acidic; please check the pH before extraction). The reaction mixture was then
extracted with
ethyl acetate (1 L) and the organic phases washed with brine (2 x 100 mL) and
dried over
magnesium sulphate. The organic phase was filtered and excess solvent removed
by rotary
evaporation under reduced pressure to afford the product 43 in quantitative
yield as a yellow
solid. LC/MS (3.93 min (ES-) m/z (relative intensity) 367.74 UM - Ht., 100));
1H NMR (400
MHz, CDCI3) 67.36 (s, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 1.34 ¨ 1.22 (m, 3H),
1.10 (m, 18H).
(c) a2S,4R)-2-(((tert-butyldimethylsily1)oxy)methyl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-
y1)(5-methoxy-2-
nitro-4-((triisopropylsily1)oxy)phenyl)methanone (45)
DCC (29.2 g, 141 mmol, 1.2 eq) was added to a solution of acid 3 (43.5 g,
117.8 mmol, leg),
and hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (19.8 g, 129.6 mmol, 1.1 eq) in
dichloromethane (200 mL)
at 0 C. The cold bath was removed and the reaction was allowed to proceed for
30 mins at
room temperature, at which time a solution of (2S,4R)-2-t-
butyldimethylsilyloxymethy1-4-
hydroxypyrrolidine 44 (30 g, 129.6 mmol, 1.1 eq) and triethylamine (24.66 mL,
176 mmol,
1.5 eq) in dichloromethane (100 mL) was added rapidly at -10 C under argon
(on large
scale, the addition time could be shortened by cooling the reaction mixture
even further. The
reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 40 minutes to 1
hour and
monitored by LC/MS and TLC (Et0Ac). The solids were removed by filtration over
Celite T" and
the organic phase was washed with cold aqueous 0.1 M HCI until the pH was
measured at 4
or 5. The organic phase was then washed with water, followed by saturated
aqueous sodium
bicarbonate and brine. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulphate,
filtered and
excess solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The
residue was
subjected to column flash chromatography (silica gel; gradient 40/60 ethyl
acetate/hexane to
80/20 ethyl acetate/ hexane). Excess solvent was removed by rotary evaporation
under
reduced pressure afforded the pure product 45, (45.5 g of pure product 66%,
and 17 g of
slightly impure product, 90% in total). LC/MS 4.43 min (ES+) m/z (relative
intensity) 582.92
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([M + HY-, 100); T1 NMR (400 MHz, 0D013) 6 7.66 (s, 1H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 4.54
(s, 1H), 4.40 (s,
1H), 4.13 (s, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.77 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.36 (dd, J = 11.3,
4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.14
-3.02 (m, 1H), 2.38- 2.28 (m, 1H), 2.10 (ddd, J = 13.3, 8.4, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 1.36
- 1.19 (m,
3H), 1.15 -1.05 (m, 18H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.17 -0.05 (m, 6H), (presence of
rotamers).
(d) (S)-5-(((tert-butyldimethylsily0oxy)methyl)-1-(5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-
((trilsopropylsily1)oxy)benzoyl)pyrrolidin-3-one (46)
TCCA (8.82 g, 40 mmol, 0.7 eq) was added to a stirred solution of 45 (31.7 g,
54 mmol, 1
eq) and TEMPO (0.85 g, 5.4 mmol, 0.1 eq) in dry dichloromethane (250 mL) at 0
C. The
reaction mixture was vigorously stirred for 20 minutes, at which point TLC
(50/50 ethyl
acetate/hexane) revealed complete consumption of the starting material. The
reaction
mixture was filtered through CeliteTM and the filtrate washed with aqueous
saturated sodium
bicarbonate (100 mL), sodium thiosulphate (9 g in 300 mL), brine (100 mL) and
dried over
magnesium sulphate. Rotary evaporation under reduced pressure afforded product
46 in
quantitative yield. LC/MS 4.52 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 581.08 ([M +
H]., 100);
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 7.78 - 7.60 (m, 1H), 6.85 - 6.62 (m, 1H), 4.94 (dd,
J = 30.8,
7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.50 - 4.16 (m, 1H), 3.99 -3.82 (m, 3H), 3.80 - 3.34 (m, 3H),
2.92 - 2.17 (m,
2H), 1.40 - 1.18 (m, 3H), 1.11 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 18H), 0.97 - 0.75 (m, 9H), 0.15
-0.06 (m, 6H),
(presence of rotamers).
(e) (S)-5-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-1-(5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-
((tnisopropylsily1)oxy)benzoy1)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-y1
trifluoromethanesulfonate (47)
Triflic anhydride (27.7 mL, 46.4 g, 165 mmol, 3 eq) was injected (temperature
controlled) to
a vigorously stirred suspension of ketone 46 (31.9 g, 55 mmol, 1 eq) in dry
dichloromethane
(900 mL) in the presence of 2,6-lutidine (25.6 mL, 23.5 g, 220 mmol, 4 eq,
dried over sieves)
at -50 C (acetone/dry ice bath). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for
1.5 hours when
LC/MS, following a mini work-up (water/dichloromethane), revealed the reaction
to be
complete. Water was added to the still cold reaction mixture and the organic
layer was
separated and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate, brine and magnesium
sulphate.
The organic phase was filtered and excess solvent was removed by rotary
evaporation
under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to column flash
chromatography (silica
gel; 10/90 v/v ethyl acetate/hexane), removal of excess eluent afforded the
product 47 (37.6
g, 96 %) LC/MS, method 2, 4.32 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 712.89 ([M +
Hy , 100); 1H
NMR (400 MHz, 0D013) 6 7.71 (s, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 6.05 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H),
4.78 (dd, J =
9.8, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.15 - 3.75 (m, 5H), 3.17 (ddd, J = 16.2, 10.4, 2.3 Hz, 1H),
2.99 (ddd, J=
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16.3, 4.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 1.45 - 1.19 (m, 3H), 1.15 - 1.08 (m, 18H), 1.05(s,
6H), 0.95 - 0.87
(m, 9H), 0.15 -0.08 (m, 6H).
(f) (S)-(2-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-
pyrrol-1-y1)(5-
methoxy-2-nitro-4-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)phenyOmethanone (48)
Triphenylarsine (1.71 g, 5.60 mmol, 0.4 eq) was added to a mixture of triflate
47 (10.00 g, 14
mmol, leg), methylboronic acid (2.94 g, 49.1 mmol, 3.5 eq), silver oxide (13
g, 56 mmol, 4
eq) and potassium phosphate tribasic (17.8 g, 84 mmol, 6 eq) in dry dioxane
(80 mL) under
an argon atmosphere. The reaction was flushed with argon 3 times and
bis(benzonitrile)palladium(II) chloride (540 mg, 1.40 mmol, 0.1 eq) was added.
The reaction
was flushed with argon 3 more times before being warmed instantaneously to 110
C (the
drysyn heating block was previously warmed to 110 C prior addition of the
flask). After 10
mins the reaction was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad
CeliteTM. The
solvent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The
resulting residue
was subjected to column flash chromatography (silica gel; 10 `)/0 ethyl
acetate / hexane).
Pure fractions were collected and combined, and excess eluent was removed by
rotary
evaporation under reduced pressure afforded the product 48 (4.5 g, 55 %).
LC/MS, 4.27 min
(ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 579.18 ([M+ , 100); 11-1 NMR (400 MHz,
CDCI3) 67.70 (s,
1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 5.51 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.77 -4.59 (m, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H),
2.92 - 2.65 (m,
1H), 2.55 (d, J= 14.8 Hz, 1H), 1.62 (d, J= 1.1 Hz, 3H), 1.40 - 1.18 (m, 3H),
1.11 (s, 9H),
1.10(s, 9H), 0.90(s, 9H), 0.11 (d, J= 2.3 Hz, 6H).
(g) (S)-(2-amino-5-methoxy-4-((triisopropylsily0oxy)phenyl)(2-(((tert-
butyldimethylsily0oxy)methyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-pyrrol-1-yi)methanone
(49)
Zinc powder (28 g, 430 mmol, 37 eq) was added to a solution of compound 48
(6.7 g, 11.58
mmol) in 5% formic acid in ethanol v/v (70 mL) at around 15 C. The resulting
exotherm was
controlled using an ice bath to maintain the temperature of the reaction
mixture below 30 C.
After 30 minutes the reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of CeliteTM.
The filtrate was
diluted with ethyl acetate and the organic phase was washed with water,
saturated aqueous
sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium
sulphate,
filtered and excess solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced
pressure. The
resulting residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (silica gel; 10
% ethyl
acetate in hexane). The pure fractions were collected and combined and excess
solvent was
removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to afford the product 49
(5.1 g, 80
%). LC/MS, 4.23 min (ES-F) m/z (relative intensity) 550.21 ([M + HI+ , 100);
'H NMR (400
MHz, CDCI3) 67.28 (s, 1H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 6.19 (s, 1H), 4.64 - 4.53 (m, J = 4.1
Hz, 1H), 4.17
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(s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 1H), 3.77 ¨ 3.69 (m, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 2.71 ¨2.60 (m, 1H),
2.53 ¨ 2.43 (m,
1H), 2.04¨ 1.97(m, J= 11.9 Hz, 1H), 1.62(s, 3H), 1.26¨ 1.13 (m, 3H), 1.08 ¨
0.99 (m,
18H), 0.82 (s, 9H), 0.03 ¨0.03 (m, J = 6.2 Hz, 6H).
(ii) (11S,11aS)-ally111-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-8-((5-iodopentyl)oxy)-7-
methoxy-2-
methyl-5-oxo-11,11a-dihydro-1 H-benzofelpyrrolo[1 ,2-a111,41diazepine-10(5H)-
carboxylate
OTBS 0¨/=
0¨/=
TIP SO NH2 '1. OTBS
(110 TIPS O N H
TI P50 NH (0 H
0
0
Me0 4111}111
Me0 N
0 0
49
50 51
OH OTBS 0/
OTBS
TIPSO io H 0
TIPSO N H \-&
Me IF Me0 Me0
0 0 0
52 53 54
=
OTBS
H
Me0 Ni-s&
0
(a) (S)-ally1 (2-(2-(((tert-butyldimethylsily0oxy)methyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-
1H-pyrrole-1-
carbany1)-4-rnethoxy-5-((triisopropylsily0oxy)phenyl)carbamate (50)
10 Allyl chloroformate (0.30 mL, 3.00 mmol, 1.1 eq) was added to a solution
of amine 49 (1.5 g,
2.73 mmol) in the presence of dry pyridine (0.48 mL, 6.00 mmol, 2.2 eq) in dry
dichloromethane (20 mL) at -78 C (acetone/dry ice bath). After 30 minutes, the
bath was
removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. The
reaction
mixture was diluted with dichloromethane and saturated aqueous copper sulphate
was
15 added. The organic layer was then washed sequentially with saturated
aqueous sodium
bicarbonate and brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate,
filtered and
excess solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to afford
the product
50 which was used directly in the next reaction. LC/MS, 4.45 min (ES+) m/z
(relative
intensity) 632.91 GM + Hr, 100)
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(b) (S)-ally1 (2-(2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-pyrrole-1-
carbony1)-4-methoxy-5-
((triisopropylsily1)oxy)phenyl)carbamate (51)
The crude 50 was dissolved in a 7:1:1:2 mixture of acetic
acid/methanol/tetrahydrofuran/water (28:4:4:8 mL) and allowed to stir at room
temperature.
After 3 hours, complete disappearance of starting material was observed by
LC/MS. The
reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed sequentially with
water (2 x 500
mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (200 mL) and brine. The organic
phase was
dried over magnesium sulphate filtered and excess ethyl acetate removed by
rotary
evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to
flash column
chromatography (silica gel, 25% ethyl acetate in hexane). Pure fractions were
collected and
combined and excess eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced
pressure to
afford the desired product 51 (1 g, 71 %). LC/MS, 3.70 min (ES+) m/z (relative
intensity)
519.13 ([M+ H]+ , 95); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 8.34 (s, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H),
6.78 (s, 1H),
6.15 (s, 1H), 5.95 (ddt, J= 17.2, 10.5, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (dq, J= 17.2, 1.5
Hz, 1H), 5.23 (ddd,
J = 10.4, 2.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (tt, J = 7.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (dt, J = 5.7,
1.4 Hz, 2H), 4.54
(s, 1H), 3.89 - 3.70 (m, 5H), 2.87 (dd, J= 16.5, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 2.19 (dd, J =
16.8, 4.6 Hz, 1H),
1.70 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 3H), 1.38 - 1.23 (m, 3H), 1.12 (s, 10H), 1.10 (s, 8H).
(c) (u S, I 1 aS)-ally1 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-8-
((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)-1 1 ,11 a-
dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]dozepine-10(51-1)-carboxylate (52)
Dimethyl sulphoxide (0.35 mL, 4.83 mmol, 2.5 eq) was added dropwise to a
solution of
oxalyl chloride (0.2 mL, 2.32 mmol, 1.2 eq) in dry dichloromethane (10 mL) at -
78 C (dry ice
/acetone bath) under an atmosphere of argon. After 10 minutes a solution of 51
(1 g, 1.93
mmol) in dry dichloromethane (8 mL) was added slowly with the temperature
still at -78 C.
After 15 min triethylamine (1.35 mL, dried over 4A molecular sieves, 9.65
mmol, 5 eq) was
added dropwise and the dry ice/acetone bath was removed. The reaction mixture
was
allowed to reach room temperature and was extracted with cold hydrochloric
acid (0.1 M),
saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic phase was dried
over
magnesium sulphate, filtered and excess dichloromethane was removed by rotary
evaporation under reduced pressure to afford product 52 (658 mg, 66%). LC/MS,
3.52 min
(ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 517.14 ([M+ Hr, 100); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3)
57.20 (s,
1H), 6.75- 6.63 (m, J = 8.8, 4.0 Hz, 2H), 5.89 - 5.64 (m, J = 9.6, 4.1 Hz,
2H), 5.23 - 5.03
(m, 2H), 4.68 - 4.38 (m, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.83 - 3.77 (m, 1H), 3.40 (s, 1H),
3.05 - 2.83 (m,
1H), 2.59 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 1.78 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 3H), 1.33 - 1.16 (m, 3H),
1.09(d, J = 2.2
Hz, 9H), 1.07 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 9H).
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(d) (11S,11 aS)-allyl 11-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-
oxo-8-
((triisopropylsily1)oxy)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzolekyrrolo[1,2-4[1,4]diazepine-
10(5H)-
carboxylate (53)
Tert-butyldimethylsilyltriflate (0.70 mL, 3.00 mmol, 3 eq) was added to a
solution of
compound 52 (520 mg, 1.00 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (0.46 mL, 4.00 mmol, 4 eq) in
dry
dichloromethane (40 mL) at 0 C under argon. After 10 min, the cold bath was
removed and
the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction
mixture was
extracted with water, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The
organic phase
was dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and excess was removed by rotary
evaporation
under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to flash column
chromatography (silica gel; gradient, 10% ethyl acetate in hexane to 20 %
ethyl acetate in
hexane). Pure fractions were collected and combined and excess eluent was
removed by
rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to give the product 53 (540 mg, 85
%). LC/MS,
4.42 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 653.14 ([M + Na], 100); 1H NMR (400
MHz, CDCI3) 6
7.20 (s, 1H), 6.71 - 6.64 (m, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 5.83 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.80 -
5.68 (m, J = 5.9
Hz, 1H), 5.14 - 5.06 (m, 2H), 4.58 (dd, J= 13.2, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (dd, J=
13.3, 5.5 Hz, 1H),
3.84 (s, 3H), 3.71 (td, J= 10.1, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (dd, J= 16.9, 10.3 Hz, 1H),
2.36 (d, J=
16.8 Hz, 1H), 1.75 (s, 3H), 1.31 -1.16 (m, 3H), 1.12 - 1.01 (m, J = 7.4, 2.1
Hz, 18H), 0.89 -
0.81 (m, 9H), 0.25 (s, 3H), 0.19 (s, 3H).
(e) (11 5,11aS)-ally111-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-
methyl-5-oxo-
11,11 a-dihydro-1 H-benzoleThyrrolo1-1,2-4[1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate
(54)
Lithium acetate (87 mg, 0.85 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 53 (540
mg, 0.85
mmol) in wet dimethylformamide (6 mL, 50:1 DMF/water). After 4 hours, the
reaction was
complete and the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (25 mL) and
washed with
aqueous citric acid solution (pH - 3), water and brine. The organic layer was
dried over
magnesium sulphate filtered and excess ethyl acetate was removed by rotary
evaporation
under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to flash column
chromatography (silica gel; gradient, 25% to 75% ethyl acetate in hexane).
Pure fractions
were collected and combined and excess eluent was removed by rotary
evaporation under
reduced pressure to give the product 54 (400 mg, quantitative). LC/MS, (3.33
min (ES+) tniz
(relative intensity)475.26 ([M+H], 100).
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(f) (11 S,11aS)-ally111-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-845-iodopentyl)oxy)-7-
methoxy-2-
methyl-5-oxo-11,11 a-dihydro-1 H-benzofelpyrrolo[1, 2-41,41d1azep1ne-10(5H)-
carboxylate
(55)
Diiodopentane (0.63 mL, 4.21 mmol, 5 eq) and potassium carbonate (116 mg, 0.84
mmol, 1
.. eq) were added to a solution of phenol 54 (400 mg, 0.84 mmol) in acetone (4
mL, dried over
molecular sieves). The reaction mixture was then warmed to 60 C and stirred
for 6 hours.
Acetone was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The
resulting residue
was subjected to flash column chromatography (silica gel; 50/50, v/v,
hexane/ethyl acetate,).
Pure fractions were collected and combined and excess eluent was removed to
provide 55
in 90% yield. LC/MS, 3.90 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity)670.91 ([MT',
100). 1H NMR (400
MHz, CDCI3) 6 7.23 (s, 1H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 5.87 (d, J = 8.8 Hz,
1H), 5.83 ¨ 5.68
(m, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.15¨ 5.01 (m, 2H), 4.67 ¨4.58 (m, 1H), 4.45¨ 4.35 (m,
1H), 4.04 ¨
3.93 (m, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.73 (td, J = 10.0, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.25¨ 3.14 (m, J
= 8.5, 7.0 Hz,
2H), 2.92 (dd, J = 16.8, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (d, J = 16.8 Hz, 1H), 1.95¨ 1.81
(m, 4H), 1.77 (s,
3H), 1.64 ¨ 1.49 (m, 2H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.25 (s, 3H), 0.23 (s, 3H).
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(iii) (11S,11aS)-4-(2-(1-((1-(allyloxy)-4-methyl-1,2-dioxopentan-3-yl)amino)-1-
oxopropan-2-
yl)hydrazinyl)benzyl 11-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-
methyl-5-oxo-
11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzoreloyrrolo[1,2-a]f1,41diazeoine-10(5H)-carboxylate (70)
0
H H
ALLOC" 'N'A.NJir 40
OTBS F. H
TIPSO NH, ,/ ... - " A , ..
-) = . - C ) , 0 -)I = .
Me0 0 N.N 1 OTBS
0
TIPSO NH 2'40
49 Me0
0
56
0 m 111-1 H
H H N
ALLOC' N,)1: rely ei i. H
z H 0 0
..,. õ,-....
0
1 OH 0./
OH
TIPSO NH I TIPSO 110 N-
-6.1
Me0 0 Na. Me0 N /
0 0
57 58
0
0 H ALLOC ' ,', t. N
' H
,11r,N 0 ALLOC" N .-,i'L. N-
1,1,-
E H
E H 0 0 1410)
/IN
0
0 -). 0/
OTBS
TIPSO
0,,
OTBS
N
101 -----b...-1 .... Me0 N
0
0
59
5
(a) Ally! 3-(2-(2-(4-((((2-((S)-2-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-4-
methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-
pyrrole-1-carbony1)-4-methoxy-5-
((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)phenyl)carbamoyl)oxy)methyl)phenyl)hydrazinyl)propanami
do)-4-
methy1-2-oxopentanoate (56)
10 Triethylamine (2.23 mL, 18.04 mmol, 2.2 eq) was added to a stirred
solution of the amine 49
(4 g, 8.20 mmol) and triphosgene (778 mg, 2.95 mmol, 0.36 eq) in dry
tetrahydrofuran (40
mL) at 5 C (ice bath). The progress of the isocyanate reaction was monitored
by
periodically removing aliquots from the reaction mixture and quenching with
methanol and
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performing LC/MS analysis. Once the isocyanate formation was complete a
solution of the
alloc-Val-Ala-PABOH (4.12 g, 12.30 mmol, 1.5 eq) and triethylamine (1.52 mL,
12.30 mmol,
1.5 eq) in dry tetrahydrofuran (40 mL) was rapidly added by injection to the
freshly prepared
isocyanate. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 40 C for 4 hours.
Excess solvent
was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting
residue was
subjected to flash column chromatography (silica gel; gradient, 1 % methanol
to 5%
methanol in dichloromethane). (Alternative chromatography conditions using
Et0Ac and
Hexane have also been successful). Pure fractions were collected and combined
and
excess eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to give
the
product 56 (3.9 g, 50%). LC/MS, 4.23 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 952.36
([M + ,
100); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 68.62 (br s, 1H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 7.77 (br s, 1H),
7.53 (d, J =
8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J= 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.57 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1H),
6.17(s, 1H), 6.03
¨5.83 (m, 1H), 5.26 (dd, J = 33.8, 13.5 Hz, 3H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.70 ¨4.60 (m,
2H), 4.58 (dd,
J = 5.7, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 4.06 ¨ 3.99 (m, 1H), 3.92 (s, 1H), 3.82 ¨ 3.71 (m, 1H),
3.75 (s, 3H),
2.79 ¨ 2.64 (m, 1H), 2.54 (d, J= 12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.16 (dq, J= 13.5, 6.7 Hz, 1H),
1.67 (s, 3H),
1.46 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.35 ¨ 1.24 (m, 3H), 1.12 (s, 9H), 1.10(s, 9H), 0.97
(d, J= 6.8 Hz,
3H), 0.94 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.07 ¨ -0.02 (m, 6H).
(b) Ally! 3-(2-(2-(4-((((24(S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-
pyrrole-1-carbonyI)-
4-methoxy-5-
((triisopropylsily0oxy)phenyl)carbamoyl)oxy)methyl)phenyl)hydrazinyl)propanamid
o)-4-
methyl-2-oxopentanoate
The TBS ether 56 (1.32 g, 1.38 mmol) was dissolved in a 7:1:1:2 mixture of
acetic
acid/methanol/tetrahydrofuran/water (14:2:2:4 mL) and allowed to stir at room
temperature.
After 3 hours no more starting material was observed by LC/MS. The reaction
mixture was
diluted with ethyl acetate (25 mL) and washed sequentially with water,
saturated aqueous
sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium
sulphate
filtered and excess ethyl acetate removed by rotary evaporation under reduced
pressure.
The resulting residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (silica
gel, 2%
methanol in dichloromethane). Pure fractions were collected and combined and
excess
eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to afford the
desired
product 57 (920 mg, 80%). LC/MS, 3.60 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity)838.18
([M+H].,
100).1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 68.55 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.52
(d, J = 8.1
Hz, 2H), 7.31 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.71 (d, J= 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.13
(s, 1H), 5.97 ¨
5.82 (m, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.41 ¨ 5.15 (m, 3H), 5.10 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 2H), 4.76
¨ 4.42 (m, 5H),
4.03 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (s, 5H), 2.84 (dd, J = 16.7, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.26
¨2.08 (m, 2H),
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1.68 (s, 3H), 1.44 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (dt, J= 14.7, 7.4 Hz, 3H), 1.12(s,
9H), 1.10 (s,
9H), 0.96 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H).
(c) (11 S,11 aS)-4-(2-(14(1-(allyloxy)-4-methy1-1, 2-dioxope ntan-3-yl)a mino)-
1-oxopropa n-2-
yOhydrazinyl)benzyl 11 -hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-8-
((triisopropylsily0oxy)-11,1 1 a-
dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1 ,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (58)
Dimethyl sulphoxide (0.2 mL, 2.75 mmol, 2.5 eq) was added dropwise to a
solution of oxalyl
chloride (0.11 mL, 1.32 mmol, 1.2 eq) in dry dichloromethane (7 mL) at -78 C
(dry ice
/acetone bath) under an atmosphere of argon. After 10 minutes a solution of 57
(920 mg,
1.10 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (5 mL) was added slowly with the temperature
still at -
78 C. After 15 min triethylamine (0.77 mL, dried over 4A molecular sieves,
5.50 mmol, 5 eq)
was added dropwise and the dry ice/acetone bath was removed. The reaction
mixture was
allowed to reach room temperature and was extracted with cold hydrochloric
acid (0.1 M),
saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic phase was dried
over
magnesium sulphate, filtered and excess dichloromethane was removed by rotary
evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to
column flash
chromatography (silica gel; gradient 2% methanol to 5 % methanol in
dichloromethane).
Pure fractions were collected and combined and removal of excess eluent by
rotary
evaporation under reduced pressure afforded the product 58 (550 mg, 60%).
LC/MS, 3.43
min (ES+) tniz (relative intensity) 836.01 ([M], 100). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD0I3)
6 8.39 (s,
1H), 7.52 - 7.40 (m, 2H), 7.21 - 7.08 (m, J = 11.5 Hz, 2H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 6.60
- 6.47 (m, J =
7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.97 - 5.83 (m, 1H), 5.79 -5.66 (m, 1H), 5.38 - 4.90 (m, 6H),
4.68 - 4.52 (m, J
= 18.4, 5.5 Hz, 4H), 4.04 - 3.94 (m, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.87 - 3.76 (m, 5H),
3.00 -2.88 (m,
1H), 2.66 - 2.49 (m, 2H), 2.21 -2.08 (m, 2H), 1.76 (s, 3H), 1.45 (d, J = 7.0
Hz, 3H), 1.09 -
0.98 (m, J = 8.9 Hz, 18H), 0.96 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H).
(d) (11S,11aS)-4-(2-(1 -((1 -(Allyloxy)-4-methyl-1 ,2-dioxopentan-3-yl)amino)-
1-oxopropan-2-
yOhydrazinyObenzyl 11-((tert-butyld imethylsilyl)oxy)-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-
8-
((triisop ropylsilyl)oxy)-11,11a-dihydro-1 H-be nzo[e]pyrrolo1-1, 2-41
,4]diazepine-10(5H)-
carboxylate (59)
Tert-butyldimethylsilyltriflate (0.38 mL, 1.62 mmol, 3 eq) was added to a
solution of
compound 58 (450 mg, 0.54 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (0.25 mL, 2.16 mmol, 4 eq) in
dry
dichloromethane (5 mL) at 0 C under argon. After 10 min, the cold bath was
removed and
the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction
mixture was
extracted with water, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The
organic phase
was dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and excess solvent was removed by
rotary
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evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to
column flash
chromatography (silica gel; 50/50 v/v hexane/ethyl acetate). Pure fractions
were collected
and combined and excess eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced
pressure to give the product 59 (334 mg, 65%). LC/MS, 4.18 min (ES+) m/z
(relative
intensity) 950.50 ([M], 100). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 58.53 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s,
1H), 7.44 (d,
J = 7.6 Hz, 21-1), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.08 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.72 ¨ 6.61 (m, J =
8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.16
(s, 1H), 5.97 ¨ 5.79 (m, J = 24.4, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.41 ¨ 5.08 (m, 5H), 4.86 (d,
J = 12.5 Hz, 1H),
4.69 ¨4.60 (m, 1H), 4.57 (s, 1H), 4.03 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.74
(td, J = 9.6, 3.6
Hz, 1H), 2.43 ¨ 2.09 (m, J = 34.8, 19.4, 11.7 Hz, 3H), 1.76 (s, 3H), 1.43 (d,
J = 6.9 Hz, 3H),
1.30 ¨ 1.21 (m, 3H), 0.97 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 3H), 0.84
(s, 9H), 0.23 (s,
3H), 0.12 (s, 3H).
(e) (11S,1 1 aS)-4-(2-(1-0-(Allyloxy)-4-methyl-1,2-dioxopentan-3-yharnino)-1-
oxopropan-2-
yOhydrazinyhbenzyl 11-((tert-butyldimethylsityl)oxy)-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-
methy1-5-oxo-
11 ,11 a-dihydro-1 H-be nzolelpyrrolo[1, 2-4[1 ,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate
(60)
Lithium acetate (50 mg, 0.49 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 59 (470
mg, 0.49
mmol) in wet dimethylformamide (4 mL, 50:1 DMF/water). After 4 hours, the
reaction was
complete and the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed
with citric acid
(pH ¨ 3), water and brine. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulphate
filtered and
.. excess ethyl acetate was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced
pressure. The
resulting residue was subjected to column flash chromatography (silica gel;
gradient, 50/50
to 25/75 v/v hexane/ethyl acetate). Pure fractions were collected and combined
and excess
eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to give the
product 60
(400 mg, quantitative). LC/MS, 3.32 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 794.18
([M+H] , 100).
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 2H),
7.21 (s, 1H),
7.08 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.72 ¨ 6.61 (m, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.16 (s, 1H), 5.97
¨ 5.79 (m, J =
24.4, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.41 ¨ 5.08 (m, 5H), 4.86 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 4.69 - 4.60
(m, 1H), 4.57
(s, 1H), 4.03 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.74 (td, J = 9.6, 3.6 Hz,
1H), 2.43 ¨2.09 (m, J
= 34.8, 19.4, 11.7 Hz, 3H), 1.76 (s, 3H), 1.43 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.30 ¨
1.21 (m, 3H), 0.97
(d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 3H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.23 (s, 3H),
0.12 (s, 3H).
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(iv) (1 1S, 11aS)-4-((2S,5S)-37-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-y1)-5-
isopropy1-2-methyl-
4,7,35-trioxo-10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-octaoxa-3,6,34-
triazaheptatriacontanamido)benzyl 11-
hydroxv-7-methoxy-84(5-(((S)-7-methoxy-2-methy1-5-oxo-5,11a-dihydro-1H-
benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yl)oxy)pentyl)oxy)-2-methyl-5-oxo-11,11a-
dihydro-1H-
-- benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (64)
Al2-Val-Alloc
11¨Ala¨ Val¨AL LOC
0/
OTBS
TBSO OTBS
OTBS
Me0
11111111P
N HO
OMe Me0
0
0 Me0 0
0
61
60
qit N¨Ala¨Val¨N
* FN1¨Ala¨ Val¨ALLOC
õ OO
HO NiOH N
NH,
OMe Me0 411111"
OMe Kle0 0
0 0
63
62
0
C)¨PEGs¨ N
N¨Aa¨Vall
0"-JND:
0 Me Me0 N
0 0
64
(a) (11S)-ally18-((5-(((11S)-104(4-(2-(1-((1-(allyloxy)-4-methy1-1,2-
dioxopentan-3-y0amino)-
1-oxopropan-2-yOhydrazinyObenzyl)oxy)carbonyl)-11 -((tert-
butyldimethylsily0oxy)-7-
methoxy-2-methy1-5-oxo-5,10,11,11a-tetrahydro-1 H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1, 2-a][1
,4]diazepin-8-
10 -- yl)oxy)pentyl)oxy)-11-((tert-b utyldimethylsily0oxy)-7-methoxy-2-methyl-
5-oxo-11,11 a-
dihydro-1 H-benzo[e]oyrrolo[1,2-4-1 ,4kliazepine-1 0(5H)-carboxylate (61)
Potassium carbonate (70 mg, 0.504 mmol, 1 eq) was added to a solution of 55
(370 mg,
0.552 mmol, 1.2 eq) and phenol 60 (400 mg, 0.504 mmol) in dry acetone (25 mL).
The
reaction was stirred 8 hours at 70 C. The LC/MS showed that all the starting
material was
15 -- not consumed, so the reaction was allowed to stir overnight at room
temperature and stirred
for an additional 2 hours the next day. Acetone was removed by rotary
evaporation under
reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to flash column
chromatography
(silica gel; 80% ethyl acetate in hexane to 100% ethyl acetate). Pure
fractions were collected
and combined and excess eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced
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147
pressure to give the product 61(385 mg, 57%). LC/MS, 4.07 min (ES+) m/z
(relative
intensity) 1336.55 ([M+H], 50).
(b) (11S)-allyI8-((5-(((11 S)-104(4-(2-(1-((1-(allyloxy)-4-methyl-1, 2-
dioxopentan-3-yl)amino)-
-- 1-oxopropan-2-y1) hydrazinyl)benzyl)oxy)carbony1)-11-hyd roxy-7-methoxy-2-
methy1-5-oxo-
5,10,11,11a-tetrahydro-1 H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1, 2-4[1 ,4]diazepin-8-
yhoxy)pentyl)oxy)-11-
hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-11,11 a-dihyd ro-1 H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1 , 2-
41,41d1azep1ne-
(5H)-ca rboxylate (62)
Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (1M, 0.34 mL, 0.34 mmol, 2 eq) was added to a
solution of
10 -- 61(230 mg, 0.172 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (3 mL). The starting
material was totally
consumed after 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate
(30 mL) and
washed sequentially with water and brine. The organic phase was dried over
magnesium
sulphate filtered and excess ethyl acetate removed by rotary evaporation under
reduced
pressure. The resulting residue 62 was used as a crude mixture for the next
reaction.
-- LC/MS, 2.87 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity)1108.11 ([M+H], 100).
(c) (11S)-4-(2-(l-((1 -amino-3-methy1-1 -oxobutan-2-yl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-
yOhydrazinyObenzyl 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-84(547-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-5,11a-
dihydro-
1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-41,4]diazepin-8-yl)oxy)pentyl)oxy)-2-methy1-5-oxo-11,11
a-dihydro-
-- 1 H-be nzo[e]pyrrolo[1, 2-a][1,4]diaze pine-10(5H)-carboxylate (63)
Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (12 mg, 0.01 mmol, 0.06 eq) was added
to a
solution of crude 62 (0.172 mmol) and pyrrolidine (36 pL, 0.43 mmol, 2.5 eq)
in dry
dichloromethane (10 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred 20 minutes and
diluted with
dichloromethane and washed sequentially with saturated aqueous ammonium
chloride and
-- brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate filtered and
excess
dichloromethane removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The
resulting
residue 63 was used as a crude mixture for the next reaction. LC/MS, 2.38 min
(ES+) m/z
(relative intensity) 922.16 ([M+H], 40).
-- (d) (11S,1 1 a S)-4-((2S, 5S)-37-(2,5-dioxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-1)-5-
isopropyl-2-methyl-
4,7,35-trioxo-10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-octaoxa-3,6,34-triaza heptatriaconta na
mido)benzyl 11-
hydroxy-7-methoxy-84(5-(((S)-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-5,11a-dihydro-1H-
be nzo[e]pyrrolo[1, 2-4-1,41diazepin-8-yl)oxy)pentyl)oxy)-2-methyl-5-oxo-
11,11a-dihydro-1 H-
be nzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1, 41diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (64)
-- 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDCI, 33 mg, 0.172 mmol)
was added to a
solution of crude 63 (0.172 mmol) and Mal-(PEG)8-acid (100 mg, 0.172 mmol) in
dry
=
=
148
dichloromethane (10 mL). The reaction was stirred for 2 hours and the presence
of starting
material was no longer observed by LC/MS. The reaction was diluted with
dichloromethane
and washed sequentially with water and brine. The organic phase was dried over
magnesium sulphate filtered and excess dichloromethane removed by rotary
evaporation
under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to flash column
chromatography (silica gel; 100% chloroform to 10% methanol in chloroform).
Pure fractions
were collected and combined and excess eluent was removed by rotary
evaporation under
reduced pressure to give 64 (E) (60 mg, 25% over 3 steps).
Example 8
0
H2N
J,ir,N 40
0
0 0õ0 io
H
-NI 111 0 0
OH
0
0 N _N am 0 0 fd 14" 4 0
H
0 0
65 SR
Compound 65 is compound 79 of WO 2011/130598
(11S)-4-(1-iodo-20-isopropy1-23-methyl-2,18, 21-trioxo-6,9,12,15-tetraoxa-
3,19, 22-
triazatetracosanamido)benzyl 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-8-(34(7-methoxy-5-oxo-24(E)-
prop-1-
en-l-y0-5,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yl)oxy)propoxy)-
5-oxo-2-
((E)-prop-1-en-l-y0-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzolelpyrrolo[1,2-41,4]diazepine-
10(5H)-
carboxylate (66)
N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC, 4.71 pL, 0.0304 mmol) was added to a
solution of amine
65 (0.0276 mmol) and lodo-(PEG)4-acid (13.1 mg, 0.0304 mmol) in dry
dichloromethane (0.8
mL). The reaction was stirred for 3 hours and the presence of starting
material was no longer
observed by LC/MS. The reaction mixture was directly loaded onto a thin-layer
chromatography (TLC) plate and purified by prep-TLC (10% methanol in
chloroform). Pure
bands were scraped off the TLC plate, taken up in 10% methanol in chloroform,
filtered and
excess eluent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to give 66
(D) (20.9
mg, 56%). LC/MS, method 2, 3.08 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity)1361.16
([M+Fl], 100).
CA 2887899 2018-10-24
. .
149
General Experimental Methods for Example 9
LCMS data were obtained using an Agilent 1200 series LC/MS with an Agilent
6110
quadrupole MS, with Electrospray ionisation. Mobile phase A - 0.1% Acetic acid
in water.
Mobile Phase B - 0.1% in acetonitrile. Flow rate of 1.00m1/min. Gradient from
5% B rising up
to 95% B over 3 minutes, remaining at 95% B for 1 minute and then back down to
5% B over
6 seconds. The total run time is 5 minutes. Column: Phenomenex Gemini-NX 3pm
018, 30 x
2.00mm. Chromatograms based on UV detection at 254nm. Mass Spectra were
achieved
using the MS in positive mode. Proton NMR chemical shift values were measured
on the
delta scale at 400 MHz using a Bruker AV400. The following abbreviations have
been used:
s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; m, multiplet; br, broad.
Coupling constants are
reported in Hz. Unless otherwise stated, column chromatography (by the flash
procedure)
were performed on Merck Kieselgel silica (Art. 9385). Mass spectroscopy (MS)
data were
collected using a Waters MicromasslM LCT instrument coupled to a Waters 2795
HPLC
separations module. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was performed on silica
gel
aluminium plates (Merck 60, F254). All other chemicals and solvents were
purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich or Fisher Scientific and were used as supplied without further
purification.
Optical rotations were measured on an ADP 220 polarimeter (Bellingham Stanley
Ltd.) and
concentrations (c) are given in g/100mL. Melting points were measured using a
digital
melting point apparatus (Electrothermal). IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-
Elmer
Spectrum 1000 FT IR Spectrometer. 1H and 130 NMR spectra were acquired at 300
K using
a Bruker AvanceTM NMR spectrometer at 400 and 100 MHz, respectively. Chemical
shifts
are reported relative to TMS (8 = 0.0 ppm), and signals are designated as s
(singlet), d
(doublet), t (triplet), dt (double triplet), dd (doublet of doublets), ddd
(double doublet of
doublets) or m (multiplet), with coupling constants given in Hertz (Hz). Mass
spectroscopy
(MS) data were collected using a Waters MicromassTM ZQ instrument coupled to a
Waters
2695 HPLC with a Waters 2996 PDA. Waters Micromass TM ZQ parameters used were:
Capillary (kV), 3.38; Cone (V), 35; Extractor (V), 3.0; Source temperature (
C), 100;
Desolvation Temperature ( C), 200; Cone flow rate (L/h), 50; De-solvation flow
rate (L/h),
250. High-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) data were recorded on a Waters
Micromass TM QTOF Global in positive W-mode using metal-coated borosilicate
glass tips to
introduce the samples into the instrument. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was
performed on silica gel aluminium plates (Merck 60, F254), and flash
chromatography utilised
silica gel (Merck 60, 230-400 mesh ASTM). Except for the HOBt (NovaBiochem)
and solid-
supported reagents (Argonaut), all other chemicals and solvents were purchased
from
Sigma-Aldrich and were used as supplied without further purification.
Anhydrous solvents
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150
were prepared by distillation under a dry nitrogen atmosphere in the presence
of an
appropriate drying agent, and were stored over 4A molecular sieves or sodium
wire.
Petroleum ether refers to the fraction boiling at 40-60 C.
General LC/MS conditions: The HPLC (Waters Alliance T" 2695) was run using a
mobile
phase of water (A) (formic acid 0.1%) and acetonitrile (B) (formic acid 0.1%).
Gradient: initial
composition 5% B over 1.0 min then 5% B to 95% B within 3 min. The composition
was held
for 0.5 min at 95% B, and then returned to 5% B in 0.3 minutes. Total gradient
run time
equals 5 min. Flow rate 3.0 mL/min, 400pL was split via a zero dead volume tee
piece
which passes into the mass spectrometer. Wavelength detection range: 220 to
400 nm.
Function type: diode array (535 scans). Column: Phenomenee Onyx Monolithic 018
50 x
4.60 mm
Example 9
(i) Key Intermediates
(a)
0 i\OLH
0
o -
o =
11
0 0
0y 0 H ______________________ N
. N
H H
0 = 0 0 0 0 H
(a-0 (S)-2-(allyloxycarbonytamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (12)
Ally' chloroformate (36.2 nil, 340.59 mmol, 1.2 eq) was added dropwise to a
stirred solution
of L-valine (11)(33.25 g, 283.82 mmol, 1.0 eq) and potassium carbonate (59.27
g, 425.74
mmol, 1.5 eq) in water (650 mL) and THF (650 mL). The reaction mixture was
stirred at
room temperature for 18 hours, then the solvent was concentrated under reduced
pressure
and the remaining solution extracted with diethyl ether (3 x 100 mL). The
aqueous portion
was acidified to pH 2 with conc. HCI and extracted with DCM (3 x 100 mL). The
combined
organics were washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated
under
reduced pressure to afford the product as a colourless oil (57.1 g, assumed
100% yield).
LC/MS (1.966 min (ES)), m/z: 202.1 [M+H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 6 12.57
(br s,
1H), 7.43 (d, 1H, J- 8.6 Hz), 5.96 - 5.86 (m, 1H), 5.30 (ddd, 1H, J= 17.2,
3.4, 1.7 Hz), 5.18
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(ddd, 1H, J = 10.4, 2.9, 1.6 Hz), 4.48 (dt, 2H, J = 5.3, 1.5 Hz), 3.85 (dd,
1H, J = 8.6, 6.0 Hz),
2.03 (oct, 1H, J = 6.6 Hz), 0.89 (d, 3H, J = 6.4 Hz), 0.87 (d, 3H, J = 6.5
Hz).
(S)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yi 2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoate (13)
To a stirred solution of the protected acid 12 (60.6 g, 301.16 mmol, 1.0 eq)
and N-
hydroxysuccinimide (34.66 g, 301.16 mmol, 1.0 eq) in dry THF (800 mL) was
added
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (62.14 g, 301.16 mmol, 1 eq). The reaction was
stirred for 18 hours
at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then filtered, the solid washed
with THF and
the combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was
re-
dissolved in DCM and left to stand at 0 C for 30 minutes. The suspension was
filtered and
washed with cold DCM. Concentration of the filtrate under reduced pressure
afforded the
product as a viscous colourless oil (84.7 g, assumed 100% yield) which was
used in the next
step without further purification. LC/MS (2.194 min (ES-1)), m/z: 321.0
[M+Na].1H NMR (400
MHz, DMSO-d6) 6 8.0 (d, 1H, J = 8.3 Hz), 5.97 - 5.87 (m, 1H), 5.30 (ddd, 1H, J
= 17.2, 3.0,
1.7 Hz), 5.19 (ddd, 1H, J = 10.4, 2.7, 1.4 Hz), 4.52 (dt, 2H, J = 5.3, 1.4
Hz), 4.32 (dd, 1H, J =
8.3, 6.6 Hz), 2.81 (m, 4H), 2.18 (oct, 1H, J= 6.7 Hz), 1.00(d, 6H, J= 6.8 Hz),
(S)-2-((S)-2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)propanoic acid (14)
A solution of succinimide ester 13(12.99 g, 43.55 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THF (50 mL)
was added to
a solution of L-alanine (4.07 g, 45.73 mmol, 1.05 eq) and NaHCO3 (4.02 g,
47.90 mmol, 1.1
eq) in THF (100 mL) and H20 (100 mL). The mixture was stirred at room
temperature for 72
hours when the THF was removed under reduced pressure. The pH was adjusted to
3-4 with
citric acid to precipitate a white gum. After extraction with ethyl acetate (6
x 150 mL), the
combined organics were washed with H20 (200 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered
and
concentrated under reduced pressure. Trituration with diethyl ether afforded
the product as a
white powder which was collected by filtration and washed with diethyl ether
(5.78 g, 49%).
LC/MS (1.925 min (ES-1)), m/z: 273.1 [M+H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 6 12.47
(br s,
1H), 8.17 (d, 1H, J = 6.8 Hz), 7.16 (d, 1H, J = 9.0 Hz), 5.95 - 5.85 (m, 1H),
5.29 (dd, 1H, J =
17.2, 1.7 Hz), 5.17 (dd, 1H, J= 10.4, 1.5 Hz), 4.46 (m, 2H), 4.18 (quin, 1H,
J= 7.2 Hz), 3.87
(dd, 1H, J= 9.0, 7.1 Hz), 1.95 (oct, 1H, J= 6.8 Hz), 1.26(d, 3H, J= 7.3 Hz),
0.88(d, 3H, J=
6.8 Hz), 0.83 (d, 3H, J = 6.8 Hz).
(a-iv) Ally! (S)-1-((S)-1-(4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-
ylamino)-3-methyl-1-
oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate (15)
EEDQ (5.51 g, 22.29 mmol, 1.05 eq) was added to a solution of p-aminobenzyl
alcohol (2.74
9,22.29 mmol, 1.05 eq) and acid 14 (5.78 g, 21.23 mmol, 1 eq) in dry THF (100
mL). and
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stirred at room temperature for 72 hours. The reaction mixture was then
concentrated under
reduced pressure and the resulting brown solid was triturated with diethyl
ether and filtered
with subsequent washing with an excess of diethyl ether to afford the product
as an off-white
solid (7.1 g, 88 %). LC/MS (1.980 min (ES)), m/z: 378.0 [M+H]t1H NMR (400 MHz,
DMSO-d6) 6 9.89 (br s, 1H), 8.13 (d, 1H, J = 7.0 Hz), 7.52 (d, 2H, J = 8.5
Hz), 7.26 (m, 1H),
7.23 (d, 2H, J= 8.5 Hz), 5.91 (m, 1H), 5.30 (m, 1H), 5.17 (m, 1H), 4.46(m,
2H), 5.09 (t, 1H,
J = 5.6 Hz), 4.48 (m, 2H), 4.42 (m, 3H), 3.89 (dd, 1H, J = 8.6, 6.8 Hz), 1.97
(m, 1H), 1.30 (d,
3H, J = 7.1 Hz), 0.88 (d, 3H, J = 6.8 Hz), 0.83 (d, 3H, J = 6.7 Hz).
(b)
H2 1).(
8
16
17
0 H 0 F
1-iodo-2-oxo-6,9,12,15-tetraoxa-3-azaoctadecan-18-oic acid (M
A solution of iodoacetic anhydride (0.250 g, 0.706 mmol, 1.1 eq) in dry DCM (1
mL) was
added to amino-PEGoracid 16 (0.170 g, 0.642 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DCM (1 mL). The
mixture
was stirred in the dark at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture
was washed with
0.1 M HCI, water, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced
pressure. The
residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% Me0H and 0.1%
formic acid in
chloroform to 10% Me0H and 0.1% formic acid in chloroform) to afford the
product as an
orange oil (0.118 g, 42%). LC/MS (1.623 min (ES)), m/z: 433..98 [M+H]. 1H NMR
(400
MHz, CDCI3) 6 8.069 (s, 1H), 7.22 (br s, 1H), 3.79 (t, 2H, J = 5.8 Hz), 3.74
(s, 2H), 3.72 ¨
3.58 (m, 14H), 3.50 ¨ 3.46 (m, 2H), 2.62 (t, 2H, J = 5.8 Hz).
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(ii) (11S,11aS)-ally111-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-8-(3-iodopropoxy)-7-
methoxy-5-oxo-2-
((E)-prop-1-eny1)-11,11a-dihydro-lH-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-41,4]diazepine-10(5H)-
carboxylate (74)
OTBS OTBS OTBS
TIPSO ., NO2 -1 TIPSO .4 NO2 ( TIPSO /
NO2
I. I \I)-- -).- , /---- - Si N)---
,. .
0 , .0 \ ...--.0
\-------N'OTf
0 0 0
46 47 67
OTBS 0_/= 0-/=
TIPSO NH2( 0 OTBS 0
OH
TIPSO NH /
-,.- TIPS() N H / _...
401 ;
Me0 Me0
0 N ..Ø....,....
a ,..s.
68 69 0 70 0
CD
1 0 H 0/
1 OTBS 0
x OTBS
TIPSO iiii N H , TIPSO 40 N---
ye.,,,,, - - H 0 nai
N MOO 11111" N -5i-3.,,F1
----.-
Me0 4111"
0
71 72 0 73 0
0_/=
0
% OTBS
Me0
0
74
(a) (S)-5-((tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-1-(5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-
(triisopropylsilyloxy)benzoy1)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-y1
trifluoromethanesulfonate (4
Triflic anhydride (28.4 g, 100.0 mmol, 3.0 eq) was added dropwise, over 25
mins, to a
vigorously stirred solution of the ketone 46 (19.5 g, 30.0 mmol, 1.0 eq) in
DCM (550 mL)
containing 2,6-lutidine (14.4 g, 130.0 mmol, 4.0 eq) at -50 C. The reaction
mixture was
stirred for 1.5 hours when LC/MS indicated complete reaction. The organic
phase was
washed successively with water (100 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate (150
mL), brine (50
mL), and the organic phase was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated
under reduced
pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 90/10
v/v n-
hexane/Et0Ac) to afford the product as a pale yellow oil (19.5 g, 8213/0).
LC/MS (4.391 min
(ES)), tri/z: 713.25 [M+H]4. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 67.68 (s, 1H), 6.72 (s,
1H), 6.02 (t,
1H, J= 1.9 Hz), 4.75(m, 1H), 4.05 (m, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.15 (ddd, 1H, J=
16.2. 10.3, 2.3
Hz), 2.96 (ddd, 1H, J = 16.2, 4.0, 1.6 Hz), 1.28- 1.21 (m, 3H), 1.07 (d, 18H,
J = 7.2 Hz),
0.88 (s, 9H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H).
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(b) (S,E)-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-4-(prop-1-eny1)-2,3-dihydro-
1H-pyrrol-1-y1)(5-
methoxy-2-nitro-4-(triisopropylsilyloxy)phenyl)methanone (67)
Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.41 g, 0.35 mmol, 0.03 eq) was
added to a
mixture of the triflate 47 (8.4 g, 11.8 mmol, 1.0 eq), E-1-propene-1-ylboronic
acid (1.42 g,
16.5 mmol, 1.4 eq) and potassium phosphate (5.0 g, 23.6 mmol, 2.0 eq) in dry
dioxane (60
mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 25 C for 120 mins
when
LC/MS indicated complete reaction. Ethyl acetate (120 mL) and water (120 mL)
were added,
the organic phase was removed, washed with brine (20 mL), dried over MgSO4,
filtered and
concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash
chromatography
(silica gel, 95/5 v/v n-hexane/Et0Ac to 90/10 v/v n-hexane/Et0Ac) to afford
the product as a
yellow foam (4.96 g, 70%). LC/MS (4.477 min (ES)), m/z: 605.0 [M-'-H]. 1H NMR
(400
MHz, CDCI3) 6 7.67 (s, 1H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 5.93 (d, 1H, J= 15.4 Hz), 5.67 (s,
1H), 4.65 (m,
1H), 4.04 (m, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 2.85 (m, 1H), 2.71 (m, 1H), 1.72 (dd, 3H, J =
6.8, 1.0 Hz),
1.30 - 1.22 (m, 3H), 1.07 (d, 18H, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.08 (s, 3H),
0.07 (s, 3H).
(c) (S,E)-(2-amino-5-methoxy-4-(triisopropylsilyloxy)phenyl)(2-((tert-
butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-4-(prop-1-enyl)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-pyrrol-1-
yl)methanone (68)
Zinc dust (22.0 g, 0.33 mol, 37 eq) was added, in portions over 20 mins, to a
solution of the
propenyl intermediate 67(5.5 g, 9.1 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 5% v/v formic acid
/ethanol (55 mL),
using an ice bath to maintain the temperature between 25-30 C. After 30 mins,
the reaction
mixture was filtered through a short bed of celite0. The celitee was washed
with ethyl
acetate (65 mL) and the combined organics were washed successively with water
(35 mL),
saturated sodium bicarbonate (35 mL) and brine (10 mL). The organic phase was
dried over
MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was
purified by flash
chromatography (silica gel, 90/10 v/v n-hexane/Et0Ac) to afford the product as
a pale yellow
oil (3.6 g, 69.0 %). LC/MS (4.439 min (ES)), m/z: 575.2 [M-'-H]t 1H NMR (400
MHz, C0CI3)
6 6.75 (m, 1H), 6.40 (br s, 1H), 6.28 (m, 1H), 6.11 (d, 1H, J = 15.4 Hz), 5.53
(m, 1H), 4.67
(m, 1H), 4.36 (m, 2H), 3.93 (br s, 1H), 3.84 (br s, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 2.86
(dd, 1H, J = 15.7,
10.4 Hz), 2.73 (dd, 1H, J = 15.9, 4.5 Hz), 1.80 (dd, 3H, J = 6.8, 1.3 Hz),
1.35 - 1.23 (m, 3H),
1.12 (d, 18H, J= 7.3 Hz), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H).
(d) (S,E)-ally1 2-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-4-(prop-1-eny1)-2,3-
dihydro-1 H-pyrrole-
1-carbonyl)-4-methoxy-5-(triisopropylsilyloxy)phenylca rba mate (69)
Allyl chloroformate (0.83 g, 6.88 mmol, 1.1 eq) was added to a solution of the
amine 68 (3.6
g, 6.26 mmol, 1.0 eq) in dry DCM (80 mL) containing dry pyridine (1.09 g,
13.77 mmol, 2.2
eq) at -78 C. The dry ice was removed and the reaction mixture allowed to warm
to room
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temperature. After stirring for a further 15 minutes, LC/MS indicated complete
reaction. The
organic phase was washed successively with 0.01N HCI (50 mL), saturated sodium
bicarbonate (50 mL), brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered and
concentrated under
reduced pressure to leave a pale yellow oil which was used in the next step
without further
purification (4.12g, assumed 100% yield). LC/MS (4.862 min (ES)), m/z: 659.2
[M+H].
(e)(S,E)-allyl 2-(2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(prop-1-eny1)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-1-
carbony1)-4-
methoxy-5-(triisopropylsilyloxy)phenylcarbamate (70)
The crude intermediate 69 (assumed 100% yield, 4.12 g, 6.25 mmol, 1.0 eq) was
dissolved
in a mixture of acetic acid (70 mL), methanol (10 mL), THF (10 mL) and water
(20 mL) and
allowed to stir at room temperature. After 6 hours the reaction mixture was
diluted with ethyl
acetate (500 mL) and washed successively with water (2 x 500 mL), saturated
sodium
bicarbonate (300 mL) and brine (50 mL). The organic phase was dried over
MgSO4, filtered
and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash
chromatography (silica gel, 1/99 v/v methanol/DCM to 5/95 v/v methanol/DCM) to
afford the
product as a yellow oil and a further 1 g of unreacted starting material was
recovered. This
material was subjected to the same reaction conditions as above, but was left
stirring for 16
h. After work up and purification, additional product was isolated (2.7 g,
79%, 2 steps)
LC/MS (3.742 min (ES)), m/z: 545.2 [M+H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 68.38 (m,
1H),
7.72 (m, 1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.37 (m, 1H), 6.10 (d, 1H, J= 15.8 Hz), 5.97 (m,
1H), 5.53 (m,
1H), 5.36 (ddd, 1H, J= 17.2, 3.1, 1.5 Hz), 5.25 (ddd, 1H, J= 10.4, 2.5, 1.3
Hz), 4.78 (m, 1H),
4.65 (dt, 2H, J = 5.7, 1.3 Hz), 3.84 (m, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.04 (dd, 1H, J =
16.7, 10.5 Hz),
2.40 (dd, 1H, J = 16.0, 4.5 Hz), 1.82 (dd, 3H, J = 6.8, 1.0 Hz), 1.36¨ 1.26
(m, 3H), 1.14 (d,
18H, J= 7.3 Hz).
(f) (11 S,11 aS)-allyl 11-h ydroxy-7-methoxy-5-oxo-24(E)-prop-1-enyl)-8-
(triisopropylsilyloxy)-
11,11a-dihydro-1 H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate
(71)
Dry dimethyl sulfoxide (1.16 g, 14.87 mmol, 3.0 eq) was added dropwise to a
solution of
oxalyl chloride (0.94 g, 7.43 mmol, 1.5 eq) in DCM (25 mL) at -78 C under an
atmosphere of
nitrogen. Maintaining the temperature at -78 C, after 10 mins a solution of
the primary
alcohol 70 (2.7 g, 4.96 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DCM (20 mL) was added dropwise. After
a further
15 mins, dry triethylamine (2.5g, 24.78 mmol, 5.0 eq) was added, and the
reaction mixture
allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed
successively with
cold 0.1N HCI (50 mL), saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate (50 mL) and brine
(10 mL)
and the organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under
reduced
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pressure to afford the product as a yellow oil which was used in the next step
without further
purification (2.68g, assumed 100% yield). LC/MS (3.548 min (ES)), m/z: 543.2
[M+H].
(g) (11S,11aS)-allyi 11-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-24(E)-
prop-1-eny1)-8-
(tdisopropylsilyloxy)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-41,4]diazepine-
10(5H)-
carboxylate (72)
Tert-butyldimethylsilyltrifluoromethane sulfonate (3.93 g, 14.87 mmol, 3.0 eq)
was added to
a solution of the carbinolamine 71 (assumed 100% yield, 2.68 g, 4.96 mmol, 1.0
eq) and 2,6-
lutidine (2.12 g, 19.83 mmol, 4.0 eq) in dry DCM (40 mL) at 0 C under an
atmosphere of
nitrogen. After 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room
temperature
and stirred for a further 60 minutes. The organic phase was washed
successively with water
(10 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate (10 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over
MgSO4, filtered
and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash
chromatography (silica gel, chloroform to 2/98 v/v Methanol/chloroform) to
afford the product
as a yellow oil (2.0g, 63%, 2 steps). LC/MS (4.748 min (ES)), m/z: 657.2
[M+H]t 1H NMR
(400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 7.19 (s, 1H), 6.86 (m, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 6.22 (d, 1H, J=
15.4 Hz), 5.81
(d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz), 5.78 (m, 1H), 5.48 (m, 1H), 5.11 (d, 1H, J = 5.0 Hz),
5.08 (m, 1H), 4.58
(dd, 1H, J = 13.4, 5.4 Hz), 4.35 (dd, 1H, J = 13.2, 5.7 Hz), 3.83 (s, 3H),
3.76 (s, 1H), 3.00
(dd, 1H, J= 15.6, 11.0 Hz), 2.53 (m, 1H), 1.81 (dd, 3H, J= 6.8, 0.9 Hz), 1.30
¨ 1.18 (m, 3H),
1.08 (d, 9H, J = 2.3 Hz), 1.06 (d, 9H, J = 2.3 Hz), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.25 (5,
3H), 0.18 (s, 3H).
(h) (11S,11aS)-ally111-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-oxo-
2-((E)-prop-1-
eny1)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzofelpyrrolo[1,2-aff1,41diazepine-10(5H)-
carboxylate (73)
Lithium acetate dihydrate (0.31 g, 3.04 mmol, 1.0 eq) was added to a solution
of the
diazepine 72 (2.0 g, 3.04 mmol, 1.0 eq) in wet DMF (20 mL) at 25 C and stirred
for 4 hours.
The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed
successively with
0.1M citric acid (50 mL, pH 3), water (50 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried over
MgSO4, filtered
and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash
chromatography (silica gel, 50/50 v/v n-hexane/Et0Ac to 25/75 v/v n-
hexane/Et0Ac) to
afford the product as a pale yellow solid (0.68g, 45 %). LC/MS (3.352 min
(ES)), m/z: 501.1
[M+H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 57.02 (s, 1H), 6.66 (m, 1H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 6.03
(d, 1H, J
= 15.5 Hz), 5.80 (s, 1H), 5.63 (d, 1H, J = 8.9 Hz), 5.55 (m, 1H), 5.29 (m,
1H), 4.87 (m, 2H),
4.39 (dd, 1H, J = 13.5, 4.2 Hz), 4.20 (dd, 1H, J = 13.2, 5.7 Hz), 3.73 (s,
3H), 3.59 (m, 1H),
2.81 (dd, 1H, J= 16.1, 10.5 Hz), 2.35(d, 1H, J= 15.7 Hz), 1.61 (d, 3H, J= 6.4
Hz), 0.67 (s,
9H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H).
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(i) (11 S,11aS)-ally1 11-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-8-(3-iodopropoxy)-7-
methoxy-5-oxo-24(E)-
prop-1-en yl)-1 1,11 a-dihydro-1 H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1 , 2-41 ,z1kliazepine-
10(5H)-carboxyl ate
(74)
Diiodopropane (0.295 g, 1.00 mmol, 5.0 eq) and potassium carbonate (0.028 g,
0.20 mmol,
1.0 eq) were added to a solution of the phenol 33 (0.100 g, 0.020 mmol, 1.0
eq) in dry
acetone (5 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 60 C for 6 hours when LC/MS
showed
complete reaction. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness under
reduced
pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel,
75/25 v/v n-
hexanelEt0Ac to 50/50 v/v n-hexane/Et0Ac) to afford the product as a
colourless oil (0.074
g, 56%). LC/MS (3.853 min (ES)), tn/z: 669.0 [M+H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3)
57.26
(s, 1H), 6.90(s, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.24 (d, 1H, J= 15.3 Hz), 5.87 (d, 1H, J=
8.9 Hz), 5.78
(m, 1H), 5.53 (m, 1H), 5.12 (m, 2H), 4.65 (m, 2H), 4.41 (m, 1H), 4.11 (m, 1H),
3.93 (s, 3H),
3.81 (m, 1H), 3.40 (t, 2H, J = 6.7 Hz), 3.05 (dd, 1H, J = 16.3, 10.1 Hz), 2.57
(m, 1H), 2.34
(m, 2H), 1.84 (d, 3H, J = 6.6 Hz), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.28 (s, 3H), 0.26 (s, 3H).
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(iii) (11S,11aS)-4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-
methylbutanamido)propanamido)benzyl 11-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-8-hydroxy-
7-methoxy-
5-oxo-24(E)-oroo-1-eny1)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzofelpyrrolo[1,2-
alf1,41diazepine-10(5H)-
carboxylate 79)
m ALLOC''
TIPSO NH, OTBS N 11 0 40
+
E H
Me0 NcJ
0
1 OTBS
0 OH TIPSO NH
68
Me0 N
0
0
'1.
ALLOe N11, ALLOC" .
0 H
0 OP
-----4,
0
Oy 0 H
H
TIPSO NH / TIPSO
Me0 40
NO. 76 Me0 40
0 0
ALLOC_
77
m IIH H
H
0 00 H
OTBS OTBS
TIPJO 110 41
46 N-
01
Me0 Me01111111}111
0 0
5 78 79
(a) Ally! ((S)-1-(((S)-14(4-((((24(S)-2-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-
4-((E)-prop-1-en-1-
y1)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-1-carbony1)-4-methoxy-5-
((triisopropylsily0oxy)phenyl)carbamoyl)oxy)methyl)phenyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-
yl)amino)-
3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yocarbatnate (75)
10 Triethylamine (0.256 mL, 1.84 mmol, 2.2 eq) was added to a stirred
solution of the amine 68
(0.480 g, 0.835 mmol, 1.0 eq) and triphosgene (0.089g, 0.301 mmol, 0.36 eq) in
dry THF
(15 mL) at 5 C (ice bath). The progress of the isocyanate reaction was
monitored by
periodically removing aliquots from the reaction mixture and quenching with
methanol and
performing LCMS analysis. Once the isocyanate reaction was complete a solution
of Alloc-
15 Val-Ala-PABOH 15 (0.473 g, 1.25 mmol, 1.5 eq) and triethylamine (0.174
mL, 1.25 mmol, 1.5
eq) in dry THF (10 mL) was rapidly added by injection to the freshly prepared
isocyanate.
The reaction was allowed to stir at 40 C for 4 hours followed by stirring at
room temperature
overnight. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified
by flash
chromatography (silica gel, 20/80 v/v n-hexane/Et0Ac to 50/50 v/v n-
hexane/Et0Ac, then
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1/99 v/v DCM/Me0H to 5/95 v/v DCM/Me0H) to afford the product as a yellow
solid (0.579
g, 71%). LC/MS (4.468 min (ES)), tn/z: 978.55 [M+H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6
8.63
(br s, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.78 (br s, 1H), 7.53 (d, 2H, J= 8.1 Hz), 7.31 (d,
2H, J= 8.6 Hz),
6.76 (s, 1H), 6.59 (d, 1H, J= 7.6 Hz), 6.36 (br s, 1H), 6.04 (d, 1H, J= 15.9
Hz), 5.90 (m, 1H),
5.55 (m, 1H), 5.33¨ 5.21 (m, 3H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.66 (m, 2H), 4.57 (dd, 2H, J
= 5.6, 1.0 Hz),
3.98 (dd, 1H, J = 7.3, 6.8 Hz), 3.90 (m, 1H), 3.81 (m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 2.82
(dd, 1H, J =
15.4, 9.6 Hz), 2.72 (dd, 1H, J = 15.9, 3.5 Hz), 2.17 (m, 1H), 1.78 (dd, 3H, J
= 6.5. 0.8 Hz),
1.46 (d, 3H, J = 7.1 Hz), 1.29 (m, 3H), 1.11 (d, 18H, J = 7.1 Hz), 0.97 (d,
3H, J = 6.8 Hz),
0.92 (d, 3H, J = 6.8 Hz), 0.83 (s, 9H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H).
(b) Ally! ((S)-1-(((S)-114-((((2-((S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-((E)-prop-1-en-l-y1)-
2,3-dihydro-1H-
pyrrole-1-carbonyl)-4-methoxy-5-
((triisopropylsily0oxy)phenyl)carbarnoyl)oxy)rnethyl)plienyl)arnino)-1-
oxopropan-2-yOatnino)-
3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yOcarbamate (76)
The silyl ether 75 (1.49 g, 1.52 mmol, 1.0 eq) was dissolved in a 7:1:1:2
mixture of acetic
acid/ methanol/ tetrahydrofuran/ water (14:2:2:4 mL) and allowed to stir at
room temperature.
After 2 hours the reaction was diluted with Et0Ac (100 mL), washed
sequentially with water,
aq. sodium bicarbonate then brine. The organic phase was then dried over
MgSO4, filtered
and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash
chromatography (silica gel, 100/0 then 99/1 to 92/8 v/v DCM/ Me0H) to afford
the product as
an orange solid (1.2 g, 92%). LC/MS (3.649 min (ES)), m/z: 865.44 [M-F1-1]+.
1H NMR (400
MHz, CDCI3) 6 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.35(s, 1H), 7.69 (br s, 1H), 7.53 (d, 2H, J= 8.7
Hz), 7.32 (d,
2H, J = 8.3 Hz), 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.56 (m, 2H), 6.32 (br s, 1H), 6.05 (d, 1H, J =
14.9 Hz), 5.90
(m, 1H), 5.56(m, 1H), 5.30 (m, 2H), 5.22 (m, 1H), 5.10 (d, 2H, J= 3.1 Hz),
4.73 (m, 1H),
.. 4.64 (m, 1H), 4.57 (d, 2H, J = 5.8 Hz), 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.79 (m, 2H), 3.76
(s, 3H), 2.98 (dd, 1H,
J= 16.3, 10.2 Hz), 2.38 (dd, 1H, J= 16.6, 4.1 Hz), 2.16 (m, 1H), 1.78 (dd, 3H,
J= 6.8, 0.9
Hz), 1.46 (d, 3H, J= 7.1 Hz), 1.29 (m, 3H), 1.11 (d, 18H, J= 7.4 Hz), 0.97 (d,
3H, J= 6.7
Hz), 0.92 (d, 3H, J = 6.8 Hz).
(c) (I 1 S, I 1 aS)-44(S)-24(S)-2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-
methylbutanamido)propanamido)benzyl 11-hyd roxy-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-
eny1)-8-
(triisopropylsilyloxy)-1 1,11 a-dihydro-1H-benzole]pyrrolo[1 ,2-41,4]diazepine-
1 0(5H)-
carboxylate (7
Dry dimethyl sulfoxide (0.180 g, 2.3 mmol, 3.0 eq) was added dropwise to a
solution of
oxalyl chloride (0.147 g, 1.1mmol, 1.5 eq) in DCM (10 mL) at -78 C under an
atmosphere of
nitrogen. Maintaining the temperature at -78 C, after 20 minutes, a solution
of the primary
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alcohol 76 (0.666 g, 0.77 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DCM (10 mL) was added dropwise.
After a further
15 minutes, dry triethylamine (0.390 g, 3.85 mmol, 5.0 eq) was added, and the
reaction
mixture allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed
successively with cold 0.1N HCI (10 mL), saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate
(10 mL) and
brine (5 mL). The organic layer was then dried over MgSO4, filtered and
concentrated under
reduced pressure. The residue was then purified by flash chromatography
(silica gel, 50/50
v/v n-hexanelEt0Ac to 25/75 v/v n-hexane/Et0Ac) to afford the product as a
white solid
(0.356g, 54 /0). LC/MS (3.487 min (ES)), m/z: 862.2 [M+H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz,
CDCI3) 6
8.34 (br s, 1H), 7.47 (d, 2H, J= 7.6 Hz), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, 2H, J= 7.5
Hz), 6.86 (br s,
1H), 6.65 (br s, 1H), 6.42 (d, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz), 6.22 (d, 1H, J = 14.4 Hz),
5.80 (m, 1H), 5.40
(m, 1H), 5.53 (m, 1H), 5.32 (m, 1H), 5.21 (d, 2H, J = 9.6 Hz), 5.06 (d, 1H, J
= 12.3 Hz), 4.90
(m, 1H), 4.58 (m, 3H), 3.98 (m, 1H), 3.84 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.50 (m, 1H),
3.05 (dd, 1H, J
= 16.0, 10.3 Hz), 2.76 (m, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 1.80 (dd, 3H, J = 6.7, 0.8 Hz),
1.44 (d, 3H, J =
7.1 Hz), 1.16 (m, 3H), 1.01 (d, 18H, J = 6.6 Hz), 0.96 (d, 3H, J = 6.8 Hz),
0.92 (d, 3H, J = 6.8
Hz).
(d) (115,11aS)-44(S)-24(S)-2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-
methylbutanamido)propanamido)benzyl 11-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-7-methoxy-
5-oxo-2-
((E)-prop-1-enyI)-8-(triisopropylsilyloxy)-11,11a-dihydro-1 H-
benzo[e]pyrrolo[1, 2-
a][1,4jd1azep1ne-10(5H)-carboxylate (78)
Tert-butyldimethylsilyltrifluoromethane sulfonate (0.46 g, 1.74mmo1, 3.0 eq)
was added to a
solution of secondary alcohol 77(0.5 g, 0.58 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 2,6-lutidine
(0.25 g, 2.32
mmol, 4.0 eq) in dry DCM (10 mL) at 0 C under an atmosphere of nitrogen. After
10
minutes, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and
stirred for a
further 120 mins. The organic phase was then washed successively with water
(10 mL),
saturated sodium bicarbonate (10 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO4,
filtered and
concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash
chromatography
(silica gel, 50/50 v/v n-hexane/Et0Ac) to afford the product as a white solid
(0.320 g, 57 A).
LC/MS (4.415 min (ES)), m/z: 976.52 [M-'-H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 68.31 (br
s, 1H),
7.48 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, 2H, J = 8.3 Hz), 6.89(s, 1H),
6.65(s, 1H),
6.38 (d, 1H, J = 7.3 Hz), 6.25 (d, 1H, J = 14.6 Hz), 5.93 (m, 1H), 5.85 (d,
1H, J = 8.8 Hz),
5.50 (m, 1H), 5.34 (m, 1H), 5.24 (m, 2H), 5.15 (d, 1H, J = 12.5 Hz), 4.86 (d,
1H, J = 12.2 Hz),
4.62 (m, 3H), 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.78 (m, 1H), 3.04 (m, 1H), 2.56 (m,
1H), 2.20 (m,
1H), 1.84 (dd, 3H, J = 6.6, 0.7 Hz), 1.48 (d, 3H, J = 6.8 Hz), 1.20 (m, 3H),
1.05 (d, 9H, J =
2.9 Hz), 1.03 (d, 9H, J = 2.9 Hz), 0.99 (d, 3H, J = 6.8 Hz), 0.95 (d, 3H, J =
6.8 Hz), 0.88 (s,
9H), 0.27 (s, 3H), 0.14 (s, 3H).
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(e) (11S,1 1 aS)-44(S)-24(S)-2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-
methylbutanamido)propanamido)benzyl 11-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-8-hydroxy-
7-methoxy-
5-oxo-24(E)-prop-1-eny1)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-
a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-
carboxylate (79)
Lithium acetate dihydrate (0.010 g, 0.10 mmol, 1.0 eq) was added to a solution
of the silyl
ether 78 (0.100 g, 0.10 mmol, 1.0 eq) in wet DMF (2 mL) at 25 C for 3 hours.
The reaction
mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and washed successively
with 0.1M citric
acid (20 mL, pH 3), water (20 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered
and
concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash
chromatography
(silica gel, 5/95 v/v methanol/DCM) to afford the product as a pale yellow oil
(0.070 g, 83 %).
LC/MS (3.362 min (ES)), m/z: 820.2 [M+H]t 1H NMR (400 MHz, 00013) 6 8.39 (s,
1H), 7.48
(d, 2H, J = 8.2 Hz), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.12 (d, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz), 6.88 (s, 1H),
6.68 (s, 1H), 6.47 (d,
1H, J = 7.6 Hz), 6.24 (d, 1H, J = 15.2 Hz), 6.03 (s, 1H), 5.92 (m, 1H), 5.84
(d, 1H, J = 8.9
Hz), 5.50 (m, 1H), 5.34 (m, 1H), 5.26(m, 2H), 5.18 (d, 1H, J= 12.3 Hz), 4.80
(d, 1H, J= 12.4
Hz), 4.66 ¨4.60 (m, 3H), 4.02 (m, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.81 (m, 1H), 3.03 (m,
1H), 2.57 (m,
1H), 2.19 (m, 1H), 1.84 (dd, 3H, J = 6.8, 0.8 Hz), 1.48 (d, 3H, J = 7.1 Hz),
1.00 (d, 3H, J =
6.8 Hz), 0.95 (d, 3H, J = 6.8 Hz), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.26 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H).
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(iv) (11S,11aS)-4-((20S,23S)-1-iodo-20-isopropy1-23-methy1-2,18,21-trioxo-
6,9,12,15-
tetraoxa-3,19,22-triazatetracosanamido)benzyl 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-8-(3-((S)-7-
methoxy-
5-oxo-24(E)-prop-1-eny1)-5,11a-dihydro-1H-benzorelpyrrolo[1,2-a1[1,41d iazeb1n-
8-
yloxy)propoxy)-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-eny1)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-
alf 1,41d iazeDine-10(5H )-carboxylate (66, D)
0
N A),
ALLOC
H10(L
o__/=
0 0
=( OTBS
11880t. r OH
11101
Me0
õ. OMe 0
0
7
74
9=
11¨Ala¨Val¨ALLOC?
0
/.(1) OTBS
TBSO,õ
rib N H
1111111P OMe Me0
0
0
=1,1¨Ala¨Val¨ALL(1
HO, Ur = 0 0 *I-1
OMe Me0 (161
0
0 81
N¨Ala¨Val¨NH,
O'r
40
OO
OMe Me0 411P N
0
0 0
pEG4¨Irrti
410
CHO t 0
N
N 411 Me0 1111
0
0
66
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(a) (11S,11aS)-allyl 8-(3-((11S,11 aS)-104(44(R)-2-((R)-2-
(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-
methylbutanamido)propanamido)benzyloxy)carbonyI)-11-(tert-
butyldimethylsilyloxy)-7-
methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-5,10,11,11 a-tetrahydro-1H-
benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-
a][1,4jdiazepin-8-yloxy)propoxy)-11-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-7-methoxy-5-
oxo-2-((E)-prop-
1-eny1)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzolejpyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-
carboxylate (80)
Potassium carbonate (0.030 g, 0.21 mmol, 1.0 eq) was added to a solution of
the phenol 79
(0.175 g, 0.21 mmol, 1.0 eq) and the iodo linker 74 (0.214 g, 0.32 mmol, 1.5
eq) in acetone
(10 mL). The reaction mixture was heated under a nitrogen atmosphere at 75 C
in a sealed
flask for 17 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness under
reduced
pressure and purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 2/98 v/v
methanol/DCM to 5/95 v/v
methanol/DCM) to afford the product as a pale yellow solid (0.100 g, 35%).
LC/MS (4.293
min (ES)), m/z: 1359.13 [Mr.
(b) (115,11aS)-ally18-(3-((11S,11aS)-104(4-((R)-24(R)-2-
(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-
methylbutanamido)propanamido)benzyloxy)carbonyl)-11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-
((E)-
prop-1-enyl)-5,10,11,11a-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,41diazepin-8-
yloxy)propoxy)-11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-oxo-24E)-prop-1-eny1)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-
benzore]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (81)
Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (1M, 0.22 mL, 0.22 mmol, 2.0 eq) was added to a
solution
of silyl ether 80 (0.150 g, 0.11 mmol, 1.0 eq) in dry THF (2 mL). The reaction
mixture was
stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes, after which LC/MS indicated
complete reaction.
The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and washed
sequentially with
water (5 mL) and brine (5 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4,
filtered and
concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a yellow solid. Purification by
flash
chromatography (silica gel, 6/94 v/v methanol/DCM to 10/90 v/v methanol/DCM)
afforded the
product as a pale yellow solid (0.090 g, 73%). LC/MS (2.947 min (ES)), m/z:
1154.0
[M+Na]t 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 8.39 (br s, 1H), 7.39 (d, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz),
7.18 (d, 2H,
J = 10.6 Hz), 7.10 (m, 3H), 6.86 (d, 2H, J = 10.0 Hz), 6.74 (s, 1H), 6.55 (s,
1H), 6.22 (dd, 2H,
J = 15.3, 6.6 Hz), 5.85 (m, 2H), 5.74 (m, 3H), 5.52 (m, 2H), 5.22 (m, 1H),
5.00 (m, 2H), 4.57
(m, 6H), 4.41 (m, 2H), 4.09 (m, 4H), 3.85 (m, 11H), 3.06 (m, 2H), 2.76 (m,
2H), 2.20 (m, 2H),
2.08 (m, 1H), 1.79 (d, 6H, J= 6.4 Hz), 1.40 (d, 3H, J= 6.1 Hz), 0.90 (m, 6H).
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(c) (11S,11aS)-44(R)-24(R)-2-amino-3-methylbutanamido)propanamido)benzyl 11-
hydroxy-
7-methoxy-8-(3-((S)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-24(E)-prop-1-eny1)-5,11 a-dihydro-1 H-
benzofelpyrrolo[1,2-a][1, 4]diazepin-8-yloxy)propoxy)-5-oxo-24(E)-prop-1-eny1)-
11,11 a-
dihydro-1 H-be nzolelpyrrolo[1,2-41,41diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (65)
.. Tetrakis(triphenylphospene)palladium(0) (0.005 g, 0.005 mmol, 0.06 eq) was
added to a
solution of the bis-carbinolamine 81 (0.090 g, 0.08 mmol, 1.0 eq) and
pyrrolidine (16 pL,
0.20 mmol, 2.5 eq) in dry DCM (5 mL). After 20 minutes, the reaction mixture
was diluted
with DCM (10 mL) and washed sequentially with saturated ammonium chloride (5
mL) and
brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered and the solvent was removed under
reduced
pressure to leave the crude product as a pale yellow solid which was used in
the next step
without further purification (0.075 g, assumed 100% yield). LC/MS (2.060 min
(ES)), m/z:
947.2 [M+H]t
(d) (11S,11aS)-4-((205,23S)-1-iodo-20-isopropy1-23-methy1-2,18,21-trioxo-
6,9,12,15-
.. tetraoxa-3,19,22-triazatetracosanamido)benzyl 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-8-(34(S)-
7-methoxy-
5-oxo-24(E)-prop-1-eny1)-5,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-4[1,4]diazepin-8-
yloxy)propoxy)-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-eny1)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[I
,2-
a][1,4jdiazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (66, D)
EDCI (0.015 g, 0.08 mmol, 1.0 eq) was added to a solution of amine 65 (assumed
100%
.. yield 0.075 g, 0.08 mmol, 1.0 eq) and iodoacetamide-PEaracid 17 (0.034 g,
0.08 mmol, 1.0
eq) in dry dichloromethane (5 mL) and the reaction was stirred in the dark.
After 50 minutes,
a further amount of iodoacetamide-PEGracid 17 (0.007 g, 0.016 mmol, 0.2 eq)
was added
along with a further amount of EDO! (0.003 g, 0.016 mmol, 0.2 eq). After a
total of 2.5 hours,
the reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (15 mL) and washed
sequentially with
water (10 mL) and brine (10 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4,
filtered and
concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by
flash
chromatography (silica gel, Chloroform 100% to 90:10 v/v Chloroform:Methanol).
Pure
fractions were combined to afford the product (0.0254 g, 23%, 2 steps). The
crude fractions
were collected and purified by preparative TLC (silica gel, 90:10 v/v
Chloroform:Methanol) to
afford a second batch of product (0.0036 g, 3%, 2 steps). LC/MS (2.689 min
(ES)), m/z:
681.0 1/2[M+2H].
Example 10: Activity of released compounds
K562 assay
.. K562 human chronic myeloid leukaemia cells were maintained in RPM1 1640
medium
supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 2 mM glutamine at 37 C in a
humidified
165
atmosphere containing 5% CO2 and were incubated with a specified dose of drug
for 1 hour
or 96 hours at 37 C in the dark. The incubation was terminated by
centrifugation (5 min, 300
g) and the cells were washed once with drug-free medium. Following the
appropriate drug
treatment, the cells were transferred to 96-well microtiter plates (104 cells
per well, 8 wells
per sample). Plates were then kept in the dark at 37 C in a humidified
atmosphere
containing 5% CO2. The assay is based on the ability of viable cells to reduce
a yellow
soluble tetrazolium salt, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2,5-dipheny1-2H-
tetrazolium bromide
(MIT, Aldrich-Sigma), to an insoluble purple formazan precipitate. Following
incubation of
the plates for 4 days (to allow control cells to increase in number by
approximately 10 fold),
20 pL of MTT solution (5 mg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline) was added to each
well and
the plates further incubated for 5 h. The plates were then centrifuged for 5
min at 300 g and
the bulk of the medium pipetted from the cell pellet leaving 10-20 pL per
well. DMSO (200
pL) was added to each well and the samples agitated to ensure complete mixing.
The optical
density was then read at a wavelength of 550 nm on a Titertek Multiscan TM
ELISA plate
reader, and a dose-response curve was constructed. For each curve, an 1050
value was
read as the dose required to reduce the final optical density to 50% of the
control value.
Compound ReIC has an IC50 of less than 0.1 pM in this assay.
Compound RelE has an 1050 of 0.425 nM in this assay.
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Example 11: Formation of conjugates
General antibody conjugation procedure
Antibodies are diluted to 1-5 mg/mL in a reduction buffer (examples: phosphate
buffered
saline PBS, histidine buffer, sodium borate buffer,TRIS buffer). A freshly
prepared solution of
TCEP (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride) is added to selectively
reduce cysteine
disulfide bridges. The amount of TCEP is proportional to the target level of
reduction, within
1 to 4 molar equivalents per antibody, generating 2 to 8 reactive thiols.
After reduction for
several hours at 37 C, the mixture is cooled down to room temperature and
excess drug-
linker (A, B, C, D, E) added as a diluted DMSO solution (final DMSO content of
up to 10%
volume/volume of reaction mixture). The mixture was gently shaken at either 4
C or room
temperature for the appropriate time, generally 1-3 hours. Excess reactive
thiols can be
reacted with a `thiol capping reagent' like N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) at the end
of the
conjugation. Antibody-drug conjugates are concentrated using centrifugal spin-
filters with a
molecular weight cut-off of 10 kDa or higher, then purified by tangential flow
filtration (TEE)
or Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC). Corresponding antibody-drug
conjugates
can be determined by analysis by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
or
Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) to assess drug-per-
antibody ratio
(DAR) using reverse-phase chromatography (RP) or Hydrophobic-Interaction
Chromatography (H IC), coupled with UV-Visible, Fluorescence or Mass-
Spectrometer
detection; aggregate level and monomer purity can be analysed by HPLC or UHPLC
using
size-exclusion chromatography coupled with UV-Visible, Fluorescence or Mass-
Spectrometer detection. Final conjugate concentration is determined by a
combination of
spectroscopic (absorbance at 280, 214 and 330 nm) and biochemical assay
(bicinchonic
acid assay BOA; Smith, P.K., etal. (1985) Anal. Biochem. 150(1): 76-85; using
a known-
concentration IgG antibody as reference). Antibody-drug conjugates are
generally sterile
filtered using 0.2 p,m filters under aseptic conditions, and stored at +4 C, -
20 C or -80 C.
DAR Determination
Antibody or ADC (ca. 35 pg in 35 pL) was reduced by addition of 10 pL borate
buffer (100
mM, pH 8.4) and 5 pL DTT (0.5 M in water), and heated at 37 C for 15 minutes.
The sample
was diluted with 1 volume of acetonitrile: water: formic acid (49%: 49%: 2%
v/v), and injected
onto a Widepore 3.6p XB-C18 150 x 2.1 mm (P/N 00F-4482-AN) column (Phenomenex
Aeris) at 80 C, in a UPLC system (Shimadzu Nexera) with a flow rate of 1
ml/min
equilibrated in 75% Buffer A (Water, Trifluoroacetic acid (0.1% v/v) (TEA),
25% buffer B
(Acetonitrile: water: TEA 90%: 10%: 0.1% v/v). Bound material was eluted using
a gradient
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from 25% to 55% buffer B in 10 min. Peaks of UV absorption at 214 nm were
integrated. The
following peaks were identified for each ADC or antibody: native antibody
light chain (LO),
native antibody heavy chain (HO), and each of these chains with added drug-
linkers (labelled
L1 for light chain with one drug and H1, H2, H3 for heavy chain with 1,2 or 3
attached drug-
linkers). The UV chromatogram at 330 nm was used for identification of
fragments
containing drug-linkers (i.e., L1, H1, H2, H3).
A PBD/protein molar ratio was calculated for both light chains and heavy
chains:
E C:
AMU ______________________________________________
Peo ' '
r 171. ror
=
; E 1:7:1 21
Final DAR is calculated as:
DAR ¨ 2 It on -mai ,T t ?labs)
DAR measurement is carried out at 214 nm because it minimises interference
from drug-
linker absorbance.
Generation of ADCs
Epratuzumab is an anti-CD22 antibody comprising a VH domain having the
sequence
according to SEQ ID NO. 1 and a VL domain having the sequence according to SEQ
ID NO.
2.
.. ADCs targeted to CD22 were generated by conjugating Epratuzumab to warhead-
linker A,
as described above. The resulting ADCs are listed in the table below. B12 anti-
HIV gp120
antibody was used to generate control non-0D22 targeted ADCs.
ADC DAR Concentration [mg/m1] Yield [%]
Epratuzumab-SG3246 2.03 0.72 49
B12-SG3246 2.73 0.57 41
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EXAMPLE 12: in vitro cytotoxicity of ADCs
Cell Culture
WSU-DLCL2 and SU-DHL-1 cells were from the Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German
Collection
of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures. Ramos and Daudi cells were from the
American Type
Culture Collection. Cell culture medium was RPM! 1640 supplemented with L-
Glutamine and
10% FBS. Cells were grown at 37 C, 5% CO2, in a humidified incubator.
Cytotoxicity assay
The concentration and viability of cultures of suspended cells (at up to 1 x
106/m1) were
determined by mixing 1:1 with Trypan blue and counting clear (live)/blue
(dead) cells with a
haemocytometer. The cell suspension was diluted to the required seeding
density (generally
105/m1) and dispensed into 96-well flat bottomed plates. For Alamar blue
assay, 100 p1/well
was dispensed in black-well plates. For MTS assay, 50 p1/well was dispensed in
clear-well
plates. A stock solution (1 ml) of ADC (20 pg/ml) was made by dilution of
filter-sterile ADC
into cell culture medium. A set of 8 x 10-fold dilutions of stock ADC were
made in a 24 well
plate by serial transfer of 100 pl onto 900 pl of cell culture medium. Each
ADC dilution (100
p1/well for Alamar blue, 50 p1/well for MTS) was dispensed into 4 replicate
wells of the 96-
won platc, containing coil suspcnsion. Control wclls rcccivcd thc samc volumc
of culturc
medium only. After incubation for 4 days, cell viability was measured by
either Alamar blue
or MTS assay.
AlamarBlue0 (Invitrogen, catalogue number DAL1025) was dispensed (20 pl per
well) into
each well and incubated for 4 hours at 37 C in the CO2-gassed incubator. Well
fluorescence
was measured at excitation 570 nm, emission 585 nm. Cell survival (%) was
calculated from
the ratio of mean fluorescence in the 4 ADC-treated wells compared to the mean
fluorescence in the 4 control wells (100%).
MTS (Promega, catalogue number G5421) was dispensed (20 pl per well) into each
well and
incubated for 4 hours at 37 C in the CO2-gassed incubator. Absorbance was
measured at
490 nm. Cell survival (`)/0) was calculated from the mean absorbance in the 4
ADC-treated
wells compared to the mean absorbance in the 4 control wells (100%). Dose
response
curves were generated from the mean data of 3 replicate experiments and the
EC50 was
determined by fitting data to a sigmoidal dose-response curve with variable
slope using
Prism (GraphPad, San Diego, CA).
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In vitro cytotoxicity
The efficacy of Epratuzumab-A was tested against 0D22 +ve cell lines, Daudi,
Ramos and
WSU-DLCL2. As a CD22 -ye control, SU-DHL-1 cells were used.
Figure 1 shows in vitro efficacy of Epratuzumab-A. Serial 10-fold dilutions
(pg/mL) of
Epratuzumab-A were incubated with Daudi, Ramos, WSU-DLCL2 or SU-DHL-1 cells.
The
Alamar Blue assay was performed at the end of the incubation period and cell
survival
calculated. Graphs represent the average of three replicate experiments.
Epratuzumab-A showed significant cytotoxicity against Daudi, Ramos and WSU-
DLCL2 cells
(Figure 1). In all cases, the cytotoxicity observed with Epratuzumab-A
significantly exceeded
that seen with the equivalent non-CD22-binding ADC B12-A (see Figure 2).
Figure 2 shows in vitro efficacy of B12-A. Serial 10-fold dilutions (pg/mL) of
B12-A were
incubated with Daudi, Ramos, WSU-DLCL2 or SU-DHL-1 cells. The Alamar Blue
assay was
performed at the end of the incubation period and cell survival calculated.
Graphs represent
the average of three replicate experiments.
E050 (pg/mL) SUDHL1 Daudi Ramos WSU-DLCL2
Epratuzumab-A ¨6.776 0.01359 0.03319 0.02430
B12-A 1.536 0.2425 0.1273 0.2532
EXAMPLE 13 ¨ in vivo anti-tumour activity of ADCs
The CD22 +(ve) human Burkitt's lymphoma-derived cell line Ramos was used in a
mouse
xenograft model to test the in vivo efficacy of the Epratuzumab-A ADC. As a
non-CD22-
binding control, the anti-HIV gp120 antibody, B12, linked to A was used in the
same model.
Study design
Drugs and treatment:
Group No Animals ADC Dose level (mg/kg) Dose volume
per group (ml/kg)
1 10 [vehicle only]
2 10 Epratuzumab-A 0.3 10
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3 10 Epratuzumab-A 1.0 10
4 10 B12-A 1.0 10
Procedures:
= Set up CR female NCr nu/nu mice with I x Ramos-SPN tumor cells in 0%
Matrigel sc in flank.
= Cell Injection Volume is 0.1 mL/mouse.
= Age at Start Date: 8 to 12 weeks.
= Perform a pair match when tumors reach an average size of 100 - 150 mm3
and begin
treatment.
= Body Weight: qd x 5 then bi-wk to end
= Caliper Measurement: bi-wk to end
= Report any adverse reactions or death immediately.
= Any individual animal with a single observation of >30% body weight loss
or three
consecutive measurements of >25% body weight loss will be euthanized.
= Any group with two measurements of mean body weight loss of >20% or > 10%
mortality
will stop dosing. The group is not euthanized and recovery is allowed. Within
a group with
>20% weight loss, individuals hitting the individual body weight loss endpoint
will be
euthanized. If the group treatment related body weight loss is recovered to
within 10% of the
original weights, dosing may resume at a lower dose or less frequent dosing
schedule.
Exceptions to non-treatment body weight% recovery may be allowed on a case-by-
case
basis.
= Endpoint TGD. Animals are to be monitored individually. The endpoint of
the experiment is
a tumor volume of 2000mm3 or 60 days, whichever comes first. Responders can be
followed
longer. When the endpoint is reached, the animals are to be euthanized.
General methodological approach
For the calculation of group mean tumor volumes the following rule was
applied: when an
animal exited the study due to tumor size, the final tumor volume recorded for
the animal
was included with the data used to calculate the mean volume at subsequent
time points.
Error bars indicate standard error of the mean (SEM). Tumor volumes values
were not used
to calculate group mean tumor volumes when fewer than 50% of the animals in a
group
remained in the study. Prism (GraphPad, San Diego, CA) was used for graphical
presentations and statistical analyses.
Results
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Figure 3 shows Epratuzumab-A in Ramos xenograft model. Mice were dosed when
the
mean tumor volume per experimental group reached 0.1 cm3 and they were treated
with a
single dose of the ADC at 0.3 and 1 mg/kg (for Epratuzumab ADC) and 1 mg/kg
(for B12
ADC) via IV in the tail vein. Data represent the mean tumour volume (+/- SEM)
from ten
mice in each group.
Epratuzumab-Aat 1.0mg/kg exhibited the most potent anti-tumor activity (Figure
3). The non-
binding ADC control (612-A) showed no significant anti-tumor activity.
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Abbreviations
Ac acetyl
Acm acetamidomethyl
Alloc allyloxycarbonyl
Boc di-tert-butyl dicarbonate
t-Bu tert-butyl
Bz1 benzyl, where Bz1-0Me is methoxybenzyl and Bzl-Me is
methylbenzene
Cbz or Z benzyloxy-carbonyl, where Z-C1 and Z-Br are chloro- and
bromobenzyloxy
carbonyl respectively
DMF N, N-dimethylformamide
Dnp dinitrophenyl
DTT dithiothreitol
Fmoc 9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl
imp N-10 imine protecting group: 3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propanoate-Val-
Ala-PAB
MC-0Su maleimidocaproyl-O-N-succinimide
Moc methoxycarbonyl
MP maleimidopropanamide
Mtr 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethtylbenzenesulfonyl
PAB para-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl
PEG ethyleneoxy
PNZ p-nitrobenzyl carbamate
Psec 2-(phenylsulfonypethoxycarbonyl
TBDMS tert-butyldimethylsilyl
TBDPS tert-butyldiphenylsilyl
Teoc 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl
Tos tosyl
Troc 2,2,2-trichlorethoxycarbonyl chloride
Trt trityl
Xan xanthyl
