Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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Description
Electrical heating apparatus, in particular underfloor
heating
Technical field
The present invention relates to an electrical heating
apparatus, in particular underfloor heating, which is
connectable to a first electrical energy source, having
a heating conductor device, with a first heating
circuit and a first power stage, at least one second
heating circuit with a second power stage and/or
further heating circuits with further power stages, a
heating temperature setting unit for setting the
setpoint temperature, a temperature sensor for
measuring the actual temperature, a device for
activating the heating conductor device on the basis of
the respective values of the setpoint and actual
temperatures.
Prior art
In addition to heating systems which are connected to
the hot water, electrically operated surface heating
apparatus are also used. In this connection, resistor
cables with an incorporated heating conductor are laid
under, in or on the floor screed. Owing to the low
construction height, such electrical heating conductor
devices can be laid directly under floor coverings.
Owing to the relatively small diameter of the heating
cables, these can be laid in the adhesive bed of tiles
and even used under laminate flooring. When a voltage
is applied to the heating conductors, these generate
heat. A control device which is connected to sensors to
detect the ambient temperature controls the heating
operation by a voltage being applied to the heating
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conductors when a predefined temperature is undershot,
wherein the voltage ceases to be applied once the
predefined temperature has been exceeded. As soon as
the predefined temperature is undershot again, the
heating conductor is activated once more.
An electrical surface heating apparatus of the type
mentioned at the outset is known from EP 2 530 389 A2.
That document relates to an electrical surface heating
apparatus for internal and/or external use, in
particular underfloor heating having a heating
conductor device with at least one cold connection
region to an electrically conducting insulated
connection line and a heating conductor region with a
heating element having an electrically conducting
insulated heating conductor which outputs a largely
fixed heating power when voltage is applied, a
switching device for switching on or off the voltage
applied to the heating conductor, a control device for
operating the heating conductor device to achieve a
desired set ambient temperature and a connection device
for the heating conductor device for connecting to a
voltage source, wherein said electrical heating
apparatus is distinguished in that the heating element
has at least two or more heating conductors and the
switching device is designed such that each heating
conductor can have voltage applied to it separately,
with the result that the heating conductors can have
voltage applied thereto individually or combined in a
predefined number or together at the same time during a
predefined time interval. Such a surface heating
apparatus can be operated in an energy-saving manner,
variably adapted in each case to the respective
temperature ratios, produced economically and laid
using common laying techniques.
Furthermore, a surface heating apparatus is known in
which heating conductors with different resistance
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values and hence power values are used, wherein each
heating wire can be separately controlled. In this
case, a central thermostat is used which controls a
heating power stage and by means of which a floor
temperature can be set. In addition, yet further
individual thermostats are present which can be
activated separately and which activate further power
stages within the heating conductor. However, a heating
apparatus such as this has poor energy efficiency, is
expensive and is less user-friendly.
Disclosure of the invention
Proceeding from the stated prior art, the object or the
technical problem on which the invention is based is to
specify an electrical heating apparatus of the type
mentioned at the outset which keeps the advantages
stated in the prior art and, moreover, has improved
energy efficiency and thus ensures economical heating
which can be laid by means of the simple and proven
laying techniques, which can be produced economically
and which ensures a permanently reliable function. A
further object consists in connecting alternative
energy sources in the case of heating apparatus of the
type mentioned at the outset and, at the same time, in
addition to simple assembly, enabling high energy
efficiency, ensuring economical application, being
variably adjustable and enabling a permanently reliable
functionality.
The electrical heating apparatus according to the
invention is given by the features of independent claim
1. Advantageous configurations and developments are the
subject matter of the claims which are directly or
indirectly dependent on independent claim 1.
The electrical heating apparatus according to the
invention of the type mentioned at the outset is
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accordingly distinguished in that a single control
apparatus with a control module is present and is
designed as a multistage controller and is connected
between the first energy source and the heating device,
wherein the heating temperature setting unit and the
temperature sensor output their signals to the control
apparatus and the control module activates Or
deactivates one or more power stages of the heating
circuits individually or in combination on the basis of
the difference between the setpoint and actual values.
Owing to the fact that a single control apparatus is
used for all of the heating circuits, the elaborate,
expensive and user-unfriendly installation of a
plurality of thermometers as in the prior art is
avoided and the overall heating apparatus has high
energy efficiency.
A particularly preferred configuration of the heating
apparatus according to the invention is distinguished
in that the control module is designed as a PI control
module which calculates in each case a control output
on the basis of the control deviation, that is to say
the difference between setpoint and actual temperature,
the P component of said control output being dependent
on the magnitude of the control deviation and the
component of said control output being dependent on the
duration of the control deviation, and correspondingly
actuates the individual heating circuits. By this type
of control, the heating power is successively reduced
as the setpoint temperature is approached and thus
overshooting of the floor temperature above the
setpoint value is avoided. This means an energy-saving
and efficient conversion of the electrical energy and,
in addition to the increase in comfort, also an
improvement in economy on the part of the user.
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The power stages of the heating circuits can in this
case each have identical heating power or different
heating powers. In particular, the latter variant is
particularly effective in relation to the control
characteristics of a PI control module and, has a
result, has high efficiency.
A particularly advantageous development of the heating
apparatus according to the invention which affords
particularly great advantages in terms of the economic
conversion of an energy concept is distinguished in
that, in addition, a second electrical energy source
for the power stages of the heating circuits is
connectable to the control apparatus.
A particularly approved and effective advantageous
configuration of the heating apparatus according to the
invention is distinguished in that the first energy
source is the usual power grid and the second energy
source is designed as individual alternative energy
source, for instance photovoltaic installation or wind
turbine.
An embodiment which is particularly advantageous in
terms of constructive conversion and ensures efficient
control is distinguished in that a logic switching unit
is connected between the second energy source and
control apparatus and outputs to the control apparatus
a control signal relating to the respective present
energy production of the second energy source and, in
the event of sufficient energy production, enables the
second energy source to supply energy to the heating
conductor device.
A particularly user-friendly variant embodiment which
reliably ensures a permanently reliable functionality
in the operating state is distinguished in that an
operating mode switching unit is present which
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communicates with the control apparatus and by means of
which the following operating states can be set via the
control apparatus:
first state: energy supply to the heating conductor
device with the power stages thereof via the first
energy source,
second state: energy supply to the heating conductor
device with the power stages thereof via the second
energy source, and
third state: energy supply to the heating conductor
device with the power stages thereof by a combination
of the first and second energy source.
If the user decides to use only the alternative energy
source for heating purposes, a particularly
advantageous configuration of the heating apparatus
according to the invention is distinguished in that the
control apparatus is designed such that the heating
conductor device is activated only when a positive
signal of the logic unit is present and the second
state is activated, otherwise the heating conductor
device is deactivated.
A preferred development which increases user-
friendliness and implements the safety regulations
which are to be taken into account is distinguished in
that a fourth operating state, frost protection, can be
set by the operating mode switching unit, in which
fourth operating state the control apparatus activates
the heating conductor device when a predefined
temperature is undershot, independently of the set
operating state of the second energy source.
An advantageous configuration which is particularly
simple to implement in terms of construction and also
has recourse to production techniques which are
approved in practice is distinguished in that the
heating conductor device has a heating conductor which
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has a plurality of electrically insulated heating
conductors which are actuable independently of one
another and have identical or different power stages,
which can be activated separately or in combination.
A configuration which is particularly advantageous in
terms of implementing a surface heating apparatus is
distinguished in that the heating conductor device with
heating conductor is designed as one or more heating
mats, wherein the heating conductors are present, in
particular, in a meandrous arrangement.
A compact and user-friendly advantageous configuration
is distinguished in that the control module, the
heating temperature setting unit and operating mode
setting unit are arranged in a controller housing.
An advantageous configuration which further increases
the user-friendliness is distinguished in that the
housing has optical display units for displaying the
set setpoint temperature and the set operating state.
A particularly advantageous configuration in practice
which has very good control characteristics is
distinguished in that two heating circuits are present,
wherein the first power stage applies approximately 33%
of the total heating power and the second power stage
applies approximately 66% of the total heating power,
wherein it has proven particularly advantageous for the
control output characteristics to be designed such
that, in the case of a control output, calculated by
the control apparatus, of approximately 33%, the first
power stage is activated, in the case of a control
output of from approximately 33% to 66%, the second
power stage is activated, and in the case of a control
output between 66% and 100%, the first and second power
stages are activated.
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The heating apparatus according to the invention makes
possible the use as electric heater which becomes a
fundamental component in the energy mix owing to the
energy use. This is, in particular, from the point of
view that alternative energy sources are also used in a
user-friendly and efficient way for the heating
apparatus.
Owing to the use of a plurality of heating power
circuits, an energy-saving heating operation by the
control apparatus of the invention, which could not be
implemented up to now, becomes possible. In addition,
the safety is increased since the additional heating
power circuits can be used as reserve heating circuits,
with the result that a comfort heating operation can
still be maintained in the event of a failure of a
heating circuit. As a result, significant costs for
time-consuming fault location and repair in the event
of a breakdown of a heating power circuit can be
avoided.
In particular, the following advantages result from the
heating apparatus according to the invention:
- An energy-saving operation is possible.
- The thin heating systems known from the prior art
which use the known narrow, coupling-free connection
techniques of the applicant can be used without a
problem.
- By connecting and disconnecting individual heating
conductors in connection with the control apparatus, it
is possible to achieve a variable heating operation
with efficient energy conversion, a high degree of
user-friendliness and permanently reliable function.
- In the event of a failure of an active heating
circuit, the connection of a reserve heating circuit is
possible without a problem, which considerably
increases the heating operation safety.
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The control apparatus which is designed, according to a
preferred exemplary embodiment, as a two-circuit
controller, ensures a particularly energy-efficient
usage.
In an exemplary embodiment, the desired floor
temperature is set via a rotary knob and a sliding
switch enables the selection of the operation mode. In
addition to the basic function of underfloor heating
with three heating stages (heating circuit 1, heating
circuit 2, heating circuits 1 + 2), the control
apparatus can be used particularly expediently in
connection with alternative energy sources (for example
photovoltaic installations or wind turbines) to
optimize the intrinsic consumption.
In a preferred exemplary embodiment, three operating
modes are freely selectable by the user:
1. Switched off (frost protection active).
2. Only operational in the case of sufficient energy
supply by the alternative energy source.
3. Operation by the first and second energy source.
Depending on the present difference between setpoint
and actual value of the floor temperature, the control
apparatus connects only the heating circuit 1, the
heating circuit 2 or both heating circuits.
By the use of the logic unit for the photovoltaic
installation, it is possible to achieve without a
problem an efficient management of the current yield
from said alternative energy source, which is used when
necessary for heating purposes or the yield from which
is fed into the power grid provided no requirements for
the heating operation are present.
Further embodiments and advantages of the invention
emerge from the features which are further cited in the
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claims and from the exemplary embodiments specified
below. The features of the claims may be combined with
one another in any way, provided they is not obviously
mutually exclusive.
Brief description of the drawing
The invention and advantageous embodiments and
developments of said invention are described and
explained in more detail below on the basis of the
examples illustrated in the drawing. The features which
can be gathered from the description and the drawing
can be applied individually per se or multiply in any
combination according to the invention. In the drawing:
figure 1 shows a highly schematic illustration of an
electrical heating apparatus with a plurality
of heating circuits which are controlled by a
control apparatus, wherein a first energy
source and a second energy source are connected
to the control apparatus via a distributor,
figure 2 shows a highly schematic illustration of an
electrical heating apparatus with a plurality
of heating circuits which are controlled by a
control apparatus, wherein a first energy
source and a second energy source are
separately connected to the control apparatus,
figure 3 shows a highly schematic illustration of a
heating apparatus with a plurality of heating
circuits and a control apparatus which controls
the heating circuits separately or in
combination, wherein the control apparatus is
communicatively connected to a first energy
source,
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= figure 4 shows a highly schematic illustration of a
heating apparatus with a plurality of heating
circuits and a control apparatus which controls
the heating circuits separately or in
combination, wherein the control apparatus is
communicatively connected to a first and a
second energy source via a distributor, and
figure 5 shows a highly schematic illustration of an
electrical heating apparatus with two heating
circuits which are controlled via a two-circuit
controller and the power for which is drawn
from the power grid and/or a photovoltaic
installation with intermediate connection of a
distributor unit and a logic unit connected
downstream of the photovoltaic installation.
Embodiments of the invention
Figure 1 illustrates highly schematically a simplified
block diagram of an electrical heating apparatus 10
which has a heating conductor device 12 with three
heating circuits 14.1, 14.2, 14.3 with in each case
associated power stages Li, L2, L3. The heating
conductor device 12 can in this case - as illustrated
on the right of figure 1 in brackets - be designed as a
heating mat which has a meandering heating conductor 13
within which the individual heating circuits 14.1,
14.2, 14.3 are present in an electrically insulated
manner as individual heating wires. Such a heating
conductor 13 is described in EP 2 530 389 from the
applicant.
The individual heating circuits 14.1, 14.2, 14.3 are
connected to a control apparatus 20 which, depending on
requirements, activates the heating circuits 14.1,
14.2, 14.3 individually or in combination via relays.
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A first energy source 16 and a second energy source 30
are connected to the control apparatus 20 via a
distributor 36, which energy sources supply both the
control apparatus 20 and the heating circuits 14.1,
14.2, 14.3 with electrical energy. In a practical
application case, the first energy source 16 is the
power grid which in general is available everywhere in
a building, and the second energy source 30 is an
individual alternative energy source, for instance a
photovoltaic installation, wind turbine or the like,
which is operated on site.
The control apparatus 20 can be set such that the
energy supply can be operated only via the second,
alternative energy source 30 or via the combination of
the first energy source and second energy source 30.
Figure 2 likewise illustrates highly schematically a
block circuit diagram of an alternative electrical
heating apparatus 10, which differs from the heating
apparatus 10 according to figure 1 in that the first
and second energy sources 16, 30 are separately
connected to the control apparatus 20 and thus their
energy can be drawn either completely separately or in
combination. Identical components have identical
reference signs and are not explained a second time.
Figure 3 shows a block circuit diagram of a heating
apparatus 10 in which only a first energy source 16 is
connected to the control apparatus 20 via a first
connection unit 17. The control apparatus 20 also has
three connection outputs 21 to which the heating
circuits 14.1, 14.2, 14.3 of the heating device 12 are
each separately connected. Within the control apparatus
20, there is a control module 22 to which a signal of a
heating temperature setting unit 24, which is present
on the control apparatus 20, is applied. The signal of
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the heating temperature setting unit 24 represents the
respectively desired setpoint temperature.
Furthermore, a temperature sensor 18 is present, which
is arranged in the region of the heating device 12 and
which outputs a signal to the control module 22, which
signal represents the actual temperature value.
Both the control module 22 and the heating circuits
14.1, 14.2, 14.3 are supplied with energy via the first
energy source 16. In this case, the control module 22
is preferably designed as a PI control module. The
control module 22 first calculates the difference
between the setpoint and actual temperatures, that is
to say the control deviation, and then calculates a
control output therefrom. The control output is
dependent on the magnitude of the control deviation (P
component) and the duration of the control deviation (I
component). The greater this is and the longer it
endures, the higher the control output is set. On the
basis of the magnitude of the respective control
output, the control module 22 activates the respective
heating circuits 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, either individually
or in combination.
By means of such a control apparatus 20 with the
control module 22, an economical and efficient power
supply is ensured, wherein the heating power is
successively reduced as the setpoint temperature is
approached and thus overshooting of the floor
temperature above the setpoint temperature is avoided,
which significantly increases the energy efficiency.
Furthermore, the thermostats known from the prior art
for the heating circuit can be completely omitted. The
single control apparatus controls the operation of the
entire heating apparatus.
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Figure 4 illustrates a further variant embodiment of a
heating apparatus 10, which differs from the heating
apparatus 10 according to figure 3 in that, in
addition, a second energy source 30, which may be a
photovoltaic installation present on site, for example,
is present. The control apparatus 20 has recourse to
the energy of the second energy source 30.
The second energy source 30 has an inverter 38
connected downstream thereof, which inverter converts
the direct current coming from the second energy source
30 into alternating current, wherein the inverter 38 is
connected to a distributor 36 to which the first energy
source 16 is also connected and which is connected to
the control apparatus 20 via the first connection unit
17. Furthermore, a logic unit 34 is connected to the
inverter 38, which logic unit is also referred to as
solar data logger. Provided the second energy source 30
is producing enough energy, the logic unit 34 outputs a
control signal via a control input 35 to the control
apparatus 20. The connection is designed as potential-
free contact.
In addition, an operating mode setting unit 32 is
present on the control apparatus 20, which operating
mode setting unit is communicatively connected to the
control module 22 and via which the desired heating
operating mode is set.
The operating mode setting unit 32 may be designed, for
example, as a sliding switch and the heating
temperature setting unit 24 may be designed, for
example, as a rotary switch.
The function of the electrical heating apparatus
according to figure 4 will be described below on the
basis of the illustration of the schematic circuit
diagram of figure 5 as concrete exemplary embodiment.
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The control apparatus 20 in this case is designed as a
two-circuit control apparatus with PI characteristics.
In the exemplary embodiment, the control apparatus is
designed for the control of a heating conductor device
12 with two heating circuits 14.1, 14.2 with different
power stages, wherein the powers of the stages differ
in the present exemplary embodiment in the ratio 4:7.
The two power circuits may be activated individually or
together, whereupon the following heating stages result
(the percentage figures relate to the maximum power
controllable by the control apparatus; this is achieved
when both power circuits are switched on):
stage 0: 0.0% power (both power circuits switched off)
stage 1: 36.4% power (power circuit 1 switched on)
stage 2: 63.4% power (power circuit 2 switched on)
stage 3: 100.0% power (both power circuits switched
on).
The control apparatus 20 is designed such that the
maximum activatable heating stage can be limited
depending on the operating mode.
Heating systems with other power stages than those
described above can also be used. In particular, it is
also possible to use power stages with the same powers.
In the exemplary embodiment, the temperature is
controlled by measuring the actual temperature via the
external temperature sensor 18 installed in the floor.
The setpoint value of the floor temperature is set on
the control apparatus 20 via the heating temperature
setting unit 24. The setting region in the case of the
present exemplary embodiment is between +10 C and
+55 C.
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The difference between setpoint and actual temperature
(control deviation) is supplied to the PI control
module 22 which calculates a control output (0 to 100%)
therefrom. The control output is dependent on the
magnitude of the control deviation (P component) and
the duration of the control deviation (I component).
The greater this is and the longer it endures, the
higher the control output becomes.
On the basis of the calculated control output, the
heating stages are connected by the control module 22
as follows:
control output = 0%: stage 0
0% < control output 36%: stage 1 (heating circuit
14.1 activated)
36% < control output 63%: stage 2 (heating circuit
14.2 activated)
63% < control output 100%: stage 3 (heating circuits
14.1 and 14.2 activated).
Owing to this type of control, the heating power is
successively reduced as the setpoint temperature is
approached and thus an overshoot of the floor
temperature above the setpoint value is avoided.
The operating mode of the control apparatus 20 is set
via the operating mode setting unit 32. In the present
exemplary embodiment, three operating modes are
possible:
1. switched off (frost protection operation),
2. operation only with renewable energy (from the
second energy source 30) permissible and
3. operation with renewable energy and grid energy
(second energy source 30 and first energy source 16)
permissible.
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The respectively set operating states are displayed in
a visibly recognizable manner on the control apparatus
20.
During the frost protection operation, the setpoint
floor temperature is permanently set to 5 C,
independently of the setting via the operating mode
setting unit 32. The signal input of the logic unit 34
has no function.
In the operating state "only with renewable energy",
the setting of the heating temperature setting unit 24
is used as setpoint value and the heating apparatus 10
is only switched on if the signal of the logic unit 34
is active, that is to say the second energy source 30
produces enough energy. The heating stage in this
operating mode may also be limited, if necessary.
During operation "with renewable energy and grid
energy", the setting of the heating temperature setting
unit 24 is also used as setpoint value and the heating
apparatus 10 is switched on independently of the signal
of the logic unit 34. In this operating mode, too, the
heating stage may be limited, if necessary.
Finally, it is still possible to set rapid heating via
buttons which are not illustrated in more detail, in
the case of which rapid heating a defined maximum power
stage is connected, independently of the set operating
mode, until the floor temperature has reached the set
setpoint value.
The exemplary embodiment shows a floor temperature
control apparatus 20 for electrical floor heaters,
which is specifically designed for heating conductors
with two power stages. In addition to the basic
function of underfloor heating with three heating
stages (heating stage 1, heating stage 2, heating
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stages 1 + 2), the power drawn from the domestic grid
(first energy source 16) by the control apparatus 20
can additionally be limited by a control input, with
the result that the control apparatus 20 can be used
particularly expediently in connection with a further
alternative energy source 30 (for example photovoltaic
installation) to optimize the intrinsic consumption for
the generation of renewable energy. The desired floor
temperature is set in a simple manner via the heating
temperature setting unit 24 (rotary knob); the
operating mode setting unit 32 (sliding switch) permits
the selection of the operating mode. Independently
thereof, rapid heating can be started via a button. In
the exemplary embodiment, the feedback of the present
operating state is done, for example, via an optical
display, for example via a bi-color LED.
As illustrated in figure 5, in the exemplary
embodiment, an inverter 38 is connected downstream of
the second energy source 30 (photovoltaic
installation), which is connected to a distributor 36
via a generation meter 44 which measures the total
electrical energy which has been generated by the
photovoltaic installation. The distributor 36 is
connected to a supply and consumption meter 42 in the
direction of the first energy source 16 (power grid),
which supply and consumption meter meters the energy
taken from the power grid which is necessary if no
energy is supplied via the second energy source 30
(photovoltaic installation). If energy which is not
required is generated by the second energy source 30,
this energy output into the grid is measured by the
supply meter 42. The distributor 36 in turn is
connected to the control apparatus 20, which controls
the two heating circuits present in the exemplary
embodiment on the basis of the signals of the
temperature sensor 18, the setpoint temperature value
set via the heating temperature setting unit 24 and the
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operating mode set via the operating mode setting unit
32, such that the three power stages (1/3, 2/3, 3/3)
illustrated schematically in figure 5 are in each case
activatable if necessary. The supply and consumption
meter 42 is designed as a current meter/bidirectional
meter and feeds the current which is generated by the
second energy source 30 (photovoltaic installation) and
not consumed back into the grid, provided that it is
not required by the heating apparatus 10.
In the exemplary embodiment shown, the photovoltaic
installation (second energy source 30) generates
current through solar energy. The logic unit 34 is in
constant communication with the inverter 38. Threshold
values are stored in the logic unit 34, that is to say
it is possible, for example, in the case of a 10 kW
photovoltaic installation, to connect 3.5 kW or 8 kW
consumption for the intrinsic consumption on the basis
of the present feed-in power. The described two-circuit
control apparatus 20 decides - in communication with
the logic unit 34 - whether or not heating will take
place with current from the second energy source 30
(current from the photovoltaic installation).
Between the logic unit 34 and the control apparatus 20,
a relay station 40 can preferably be connected which
enables the simple connection of electrical consumers
via a network. The user configuration can in this case
take place conveniently via a web interface.
Furthermore, the connection can be made directly to the
device via SNMP or Syslog or integrated in its own
application. With a relay station 40 such as this, it
is possible to measure energy consumption which enables
precise determination of the energy used. Furthermore,
a multiplicity of further electrical variables can be
measured and represented.
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List of reference signs
heating apparatus
12 heating conductor device
13 heating conductor
14 heating circuit .1, .2, .3
16 first energy source (power grid)
17 first connection unit
18 temperature sensor (actual temperature value)
control apparatus
21 connection output
22 control module
24 heating temperature setting unit (setpoint
temperature value)
second energy source (photovoltaic installation)
32 operating mode setting unit
34 logic unit
control input
36 distributor
38 inverter
relay station
42 supply and consumption meter
44 generation meter
Ll power stage
L2 power stage
L3 power stage
