Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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DOOR FOR RECREATIONAL OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLE
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates generally to a vehicle safety device,
and
more particularly, to an integrated safety net for a recreational vehicle to
improve safety
regarding potential bodily injury to riders.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Four-wheeled recreational vehicles have become increasingly popular
in recent decades. The acceleration rate and overall versatility of such
vehicles has also
increased in recent years, which have led to increased accidents and roll-
overs. Because
of the lack of effective use of safety features, when a four-wheeled
recreational vehicle
experiences a roll-over, riders may suffer serious bodily injury because they
either
instinctively extend limbs outside of the perimeter of the vehicle in an
attempt to catch
their fall, or their limbs are thrust outside the perimeter of the vehicle by
the momentum
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and tossing of the vehicle, thereby causing severe injuries to exposed limbs.
In extreme
scenarios, riders can be thrust out of the sides of recreational vehicles due
to a lack of use
of sufficient safety features. Industry standards have been promulgated in an
attempt to
address the safety concerns of recreational vehicles in response to the
frequency and
severity of such injuries.
[0003] To reduce injuries to riders of recreational vehicles, safety
devices and
systems have been incorporated into these vehicles in the form of doors, cross
members,
and/or safety netting. Many of these systems, however, have various
limitations related
to weight/size restrictions and they require the rider to remove multiple
components to
enter the vehicle and then require the rider to fasten the multiple components
upon
entering the vehicle. Often, riders neglect to secure the safety devices or
remove them
altogether, rendering the safety features ineffective upon accidents, and
thereby, exposing
the rider to the aforementioned potential injuries.
[0004] Therefore, a need exists for an improved safety device to
effectively
prevent or minimize such injuries while providing a light-weight safety system
that
obviates the aforementioned problems with existing systems. The present
invention
provides an integrated safety net for recreational vehicles which overcomes
the
deficiencies of existing safety systems and which provides protection from
bodily injury
to the rider due to accidents and roll-overs. More specifically, the present
invention
includes at least one safety net coupled to the forward end of a rear-hinged
door and to
the rearward end of the chassis of a recreational vehicle near the door
opening. The
safety net and the door are integrated such that they cooperatively move as
the door is
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opened and closed, thereby providing minimal operational steps to safely
secure the net
and the door to provide an improved safety device to protect the rider.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] Embodiments of the present invention provide apparatuses, systems,
and methods for protecting riders of recreational vehicles from potential
bodily injury by
including safety nets integrated with doors and the chassis of a vehicle. The
invention
provides the advantage of covering gaps in areas around the perimeter of the
vehicle to
prevent or reduce the likelihood that limbs or other body parts would suffer
injury by
extending beyond the perimeter of the vehicle in the event of a roll-over or
other
disturbance. The invention further provides the advantage of protecting the
rider from
potential injury due to external objects protruding into the sides of the
vehicle, such as
tree branches or other objects, thereby providing further protection to the
lower and upper
body parts of riders.
[0006] The preferred embodiment therefore includes an integrated safety net
system for a recreational vehicle having at least one door disposed in a door
opening, and
a chassis for stepping through said door opening of said door. The system
includes at
least one hinge coupled between the rearward end of the door and the rearward
end of the
chassis. Upper and lower safety nets are coupled to door forward of the hinge
and
coupled to the chassis of the vehicle on or rearward of the rearward side of
the door
opening. The door includes a door frame, a door panel, and a release
mechanism,
whereby the release mechanism is a latch is coupled to the forward end of the
door frame
for securing the door to the forward end of chassis at the forward end of the
door opening
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while the door is in the closed position. The latch is further provided for
releasing the
door from the chassis when desiring to open the door upon entry of the
vehicle. The door,
therefore, is a rear-hinged door with integrated safety nets that swing about
the hinge and
in a backward direction relative to the front of the vehicle.
[0007] Each safety net includes a net frame with mesh webbing secured
within the net frame and a plurality of connection devices for attaching the
safety nets to
the door and the chassis at the respective locations described. The mesh
webbing may be
any type of mesh webbing or other suitable material to resist external forces
in the event
of an accident. The net frame may also be any suitable fabric or material
capable of
providing structural integrity and/or tensile strength to sufficiently resist
external forces
and thereby protect the rider from injury.
[0008] In a presently preferred embodiment, the upper safety net is
coupled to
the door forward of the hinge and coupled to the chassis of the vehicle on or
rearward of
the rearward side of the door opening by the connection devices. Similarly,
the lower
safety net is coupled to the door forward of the hinge and to the chassis of
the vehicle on
or rearward of the rearward side of the door opening by the connection
devices. With the
integrated upper and lower safety nets configured in such manner, the safety
nets and the
door are cooperatively movable as the door moves to the open position or the
closed
position, thereby providing minimal operational steps to provide the
integrated safety net
system to improve safety while riding in the vehicle. It will be appreciated
that the safety
net system may comprise ofjust one safety net covering the same area as
compared to the
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two safety nets described herein, or it may comprise multiple safety nets
integrated into
the door and chassis.
[0009] .. In a presently preferred embodiment, the attachment systems each
comprise a strap coupled to the perimeter of the net frame, such as an elastic
strap or
other member for connecting the net frame to the vehicle to allow flexibility
and
appropriate freedom of minimal movement of the safety nets while operating the
door or
in the event of an accident. An adjustable device may be coupled to the
stretchable
member for allowing adjustment of the length of the stretchable member,
thereby also
providing capability of adjusting tension of the safety nets. The adjustable
device may be
any suitable plastic-type strap adjustment device, hook and loop system,
button system, or
other system capable of adjusting the length of said member. Alternatively,
the net frame
can be directly coupled to the vehicle without the need of stretchable
members,
adjustment devices, or other elements described herein.
[0010] .. In the presently preferred embodiment, each connection device is
coupled at its first end to the distal end of the strap for coupling the strap
to the vehicle.
The second end of the connection device is coupled to a mounting system for
securing the
nets to the door or the chassis of the vehicle at their respective locations.
The mounting
system may comprise a mounting bracket including a hole and a fastener through
said
hole, and the fastener coupled to the connection device. Alternatively, the
mounting
system may be a fastener disposed through a hole in the door frame or the
chassis for
coupling the connection device to the door or chassis. In an alternate
embodiment, the
mounting system may be a clamp or other suitable device for securing the
connection
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device to the door or chassis. The mounting system with the mounting bracket
described
above allows the connection device to pivot while the door is moved or upon an
accident,
thereby reducing stress or tension on the components of the safety net system.
It will be
appreciated that any suitable means of connecting the safety nets to the door
or chassis
could be incorporated into the system, such as simply looping a strap around
the door
frame or chassis and securing the strap to itself. In one preferred
embodiment, the net
frame, mesh webbing, and straps are comprised of fabric strong enough to
provide the
intended safety features. Said components may also be comprised of material
that
minimizes retention of moisture and that reduces potential for corrosion, such
as nylon
fabrics or other materials know to maintain these characteristics. In another
preferred
embodiment, the attachment systems may comprise removable connection devices
coupled to the safety nets so that the safety nets may be replaced or
repaired.
[0011] In the presently preferred embodiment, the upper safety net
comprises
upper first and second connection devices coupling the upper safety net to the
door at the
middle and forward end of the door frame. In addition, upper third and fourth
connection
devices couple the upper safety net to the chassis on or rearward of the
rearward side of
the door opening and above the hinge. Similarly, the lower safety net
comprises a lower
first, second, and third connection devices, said connection devices coupling
the lower
safety net to the door at a forward, middle, and rearward end of the door
frame, all
devices being forward of the hinge. The lower safety net further comprising a
lower
fourth connection device coupled to the chassis on or rearward of the rearward
side of the
door opening and below the hinge. Therefore, the upper safety net, the lower
safety net,
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and the door collectively provide protection to the rider and are
cooperatively movable as
door moves to the open or closed positions.
[0012] In the presently preferred embodiment, the net frame of the upper
and
lower safety nets is configured in the shape of polygons. The perimeter of
each net frame
has edges substantially parallel and in close proximity to corresponding
surfaces of the
vehicle panel, the door frame, and the chassis to provide optimum protection
to the rider
by preventing body parts from extending beyond the perimeter of the vehicle,
specifically
between the safety nets and corresponding components of the vehicle.
Alternatively, the
net frame may be other shapes or have differing edges, such as arcs or
combinations
thereof. In a further alternate embodiment, the safety net may be the door and
still
provide the improved safety features described herein. Furthermore, the safety
nets could
be incorporated into other possible rotatable systems of a vehicle, such as a
windshield
system or trunk/hatch-back safety system to protect riders or equipment/part
contained
within the vehicle.
[0013] In a preferred embodiment, while the door and safety nets are
rotated
about the hinge, the upper safety net has a first rotational axis, the lower
safety net has a
second rotational axis, and the door has a third rotational axis, wherein said
rotational
axes are substantially fixed relative to each other as the door and the safety
nets
cooperatively and collectively rotate to the open or closed positions.
[0014] The present invention also achieves many of the same safety objectives
with a door for a recreational off-highway vehicle. The vehicle includes a
chassis with a
step-through door opening having a rearward side and a forward side. The
vehicle is
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configured to carry occupants on seats in a side-by-side configuration. The
seats have
upwardly facing lower seat support surfaces and seat backs. The seat backs
have a
shoulder region approximately 17 inches from the upwardly facing surface of
the lower
seat support surfaces.
[0015] The door includes a forward end and a rearward end. A hinge couples
the door to the chassis of the vehicle at the rearward side of the door
opening. A rearward
portion of the door is slightly forward of and laterally outboard of the
shoulder region of
the seat back. A forward portion of the door extends forwardly and downwardly
from the
rearward portion to a vertical height below the shoulder region of the seat
back. A latch at
the forward end of the door engages a receiver at the forward side of the door
opening.
An upper frame member extends along a top of the door from the forward end to
the
rearward end. The door also includes a door panel secured to the upper frame
member.
The upper frame member extends downwardly from the rearward portion to a door
mid-
portion.
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] Preferred and alternative examples of the present invention are
described in detail below with reference to the following drawings:
[0017] FIGURE 1 is perspective view from the front of the vehicle including
integrated safety net systems on the driver's side door and the passenger's
side door;
[0018] FIGURE 2 is perspective view from the rear of the vehicle including
integrated safety net systems on the driver's side door and the passenger's
side door
[0019] FIGURE 3 is a perspective view of the driver's side door coupled to
the chassis, the door and the upper and lower safety nets being in the closed
position;
[0020] .. FIGURE 4A is a cutaway view of the chassis from the interior vehicle
perspective, showing the driver's side door with door and the upper and lower
safety nets
being in the closed position;
[0021] FIGURE 4B is a cutaway view as shown in FIGURE 4A, showing the
door with door and the upper and lower safety nets being in the open position;
[0022] FIGURE 5 is a close-up view of a connection device of the upper
safety net from the interior perspective view of the vehicle;
[0023] .. FIGURE 6 is a cutaway view of the present invention from the
interior
perspective view, showing the passenger's side door having a single safety
net;
[0024] FIGURE 7 is a side-elevational view of a portion of a vehicle with
doors providing occupant containment features; and
[0025] FIGURE 8 is a side-elevational view of the interior of the front
doors
shown in Figure 7.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0026] By way of overview, the present invention provides apparatuses,
systems, and methods for improving safety in recreational vehicles that
include side doors
regarding potential bodily injury to riders due to accidents or roll-overs.
The improved
safety system includes at least one safety net coupled to a rear-hinged door
and coupled to
the chassis of a recreational vehicle. The safety nets and the door are
integrated and
cooperatively move as the door is rotated to the open or closed positions,
thereby
providing minimal operational steps to secure or remove the safety nets when
the driver
or passenger enters or exits the vehicle. The system thereby provides durable,
lightweight
safety nets with sufficient coverage to protect limbs and other body parts of
the rider in
the event of an accident.
[0027] Each safety net comprises a net frame coupled to the door forward of
the door hinge and to the chassis to the rear of the driver and passenger bay.
The net is
connected in some locations by connection devices coupled by fasteners to the
door frame
or the chassis. The net frames are preferably polygons with edges
substantially parallel to
surfaces of the door and chassis to provide optimum protection to riders.
[0028] FIGURES 1 and 2 illustrate a vehicle 10 including a chassis 12,
doors
14, vehicle headrests 13, hinges 38, upper safety net 20, and lower safety net
21 (the
doors and safety nets being in the closed position). Door 14 includes a door
panel 18
coupled to a door frame 16 (see FIGURES 3 and 4A for a full view of door 14).
According to a presently preferred embodiment, door 14 has a forward end and a
rearward end with hinge 38 coupled between the rearward end of door 14 and
chassis 12.
It further includes upper safety net 20 coupled to door 14 forward of hinge 38
and
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coupled to chassis 12 on or rearward of the rearward side of a door opening 15
(see
FIGURE 4B). Similarly, lower safety net 21 is coupled to door 14 forward of
hinge 38
and coupled to chassis 12 on or rearward of rearward side of door opening 15
(see
FIGURE 5 for a more detailed view of the safety nets coupled to the door and
chassis).
Upper safety net 20 is disposed in an upper position of door 14 to protect
upper body
parts from potential injury, and lower safety net 21 is positioned in a lower
position of
door 14 to protect lower body parts from potential injury.
[0029] FIGURE 2 further shows an adjustable device 27 coupled to strap 26
of upper net 20 for allowing adjustment of the length of straps 26, thereby
adjusting
tension of the safety net and allowing flexibility as door 14 and safety nets
20 and 21 are
collectively moved. The adjustable device 27 may be any suitable device for
allowing
adjustment of the length of strap 26. It will be appreciated that adjustable
device 27 may
be coupled to the straps or safety nets at other areas while providing the
intended
function.
[0030] FIGURE 3 illustrates a closer view of the safety net systems as
integrated into the rear-hinged door. Door 14 includes upper and lower hinges
38
coupled to the rearward end of door 14, the door 14 being thereby coupled to
the rearward
side of door opening 15 of chassis 12 of vehicle 10. Hinge 38 allows door 14
to open
about the rearward end of door 14. In the preferred embodiment, hinge 38 has
an axis 44
that slopes rearwardly, such that door 14 is held open by gravity (see FIGURE
4B in
which the door is partially open). In a presently preferred embodiment, upper
safety net
20 and lower safety net 21 include a net frame 22 and mesh webbing 24 secured
within
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said net frame 22. Net frame 22 may be coupled by connection devices 30 to
door 14 and
to chassis 12 of vehicle 10 on or rearward of the rearward side of door
opening 15.
[0031] .. FIGURES 4A and 4B illustrate a more detailed view of the presently
preferred embodiment from the interior view of the vehicle with door 14 in the
closed
position. A latch 46 is coupled to the forward end of door frame 16 for
securing door 14
to the forward end of door opening 15 when door 14 is in the closed position.
Latch 46 is
similar to a seat belt latch. Having a latch system for the door and the
integrated safety
nets provides a single fundamental safety step to secure the safety nets and
the door to the
forward end of the chassis, thereby eliminating the likelihood of riders
failing to secure a
separate, unincorporated safety net system while entering or riding in the
recreational
vehicle, and thereby providing an improved safety device. Closing of the door
engages
latch 46 and places the safety nets in the proper location for driver and
passenger safety.
The user would have to take the steps of removing the nets to not have them in
place. Yet
there is no need for removal, since the nets do not interfere with the
intentional entry or
exit of the vehicle, operation of the vehicle, and do not obstruct proper
vision.
[0032] .. In a presently preferred embodiment, upper safety net 20 comprises
upper first and second connection devices 30 for coupling upper safety net 20
to door 14
near the rearward end of door 14 and the middle portion of door 14
respectively (both
being forward of hinge 38). Upper safety net 20 further includes upper third
and fourth
connection devices for coupling upper safety net 20 to chassis 12 on or
rearward of the
rearward side of the door opening 15. Lower safety net 21 comprises a lower
first
connection device 30, a lower second connection device 30, and a lower third
connection
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device 30. The connection devices couple lower safety net 21 to the door
forward of
hinge 38. Lower safety net 21 also includes a lower fourth connection device
30 coupling
lower safety net 21 to chassis 12 on or rearward of the rearward side of the
door opening
15. Note that the rearward end of upper safety net is secured to chassis 12
rearward and
lateral of the vehicle seat headrest 13. Because chassis 12 includes door
openings 15 for
driver and passenger ingress and egress, the vehicle is easy to get in and out
of by simply
opening the door, without having to climb over a side bar. Preferably, the
portion of the
chassis to which the rearward end of upper safety net 20 attached also forms
part of the
vehicle roll cage.
[0033] FIGURES 4A and 4B further illustrate rotational axes of the hinge
and
safety nets. Specifically, upper safety net 20 has a first rotational axis 40,
lower safety
net 21 has a second rotational axis 42, and hinge 38 has a third rotational
axis 44, wherein
said rotational axes are substantially fixed relative to each other as door 14
and the safety
nets 20 and 21 rotate to the open position or closed position. Upper and lower
safety nets
20 and 21 include straps 26 vertically separated along chassis 12. The
attachment points
for rearward straps 26 is nearly in line with the axis of the door hinges,
such that straps 26
are not excessively stretched when the door is open or closed. As some
deviation from
axes 44 occurs due to the particular configuration of the chassis, straps 26
that are not
closely along axis 44 of rear hinge 38 preferably include some partially
elasticized
material. However such straps also include an elastic limit to provide the
needed safety.
The stretching of the net straps also serves to slow the rotation of the
opening door just
before it travels to its full open position.
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[0034] FIGURES 4A and 4B show door 14 including a safety member being a
hand grip 17 coupled to door frame 16 on the inward side of the door. Hand
grip 17
provides an additional safety feature to allow riders to maintain their
hands/arms inside
the perimeter of the vehicle while riding. Hand grip 17 further provides a
means for
opening and closing the door upon releasing or securing latch 46. It will be
appreciated
that hand grip 17 may be positioned at other locations on door frame 16 while
providing
the intended purposes.
[0035] It is further shown in the figures that the net frames 22 of safety
nets
20 and 21 are substantially configured in the shape of polygons. The perimeter
of net
frames 22 have edges substantially parallel and in close proximity to
corresponding
surfaces of vehicle panel 18, door frame 16, and chassis 12. This provides
optimum
protection to the rider by preventing body parts from extending beyond the
perimeter of
the vehicle, specifically between the safety nets and adjacent components of
the vehicle.
[0036] FIGURE 5 illustrates a more detailed view of the coupling of upper
safety net 20 to door frame 16 and chassis 12. Straps 26 are coupled between
net frame
22 and connection device 30. A first end of connection device 30 is coupled to
the distal
end of strap 26. At its second end, connection device 30 is coupled to a
mounting system
for securing strap 26 to either door 14 or to chassis 12 on or rearward of the
rearward side
of door opening 15. The mounting system may include a fastener 36 for coupling
connection device 30 to the door or the chassis through holes in door frame 16
or chassis
12 (holes not shown). Alternatively, as shown at the lower rearward end of
door opening
15, a mounting bracket 32 may be secured to chassis 12 for coupling to
connection device
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30 by fastener 36 (see FIGURE 4B for example of mounting bracket 32). The
mounting
bracket 32 receives fastener 36 that is then coupled to the second end of
connection
device 30 by a hole in connection device 30 to permit proper alignment of the
nets when
installed.
[0037] .. FIGURE 6 illustrates one embodiment of the present invention from an
interior view of the passenger's side door having a single safety net. The
safety net 23 is
coupled at three connection points to door frame 16 and chassis 12. The first
and second
connection points are coupled at their lower and upper rearward ends to
chassis 12 by
connection devices 30 at brackets 32. The third connection point couples the
forward end
of safety net 23 to door frame 16 forward of the first and second connection
points. Latch
46 is coupled to the forward end of door frame 16 as a means for cooperatively
opening
and closing the door and the safety net 23. Hand grip 17 is coupled to the
interior portion
of door frame 16. The rearward end of door frame 16 is pivotally coupled to
chassis 12
by brackets 19 for rotating door frame 16 and safety net 23 to the open or
closed position
about a single rotational axis 43. Alternatively, the rearward ends of net 23
is secured to
the rearward upper and lower portions of door frame 16, for example, just
inboard of
brackets 19.
[0038] Embodiments of the present invention also include a method of
improving safety regarding potential for bodily injury to riders of a
recreational vehicle,
the improvement including the steps comprised of releasing and securing the
integrated
safety nets and the door to chassis to protect the rider, as previously
described in
connection with FIGURES 1-5.
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[0039] FIGURES 7 and 8 illustrate a further embodiment of doors 114, 115
for a vehicle 110 that provides protection for the occupants with or without
nets added
thereto. As seen in FIGURE 7, the upper perimeter of the doors 114, 115 extend
upwardly
as they extend rearwardly. In this manner the doors 114, 115 provide shoulder
and
arm/hand retention for the occupants while still allowing good visibility. The
areas of the
doors that extend the highest 126, 127 are also the areas that are closest to
the heads of
the occupants. Thus, the occupants can easily see over and past the top of the
doors. As
the top of the doors extend forward, they are slightly lower, providing good
visibility of
the ground and potential obstacles that the vehicle may be approaching.
[0040] The shoulder retention provided by the door is passive in that the
user
does not have to secure a latch or other device other than closing the door to
have the
shoulder retention in place. Closing the door upon entry into the vehicle will
be natural,
as the vehicle would not be driven with the door open. Of course, seat belts
will aid in
keeping the occupants within the vehicle in a desired location, such that the
occupants'
shoulders are adjacent the upper portions 126, 127 of the door 114, 115.
[0041] With the rise 126, 127 in the door at about the shoulder of the
occupant, the upper net described above may not be necessary. Thus, the door
is
simplified in this manner.
[0042] Preferably, the part of the door adjacent the occupant shoulder is
at
least slightly greater than 17 inches measured from the lowest point on the
seating surface
parallel to the seat back. Most preferably the distance from the lowest point
on the lower
seating surface to the height of the door adjacent the shoulder of the
occupant is
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approximately 19 inches. This height is preferably measured about 6 inches
forward of
the seat back. In some embodiments, the door may continue to rise rearward of
this
location.
[0043] As seen in FIGURE 8, a door frame 120 is provided on the inside of a
door panel 118. The panel 118 is preferably constructed of plastic or
aluminum, but may
be of other materials, such as fiberglass or other composites. The door frame
120 is
preferably constructed of steel tubing. An upper frame member 121 extends
along the
upper perimeter of the door panel 118, 119 from front to rear. This upper
frame member
121 provides support to the door panel and ensures proper shoulder retention
for the
adjacent occupant. The upper frame member 121 extends from near a latch 146,
147 in
the front to near the hinge 138, 139 or other support member extending from
the hinge in
the rear. Thus, a strong bridge is created for occupant safety and retention.
[0044] .. On the front door 114, the upper frame member 121 extends from a
highest portion 126 adjacent the should of the occupant. The door covers a
shoulder
region 126 about six inches forward of the seat back and about 17 inches above
the upper
surface of the seat lower cushion. From here, the upper frame member extends
slightly
downwardly as it extends forwardly to at least a mid-portion of the door. At
the mid-
portion of the front door 114, the slope of the upper frame member 121 lessens
as it
extends to the forward end of the door. This arrangement provides good
occupant
retention for the shoulder, arm, and hand while still providing good
visibility. The lower
portion of the door also provides good leg and foot retention.
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[0045] .. The door frame 120 also includes a lower frame member 122 and a
mid frame member 123. Hinges 138, 139 are secured to the lower frame members
122.
The hinge axis 144 extends along the rearward portion of the lower frame
member 122.
This axis 144 is approximately parallel (or in the same general direction) as
the seat back.
The mid frame member 123 extends from the front of the lower frame member 122
below
the latch 146 to the rear portion of the lower frame member 122 adjacent the
hinge 138. A
hand grip 124 is preferably extends from the door frame 120, extending from
the upper
frame member 120 to the lower frame member 123. The hand grips on either side
of the
vehicle provide convenient locations to close the door for the driver and to
hold onto for
the passenger.
[0046] Other than the change in slope at the mid-portion and some
dimensions
to fit the rear door opening 117, the rear door 115 is similar. The tall doors
extending up
and forming the shoulder portions provide safety and visibility with an
efficient
construction that minimizes parts.
[0047] While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been
illustrated
and described, as noted above, many changes can be made without departing from
the
spirit and scope of the invention. The safety door system described herein
could also be
incorporated into other "doors" of a vehicle, such as a rear door or trunk
system to protect
from bodily injury or to contain and/or protect parts and equipment.
Accordingly, the
scope of the invention is not limited by the disclosure of the preferred
embodiment.
Instead, the invention should be determined entirely by reference to the
claims that
follow.
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ACAT-11-1106AP
