Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
- 1 -
SELF-REGULATING GAS GENERATOR AND METHOD
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. Application No. 13/465,798, filed
on May 7, 2012, and is a continuation of U.S. Application No. 13/464,881,
filed
May 4, 2012, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Application No.
10/989,116,
filed November 15, 2004, now U.S. Patent No. 8,172,912, which claims the
benefit
of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/520,149, filed November 14, 2003.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Presently, nearly all military, industrial, and consumer electronics are
powered by conventional sources ¨ AC wall outlets, gas generators, or
disposable or
rechargeable batteries. Each of these power sources has its own drawbacks. One
such drawback is in the form of pollution, where AC power generation plants,
gas
generators, and batteries produce respective environmentally unfriendly by-
products
(e.g., ozone destroying gases and battery acid waste).
Fuel cells have been proposed as an environmentally friendly solution to this
problem. To be adopted as a solution, however, fuel (e.g., hydrogen gas) must
be
easily and safely accessible at a price competitive with its conventional
counterparts.
Portable gas generators can safely produce high purity gas on demand. Such
generators are useful in providing hydrogen gas as a fuel for fuel cells or
other types
of gases for other gas utilizing devices. In the case of generating hydrogen
gas for
fuel cells, which are expected to be used for many different military,
industrial, and
consumer applications, portable gas generators that are accepted in these
markets
will likely be lightweight, mechanically simple, demand responsive (i.e.,
produce
gas only when the device using the fuel requires power), capable of operating
in any
orientation, and designed to store only small amounts of gas from the time the
gas is
generated until the time it is supplied to the device, thereby minimizing
safety
concerns of storing gases that are flammable or otherwise potentially
dangerous.
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 2 -
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A self-regulating, portable, gas generator, or method of gas generation
corresponding thereto, according to the principles of the present invention
generates
gas for diverse portable power generation applications in a manner that
automatically increases or decreases gas production rates in response to usage
requirements. The self-regulating gas generator provides portability and has
safety
characteristics suitable for military, industrial, and consumer applications.
Some
embodiments of the self-regulating gas generator exhibit long lifespan of
catalyst
used to generate gas from a chemical supply based on the self-regulating
features.
In one embodiment according to the principles of the present invention, a gas
generator comprises a chamber for a chemical supply, such as a NaBHa solution.
At
least one element, closed to passage of the chemical supply, contains or is
coated
with a catalyst, such as platinum. In one embodiment, the element(s) move
relative
to the chemical supply chamber to position the catalyst relative to the
chemical
supply. In the presence of the catalyst, the chemical supply decomposes into
products, including a generated gas, such as hydrogen gas, in the chemical
supply
chamber. The gas generator also includes a gas storage chamber, which stores
the
generated gas until use by a fuel cell to convert into electrical energy or by
another
gas consuming device to use for its intended purpose. The generated gas
travels
through a gas permeable structure (e.g., membrane) on a path from the chemical
supply chamber to the gas storage chamber. The gas permeable structure may be
located on, in, or apart from the element(s) where the catalyst is located.
The
position of the element(s) and, hence, the catalyst relative to the chemical
supply,
may be regulated by a feedback system utilizing a force generated in part by
pressure in at least one of the chambers to position the catalyst in the
presence of the
chemical supply to regulate rate of generation of the generated gas.
The element(s) may take many forms and position the catalyst relative to the
chemical supply in various ways. For example, the element(s) may translate
relative
to the chemical supply chamber, rotate relative to the chemical supply
chamber, or
remain in a fixed position relative to a body that includes the chemical
supply
chamber. Motion of the element(s) may alter the amount of catalyst exposed to
the
chemical supply. The element(s) may be ceramic or optionally made of thermally-
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 3 -
conductive material(s). In some embodiments, the element(s) may be pistons, in
which case they may be a hollow piston or a solid piston. In the case of a
hollow
piston, the element(s) may have one internal channel or may have internal
structure
that defines multiple channels adapted to allow the generated gas to flow
through the
piston on a path from the chemical supply chamber to the gas storage chamber.
In some embodiments, the element(s) are solid pistons that move relative to
the chemical supply to a position that creates an equilibrium of forces acting
upon
the element(s), where the forces include forces due to a spring operatively
connected
to the element(s). In the solid piston embodiment, the chemical supply chamber
may have a boundary or portion thereof that is a gas permeable structure. In
some
cases, the gas permeable structure may be a gas permeable membrane through
which
the generated gas passes across substantially the entire gas permeable
membrane;
and, in other embodiments, the gas permeable structure includes portions of
gas
permeable membrane and portions of non-gas permeable membrane. In some
hollow piston embodiments, the element(s) may be coated with a gas permeable
catalyst layer and the gas permeable structure.
The gas generator may include at least one adjustable spring connected to the
elements. The spring(s) allow the relationship between pressure in the gas
storage
chamber and the position of the element(s) to be adjusted.
The element(s) may be coated with the gas permeable structure, covered with
the gas permeable structure, or integrated into the gas permeable structure.
The
element(s) may also include a non-catalytic portion, which may be located
along the
length of the element(s). In the case of the element(s) being operated as a
piston, the
non-catalytic portion may be located at an end of the piston. The element(s)
may be
adapted to position the catalytic and non-catalytic portions with respect to
the
chemical supply so no catalyst is exposed to the chemical supply. Such a
position
discontinues decomposition of the chemical supply. The gas generator may also
include a "wipe" that is adapted to dislodge products from the element(s) so
as not to
accumulate the products or other materials on the element(s), thereby
increasing the
lifespan of the catalyst or the element(s) themselves.
The gas permeable structure may include various aspects or perform various
functions. For example, the gas permeable structure may separate a gas, such
as
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 4 -
hydrogen gas (H2) from the chemical supply. The gas permeable structure may
include palladium (Pd) or polymer structure. The gas permeable structure may
be
mechanically connected to the element(s).
The catalyst may be implemented in various forms. For example, the
catalyst may include at least one of the following catalysts: a metal, metal
boride, or
polymer. The catalyst may be attached to the gas permeable structure, coated
upon
the gas permeable structure, attached to a non-permeable portion of the
element(s),
or coated on a non-permeable portion of the element(s).
The gas generator may also include other features. For example, the gas
generator may include a capacity indicator that activates if the gas storage
chamber
reaches a predetermined pressure, such as substantially maximum gas capacity
or it
may provide an indication that the chemical supply is substantially exhausted.
The
gas generator may also include at least one pressure relief valve that reduces
pressure of the gas storage chamber or chemical storage chamber if pressure in
the
respective chamber exceeds a predetermined threshold. The gas generator may
also
include a filter through which the generated gas passes before output for use
by an
external device. In another embodiment, the gas generator may include a
humidifier
through which the generated gas passes before output for use by an external
device.
The gas generator may also include a transducer for detecting a position of
the
element(s) relative to a known position of the chemical supply chamber.
The feedback system may regulate a rate at which the generated gas is
generated. The feedback system may utilize a force generated by a pressure
differential (i) between the gas storage chamber and the chemical supply
chamber,
(ii) between the gas storage chamber and the reference pressure chamber, or
(iii)
between the chemical supply chamber and the reference pressure chamber. In
another embodiment, the gas generator may include a spring connected to at
least
one element, and the feedback system may utilize the differential between a
pressure
in at least one of the chambers acting upon the element and the force of the
spring
acting upon that same element.
The chemical supply may be provided in various forms. For example, the
chemical supply may be a solid, liquid, gas dissolved in a liquid, or
combination of a
liquid and a gas dissolved in a liquid. The chemical supply may include any
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 5 -
chemical hydride, aqueous NaBI-14, or solution of NaBRiand at least one alkali
metal salt, in which case the aqueous NaBI-14 solution may include an
effective
amount of co-solvent or other additive. In another embodiment, the chemical
supply
is an aqueous NaBI-14 solution that decomposes in the presence of the catalyst
to
produce hydrogen gas, where the catalyst may be selected from at least one of
the
following catalysts: Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rh), Palladium (Pd), Iridium
(Ir),
Platinum (Pt), Rhenium (Re), and Nickel (Ni). In yet another embodiment, the
chemical supply may include NaBI-14 stored as a dry powder. The dry powder may
be caused to mix with a predetermined liquid either (i) by breaking a membrane
containing the dry NaBI-14 powder, (ii) by shaking or squeezing the gas
generator, or
(iii) by puncturing the membrane.
The generated gas may be many types of different gases. Two cases include
hydrogen gas and oxygen (02) gas. These gases can be used in various
applications,
including, for example: (i) fuel cell applications that react hydrogen gas and
oxygen
to generate electricity, (ii) torches that burn hydrogen gas, or (iii) oxygen
respiratory
devices that provide substantially pure oxygen to medical patients. It should
be
understood that there are many other applications that use either of these two
gases,
and still further applications that use other gases. It should be understood
that the
principles of the present invention are not limited to or by the type of gas
generated
by the example embodiments described herein.
Some of the gas generator embodiments described herein include some or all
of the following safety and operational features that make it useful for many
applications. These features in no particular order may include: automatic gas
production sufficient to match consumption rates, compact or large design,
orientation insensitivity, high level of system safety, and automatic limiting
of
hydrogen gas or other gas production so that the gas generator cannot have a
runaway reaction. For example, if hydrogen gas pressures become too large
(i.e.,
too much hydrogen gas is being produced), the system may automatically shut
itself
down.
In another example embodiment, the gas generator generates the gas using
bang-bang control. In this "bang-bang" example embodiment, the gas generating
device comprises a chemical supply chamber defining a volume configured to
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 6 -
contain a chemical supply. The chemical supply chamber includes an element
configured to expose a catalyst contained within the chamber to the chemical
supply
with a self-adjusting duty cycle as a function of pressure internal to the
chamber
relative to pressure external from the chamber to generate and output a gas in
an
orientation-independent manner. Orientation-independence as used herein means
that generated gas, but not the chemical supply, exits the chemical supply
chamber
regardless of the physical orientation of the gas generating device. A "self-
adjusting
duty cycle"-as used herein means that the gas generating device self-adjusts
for
changes in fuel concentration, catalyst effectiveness, gas demand, or
combinations
thereof.
In the "bang-bang" embodiment, the element may define a portion of a
boundary of the chamber.
The chemical supply chamber may be disposed within a cavity defined by a
body of the gas generating device, and the element and the body may define
complementary features having respectively thereon the catalyst or a
displacer.
Operationally, in the bang-bang embodiment, the element moves between
ON and OFF positions or physical orientations in response to a sum of forces
on it.
These forces result from pressure internal to the chemical supply chamber,
pressure
of an opposing reference pressure external from the chemical supply chamber,
and a
forcer (e.g., a spring).
In one embodiment, when the pressure in the chemical supply chamber is
above a predefined threshold, the element is positioned relative to the body
of the
gas generating device such that the complementary features are in contact with
one
another, with the displacer displacing chemical from the catalyst as the
complementary features come into contact with one another, thus turning OFF
the
gas generating device (i.e., setting the device in the OFF state). In the same
embodiment, when the pressure in the chemical supply chamber is below a
predefined threshold, the element is positioned relative to the body such that
the
complementary features are apart from one another to expose the catalyst to
the
chemical supply, thus turning ON the gas generating device (i.e., setting the
device
in the ON state).
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 7 -
In the bang-bang embodiment, the element and the body may define multiple
complementary feature having respectively thereon the catalyst or the
displacer, in
which case the multiple complementary features may be configured to expose the
catalyst to the chemical supply and remove the chemical supply from the
catalyst,
where complementary features act in parallel with each other to have catalytic
reactions occur at multiple complementary feature pairs simultaneously, where
each
feature pair includes catalyst and a displacer.
In one example of the bang-bang embodiment, the element and catalyst are
coupled to each other, e.g., the catalyst is in or on the element in a body-
facing
direction. Alternatively, the catalyst may be coupled to the body, e.g., in or
on the
body in a chamber-facing direction. In both embodiments, the element may be
configured to move relative to the body in a translational or rotational
motion. It
should be understood that the catalyst may still further alternatively be
applied to an
insert, and the insert may be affixed to the body or the element, where using
an
insert may be useful for quick replacement of catalyst while maintaining the
same
body or body and element, respectively, across catalyst replacement.
In another example bang-bang embodiment of the gas generating device, the
gas generating device defines three chambers therein, including a gas storage
chamber, the chemical supply chamber, and a reference pressure chamber. In one
configuration, the gas generating device further comprises a gas permeable,
liquid
impermeable membrane separating the gas storage chamber from the chemical
supply chamber, and the element separates the chemical supply chamber from the
reference pressure chamber. This embodiment includes a gas passage spanning
between the chemical supply chamber and gas storage chamber, that, in
combination
with another gas flow path in some embodiments, enables an orientation-
independent flow of generated gas, but not liquid, from the chemical supply
chamber to the gas storage chamber.
In still another example bang-bang embodiment of the gas generating device,
the device includes a forcer, such as a spring, coupled to the element to
exert a force
to enable the element to move as a function of the pressure internal to the
chemical
supply chamber relative to pressure in the reference pressure chamber, with
the
forcer positioned in the reference pressure chamber. A detent may be employed
at
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 8 -
an interface of the element and body of the device to provide a small
resistance that
can be overcome by a sum of forces on the element above or below the same or
different thresholds. The detent can be set to provide hysteresis to maintain
a
position or orientation of the element relative to the body (i.e., to maintain
the ON
state or OFF state of the device) absent a threshold change in pressure
differential
between the chemical supply chamber and reference pressure chamber.
During operation of the bang-bang embodiment of the gas generating device,
during a transition from an ON state to an OFF state that define states of the
duty
cycle, the chemical supply may be removed from the catalyst.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention
will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred
embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in
which
like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different
views. The
drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon
illustrating the principles of the invention.
Fig. 1 is a graphical diagram of a fuel cell application in which a gas
generator according to the principles of the present invention may be
employed;
Fig. 2A is a schematic diagram of the gas generator of Fig. 1;
Fig. 2B is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the gas generator
of Fig. 2A;
Fig. 3 is a detailed mechanical diagram of an element (e.g., piston) in the
gas
generator of Fig. 2A used to move catalyst into and out of a chemical supply
to
generate gas;
Figs. 4A-4C are schematic diagrams illustrating operation of the gas
generator of Fig. 2A;
Figs. 5A and 5B are schematic diagrams of other embodiments of the gas
generator of Fig. 1;
Fig. 6A is a schematic diagram of yet another embodiment of the gas
generator of Fig. 1;
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 9 -
Figs. 6B-6C are mechanical diagrams of an element (e.g., rotating rod) used
in the gas generator of Fig. 6A;
Figs. 6D-6F are mechanical diagrams of the element of Fig. 6C in operation;
Fig. 7 is a mechanical schematic diagram of another embodiment of the gas
generator of Fig. 1;
Fig. 8 is a mechanical schematic diagram of yet another embodiment of the
gas generator of Fig. 1;
Figs. 9A and 9B are diagrams of example other applications in which a gas
generator according to the principles of the present invention may be
employed;
Figs. 10A-10C are mechanical schematic diagrams of a "bang-bang" control
embodiment of a gas generator; and
Figs. 11A-11C are a set of timing diagrams that illustrate duty cycles at
different points in time during operation of the embodiment of the gas
generator of
Figs. 10A-10C.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A description of preferred embodiments of the invention follows.
Fig. 1 is a graphical diagram of a fuel cell application in which a gas
generator 10 according to the principles of the present invention may be
employed.
In the fuel cell application, the gas generator 10 generates and delivers
hydrogen gas
to a fuel cell 11. The fuel cell 11 reacts the hydrogen gas and oxygen to
produce
electricity 44, as well known in the art. The fuel cell 11 provides the
electricity 44
to an electricity-consuming device, such as a personal entertainment device
12a
(e.g., MP3 player), remote controlled car 12b, or portable computer 12c. Other
fuel
cell applications include military electronics, industrial electronics (e.g.,
printing
presses), or consumer electronics (e.g., cellular telephones, Personal Digital
Assistants (PDA's), and so forth).
Generally, a fuel cell consumes hydrogen gas at a rate depending on the
power its generating. An example fuel cell is described in U.S. Patent No.
6,312,846, issued November 6, 2001.
In that patent, a fuel cell is described that, in some
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 10 -
embodiments, can change its configuration in a dynamic manner, responsive to
its
load. For example, at times there is more load, the fuel cell can dynamically
configure itself to consume more fuel to meet power demand, and at times there
is
less load, the fuel cell can dynamically configure itself to conserve fuel.
There are many different sizes and configurations that the gas generator 10,
fuel cell 11, or integrated combination(s) can take. For purposes of
describing the
principles of the present invention, however, the sizes, both absolute and
relative,
and interfacing of these devices are unimportant. What is important is (i) the
process and example gas generator embodiments for generating gas and (ii) the
relationship between the rate of gas usage by the fuel cell 11 and rate of gas
generation by the gas generator 10. In the case of generating gas for the fuel
cell 11,
the gas generator 10 generates hydrogen gas.
The ability to generate relatively pure hydrogen gas, hydrogen gas, by
reaction of metal hydrides or other appropriate solid reactants dissolved in
water is
well known. One particular hydride, sodium borohydride, NaBH4, has been used
for
over 50 years as a convenient, safe source of hydrogen gas. When NaBfla powder
is
dissolved in water, it forms a slightly alkaline, low pressure, non-flammable
solution. When this aqueous solution is exposed to selected metals,
combination of
metals, metal boride catalysts, or even heat, hydrogen gas is rapidly evolved
together
with water-soluble sodium borate. This catalytically driven, decomposition
(hydrolysis) reaction may be written as:
NaBH4(aq) + 2H20(1) ¨> 4H2(g) + NaB02(aq) (Equation 1)
In Equation 1, which describes a hydrolysis reaction, water (H20) is a
reactant ¨ two water molecules are consumed for every four molecules of
hydrogen
gas generated. As this reaction continues to generate hydrogen gas, the
remaining
NaBfla solution near the catalyst becomes more concentrated in NaB114 since
there
is less free water available. While decreased water supply in the bulk NaBfla
solution is not a direct problem, the other reaction product of Equation 1,
sodium
borate, NaB02, is formed in the presence of less water. This results in a more
concentrated solution in the vicinity of the catalyst. Sodium borate is water
soluble,
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 11 -
but not very water soluble. This means that when hydrogen gas is generated
and,
simultaneously, NaB02 product is formed, some NaB02 may begin to precipitate
and deposit on or near the catalyst. Build-up of NaB02 on the catalyst can
eventually reduce the subsequent activity of the catalyst or other gas
generating
device. This can be a serious problem anytime NaBH4 solution contacts a
catalyst.
To overcome this problem, as will be shown in accordance with some
embodiments of the gas generator 10 according to the principles of the present
invention, the gas generator 10 exposes the catalyst (e.g., moves the catalyst
into or
out of the NaBH4 solution) in a self-regulating manner. In a piston-type
embodiment, catalyst position (i.e., the depth to which the selected catalyst
is
immersed in NaBH4 solution) controls hydrogen gas generation rates. Because
the
reservoir of NaBH4 solution in the device is relatively large compared to the
surface
area of the catalyst, any NaB02 formed during hydrogen gas generation tends to
remain soluble and in solution. Even if the solubility limit of NaB02 is
eventually
exceeded, NaB02 precipitates and deposits elsewhere in the NaBH4 solution, and
not
necessarily on the catalyst surface. Thus, catalyst lifespan is extended.
Furthermore, in the piston-type embodiment, the depth the supported catalyst
on the piston is immersed in NaBH4 solution is controlled by a mechanically
simple,
pressure related, feedback system. This feedback system automatically senses a
build-up or decrease in hydrogen gas pressure based on hydrogen gas
consumption
by a fuel cell or other hydrogen gas utilizing device. In other words, when
the
hydrogen gas consuming device requires less hydrogen gas, such as when the
electrical load on the fuel cell 11 is small or zero, the hydrogen gas
generator 10
senses this decreased demand and ceases producing hydrogen gas. In addition,
the
feedback control system for regulating hydrogen gas generation rates is
mechanically simple in some embodiments, i.e., does not involve bulky or
expensive
pressure sensing feedback controllers and/or mechanical pumps. The principles
of
the present invention allows the gas generator 10 to operate free of
electrically
driven mechanical pumps or wicking agents to move the chemical supply (e.g.,
NaBH4 solutions) since the mechanical solution is exposed to the catalyst in a
chemical supply chamber. This design is therefore suitable for potentially low
cost,
portable applications and is orientation insensitive.
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 12 -
Other embodiments that use elements besides pistons, hollow or solid, that
put catalysts in the presence of a chemical supply are also within the scope
of the
principles of the present invention. For example, the catalyst may be
associated with
a disk, rod, sphere, or combination thereof that rotate(s) to expose the
chemical
supply to the catalyst by increasing or decreasing an amount of catalyst to
which the
chemical supply is exposed. The feedback system in rotating catalyst
embodiments
may be similar to or different from translating (e.g., piston-type)
embodiments.
Example feedback systems that support the translating or rotating embodiments
are
described hereinbelow. The pistons, disks, spheres, and so forth may be
generally
referred to herein as an "element." The elements are closed to passage of the
chemical supply and interact with the chemical supply. "Closed to passage" of
the
chemical supply means that substantially no chemical supply enters the
element(s)
or, in some other embodiments, allows some chemical supply to enter but
includes
structure that prevents the chemical supply from flowing through to the gas
storage
chamber.
In some embodiments, the generated gas produced by the catalyst and
chemical supply may pass through the element(s). In other embodiments, the
element(s) are solid, and the gas passes from the chemical supply chamber to
the gas
storage chamber without passing through the element(s).
The illustrative examples described herein primarily describe hydrogen gas
generation for use in a fuel cell application. In the fuel cell application,
the
hydrogen gas is generated from a particular aqueous chemical hydride solution,
but
the gas generator 10 is not limited to generating hydrogen gas from particular
chemical hydride or particular aqueous solutions. In a broader, general sense,
the
concepts and mechanical designs described herein may be generally applied to
any
gas generation system where a particular gas is generated in a self-regulated
manner
from any gas, liquid, mixture, or even solid chemical by means of a selected
catalyst, device, or element.
In some embodiments, a catalyst is associated with a small element (e.g.,
piston or disk) that moves the catalyst into or out of a larger volume of
NaBHa
chemical supply. This has advantages over moving the chemical supply to the
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 13 -
catalyst in that it is easier, safer, and less energy intensive to move a
small piston or
disk than it is to move a relatively large amount of liquid chemical.
Fig. 2A shows a first embodiment of the self-regulating gas generator 10a of
Fig. 1. The gas generator 10a has three chambers: a chemical supply chamber 41
(left), a generated gas storage chamber 40 (middle), and a reference pressure
chamber 26 (right).
In the case of generating hydrogen gas for a fuel cell 11, for example, the
chemical supply chamber 41 stores an aqueous NaBfla solution 42. It should be
understood the general design concept described herein is not limited to
sodium
borohydride (NaBI-14) or indeed even a chemical hydride. Any solid, liquid, or
gas
that, under suitable conditions, can generate a desired specific gas (e.g.,
hydrogen
gas) when exposed to a selected catalyst may be substituted for the aqueous
NaI31-14
solution 42.
In the embodiment of Fig. 2A, the chemical supply chamber 41 and gas
storage chamber 40 are separated by a solid wall or partition 16 having a hole
18 cut
or formed through it. Into this hole 18, an element 30a, such as a hollow
piston 30a,
is fitted. The hole 18 preferably matches the shape of the cross-section of
the piston
30a. The hollow piston 30a is designed and constructed in such a way that it
can
easily move back and forth between the two chambers 40, 41. The hollow piston
30a slides through an appropriately fitted seal (e.g., an o-ring) 22, which is
installed
in such a way in the hole 18 that substantially no liquid or gas travels
between the
piston 30a and wall 16 to or from the chemical supply section 41 and the gas
storage
section 40. It should be understood that the piston 30a may also have non-
circular,
cross-section geometries (e.g., rectangular or oval), and its internal cavity
or channel
34 may be subdivided into multiple channels (i.e., the piston 30a may include
internal support walls or structures (not shown)).
In the embodiment of Fig. 2A, the gas storage chamber 40 is defined by the
partition 16, an elastic or "springed" diaphragm 50a, and possibly a portion
of a
body 78 of the gas generator 10a. The gas storage chamber 40 may have one or
more gas outlets 14 by which the generated gas 43 can be controllably released
to
the fuel cell 11 or other gas consuming system, e.g., hydrogen gas combustion
engine. The minimum and maximum volume of the gas storage chamber 40 may be
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 14 -
determined based upon the transient response required. Thus, the volume of gas
necessary for the gas storage chamber 40 to be able to store can be determined
by
techniques well known in the art.
The reference pressure chamber 26 can be vented via a vent 27 to
atmospheric pressure or other reference pressure. The reference pressure,
which sets
the absolute operating pressures of the gas generator 10, applies a constant
opposing
force to the elastic diaphragm 50a. The elastic diaphragm 50a is sealed at
peripheral
seals 29 at its periphery to prevent product gas in the gas storage chamber 40
from
leaking into the reference pressure chamber 26. In this embodiment, the
elastic
diaphragm 50d expands and contracts as a function of differential pressure
between
the gas storage chamber 40 and reference pressure chamber 26.
The piston 30a is attached to the elastic diaphragm 50a and extends into and
withdraws out of the chemical supply chamber 41 as the elastic diaphragm 50a
contracts and expands, respectively. A spring 65 may supply a biasing force to
the
elastic diaphragm 50a, and, in turn, apply biasing force to the piston 30a to
bias the
elastic diaphragm 50a with a force. Further details of how pressures and the
spring
force affect gas generation are presented below in reference to a continued
description of Fig. 2A and a description of Figs. 4A-4C. Before those
descriptions,
further details of the piston 30a and catalyst 32 associated therewith is
presented in
reference to Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 is a close-up view of the hollow piston 30a of Fig. 2A. The hollow
piston 30a may be constructed of, covered with (e.g., a sleeve), or coated
with a gas
permeable structure 36 (e.g., a film, membrane, or other appropriate porous
material) of the type that allows hydrogen gas (or in a general sense, any gas
of
interest) to pass through it. However, water, water vapor, or dissolved salts,
such as
NaBH4, NaB02, or NaOH are unable to pass through the gas permeable structure
36.
In other words, the gas permeable structure 36 surrounding the hollow piston
30 is
more permeable to hydrogen gas molecules (for example) than to molecules of
water
or NaBH4. Thus, any hydrogen gas generated in the chemical supply chamber 41
preferentially permeates through this gas permeable structure 36. Gas exit
holes 51
are provided on the right side of the piston 30a to exhaust generated gas 43
from the
cavity 34 to the gas storage chamber 40.
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 15 -
Examples of suitable gas permeable structures 36 for hydrogen gas, such as
palladium metal foil, are well known in the art. Other examples include, but
are not
limited to, polymer materials, such as polypropylene that is deliberately
etched to
allow small molecules, such as hydrogen gas (or any appropriate gas), to
permeate.
Still other examples include porous gas permeable polymers, such as PBO
(polyphenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole), or PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride).
Alternatively, materials such as silicone rubber may be used.
Continuing to refer to Fig. 3, the hollow piston 30a is covered with or
comprises hydrogen gas permeable features (not shown), such as holes or pores.
The gas permeable features may be selectively coated or embedded with a thin
layer
of a selected catalyst 32. In other embodiments, the catalyst 32 may be
applied to
the piston's lateral surface(s) alongside or near the gas permeable features.
In yet another embodiment, the selected catalyst 32 may be formed on or
coupled or deposited adjacent to the gas permeable structure 36 such that the
catalyst
32 is in close proximity to or covers pores of the gas permeable structure 36.
The piston's chemical supply side end 35 is left uncoated or covered with a
non-catalytic material 35 to prevent gas generation when the piston 30a is
fully
retracted from the chemical supply 42.
The surface of the gas permeable structure 36 or piston 30a may be specially
designed with "dimples" or other recessed patterns that support the catalyst
32 in a
manner that makes the surface of the structure 36 or piston 30a smooth. A
smooth
surface of the gas permeable structure 36 or piston 30a forms and maintains a
tight
seal with the o-ring 22 (Fig. 2A) to maintain separation of the contents of
the
chemical supply chamber 41 and the gas storage chamber 40. The location of the
catalyst 32 and the gas permeable structure 36 may be co-located so that gas
bubbles
33, formed as a result of the chemical reaction between the chemical supply 42
and
catalyst 32, find their way quickly via pressure differential to the gas
permeable
structure 36. In this embodiment of the piston 30a, the hydrogen gas in the
gas
bubbles 33 flows through the pores to the hollow cavity 34 in the piston 30a.
The particular type of catalyst 32 selected is of the type known to catalyze
the decomposition of NaBH4 solutions. In a general sense, any gas generating
catalyst may be selected. Examples of catalysts include Ruthenium (Ru),
Rhodium
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 16 -
(Rh), Palladium (Pd), Iridium (Ir), Platinum (Pt), Rhenium (Re), and Nickel
(Ni)
metals, combination of metals, or metal borides. These catalysts can either be
used
alone or in combination with each other, as is well known in the art.
Alternatively,
the gas permeable structure 36 may be made of a metal or any other material
that is
not only permeable to hydrogen gas but is also catalytic towards decomposition
of
NaBH4 solutions. Examples of such structures 36 include transition metal films
with catalytically active exterior surfaces, such as Palladium, Palladium
alloys, or
any layered films with hydrogen gas permeable structure 36 and a surface that
is
itself catalytic active towards NaBH4 decomposition.
Referring again to Fig. 2A, the catalyst coated, hollow piston 30a is freely
movable between the chemical supply chamber 41 containing aqueous NaBH4
solution 42 and the gas storage chamber 40 containing generated gas 43. The
hollow piston 30a can either be positioned so that it is entirely in the
chemical
supply chamber 41, entirely in the gas storage chamber 40, or somewhere in-
between the two chambers 40, 41.
The gas generator 10a described herein may be constructed with a sponge-
like absorbent material (not shown) deliberately placed in the gas storage
chamber
40 to absorb (or even neutralize) any NaBH4 solution (or any other condensed
liquid) that leaks or otherwise passes through from the chemical supply
chamber 41.
The hollow piston 30a or the partition 16 is designed to prevent fuel from
leaking into the gas storage chamber 40 or otherwise improve performance. For
example, as suggested above, the left end 35 of the piston 30a (i.e., the end
that is
inserted into the Na131-14 solution 42) is sealed with a solid impermeable
material 35
or a separate element, which is sometimes referred to as an end cap 35. The
impermeable material 35 or end cap 35 prevents NaBH4 solution from entering
the
hollow piston 30a and passing through to the hydrogen gas storage chamber 40.
The
impermeable material 35 or end cap 35 also helps prevent leakage of the
chemical
supply 42 to the gas storage chamber 40 when the piston 30a is fully retracted
(i.e.,
when the piston 30a is completely out of the NaBH4 solution 42 during zero (or
very
low) hydrogen gas demand).
As also described above, appropriate seals 22 (e.g., o-rings or other suitable
sealing material) may be installed in the partition hole 18 to prevent
chemical supply
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 17 -
leakage through two paths to the gas chamber, where the two paths are (i)
along the
lateral surface of the piston 30a and (ii) between the seals 22 and the
partition 16.
Additionally, the piston 30a can be designed to slide through or pass adjacent
to a
brush 13 or other flexible device that, by moving against the piston 30a,
prevents or
reduces solid products from adhering to or building-up on the piston 30a. This
anti-
fouling action effectively extends catalyst lifespan. Having a smooth surface
on the
piston 30a against which the brushes 13 contact improves their performance.
Other brush designs may also be employed to provide anti-fouling action. It
should be understood that the brushes 13 do not impose a significant
resistance on
the movement of the piston 30a.
In operation of the gas generator 10 illustrated in Fig. 2A, the piston 30a is
attached to the elastic diaphragm 50a and, therefore, moves in response to the
pressure in the gas storage chamber 40. A constant resistive force is applied
in a
right-to-left direction by the pressure in the reference pressure chamber 26.
The
reference pressure chamber 26 may also contain a spring 65 that augments the
reference pressure force directed to the elastic diaphragm 50a. So, if the
reference
pressure chamber 26 is not vented, the confined inert gas stored therein acts
like an
air spring. Thus, as the piston 30a moves increasingly to the right by gas
pressure
that increases within the chemical supply 42 as a result of its reacting with
the
catalyst 32, the elastic diaphragm 50a or spring 65 increasingly resists the
hollow
piston 30a.
Before describing Figs. 4A-4C, which further illustrate operation of the self-
regulating gas generator 10a of Fig. 2A, a brief description of a start-up
process for
the embodiments of the gas generator 10a illustrated in Fig. 2A is presented.
The
start-up process now described also applies to Fig. 2B.
Referring to Fig. 2A, before initial use, the pressure of the chemical supply
42 is ambient, which prevents chemical supply leakage during storage. Also,
the
chemical supply 42 is kept separated from the catalyst rod 30a so that no gas
is
generated. In a first shipping configuration scenario, this is accomplished by
perhaps shipping the gas generator 10a with the piston 30a fully translated
out of the
chemical supply chamber 41 in a locked position through use of a locking pin
(not
shown), other suitable mechanism(s), or, for example, rotating the piston 30a
to a
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 18 -
"locking" position. Upon unlocking the piston 30a, the force due to the spring
65
acting on the piston 30a causes the piston 30a to translate, from right-to-
left, into the
chemical supply 42.
In a second shipping configuration scenario, rather than shipping the gas
generator 10a with the piston 30a locked in a position that keeps the catalyst
32
external from the chemical supply 42, the chemical supply 42 may be inert
before
use due to a separation of chemical supply components. In this second shipping
configuration scenario, the chemical supply components are combined just
before
use by perhaps breaking a separation membrane (not shown) or crushing or
adding
chemical pellets which ultimately mix to form the active chemical supply 42.
It
should be understood that any number of other shipping configurations are
possible.
Referring to the second shipping configuration scenario, the catalyst rod 30a
may be shipped in its fully extended position (i.e., to the left due to the
force of the
spring 65 exerting a right-to-left force on it) since the chemical supply is
inert. Once
the chemical supply is activated and the catalyst rod 30a is fully extended
into the
chemical supply 42, product gas is generated rapidly.
At this point, the external device 11 demands zero amount of gas. Since the
chemical fuel pressure is originally ambient, there is no differential
pressure across
the gas permeable structure 36 on the hollow piston 30a to force the generated
gas
through the hollow rod 30a and into the gas storage chamber 40. So, the
generated
gas "foams off' of the catalyst rod 30a and floats to the top of the chemical
supply
= chamber 41. Because the generated gas stays in the chemical supply
chamber 41,
the pressure in the chemical supply chamber 41 increases. As the pressure in
the
chemical supply chamber 41 increases, a pressure begins to be exerted on the
left
end 35 of the rod 30a, which causes it to translate to the right against the
resisting
spring 65. The spring 65 incrementally removes catalyst from the chemical
supply
42. Simultaneously, the differential pressure across the permeable structure
36
increases until the generated gas begins to preferentially flow into the
catalyst rod
30a rather than foaming into the chemical fuel chamber 41. The generated gas
43
begins to increase the pressure in the gas storage chamber 40, which, in turn,
exerts
a force, left-to right, on the elastic diaphragm 50a and, therefore, the
piston 30a. As
the pressure in the chemical fuel chamber 41 further increases and more gas
flows
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 19 -
into the gas storage chamber 40, there is a point at which the piston 30a
positions the
catalyst 32 fully withdrawn from the chemical supply 42. Since there is no
generated gas 43 demanded by the fuel cell 11 before switching it on, the gas
generator 10a is now in its "primed" state ready to deliver regulated gas on
demand.
The start-up sequence of the other embodiments, Fig. 5A, 5B, 6A, 7, and 8 is
similar to the start-up sequence of Figs. 2A with the exception that they do
not
utilize a hollow rod 30a and diaphragm 50a. For these solid rod 30b instances,
the
same separation of chemical supply 42 and catalyst 32 is required before
initial use.
Upon initial activation, the catalyst rod 30a is fully extended into the
chemical
supply 42 by the spring 65, and the chemical supply pressure is the same as
the
reference pressure. Generated gas is evolved and floats through the chemical
supply
42 to the top of the chemical supply chamber 41, ultimately resting against
the
permeable structure 36. The gas then flows through it into the gas storage
chamber
40 due to the increasing differential pressure between the chemical supply 42
and
the gas storage chamber 40. As the chemical supply pressure increases, the
catalyst
rod 30b translates left-to-right and ultimately out of the chemical supply 42,
which
stops the gas generation. Since there is no gas demanded by the fuel cell 11
before
switching it on, the gas generator 10 is now in its "primed" state, ready to
deliver
regulated gas on demand
Referring now to Fig. 4A, the piston 30a may be shipped in a "locked"
position, meaning the piston 30a (and catalyst 32) is entirely external from
the
NaBI-14 solution 42, as described above in reference to the first shipping
configuration scenario. A user sets the piston 30a in an "unlocked" position
by
disengaging a latch, detent, or other securing mechanism (not shown) to allow
the
piston (and catalyst 32) to enter the NaB1-14 solution 42, which begins a self-
regulating process, described immediately below.
Continuing to refer to Fig. 4A, the start of the self-regulating process
begins
with the piston 30a initially positioned entirely in the chemical supply
chamber 41.
As described above in reference to the start-up sequence for Fig. 2A, upon
exposure
of the catalyst 32 on the piston 30a to the NaBHa solution 42, hydrogen gas is
catalytically generated. During this hydrogen gas generation step, hydrogen
gas
bubbles 33 form in the NaBF14 solution 42 near the catalyst 32, coalesce, and
contact
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 20 -
the gas permeable structure 36. These bubbles 33 are driven through the gas
permeable structure 36 by differential pressure. Then, after the gas exits the
bubbles
33 and enters the hollow piston 30a, the gas 43 travels through the hollow
piston 30a
and enters the hydrogen gas storage chamber 40 of the gas generator 10a.
The depth to which the catalyst coated piston 30 is immersed in the aqueous
NaBI-14 solution 42 ultimately controls the hydrogen gas generation rate. If
the
catalyst coated piston 30a is pushed entirely into the chemical supply chamber
41
(Fig. 4A), the hydrogen gas generation rate is at its maximum since a large
amount
of catalyst surface area is exposed to the NaBI-14 solution 42.
In Fig. 4B, the catalyst coated, hollow piston 30a is positioned between the
chemical supply chamber 41 and gas storage chamber 40. In this case, the
hydrogen
gas generation rate is between the maximum hydrogen gas generation rate and
zero
and represents a typical operating condition that accommodates fluctuations in
gas
demand.
In Fig. 4C, the piston 30a is entirely in the gas storage chamber 40. In this
case, no hydrogen gas 43 is generated from NaBH4 solution 42 since no catalyst
32
is exposed to the NaBI-14 solution 42. As long as the piston 30a remains fully
in the
gas storage chamber 40, the hydrogen gas generation rate remains at zero.
Now that the basic operating principles of the gas generator 10 have been
described, a detailed description of a feedback system, and how the feedback
system
of the gas generator 10 operates, is presented.
In general, the feedback system utilizes force generated in part by pressure
in
at least one of the chambers 40, 41 to position the catalyst 32 in the
chemical supply
41 to regulate rate of generation of the generated gas 43. The feedback system
may
include a subset of the following components in some embodiments: piston 30a,
elastic diaphragm 50a, spring 65, reference pressure chamber 26, gas storage
chamber 40, or chemical supply chamber 41.
Referring to Fig. 4C, the position of the piston 30a is determined by an
equilibrium of four forces: (1) a force exerted left-to-right on the left end
35 of the
piston 30a due to pressure in the chemical supply chamber 41; (2) pressure of
the
gas 43 in the gas storage chamber 40 acting from left-to-right on the elastic
diaphragm 50a, which, in turn, exerts force on the piston 30a from left-to-
right; (3)
=
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 21 -
pressure of the reference pressure chamber 26 acting from right-to-left on the
elastic
diaphragm, which, in turn, exerts force on the piston 30a from right-to-left;
and (4)
force exerted on the piston 30a by the spring 65.
Other embodiments described herein may include the same or other
components as part of the feedback system. Equivalent structures or functions
known in the art may be used in place of or in concert with the structures or
functions composing the feedback system as described herein.
Continuing to refer to the operation of the gas generator 10a of Figs. 2A and
4A-4C, when demand exists for hydrogen gas (i.e., the fuel cell or other
hydrogen
gas consuming device is under load and is consuming hydrogen gas), the gas
pressure in the gas storage chamber 40 decreases. The lower hydrogen gas
pressure
causes the elastic diaphragm or flexible diaphragm 50a to be less extended and
therefore move to the left (i.e., towards the chemical supply chamber 41),
which
reduces the volume of the gas storage chamber 40. As the flexible wall 50a
moves
towards the left, it simultaneously pushes the catalyst coated piston 30a
towards the
left and into the NaBH4 solution 42. Since high surface area catalyst 32 on
the
hollow piston 30a is now exposed to NaBH4 solution, the hydrogen gas
generation
rate increases.
Hydrogen gas, generated by action of the catalyst 32 in the NaBH4 solution
42, rapidly diffuses through the gas permeable structure 36, through the
hollow
piston 30a, and towards the hydrogen gas storage chamber 40. Hydrogen gas
pressure then rapidly builds-up in the hydrogen gas storage chamber 40. As
long as
the generated hydrogen gas 43 is continuously utilized by the fuel cell 11
(Fig. 1) or
other hydrogen gas consuming device, the hydrogen gas pressure in the
reference
pressure chamber 26 remains low. A significant portion of the catalyst coated
piston
remains within the chemical supply chamber 41, and the generator 10a continues
to generate hydrogen gas at a rate proportional to the load.
When, however, the load on the fuel cell 11 decreases and the hydrogen gas
generated is not being used at a rate equal to the rate of generation, unused
hydrogen
30 gas 43 accumulates in the gas storage chamber 40. The increased hydrogen
gas
pressure in the hydrogen gas storage chamber 40 (relative to the pressure in
the
chemical supply chamber 41) forces the elastic diaphragm 50a to move towards
the
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 22 -
reference pressure chamber 26. As the elastic diaphragm 50a moves to the
right, it
simultaneously pulls the catalyst coated piston 30a out of the NaBI-14 fuel
solution
42 and, thus, the amount of catalyst 32 exposed to Nal31-14 solution 42
decreases.
This slows the hydrogen gas generating reaction until it matches the rate of
use and,
when the gas demand is zero, the hydrogen gas generating reaction slows to a
stop.
Thus, the mechanical feedback system in the gas generator 10 includes very few
moving parts and behaves in a self-regulating manner to rapidly regulate
hydrogen
gas generation.
When the load on the fuel cell 11 increases again and the fuel cell (or other
hydrogen gas utilizing device) begins to use hydrogen gas again, hydrogen gas
volume and pressure in the gas storage chamber 40 begins to decrease. This
reduced
pressure allows the elastic diaphragm 50a to once again move back towards the
left.
This movement simultaneously pushes the catalyst coated, gas permeable, hollow
piston 30a back into the NOR' solution 42, thereby increasing hydrogen gas
generation rates once again, as described above. This movement of the catalyst
coated piston 30a in and out of the Nal3F1.4 solution 42 is self regulating.
The
movement of the piston 30a in and out of the solution has the added advantages
of
agitating the chemical supply to provide a uniform solution composition and
performing a cleaning action to remove reaction residue or other accumulated
material (not shown) from the piston 30a.
It should be understood that the principles of the present invention are not
limited solely to the embodiments described above. Other mechanical and
structural
embodiments may accomplish the same self-regulating, gas generating function.
These other embodiments may use a piston or suitable moveable element coated
with a catalyst, a gas permeable structure, and a pressure feedback system.
The
other embodiments and components therein may differ from the embodiment of
Fig.
2A in relative configurations, shapes, sizes, pressures, gas flow rates, hole
designs,
movement of the individual components, and other aspects. Such configurations
and
associated design trade-offs are understood in the art, and some are described
hereinbelow.
Fig. 28, for example, is another embodiment of the gas generator 10a of Fig.
2A. In this embodiment, the elastic diaphragm 50b includes a rigid wall 60 and
CA 2911234 2019L11-12
- 23 -
flexible sealing bellows 52 with peripheral seals 29. The bellows 52 responds
to
pressure changes by pressing against an adjustable mechanical or gas spring
65. In
another embodiment, the restorative force of the bellows 52 and pressure in
the
reference pressure chamber 26 may be sufficient to dispense with the spring
65.
Other than differences between the elastic diaphragm 50b (Fig. 2B) and elastic
diaphragm 50a (Fig. 2A), the gas generator 10 of Fig. 2B operates
substantially the
same as the gas generator 10a of Fig. 2A.
As another example, Figs. 5A and 5B illustrate embodiments of the gas
generator 10b in which the catalyst 32 is deposited on or incorporated into a
solid
piston 30b and a bladder, which includes the gas permeable structure 36, forms
at
least a portion of the chemical supply chamber 41. In these embodiments, the
gas
permeable structure 36 is set apart from the piston 30b at a portion of the
perimeter
of (Fig. 5A) or surrounds (Fig. 5B) the NaBF14 solution 42. hydrogen gas
bubbles
33, generated near the catalyst coated piston 30b, diffuse through the NaBH4
solution 42 and permeate through the gas permeable structure 36 to enter the
gas
storage chamber 40.
The embodiments of Figs. 5A and 5B may simplify device construction and
operation of the gas generator 10b. Although the catalyst 32 is still
associated with
piston 30b, the hydrogen gas permeable structure 36 is located a distance away
from
the catalyst 32. Thus, in these embodiments, there is no need to construct a
catalyst
layer either near or on top of the gas permeable structure 36. The catalyst 32
and
gas permeable structure 36 can be constructed separately. The advantage of
these
embodiments is not only in ease of manufacture, but also in improving hydrogen
gas
generation rates. As hydrogen gas bubbles 33 travel through the NaBI-14
solution 42
to the gas permeable structure 36, they help agitate/stir the NaBHa solution
42. This
action helps remove any attached reaction products from the surface of the
catalyst
33 and make the solution 42 more uniform, thus improving subsequent hydrogen
gas
generation.
The simplicity of the solid piston 30b embodiment of the gas generator 10b
of Figs. 5A and 5B may reduce the cost sufficiently to provide disposability.
Also,
these embodiments may allow for reusable gas generators that can be refilled,
if
desired. For example, a cylindrically shaped gas generator not only reduces
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 24 -
manufacturing costs, but also, the chemical supply chamber 41 can be fitted
with a
removable screw cap (not shown). When NaBH4 solution is spent, the screw cap
may be unscrewed, the spent NaBH4 solution emptied, and the chemical supply
chamber 41 refilled with fresh NaBH4 solution. Alternatively, a positive
displacement injection port (not shown) can be provided on the chemical supply
chamber 41 to allow displacement of spent chemical supply with fresh chemical
supply.
In addition, if the gas permeable structure 36 is made of a metal (such as
palladium) or other suitable heat conductor, it can also function as a heat
sink to
draw away any waste heat produced by the hydrogen gas generating reaction.
This
keeps the gas generator 10b operating temperatures low. Another advantage of
this
embodiment is that the hydrogen gas storage chamber 40 can be located in the
periphery of the gas generator 10b (i.e., surrounding the NaBH4 chemical
storage
chamber 41). Since more of the hydrogen gas generator's total volume is
available
to store NaBH4 solution 42, it increases the amount of hydrogen gas that can
be
generated per unit volume.
In operation of the embodiments of Figs. 5A and 5B, as pressures within the
NaBH4 solution 42 build up due to excessive hydrogen gas 43 being generated
and
not utilized by the hydrogen gas consuming device 11 (Fig. 1), the catalyst
coated
piston 30b is compressed against the adjustable spring 65, and the piston 30b
is
forced out of the NaBH4 solution 42. This acts to stop or limit hydrogen gas
generating rates. These embodiments do not rely on the flexibility of the gas
permeable structure 36. Depending on the adjustable tension in the spring 65
behind
the piston 30b, pressures within the NaBH4 solution 42 are sufficient to push
the
catalyst coated piston 30b out of the solution 42 to slow the reaction rate.
The embodiments of Figs. 5A and 5B have the added advantage that the
catalyst coated piston 30b can be easily sealed within a cylindrical body 78.
This
prevents accidental leakage of NaBH4 solution 42 or hydrogen gas through the
piston 30b. The tension of the spring 65 pushing against the piston 30b can
either be
adjusted at the time of manufacture or manually adjusted as needed for the
particular
application, desired gas pressures, or required gas flow rates. Various manual
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 25 -
adjustment mechanisms known in the art may be employed to adjust the
compression or tension of the spring 65.
Fig. 6A is a mechanical schematic diagram of another embodiment of the gas
generator 10. This embodiment is similar to the embodiment of Figs. 5A and 5B,
but, instead of having a piston 30b that exposes the catalyst 32 to the
chemical
supply 42 by moving the piston 30b in and out of the chemical supply 42, the
element 30b, in this case a rotating rod 30b, rotates to alter the amount of
catalyst
exposed to the chemical supply 42. To create turning motion to rotate the rod
30b,
the rod 30b is mechanically connected to a cam 80. The cam 80 is connected via
a
linkage 55 to a stiff wall 79 of a bellows 77. The bellows 77 is designed to
react to
pressure in the gas storage chamber 40, which extends along the outside of the
elastic diaphragm 50c and into the bellows 77.
In operation, when the fuel cell 11 or other gas consuming device draws
more generated gas 43 for production of electricity, for example, the pressure
in the
gas storage chamber 40 decreases, causing the bellows 77 to contract, which
rotates
the rotating rod 30b to expose more catalyst to the chemical supply 42. When
the
fuel cell 11 or other gas consuming device draws less generated gas 43, the
pressure
in the gas storage chamber 40 increases, causing the bellows 77 to expand and,
in
turn, causes the cam 80 to rotate the rod 30b to expose less catalyst 32 to
the
chemical supply 42. This causes the production of gas bubbles 33 and, in turn,
pressure in the gas storage chamber 40 to slow and ultimately reach
equilibrium
commensurate with the amount of generated gas 43 being drawn.
It should be understood that ball bearings, gas bearings, or other techniques
for allowing the rotating rod 30b and cam 80 to turn smoothly and with minimal
resistance may be employed. Also, similar to the seal 22 in other embodiments,
the
rotating rod 30b embodiment of Fig. 6A may include an elongated seal (not
shown)
to prevent the chemical supply 42 from entering a chamber in which the
rotating rod
30b resides. Anti-fouling brushes (not shown) may also be employed to prevent
product and other materials from building-up on the rod 30b or catalyst 32.
Figs. 6B and 6C illustrate alternative rotating rod embodiments that may be
employed in the gas generator of Fig. 6A. In Fig. 6B, the rotating rod 30a is
shown
by way of a cross-sectional axial view to be a hollow embodiment, similar to
the
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 26 -
piston 30a of Fig. 2A. In this embodiment, the catalyst 32 is disposed on a
gas
permeable membrane 36. The catalyst 32 is deposited in dimples that are formed
in
the gas permeable membrane 36, as described in reference to Fig. 3. As
described in
reference to Fig. 2A, the generated gas 43 initially forms in bubbles 33,
enters the
channel 34 of the hollow piston 30a, and travels to the gas storage chamber
40. It
should be understood that the embodiment depicted in Fig. 6A is changed
suitably to
accommodate the hollow rod 30a embodiment. It should be noted that the hollow
rod 30a includes a non-catalytic and non-porous material 55, which, when
exposed
to the chemical solution 42, neither reacts with the chemical solution 42 nor
allows
the chemical solution 42 or generated gas 43 to pass therethrough.
Fig. 6C is a cross-sectional axial view of a solid rod 30b used in the gas
generator 10b of Fig. 6A. The solid rotating rod 30b supports the catalyst 32,
which
may be associated with the solid rod 30b to any depth, and the non-catalytic
and
non-porous material 55. Use of the solid rod 30b is described in reference to
Figs.
6D-6F below.
Referring first to Fig.. 6D, the solid rotating rod 30b is positioned in a
rounded partition 16 such that the catalyst 32 is not exposed to the chemical
solution
42. The seals 22 prevent the chemical solution 42 from entering the region in
which
the solid rod 30b resides. In the position shown, the rotating solid rod 30b
does not
cause gas to be generated because the catalyst 32 is not in the presence of
the
chemical solution 42. The angle of the rotating rod 30b may be used for
shipping
the gas generator 10 or for stopping gas production in the case where there is
no
electrical load on a fuel cell, for example.
Fig. 6E illustrates the case where some gas is being produced. In this case,
the rotating rod 30b is rotated such that some catalyst is exposed to the
chemical
supply 42. In turn, gas bubbles 33 are produced. The gas bubbles 33 contact
the gas
permeable membrane at various points along the gas permeable structure 36
(Fig.
6A), and the generated gas 43 passes through to the gas storage chamber 40.
Fig. 6F illustrates a case at which maximum gas generation is required to
satisfy the needs of the gas consuming device. In this case, the rotating
solid rod
30b is positioned such that the catalyst 32 is exposed to the chemical supply
42 to its
fullest extent allowed by the partition 16.
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 27 -
It should be understood that either rotating rod embodiment 30a or 30b may
be a rotating sphere or other geometric shape that can support catalyst 32 to
function
in a similar manner as described above.
Fig. 7 is a mechanical schematic diagram of the gas generator 10b employing
two solid pistons 30b that function in the same manner as the embodiment of
Fig.
2B. In some embodiments, the pistons 30b move their respective associated
catalyst
32 in a parallel manner into the presence of the chemical supply 42 to
generate gas
43 in the chemical supply chamber 41. In alternative embodiments, only one of
the
pistons 30b is used until its catalyst 32 is spent, and then the other piston
30b is
activated. In another embodiment, one piston 30b moves its associated catalyst
32
into the presence of the chemical supply 42 unless additional generated gas 43
is
required for supplying the gas consuming device via the gas outlet 14. Other
examples for operating the pistons 30b in unison or independent of one another
are
considered to be within the scope of the principles of the present invention.
The gas generator 10b of Fig. 7 also includes an over-pressure safety device
67. The safety device automatically exhausts some of the chemical supply 42
from
the chemical supply chamber 41 in the event the chemical supply chamber 41
experiences too much pressure. The over-pressure safety device 67 may also be
applied to a portion of the body 78 that surrounds the gas storage chamber 40
to
relieve pressure from that chamber should an over-pressure situation occur.
The over-pressure safety device 67 may also be used as a portal to add more
chemical supply 42, water, or other chemical used as a chemical supply for use
in
gas production. Similarly, the over-pressure safety device 67 may also be used
to
extract spent chemical supply 42 from the chemical supply chamber 41. The over-
pressure safety device 67 may be connected to the body 78 of the gas generator
10
via mating threads, detent, clasps, or other mechanical fastening technique
and may
include a gasket or o-ring to prevent gas or chemical supply leakage.
Alternatively,
the over-pressure safety device 67 may be permanently connected to the body
78. In
yet other embodiments, the over-pressure safety device 67 may be formed as an
integral part of the body 78.
Another feature illustrated in the embodiment of the gas generator 10b in
Fig. 7 is a filter/humidifier 75 that the generated gas 43 passes through from
the gas
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 28 -
storage chamber 40 to a gas utilizing device via the gas outlet 14. The
= filter/humidifier 75 may perform one or both functions. In the case of
functioning as
a filter, the filter/humidifier 75 may restrict substantially all but hydrogen
gas from
flowing therethrough. In the case of functioning as a humidifier, the
filter/humidifier 75 adds water vapor or other gaseous vapor to the hydrogen
gas as
it traverses therethrough. The filter/humidifier 75 may be implemented in the
form
of a sponge-like material as known in the art.
The gas generator 10b of Fig. 7 also includes a rod position transducer 72
and a rod position marker 74 that are used to detect a position of the piston
30b. The
transducer may be a Hall-effect transducer, capacitance probe, or other
electro-
magnetic transducer capable of sensing a compatible marker 74 located on the
piston
30b. In other embodiments, the transducer 72 is an optical transducer that
detects
the positions of the piston 30b. In such an embodiment, an optical viewing
port is
provided to allow the transducer 72 to "see" the marker 74 or, in some cases,
the
piston 30b directly. It should be understood that a wheel with an optical
encoder
(not shown) or other position sensing device known in the art may be employed.
In
each of these cases, the use of a signal that represents the position of the
piston may
be used to provide information to an external device (not shown) or for use in
generating electrical feedback for a motor (e.g., linear voice coil motor),
pump, or
other device(s) (not shown) that in some embodiments positions the piston 30b
in
the chemical supply 42 such that the catalyst 32 is exposed to the chemical
supply
42 by an amount sufficient to generate enough gas 43 for supplying to the gas
consuming device 11. A linear voice coil embodiment may have its windings
built
into an area of the body 78 of the gas generator 10b that has a composite or
other
material that allows for magnetic fields to couple to a magnetic element (not
shown)
on the piston 30b for controlling the position of the catalyst 32 in the
chemical
supply 42. Use of devices that can assist moving the piston 30b are understood
in
the art. Implementation of such a device, position transducer 72, position
marker 74,
and control electronics (not shown) may change the mechanical configuration
depicted in Fig. 7.
The gas generator 10b may also include a capacity indicator (not shown) that
informs a user or machine that the gas storage chamber is reaching or has
reached
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 29 -
substantially maximum capacity. The indicator may also indicate low capacity
or a
range of capacities. The capacity indicator may include a dial, electronic
display,
lights (e.g., LED's), audible signal, wireless messaging service, or other
indicators
known in the art. The capacity indicator may use a pressure transducer or
other
transducer known in the art. Other indicators, such as a 'fuel spent' or
'catalyst spent'
indicator may also be employed.
Fig. 8 illustrates another embodiment of the gas generator 10c. In this
embodiment, instead of moving catalyst coated piston 30a or 30b into or out of
the
NaBH4 solution 42 as described above, in Fig. 8, the entire NaBF14 solution 42
is
moved toward or away from the solid, catalyst coated piston 30b, which remains
fixed in one embodiment. Since NaB02 is formed in the presence of a larger
volume of NaBI-14 solution (where the NaB02 solubility remains high), the
potential
for catalyst fouling is minimized. The catalyst life is thus markedly
extended. It
should be understood that in other embodiments, the piston 30a or 30b may also
move in a manner as described above; thus, a differential motion between the
NaBI-14 solution 42 and catalyst coated piston 30b may be provided.
The gas permeable structure 36 can be on portions of the elastic diaphragm
50c or be the entire elastic diaphragm 50d as in Fig. 5B. The embodiment of
Fig. 8
may be constructed in a cylindrical body 78 and with removable screw caps (not
shown) on the ends. In this design, not only can the NaBF14 solution 42 be
replaced
when it has been spent, but the catalyst 32 may also be changed easily by
replacing
the piston 30b. This allows a given catalyst 32 to be replaced with a more
active or
less active catalyst (depending on the particular application). It should be
understood that hollow pistons 30a may also be used in this embodiment and
, replaced in this and other embodiments.
Figs. 9A and 9B illustrate examples of applications for which a gas generator
according to the principles of the present invention may be employed other
than for
fuel cell applications.
In Fig. 9A, the gas generator 10 generates hydrogen gas 43 and provides the
gas via its gas output port(s) 14 to a jeweler's torch 81 or other combustion
device.
It should be understood that the gas generator 10 may produce other gases
through
decomposition of chemical supplies in the presence of catalysts (not described
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 30 -
herein but known in the art) for combustion by the torch 81 or other
combustion
devices.
In Fig. 9B, the gas generator 10 generates oxygen gas 82 and provides the
gas via its gas output port(s) 14 to an oxygen respiratory device 83. The gas
generator 10 may also be used with other respiratory devices, such as a
diver's tank,
in which case a single or multiple gas generators 10 may be used to provide a
combination of nitrogen and oxygen to the tank for use by divers in underwater
dives.
The gas generators of Figs. 9A and 9B are located external from the gas
consuming devices 81 and 83, respectively, for illustration purposes only. It
should
be understood that in practice, the gas consuming devices 81, 83 may provide
compartments into which the gas generator(s) 10 are inserted. The gas
consuming
devices 81 may include generic or custom latching mechanisms (not shown) that
hold the gas generator(s) in place.
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with
references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those
skilled
in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein
without
departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
For example, it is well known that aqueous NaBH4 solutions have a tendency
to slowly self-decompose and form hydrogen gas as per Equation 1, even in the
absence of any catalyst. A possible solution for long-term storage is to pack
NaBH4
powder while dry and separate it from the water and/or NaOH, then mix the two
ingredients when the need to generate hydrogen gas arises. These two
components
may be packaged in a breakable glass or membrane-separated design such that
when
the glass or membrane is broken within the catalytic reactor before use, the
NaBH4
chemical supply 42 and water can mix.
As an additional safety or control feature for the embodiments of gas
generators described herein, an electrical potential can be applied between
the
catalyst 32 and the chemical solution 42 to control gas evolution enabled by
the
catalyst 32.
The disclosed gas generator embodiments allow for inclusion of additional
features that may enhance the storage, handling, and treatment of the product
gases.
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 31 -
Examples other than those already described include a heating element, where
the
increased temperature accelerates production of gas, or a piezoelectric
device, which
generates gas from a particular solution or mixture through vibration.
To make the gas generators described herein user-friendly and self-
identifying, the gas outlet(s) 14 may have a standard or custom shape for
interfacing
with various devices on a standard or application-by-application basis. For
example,
the gas outlets may be shaped in the form of an '0' or 'H' to indicate that
oxygen or
hydrogen gas, respectively, is generated by the gas generator 10. Such designs
can
be useful for preventing user error where multiple gas generators are being
used in a
given application.
Figs. 10A-10C are mechanical schematic diagrams of another embodiment
of the fuel cartridge 10d in which bang-bang control is used to generate gas
43. In
this embodiment, the fuel cartridge 10d has a size profile defined by a body
78 in
which there is a cavity or cavities for each of a gas storage chamber 40,
chemical
supply chamber 41, and reference pressure chamber 26. The gas storage chamber
40
is separated from the chemical supply chamber 41 by a gas permeable, liquid
impermeable membrane 36, which may be coupled to the body 78 of the fuel
cartridge 10d by peripheral seals 29.
In the embodiment of Figs. 10A-10C, the reference pressure chamber 26 is
separated from the chemical supply chamber 41 by a pressure seal, such as a
bellows
seal 77 or equivalent, optionally in combination with an element 30c. In one
example embodiment, the illustrated bellows seal 77 may form a complete
pressure
seal (e.g., the shape of a hat with flexible sides) between a vent 27 to
reference
pressure and the chemical supply chamber 41. In an alternative embodiment, the
bellows seal 77 forms a pressure seal in combination with the element 30c
(i.e., the
bellows seal 77 is in the shape of a hat with flexible sides and no top) to
maintain
pressure separation (and liquid and gas impermeability) between the reference
pressure chamber 26 and chemical supply chamber 41.
It should be understood that an insert (not shown) may be press-fit into the
body 78 and include some or all of the features of the chambers 40, 41, 26,
where
the insert may enable a user to replace catalyst without replacing the body of
the gas
generating device.
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 32 -
Alternatively, the insert may be coupled to the element such that the body
and element can be maintained across catalyst replacement(s). Any number of
coupling mechanisms known in the art may be employed to enable the insert to
be
coupled to and uncoupled from the body or element, such as press-fit, latches,
spring
clips, interlocking features, and so forth. In this way, replacement inserts
with
catalyst and, in some embodiments, chemical supply can be provided to end
users so
that small or inexpensive component(s) (i.e., the insert and any coupling
mechanisms) of the gas generating device can be replaced rather than the
entire gas
generating device.
The definition of orientation-independence or "in an orientation-independent
manner" as used herein means that the gas generating device 10d can operate
correctly regardless of its physical orientation. This means that the
generation of gas
43 in the chemical supply chamber 41, and exiting of the gas 43 froth the
chemical
supply chamber 41, to the gas storage chamber 40, can occur regardless of the
physical orientation of the gas generating device 10d. Under normal
conditions, the
chemical supply 42 remains in the chemical supply chamber 41 regardless of the
physical orientation of the gas generating device 10d.
In the embodiment of Figs. 10A-10C, as part of the orientation-
independence, the generated gas 43 passes through the gas permeable, liquid
impermeable membrane 36 on a path from a proximal end (left end adjacent to
the
gas storage chamber 40 in Figs. 10A and 10B) of the chemical supply chamber 41
to
the gas storage chamber 40 or on a path via a gas passage 28 that spans from a
distal
end (right end adjacent to the reference pressure chamber 26) of the chemical
supply
chamber 41 to the gas storage chamber 40. The gas passage 28 enables generated
gas 43 to flow from the chemical supply chamber 41 to the gas storage chamber
40
even if the reference pressure chamber 26 is physically above the gas storage
chamber 40 during operation, provided there is a sufficient level of gas
pressure
differential between the chemical supply chamber 41 and gas storage chamber
40.
The chemical supply chamber 41, in the embodiment of Figs. 10A -10C,
includes complementary features 37a, 37b. The complementary features 37a, 37b
may be in the form of opposing slopes in a modified saw-tooth pattern defined
by a
portion of an interior wall of the body 78 and a portion of an exterior wall
of the
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 33 -
element 30c. The chemical supply chamber 41 may also include a pressure relief
valve (not shown) that opens if pressure inside the chemical supply chamber 41
reaches an unsafe level (i.e., exceeds a "safe pressure" threshold).
Continuing to refer to Figs. 10A-10C, the element 30c has slots or holes 31
through which the chemical supply 42 and, in turn, generated gas 43, in the
chemical
supply chamber 41 flow during operations of the fuel cartridge 10d. In the
example
embodiment of Figs. 10A-10C, the chemical supply 42 flows into and out of
voids
45a, 45b defined by the geometry of the complementary features 37a, 37b. While
the chemical supply 42 is within the void 45a between the complementary
features
37a, 37b during the ON state, a catalyst 32 on one of the complementary
features
37a (or 37b) is exposed to the chemical supply 42, which causes a reaction
between
the chemical supply 42 and catalyst 32, thereby generating the gas 43 that
flows
through the gas permeable membrane 36 into the gas storage chamber 40
(regardless
of orientation of the fuel cartridge 10d). On the other one of the
complementary
features 37b (or 37a) is a "displacer" 13, which serves as a displacing seal
that
removes chemical supply 42 from the catalyst 32 as the complementary features
37a,
37b come into contact with each other, which, in the embodiment of Figs. 10A -
10C,
occurs by the element's 30c translating from left to right (i.e., toward the
reference
pressure chamber 26). The other void 45b and the rest of the chemical supply
chamber 41 accept the chemical supply 42 displaced from the void 45a between
the
complementary features 37a, 37b. Because of the displacer 13, the fuel
cartridge
10d does not generate the gas 43 while the complementary features 37a, 37b
remain
in contact with each other following removal of the chemical supply 42 from
the
catalyst 32. The chemical supply 42 flows away from the catalyst 32 through
the
slots or holes 31 as the chemical supply 42 is displaced from the catalyst 32,
where
the chemical supply 42 flows as a function of movement of the element 30c, as
described in more detail below.
In the embodiment of Figs. 10A-10C, the reference pressure chamber 26 is
bounded by the bellows seal 77, the end of the element 30c (in some
embodiments),
and the body 78. The reference pressure chamber 26 also contains a spring 65,
where the spring 65 serves as a forcer to cause the element 30c to translate
(or
rotate) relative to the body 78 of the fuel cartridge 10d. The bellows seal 77
(i)
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 34 -
serves to isolate the chemical supply 42 from the spring 65, (ii) serves to
isolate the
chemical supply 42 from the reference pressure chamber 26 that leads to a vent
27 to
a reference pressure environment, such as ambient pressure environment
surrounding the fuel cartridge 10d, and (iii) serves to maintain a separation
of
pressure between the two chambers 41 and 26.
Fig. 10C is a mechanical schematic diagram of a close-up view of an
embodiment of the complementary features 37a, 37b in which a detent 90,
represented in Fig. 10C as a pair of frictional or spring loaded frictional
features 92a,
92b, as an example, that apply a given amount of resistive force to the
complementary features 37a, 37b unless a sum of forces exerted on the element
30c
overcomes the given amount of resistive force. It should be understood that
the
given amount of resistive force can be set by contact angles of the frictional
features
92a, 92b, spring force of a member 94 that couples one of the frictional
features 92b
to the element 30c, and surface effects of the material(s) at the interface of
the
frictional features 92a, 92b. In other embodiments, other forms of detents
known in
the art may be used, such as a spring-loaded rounded surface and indentation
pair. It
should also be understood that the given amount of resistive force may not be
the
same for both directions of travel of the element 30c. The resistive force(s)
may be
set to provide a predetermined amount of hysteresis between transitions from
the
ON to OFF and OFF to ON states.
During operation, the bang-bang fuel cartridge 10d embodiment generates
the gas 43 with a self-adjusting duty cycle depending on the amount of gas 43
that is
"requested" by an external device (not shown) gaseously coupled to a gas
outlet 14.
The term "self-adjusting duty cycle" as used herein is defined as the gas
generating
device's ability to adjust its length of ON state compared to its total length
of ON
plus OFF states in generating gas as a function of fuel (i.e., chemical
supply)
concentration and catalyst effectiveness for a given gas demand. The self-
adjusting
may be done passively or actively.
The self-adjusting duty cycle (illustrated in Figs. 11A-11C) occurs as a
result
of the element's 30c translating (or rotating or otherwise moving) as a
function of
pressure internal to the chemical supply chamber 41 relative to pressure
external
from the chemical supply chamber or, more generally, a sum of forces acting
upon
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 35 -
the element 30c. After operations have begun and some gas 43 has been
generated,
as pressure in the gas storage chamber 40, and, consequently, the chemical
supply
chamber 41, builds up as a result of lower or no gas flow through the gas
outlet 14,
the pressure in the chemical supply chamber 41 exerts a force against the
element
30c and, in turn, against the spring 65. As a result, the element 30c
translates from
its ON state position in Fig. 10B to its OFF state position in Figs. 10A and
10C until
the complementary features 37a, 37b, which were apart from each other during
the
generation of gas 43, are in contact with each other, which discontinues the
generation of the gas 43. Likewise, when the flow of the generated gas 43
through
the gas outlet 14 restarts or increases, the pressure in the gas storage
chamber 40
decreases, leading to a decrease in pressure in the chemical supply chamber
41,
thereby enabling the spring 65 to exert its force on the element 30c, which,
in turn,
exposes the catalyst 32 to the chemical supply 42 as the complementary
features
37a, 37b are moved apart from each other as a function of pressure
differential
between pressure in the chemical supply chamber 41 relative to pressure in the
reference pressure chamber 26.
The movement of the element 30c turns on and off a reaction between the
catalyst 32 and chemical supply 42, where control of the ON state and OFF
state is
referred to herein as bang-bang control. The bang-bang control enables and
disables
generation of the gas 43 according to a duty cycle defined by the ON state
relative to
the OFF state within a given period of time, described in more detail below in
reference to Figs. 11A-11C. The position of the translating or rotating
element 30c
and complementary features 37a, 37b in the OFF state 39a is shown in Figs. 10A
and 10C, and the position of the element 30c and complementary features 37a,
37b
is shown in the ON state 39b in Fig. 10B.
It should be understood that the change in states may be .a "snap" action that
occurs when the pressure differential exceeds or falls below certain
threshold(s), and
there may be hysteresis designed into the change in states, such as through
use of a
detent or other mechanical means known in the art, so that continual snapping
does
not occur while the pressure differential remains near the threshold(s).
Fig. 10B illustrates the ON state 39b in which the gas 43 has a flow rate
through the gas outlet 14 to an external device (not shown), such as fuel
cells in the
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 36 -
case of hydrogen gas, for example. In such a case, the fuel cells may demand
the
gas 43 as a function of power demanded from the fuel cells by an electricity-
consuming device (not shown) electrically connected to the fuel cells.
Examples of
electricity-consuming devices may be individual devices, such as a radio,
mobile
communications device, motor used to rotate a propeller, or entire electric
vehicle;
another example may be a power grid that feeds a home, neighborhood, town, or
city. In other words, the fuel cartridge 10d may generate gas according to a
self-
adjusting duty cycle as a function of usage of electricity by an electrical
device.
The bang-bang fuel cartridge 10d embodiment may change from the OFF
state 39a of Figs. 10A and 10C to the ON state 39b of Fig. 10B and back again
many
times per minute, per several minutes, or per hour as a function of demand of
the gas
by fuel cells being used to power an electrical device. The total surface area
of
catalyst exposed in the ON state might be, by design, larger than the surface
area
needed to sustain the maximum gas flow rate. Therefore, when the fuel
cartridge is
ON in response to low pressure in the gas chamber storage chamber 40, the
chemical
supply chamber pressure can rapidly rise to the extent that its force on the
element
30c overwhelms the spring opposing force (and force of the detent 90) and
slams the
element to the OFF position. The element remains in the OFF position until
sufficient gas 43 is consumed, reducing the pressure in the gas storage
chamber 40
and chemical supply chamber 41 to the value that slams the element back to the
ON
position. The self-adjusting duty cycle, thus, controls a gas pressure in the
gas
storage chamber 40 to support a steady flow of the gas 43 through the gas
outlet 14
to the fuel cells or other external device(s).
The fuel cartridge can be constructed to operate passively, relying on only
internally-generated pressures to switch between ON and OFF states via bang-
bang
control. The element 30c can alternatively be constructed to operate actively,
such
as through use of a solenoid-type or linear motor mechanism, to be translated
in
bang-bang fashion, where the mechanism is activated or controlled by external
process(es) that operate as a function of input pressures sensed within the
fuel
cartridge. A fuel cell array that generates power using the hydrogen generated
by
the fuel cartridge 10d may provide power to a microcontroller, microprocessor,
or
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 37 -
other circuitry used to run the process(es) that control the solenoid-type or
linear
motor mechanism.
Figs. 11A-11C provide a sequence of timing diagrams 86a-86c that illustrate
the self-adjusting duty cycle associated with the operations of the example
embodiment of the gas generating device 10d of Figs. 10A-10C. The timing
diagrams 86a-86c include representations of ON states and OFF states, where
the
ON state is indicated as a horizontal line 87a above a horizontal line 87b
that
indicates an OFF state.
In terms of operational parameters in reference to the bang-bang fuel
cartridge 10d embodiment of Figs. 10A-10C, the timing diagram 86a of Fig. 11A
illustrates a case in which the catalyst 32 is at high strength (e.g.,
unfouled) and the
concentration of chemical supply 42 is at high concentration. The timing
diagram
86a illustrates a duty cycle of, for example, 10%, where the ON state T. has a
10%
portion of a given operating period, Troia', and the OFF state, Toff, has 90%
portion
of the given operating period. In the example embodiment, a 10% duty cycle may
be all that is needed for the gas 43 that flows to the gas storage chamber 40
of Fig.
10A and 10B to provide sufficient pressure within the gas storage chamber 40
such
that the fuel cartridge 10d can maintain a constant flow of the gas 43 to an
external
device (not shown), such as fuel cells, via the gas outlet 14. In the case in
which a
flow of the gas via the gas outlet 14 stops, it should be understood that the
production of the gas 43 drops to a point at which the duty cycle is 0% (not
shown),
meaning that the OFF state is present the entire time of the given operating
period.
It should be understood that leakage of the gas 43 from the gas storage
chamber 40
may cause the duty cycle to be greater than 0% by a certain amount (e.g., 1%,
3%,
5%, or fractional amounts greater than 0%).
Over time due to catalysis, the concentration of the chemical supply 42
diminishes (e.g., sodium borohydride is catalyzed into sodium borate) or the
catalyst's effectiveness degrades. As a consequence, the duty cycle increases
to an
amount of, for example, 50%, as illustrated in the timing diagram 86b of Fig.
11B.
Through operations, the chemical supply 42 continues to deplete in
concentration
due to catalysis, causing the duty cycle to increase, such that the ON state
is even
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 38 -
greater in duration than the OFF state, such as for a duty cycle of 90%, as
illustrated
in the timing diagram 86c of Fig. 11C.
Notably, the duration of the OFF state, Toff, is approximately the same in
each of the three duty cycle timing diagrams 86a-86c because the OFF state
represents a length of time during which a constant flow of the gas 43 is
delivered to
an external device from the gas storage chamber 40 via the gas outlet port 14
of
Figs. 10A and 10B. If the flow of the gas 43 to the external device increases
or
decreases appreciably, the length of the OFF state represented in the timing
diagrams 86a-86c decreases or increases, respectively, by certain amounts to
accommodate a level of pressure in the gas storage chamber 40 suitable for
maintaining the increased or decreased gas flow rate.
The three timing diagrams 86a-86c can be used to represent various different
scenarios or combinations thereof. One scenario, consistent with the above
example, illustrates a condition in which the catalyst 32 is unfouled and
strongly
catalyzes and in which the chemical supply 42 changes from a state of high
concentration to a state of lower concentration over time. In this first
scenario, the
timing diagram 86a of Fig. 11A illustrates a duty cycle in which the chemical
supply
42 has a state of high concentration, the timing diagram 86b of Fig. 11B
illustrates a
duty cycle in which the chemical supply 42 has a state of intermediate
concentration,
and the timing diagram 86c of Fig. 11C illustrates a duty cycle in which the
chemical supply 42 has a state of reduced concentration. The duty cycle of 10%
in
the timing diagram 86a of Fig. 11A illustrates a situation in which only short
bursts
of ON state are required to generate sufficient gas 43 to maintain a
substantially
constant gas pressure (e.g., 5 psi +1- 10%, 20%, or other percentage) in the
gas
storage chamber 40 while the gas 43 flows via the gas outlet 14; later in time
(Figs.
11B or 11C), the duration of ON state required to maintain that same
substantially
constant pressure must be longer (e.g., 50% or 90%). It should be understood
that
the examples of 10%, 50%, and 90% duty cycles are representative examples of
duty
cycles and that duty cycles can range from 0% to 100% in analog increments. It
should also be understood that the pressure in the gas storage chamber 40 can
be
selected based on a particular application and design parameters.
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 39 -
In a second scenario, the timing diagrams 86a-86c illustrate a condition in
which the catalyst 32 becomes fouled or is otherwise spent over time, which
may
occur if the same catalyst 32 is used across multiple re-fillings of the gas
generating
device 10d with fresh (i.e., high concentration) chemical supply 42. In such a
scenario, early in the life of the catalyst 32 in the presence of a chemical
supply 42
having a state of high concentration, the duty cycle may be short (e.g., 10%
of Fig.
11A) to produce, for example, 5 psi of gas pressure in the gas storage chamber
40;
but, later in its life, to produce the same amount of gas pressure in a
presence of a
chemical supply 42 having the same state of high concentration, the catalyst
32 may
require the duty cycle to start at about 50%, as illustrated in the middle
timing
diagram 86b of Fig. 11B. Still later in the life of the catalyst 32, in a
presence of a
chemical supply 42 having the same state of high concentration, the catalyst
32 may
require the duty cycle to start at upwards of 90%, as illustrated in the
timing diagram
86C of Fig. 11C, to produce the same 5 psi of gas pressure in the gas storage
chamber 40.
It should be understood that at a certain point, the catalyst 32 will become
sufficiently fouled or spent such that it cannot catalyze enough chemical
supply 42
to generate a sufficient amount of gas 43 to support enough gas pressure in
the gas
storage chamber 40 to maintain a flow rate via the gas outlet 14 that supports
a
demand for the gas 43 by an external device. In this "terminal phase"
condition, the
duty cycle will be at 100%, and the length of the timing diagram's 86a-c
horizontal
line 87a representing the ON state will decrease, possibly with a step
function if a
detent 90 (Fig. 10C) is used, eventually approaching or becoming equal to the
length
of the horizontal line 87b representing the OFF state, at which time there is
little or
no further gas generation. In such a circumstance, the user will have to
recharge the
catalyst 32, replace the catalyst 32, or simply obtain a new fuel cartridge
10d so that
normal operations can begin again.
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
- 40 -
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with
references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those
skilled in
the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without
departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
CA 2911234 2019-11-12
