Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
FUEL COMPOSITIONS
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure generally relates to marine fuel compositions,
specifically marine
fuel compositions comprising at least one residual hydrocarbon component.
BACKGROUND
This section is intended to introduce various aspects of the art, which may be
associated
with exemplary embodiments of the present invention. This discussion is
believed to assist in
providing a framework to facilitate a better understanding of particular
aspects of the present
invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that this section should be
read in this light, and
not necessarily as admissions of any prior art.
Marine vessels used in global shipping typically run on marine fuels, which
can also be
referred to as bunker fuels. Marine fuels include distillate-based and
residues-based ("resid-
based") marine fuels. Resid-based marine fuels are usually preferred because
they tend to cost
less than other fuels, but they often, and typically, have higher sulfur
levels due to the cracked
and/or residual hydrocarbon components that typically make up the resid-based
marine fuels.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), however, imposes increasingly
more stringent
requirements on sulfur content of marine fuels used globally. In addition, IMO
imposes more
strict marine fuel sulfur levels in specific regions known as Emission Control
Areas, or ECAs.
The regulations will require a low-sulfur marine fuel with a maximum sulfur
content of 0.1 wt%
(1000 wppm) for the ECA in the near future. One conventional way of meeting
the lower sulfur
requirements for marine vessels is through the use of distillate-based fuels
(e.g., diesel) with
sulfur levels typically significantly below the sulfur levels specified in the
IMO regulations. The
distillate-based fuels, however, typically have a high cost premium and
limited flexibility in
blending components. For instance, use of heavy and highly aromatic components
in a distillate-
based low-sulfur marine fuel is limited because of the density, MCR content,
appearance (color),
and cetane specifications imposed on marine distillate fuels. A distinct
advantage that resid-
based marine fuel oils have over distillate-based marine fuels is that they
can incorporate heavy
and aromatic components into their formulations because of their product
specifications. This
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allows more flexible use of available blending components for marine fuel oil
production and
results in lower cost fuels. Further, the use of heavy and highly aromatic
components possible
in resid-based marine fuel blends allows higher density fuels to be produced.
While there are some publications that disclose the desirability of lowering
the sulfur
content of marine fuels, there is still a need for low-sulfur marine fuels
with at least one residual
hydrocarbon component. Exemplary publications include U.S. Patent Nos.
4,006,076, and
7,651,605, and W02012135247.
SUMMARY
In accordance with one aspect there is provided a marine fuel composition
comprising: at
least 30 wt% to 50 wt% of a residual hydrocarbon component, wherein the
residual hydrocarbon
component is vacuum tower bottoms residues which exhibit at least one of:
density at 15 degrees
C in a range of 0.8 to 1.1 g/cc; a pour point in a range of -15.0 to 95
degrees C, a flash point in a
range of 220 to 335 degrees C; an acid number of up to 8.00 mgKOH/g; and a
kinematic
viscosity at 50 degrees C in a range of 3.75 to 15000 cSt; and the remaining
amount of the
marine fuel composition comprises a hydrocarbon component selected from a
group consisting
of a non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, a hydroprocessed hydrocarbon
component,
and any combination thereof; wherein the marine fuel composition exhibits at
least one of: a
density at 15 degrees C in a range of 0.870 to 1.010 g/cm3, a kinematic
viscosity at 50 degrees C
in a range of 1 to 700 cSt, a pour point of -30 to 35 degrees C, and a flash
point of at least 60
degrees C.
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According to one aspect, the present disclosure provides a marine fuel
composition
comprising: 10 to 50 wt% of a residual hydrocarbon component; and 50 to 90 wt%
selected from
a group consisting of a non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, a
hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon component, and any combination thereof, wherein the amount of each
of the non-
hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component and the hydroprocessed hydrocarbon
component in the
marine fuel composition is up to 80%. In some embodiments, the sulphur content
of the marine
fuel blend composition is in a range of 400 to 1000 wppm. Additionally or
alternately, the
marine fuel composition exhibits at least one of the following
characteristics: a hydrogen sulfide
content of at most 2.0 mg/kg; an acid number of at most 2.5 mg KOH per gram; a
sediment
content of at most 0.1 wt %; a water content of at most 0.5 vol %; and an ash
content of at most
0.15 wt%. Additionally or alternately, the marine fuel composition has at
least one of the
following: a density at 15 degrees C in a range of 0.870 to 1.010 g/cm3, a
kinematic viscosity at
50 degrees C in a range of 1 to 700 cSt, a pour point of -30 to 35 degrees C,
for example -27 to
30 degrees C, and a flash point of at least 60 degrees C. In one embodiment,
the density of the
marine fuel composition density is at least 0.890 g/cm3. In one embodiment,
the kinematic
viscosity of the marine fuel is less than 12 cSt.
In certain embodiments, the marine fuel composition comprises 20 to 40 wt% of
the
residual hydrocarbon component; 10 to 60 wt% of the non-hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon
component; and 10 to 60 wt% of the hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component. In
certain
embodiments, the marine fuel composition comprises at least 25 wt% or at least
30 wt% of the
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residual hydrocarbon component. Additionally or alternately, the marine fuel
composition
comprises at least 50 wt% of the hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component or at
least 50 wt% of
the non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component.
In some embodiments, the residual hydrocarbon component has a sulfur content
of at
least 0.4 wt% or at least 0.2 wt%. In some embodiments, the residual
hydrocarbon component is
selected from the group consisting of long residues (ATB), short residues
(VTB), and a
combination thereof. In some embodiments, the residual hydrocarbon component
comprises
long residues (ATB) which may exhibit at least one of the following
characteristics: a density at
degrees C in a range of 0.8 to 1.1 g/cc; a pour point in a range of -19.0 to
64 degrees C, a
10 flash point in a range of 80 to 213 degrees C; an acid number of up to
8.00 mgKOH/g; and a
kinematic viscosity at ¨ 50 degrees C in a range of 1.75 to 15000 cSt.
Additionally or
alternately, the residual hydrocarbon component comprises short residues which
may exhibit at
least one of the following characteristics: a density at 15 degrees C in a
range of 0.8 to 1.1 g/cc; a
pour point in a range of -15.0 to 95 degrees C, a flash point in a range of
220 to 335 degrees C;
15 an acid number of up to 8.00 mgKOH/g; and a kinematic viscosity at 50
degrees C in a range of
3.75 to 15000 cSt.
In some embodiments, the non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component is selected
from
the group consisting of light cycle oil (LCO), heavy cycle oil (HCO), fluid
catalytic cracking
(FCC) cycle oil, FCC slurry oil, pyrolysis gas oil, cracked light gas oil
(CLGO), cracked heavy
gas oil (CHGO), pyrolysis light gas oil (PLGO), pyrolysis heavy gas oil
(PHGO), thermally
cracked residue, thermally cracked heavy distillate, coker heavy distillates,
and any combination
thereof. In some embodiments, the non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component is
selected
from a group consisting of vacuum gas oil (VGO), coker diesel, coker gas oil,
coker VG0,
thermally cracked VG0, thermally cracked diesel, thermally cracked gas oil,
Group I slack
waxes, lube oil aromatic extracts, deasphalted oil (DAO), and any combination
thereof.
According to other aspects, the present disclosure also provide a method to
prepare a
marine fuel composition comprising at least about 10 and up to 50 wt% of a
residual
hydrocarbon component and at least about 50 and up to 90 wt% of other
components selected
from up to about 80 wt%, based on all components, of a non-hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon
component, up to about 80 wt%, based on all components, of a hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon
component, and a combination thereof, wherein the marine fuel composition has
a sulfur content
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of about 0.1 wt% or less. The method comprises selecting a relative
composition amount and
material of the residual hydrocarbon component; selecting a relative
composition amount and
material of the non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component and/or hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon
component based on the residual hydrocarbon component selection to provide the
composition
sulfur content of about 0.1 wt% or less; and blending the selected components
to form the marine
fuel composition. In some embodiments, the selected residual hydrocarbon
component has a
sulfur content of 0.4 wt% or less. In some embodiments, the residual
hydrocarbon component,
non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component and/or hydroprocessed hydrocarbon
component are
selected to provide the marine fuel composition with characteristics that meet
a standard
specification, such as, but not limited to ISO 8217.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present disclosure generally relates to marine fuels, specifically marine
fuels with
low sulfur content comprising at least one residual hydrocarbon component. In
one embodiment,
a marine fuel composition having a density at 15 degrees C of greater than 830
kg/m' as
measured by a suitable standard method known to one of ordinary skill in the
art, such as ASTM
D4052. The marine fuel composition may meet the marine residual fuels standard
of ISO 8217
(2010). The marine fuel composition may comprise at least about 10 and up to
50 wt% of a
residual hydrocarbon component and at least about 50 and up to 90 wt% of other
components
selected from up to about 80 wt%, based on all components, a non-
hydroprocessed hydrocarbon
component; up to about 80 wt%, based on all components, a hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon
component, and a combination thereof. According to one aspect, the amount and
material of the
residual hydrocarbon component may be selected first, and the amount and
material of the non-
hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component and/or hydroprocessed hydrocarbon
component can be
determined based on their properties in view of the residual hydrocarbon
component selection to
form a marine fuel composition that meets the desired application, such as to
meet a particular
specification or regulation requirement.
In one embodiment, the marine fuel composition includes a residual hydrocarbon
component in a range of about 10 to 50 wt% while still maintaining the sulfur
content to meet
regulations. In some embodiments, the marine fuel composition comprises about
10 to 50 wt%,
for example, about 20 to 40 wt%, of the residual hydrocarbon component. For
example, the
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marine fuel composition may comprise at least 10 wt%, at least 15 wt%, at
least 20 wt%, at least
25 wt%, at least 30 wt%, at least 35 wt%, at least 40 wt%, and at least 45
wt%. The marine fuel
composition may comprise at most about 50 wt%, for example, at most 45 wt%, at
most 40 wt%,
at most 35 wt%, at most 30 wt%, at most 25 wt%, at most 20 wt%, at most 15
wt%, or at most 10
wt%. In one embodiment, the marine fuel composition comprises greater than 25
wt% of the
residual hydrocarbon component, such as 26 wt%, 27 wt%, 28 wt%, and 29 wt%. In
one
embodiment, the marine fuel composition comprises greater than 35 wt% of the
residual
hydrocarbon component, such as 36 wt%, 37 wt%, 38 wt%, and 39 wt%. The
residual
hydrocarbon component can include any suitable residual hydrocarbon component,
including
long residues, short residues, or a combination thereof. For instance,
residual hydrocarbon
components can be residues of distillation processes and may have been
obtained as residues in
the distillation of crude mineral oil under atmospheric pressure, producing
straight run distillate
fractions and a first residual oil, which is called "long residue" (or
atmospheric tower bottoms
(ATB)). The long residue is usually distilled at sub-atmospheric pressure to
yield one or more so
called "vacuum distillates" and a second residual oil, which is called "short
residue" (or vacuum
tower bottoms (VTB)).
In a particular embodiment, the residual hydrocarbon component used has a
sulfur
content of less than about 0.4 wt%, for example, less than about 0.2 wt%. The
residual
hydrocarbon component with a sulfur content of less than about 0.4 wt% may be
selected from
long residues (ATB), short residues (VTB), and a combination thereof. The long
residues (ATB)
may exhibit one or more of the following properties: a density at -15 degrees
C of at most about
1.0 g/cc, for example, at most 0.95 g/cc, at most 0.90 g/cc, at most 0.85
g/cc, at most 0.80 g/cc,
at most 0.75 g/cc, or at most 0.70 g/cc; a density at -15 degrees C of at
least about 0.70 g/cc, for
example, at least 0.75 g/cc, at least 0.80 g/cc, at least 0.85 g/cc, at least
0.90 g/cc, at least 0.95
g/cc, or at least 1.0 g/cc; a sulfur content of about at most 0.40 wt%, at
most 0.35 wt%, at most
0.30 wt%, at most 0.25 wt%, at most 0.20 wt%, at most 0.15 wt%, at most 0.10
wt%, at most
0.05 wt%, or at most 0.01 wt%; a sulfur content of about at least 0.01 wt%, at
least 0.05 wt%, at
least 0.10 wt%, at least 0.15 wt%, at least 0.20 wt%, at least 0.25 wt%, at
least 0.30 wt%, at least
0.35 wt%, or at least 0.40 wt%; a pour point of at least about -20.0 degrees
C, such as -19.0
degrees C, for example, at least -15.0 degrees C, at least -10.0 degrees C, at
least -5.0 degrees C,
at least 0.0 degrees C, at least 5.0 degrees C, at least 10.0 degrees C, at
least 15.0 degrees C, at
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least 20.0 degrees C, at least 25.0 degrees C, at least 30.0 degrees C, at
least 35.0 degrees C, at
least 40.0 degrees C, at least 45.0 degrees C, at least 50.0 degrees C, at
least 55.0 degrees C, or at
least 60.0 degrees C, such as 64.0 degrees C; a pour point of at most about
65.0 degrees C, such
as 64.0 degrees C, for example, at most 60.0 degrees C, at most 55.0 degrees
C, at most 50.0
degrees C, at most 45.0 degrees C, at most 40.0 degrees C, at most 35.0
degrees C, at most 30.0
degrees C, at most 25.0 degrees C, at most 20.0 degrees C, at most 15.0
degrees C, at most 10.0
degrees C, at most 5.0 degrees C, at most 0.0 degrees C, at most -5.0 degrees
C, at most -10.0
degrees C, at most -15.0 degrees C, such as -19.0 degrees C, or at most -20.0
degrees C; a flash
point of at least about 80 degrees C, for example, at least 85 degrees C, at
least 90 degrees C, at
least 95 degrees C, at least 100 degrees C, at least 105 degrees C, at least
110 degrees C, at least
115 degrees C, at least 120 degrees C, at least 125 degrees C, at least 130
degrees C, at least 135
degrees C, at least 140 degrees C, at least 145 degrees C, at least 150
degrees C, at least 155
degrees C, at least 160 degrees C, at least 165 degrees C, at least 170
degrees C, at least 175
degrees C, at least 180 degrees C, at least 185 degrees C, at least 190
degrees C, at least 195
degrees C, at least 200 degrees C, at least 205 degrees C, or at least 210
degrees C, such as 213
degrees C; a flash point of at most about 213 degrees C, for example, at most
210 degrees C, at
most 205 degrees C, at most 200 degrees C, at most 195 degrees C, at most 190
degrees C, at
most 185 degrees C, at most 180 degrees C, at most 175 degrees C, at most 170
degrees C, at
most 165 degrees C, at most 160 degrees C, at most 155 degrees C, at most 150
degrees C, at
most 145 degrees C, at most 140 degrees C, at most 135 degrees C, at most 130
degrees C, at
most 125 degrees C, at most 120 degrees C, at most 115 degrees C, at most 110
degrees C, at
most 105 degrees C, at most 100 degrees C, at most 95 degrees C, at most 90
degrees C, at most
85 degrees C, or at most 80 degrees C; a total acid number (TAN) of up to
about 8.00 mgKOH/g,
for example, at most about 7.50 mgKOH/g, at most 7.00 mgKOH/g, at most 6.50
mgKOH/g, at
most 6.00 mgKOH/g, at most 5.50 mgKOH/g, at most 5.00 mgKOH/g, at most 4.50
mgKOH/g,
at most 4.00 mgKOH/g, at most 3.50 mgKOH/g, at most 3.00 mgKOH/g, at most 2.50
mgKOH/g, at most 2.00 mgKOH/g, at most 1.50 mgKOH/g, at most 1.00 mgKOH/g, at
most
0.50 mgKOH/g, at most 0.10 mgKOH/g, or at most 0.05 mgKOH/g; a total acid
number (TAN)
of at least about 0.05 mgKOH/g, for example, at least 0.10 mgKOH/g, at least
0.50 mgKOH/g, at
least 1.00 mgKOH/g, at least 1.50 mgKOH/g, at least 2.00 mgKOH/g, at least
2.50 mgKOH/g, at
least 3.00 mgKOH/g, at least 3.50 mgKOH/g, at least 4.00 mgKOH/g, at least
4.50 mgKOH/g, at
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least 5.00 mgKOH/g, at least 5.50 mgKOH/g, at least 6.00 mgKOH/g, at least
6.50 mgKOH/g, at
least 7.00 mgKOH/g, at least 7.50 mgKOH/g, or at least 8.00 mgKOH/g; a
kinematic viscosity at
- 50 degrees C of at least about 1.75 cSt, for example, at least 100 cSt, at
least 500 cSt, at least
1000 cSt, at least 1500 cSt, at least 2000 cSt, at least 2500 cSt, at least
3000 cSt, at least 3500
.. cSt, at least 4000 cSt, at least 4500 cSt, at least 5000 cSt, at least 5500
cSt, at least 6000 cSt, at
least 6500 cSt, at least 7000 cSt, at least 7500 cSt, at least 8000 cSt, at
least 8500 cSt, at least
9000 cSt, at least 9500 cSt, at least 10000 cSt, at least 10500 cSt, at least
11000 cSt, at least
11500 cSt, at least 12000 cSt, at least 12500 cSt, at least 13000 cSt, at
least 13500 cSt, at least
14000 cSt, at least 14500 cSt, or at least 15000 cSt; a kinematic viscosity at
- 50 degrees C of at
most about 15000 cSt, for example, at most 14500 cSt, at most 14000 cSt, at
most 13500 cSt, at
most 13000 cSt, at most 12500 cSt, at most 12000 cSt, at most 11500 cSt, at
most 11000 cSt, at
most 10500 cSt, at most 10000 cSt, at most 9500 cSt, at most 9000 cSt, at most
8500 cSt, at most
8000 cSt, at most 7500 cSt, at most 7000 cSt, at most 6500 cSt, at most 6000
cSt, at most 5500
cSt, at most 5000 cSt, at most 4500 cSt, at most 4000 cSt, at most 3500 cSt,
at most 3000 cSt, at
most 2500 cSt, at most 2000 cSt, at most 1500 cSt, at most 1000 cSt, at most
500 cSt, or at most
1.75 cSt.
The short residues (VTB) may exhibit one or more of the following properties:
a density
at -15 degrees C of at most about 1.1 g/cc, for example, at most 1.05 g/cc, at
most 1.00 g/cc, at
most 0.95 g/cc, at most 0.90 g/cc, at most 0.85 g/cc, or at most 0.80 g/cc; a
density at -15
degrees C of at least about 0.80 g/cc, for example, at least 0.85 g/cc, at
least 0.90 g/cc, at least
0.95 g/cc, at least 1.0 g/cc, at least 1.05 g/cc, or at least 1.10 g/cc; a
sulfur content of about at
most 0.40 wt%, at most 0.35 wt%, at most 0.30 wt%, at most 0.25 wt%, at most
0.20 wt%, at
most 0.15 wt%, at most 0.10 wt%, at most 0.05 wt%, or at most 0.01 wt%; a
sulfur content of
about at least 0.01 wt%, at least 0.05 wt%, at least 0.10 wt%, at least 0.15
wt%, at least 0.20
.. wt%, at least 0.25 wt%, at least 0.30 wt%, at least 0.35 wt%, or at least
0.40 wt%; a pour point in
a range of at least -15.0 degrees C, for example, at least -15.0 degrees C, at
least -10 degrees C,
at least -5 degrees C, at least 0.0 degrees C, at least 5.0 degrees C, at
least 10.0 degrees C, at least
15.0 degrees C, at least 20.0 degrees C, at least 25.0 degrees C, at least
30.0 degrees C, at least
35.0 degrees C, at least 40.0 degrees C, at least 45.0 degrees C, at least
50.0 degrees C, at least
55.0 degrees C, at least 60.0 degrees C at least 65.0 degrees C, at least 70.0
degrees C, at least
75.0 degrees C, at least 80.0 degrees C, at least 85.0 degrees C, at least
90.0 degrees C, or at least
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95.0 degrees C; a pour point of at most about 95.0 degrees C, for example, at
most 90.0 degrees
C, at most 85.0 degrees C, at most 80.0 degrees C, at most 75.0 degrees C, at
most 70.0 degrees
C, at most 65.0 degrees C, at most 60.0 degrees C, at most 55.0 degrees C, at
most 50.0 degrees
C, at most 45.0 degrees C, at most 40.0 degrees C, at most 35.0 degrees C, at
most 30.0 degrees
C, at most 25.0 degrees C, at most 20.0 degrees C, at most 15.0 degrees C, at
most 10.0 degrees
C, at most 5.0 degrees C, at most 0.0 degrees C, at most -5.0 degrees C, at
most -10 degrees C, at
most -15.0 degrees C; a flash point of at least about 220 degrees C, for
example, at least 225
degrees C, at least 230 degrees C, at least 235 degrees C, at least 240
degrees C, at least 245
degrees C, at least 250 degrees C, at least 255 degrees C, at least 260
degrees C, at least 265
degrees C, at least 270 degrees C, at least 275 degrees C, at least 280
degrees C, at least 285
degrees C, at least 290 degrees C, at least 295 degrees C, at least 300
degrees C, at least 305
degrees C, at least 310 degrees C, at least 315 degrees C, at least 320
degrees C, at least 325
degrees C, at least 330 degrees C, or at least 335 degrees C; a flash point of
at most about 335
degrees C, for example, at most 330 degrees C, at most 325 degrees C, at most
320 degrees C, at
most 315 degrees C, at most 310 degrees C, at most 305 degrees C, at most 300
degrees C, at
most 295 degrees C, at most 290 degrees C, at most 285 degrees C, at most 280
degrees C, at
most 275 degrees C, at most 270 degrees C, at most 265 degrees C, at most 260
degrees C, at
most 255 degrees C, at most 250 degrees C, at most 245 degrees C, at most 240
degrees C, at
most 235 degrees C, at most 230 degrees C, at most 225 degrees C, or at most
220 degrees C; a
total acid number (TAN) of up to about 8.00 mgKOH/g, for example, at most
about 7.50
mgKOH/g, at most 7.00 mgKOH/g, at most about 6.50 mgKOH/g, at most 6.00
mgKOH/g, at
most 5.50 mgKOH/g, at most 5.00 mgKOH/g, at most 4.50 mgKOH/g, at most 4.00
mgKOH/g,
at most 3.50 mgKOH/g, at most 3.00 mgKOH/g, at most 2.50 mgKOH/g, at most 2.00
mgKOH/g, at most 1.50 mgKOH/g, at most 1.00 mgKOH/g, at most 0.50 mgKOH/g, at
most
0.10 mgKOH/g, or at most 0.05 mgKOH/g; a total acid number (TAN) of at least
about 0.05
mgKOH/g, for example, at least 0.10 mgKOH/g, at least 0.50 mgKOH/g, at least
1.00
mgKOH/g, at least 1.50 mgKOH/g, at least 2.00 mgKOH/g, at least 2.50 mgKOH/g,
at least 3.00
mgKOH/g, at least 3.50 mgKOH/g, at least 4.00 mgKOH/g, at least 4.50 mgKOH/g,
at least 5.00
mgKOH/g, at least 5.50 mgKOH/g, at least 6.00 mgKOH/g, at least 6.50 mgKOH/g,
at least 7.00
mgKOH/g, at least 7.50 mgKOH/g, or at least 8.00 mgKOH/g; a kinematic
viscosity at - 50
degrees C of at least about 3.75 cSt, for example, at least 100 cSt, at least
500 cSt, at least 1000
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cSt, at least 1500 cSt, at least 2000 cSt, at least 2500 cSt, at least 3000
cSt, at least 3500 cSt, at
least 4000 cSt, at least 4500 cSt, at least 5000 cSt, at least 5500 cSt, at
least 6000 cSt, at least
6500 cSt, at least 7000 cSt, at least 7500 cSt, at least 8000 cSt, at least
8500 cSt, at least 9000
cSt, at least 9500 cSt, at least 10000 cSt, at least 10500 cSt, at least 11000
cSt, at least 11500 cSt,
at least 12000 cSt, at least 12500 cSt, at least 13000 cSt, at least 13500
cSt, at least 14000 cSt, at
least 14500 cSt, or at most 15000 cSt; a kinematic viscosity at ¨ 50 degrees C
of at most about
15000 cSt, for example, at most 14500 cSt, at most 14000 cSt, at most 13500
cSt, at most 13000
cSt, at most 12500 cSt, at most 12000 cSt, at most 11500 cSt, at most 11000
cSt, at most 10500
cSt, at most 10000 cSt, at most 9500 cSt, at most 9000 cSt, at most 8500 cSt,
at most 8000 cSt, at
most 7500 cSt, at most 7000 cSt, at most 6500 cSt, at most 6000 cSt, at most
5500 cSt, at most
5000 cSt, at most 4500 cSt, at most 4000 cSt, at most 3500 cSt, at most 3000
cSt, at most 2500
cSt, at most 2000 cSt, at most 1500 cSt, at most 1000 cSt, at most 500 cSt, or
at most 3.75 cSt.
The characteristics can be determined using any suitable standardized test
method, such as
ASTM D445 for viscosity, ASTM D4294 for sulfur content, ASTM D9 for flash
point, and
ASTM D97 for pour point.
In a particular embodiment, the residual hydrocarbon component may be selected
from a
group consisting of long residues (ATB), short residues (VTB), and a
combination thereof,
where the long residues may exhibit one or more of the following
characteristics: a density at
¨15 degrees C in a range of about 0.7 to 1.0 g/cc; a sulfur content in a range
of about 0.01 to 0.40
wt%; a pour point in a range of about -19.0 to 64.0 degrees C; a flash point
in a range of about 80
to 213 degrees C; a total acid number (TAN) of up to about 8.00 mgKOH/g; and a
kinematic
viscosity at ¨ 50 degrees C in a range of about 1.75 to 15000 cSt; and where
the short residues
(VTB) may exhibit one or more of the following properties: a density at ¨15
degrees C in a range
of about 0.8 to 1.1 g/cc; a sulfur content in a range of about 0.01 to 0.40
wt%; a pour point in a
range of about -15.0 to 95 degrees C; a flash point in a range of about 220 to
335 degrees C; a
total acid number (TAN) of up to about 8.00 mgKOH/g; and a kinematic viscosity
at ¨ 50
degrees C in a range of about 3.75 to 15000 cSt. It is understood that there
can be different kinds
of long and short residues that exhibit various properties as described above
that may be similar
or different to each other. One or more kinds of long and/or short residues
exhibiting one or
more characteristics provided above may be used to provide the residual
hydrocarbon component
in the desired amount, e.g., in a range of 10 to 50 wt% of the overall marine
fuel composition.
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In one embodiment, the remaining about 50 to 90 wt% of the marine fuel
composition
comprises one or more hydrocarbon components other than the residual
hydrocarbon component,
where the one or more hydrocarbon components is selected from a non-
hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon component, a hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, and a
combination thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, the marine fuel composition comprises up to about
80 wt%,
preferably about 10 to 60 wt%, of a non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component.
For example,
the marine fuel composition may comprise the non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon
component in
an amount of at least 5 wt%, at least 10 wt%, at least 15 wt%, at least 20
wt%, at least 25 wt%, at
least 30 wt%, at least 40 wt%, at least 45 wt%, at least 50 wt%, at least 55
wt%, at least 60 wt%,
at least 65 wt%, at least 60 wt%, at least 65 wt%, at least 70 wt%, or at
least 75 wt%. The
marine fuel composition may comprise the non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon
component in an
amount of at most 80 wt%, at most 75 wt%, at most 70 wt%, at most 65 wt% at
most 60 wt% at
most 55 wt%, at most 50 wt%, at most 45 wt%, at most 40 wt%, at most 35 wt%,
at most 30
wt%, at most 25 wt%, at most 20 wt%, at most 25 wt%, at most 20 wt%, at most
15 wt%, at most
10 wt%, at most 5 wt%. In one embodiment, the marine fuel composition
comprises greater than
about 10 wt% of the non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, such as about 11
wt%, 12
wt%, 13 wt%, 14 wt%, and 15 wt%.
In some embodiments, the non-hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon includes hydrocarbon products derived from oil cuts or cuts of a
petrochemical
origin which have not been subjected to hydrotreatment or hydroproces sing
(HT). Non-limiting
examples of hydrotreatment or hydroprocessing includes hydrocracking,
hydrodeoxygenation,
hydrodesulphurization, hydrodenitrogenation and/or hydroisomerization.
In a particular embodiment, the non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component is
selected
from the group consisting of light cycle oil (LCO), heavy cycle oil (HCO),
fluid catalytic
cracking (FCC) cycle oil, FCC slurry oil, pyrolysis gas oil, cracked light gas
oil (CLGO),
cracked heavy gas oil (CHG0), pyrolysis light gas oil (PLGO), pyrolysis heavy
gas oil (PHGO),
thermally cracked residue (also called tar or thermal tar), thermally cracked
heavy distillate,
coker heavy distillates, which is heavier than diesel, and any combination
thereof. In other
embodiments, in addition to or alternatively, the non-hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon component is
selected from the group consisting of vacuum gas oil (VGO), coker diesel,
coker gas oil, coker
VG0, thermally cracked VG0, thermally cracked diesel, thermally cracked gas
oil, Group I
slack waxes, lube oil aromatic extracts, deasphalted oil (DAO), and any
combination thereof. In
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yet another embodiment, in addition to or alternatively, the non-
hydroprocessed hydrocarbon
component is selected from the group consisting of coker kerosene, thermally
cracked kerosene,
gas-to-liquids (GTL) wax, GTL hydrocarbons, straight-run diesel, straight-run
kerosene, straight
run gas oil (SRGO), and any combination thereof. While preferred, a non-
hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon component is not required in a marine fuel composition described
herein,
particularly when a residual hydrocarbon component and a hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon
component can provide the marine fuel composition with the requisite or
desired properties.
The materials listed above have their ordinary meaning as understood by one of
ordinary
skill in the art. In particular, LCO is herein preferably refers to a fraction
of FCC products of
which at least 80 wt%, more preferably at least 90 wt%, boils in the range
from equal to or more
than 221 C to less than 370 C (at a pressure of 0.1 MegaPascal). HCO is herein
preferably
refers to a fraction of the FCC products of which at least 80 wt%, more
preferably at least 90
wt%, boils in the range from equal to or more than 370 C to less 425 C (at a
pressure of 0.1
MegaPascal). Slurry oil is herein preferably refers to a fraction of the FCC
products of which at
least 80 wt%, more preferably at least 90 wt%, boils at or above 425 C (at a
pressure of 0.1
MegaPascal).
In one embodiment, the marine fuel composition comprises up to about 80 wt%,
preferably about 10 to 60 wt%, of a hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component. For
example, the
marine fuel composition may comprise the hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component
in an
amount of at least 5 wt%, at least 10 wt%, at least 15 wt%, at least 20 wt%,
at least 25 wt%, at
least 30 wt%, at least 40 wt%, at least 45 wt%, at least 50 wt%, at least 55
wt%, at least 60 wt%,
at least 65 wt%, at least 60 wt%, at least 65 wt%, at least 70 wt%, or at
least 75 wt%. The
marine fuel composition may comprise the hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component
in an
amount of at most 80 wt%, at most 75 wt%, at most 70 wt%, at most 65 wt% at
most 60 wt% at
most 55 wt%, at most 50 wt%, at most 45 wt%, at most 40 wt%, at most 35 wt%,
at most 30
wt%, at most 25 wt%, at most 20 wt%, at most 25 wt%, at most 20 wt%, at most
15 wt%, at most
10 wt%, at most 5 wt%. In one embodiment, the marine fuel composition
comprises greater than
55 wt% of the hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, such as 56 wt%, 57 wt%, 58
wt%, 59
wt%, 60 wt%, 61 wt%, 62 wt%, 63 wt%, 64 wt%, and 65 wt%. The hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon component can be derived from oil cuts or cuts of a petrochemical
origin which
have been subjected to hydrotreatment or hydroprocessing, which can be
referred to as
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hydrotreated. Non-limiting examples of hydrotreatment or hydroprocessing
includes
hydrocracking, hydrodeoxygenation, hydrodesulphurization, hydrodenitrogenation
and/or
hydroisomerization.
In a particular embodiment, the hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component is
selected from
a group consisting of low-sulfur diesel (LSD) of less than about 500 wppm of
sulfur, particularly
ultra low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) of less than 15 or 10 wppm of sulfur;
hydrotreated LCO;
hydrotreated HCO; hydrotreated FCC cycle oil; hydrotreated pyrolysis gas oil,
hydrotreated
PLGO, hydrotreated PHGO, hydrotreated CLGO, hydrotreated CHGO, hydrotreated
coker heavy
distillates, hydrotreated thermally cracked heavy distillate, and any
combination thereof. In
another embodiment, in addition to or alternatively, the hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon component
is selected from a group consisting of hydrotreated coker diesel, hydrotreated
coker gas oil,
hydrotreated thermally cracked diesel, hydrotreated thermally cracked gas oil,
hydrotreated
VG0, hydrotreated coker VGO, hydrotreated residues, hydrocracker bottoms
(which can also be
known as hydrocracker hydrowax), hydrotreated thermally cracked VG0, and
hydrotreated
hydrocracker DAO, and any combination thereof. In yet another embodiment, in
addition to or
alternatively, the hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component is selected from a
group consisting of
ultra low sulfur kerosene (ULSK), hydrotreated jet fuel, hydrotreated
kerosene, hydrotreated
coker kerosene, hydrocracker diesel, hydrocracker kerosene, hydrotreated
thermally cracked
kerosene, and any combination thereof. While preferred, a hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon
component is not required in a marine fuel composition described herein,
particularly when a
residual hydrocarbon component and a non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component
can provide
the marine fuel composition with the requisite or desired properties.
Additionally or alternately, in certain embodiments, the marine fuel
composition can
comprise other components aside from components (i) the residual hydrocarbon,
(ii) the
hydroprocessed hydrocarbon, and (iii) the non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon. Such
other
components may typically be present in fuel additives. Examples of such other
components can
include, but are not limited to, detergents, viscosity modifiers, pour point
depressants, lubricity
modifiers, dehazers, e.g. alkoxylated phenol formaldehyde polymers; anti-
foaming agents (e.g.,
polyether-modified polysiloxanes); ignition improvers (cetane improvers) (e.g.
2-ethylhexyl
.. nitrate (EHN), cyclohexyl nitrate, di-tert-butyl peroxide and those
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
4,208,190 at column 2, line 27 to column 3, line 21); anti-rust agents (e.g. a
propane-1,2-diol
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semi-ester of tetrapropenyl succinic acid, or polyhydric alcohol esters of a
succinic acid
derivative, the succinic acid derivative having on at least one of its alpha-
carbon atoms an
unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing from 20 to
500 carbon
atoms, e.g. the pentaerythritol diester of polyisobutylene-substituted
succinic acid); corrosion
inhibitors; reodorants; anti-wear additives; anti-oxidants (e.g. phenolics
such as 2,6-di-tert-
butylphenol, or phenylenediamines such as N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-
phenylenediamine); metal
deactivators; static dissipator additives; combustion improvers; and mixtures
thereof.
Examples of detergents suitable for use in fuel additives include polyolefin
substituted
succinimides or succinamides of polyamines, for instance polyisobutylene
succinimides or
polyisobutylene amine succinamides, aliphatic amines, Mannich bases or amines
and polyolefin
(e.g. polyisobutylene) maleic anhydrides. Succinimide dispersant additives are
described for
example in GB-A-960493, EP-A-0147240, EP-A-0482253, EP-A-0613938, EP-A-0557516
and
WO-A-98/42808.
In one embodiment, if present, a lubricity modifier enhancer may be
conveniently used at
a concentration of less than 1000 ppmw, preferably from 50 to 1000 or from 100
to 1000 ppmw,
more preferably from 50 to 500 ppmw. Suitable commercially available lubricity
enhancers
include ester- and acid-based additives. It may also be preferred for the fuel
composition to
contain an anti-foaming agent, more preferably in combination with an anti-
rust agent and/or a
corrosion inhibitor and/or a lubricity modifying additive. Unless otherwise
stated, the
concentration of each such additional component in the fuel composition is
preferably up to
10000 ppmw, more preferably in the range from 0.1 to 1000 ppmw, advantageously
from 0.1 to
300 ppmw, such as from 0.1 to 150 ppmw (all additive concentrations quoted in
this
specification refer, unless otherwise stated, to active matter concentrations
by weight). The
concentration of any dehazer in the fuel composition will preferably be in the
range from 0.1 to
20 ppmw, more preferably from 1 to 15 ppmw, still more preferably from 1 to 10
ppmw,
advantageously from 1 to 5 ppmw. The concentration of any ignition improver
present will
preferably be 2600 ppmw or less, more preferably 2000 ppmw or less,
conveniently from 300 to
1500 ppmw.
If desired, one or more additive components, such as those listed above, may
be co-
mixed¨preferably together with suitable diluent(s)¨in an additive concentrate,
and the additive
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concentrate may then be dispersed into the base fuel, or into the base
fuel/wax blend, in order to
prepare a fuel composition according to the present invention.
In one embodiment, the marine fuel composition has a maximum sulfur content of
1000
wppm (parts per million by weight) or 0.1%. In some embodiments, the marine
fuel composition
can exhibit a sulfur content in a range of about 850 wppm to 1000 wppm, for
example about 900
wppm, 950 wppm, or 1000 wppm. In other embodiments, the marine fuel
composition can
exhibit a sulfur content of at most 1000 wppm, for example at most 1000 wppm,
at most 950
wppm, at most 900 wppm, at most 850 wppm, at most 800 wppm, at most 750 wppm,
at most
700 wppm, at most 650 wppm, at most 600 wppm, at most 550 wppm, at most 500
wppm, at
most 450 wppm, at most 400 wppm, at most 350 wppm, at most 300 wppm, or at
most 250
wppm. In some embodiments, the marine fuel composition can exhibit a sulfur
content of at
least 250 wppm, at least 300 wppm, at least 350 wppm, at least 400 wppm, at
least 450 wppm, at
least 500 wppm, at least 550 wppm, at least 600 wppm, at least 650 wppm, at
least 700 wppm, at
least 750 wppm, at least 800 wppm, at least 850 wppm, or at least 900 wppm, at
least 950 wppm,
at least 1000.
It is understood that the sulfur content of the residual hydrocarbon
component, the non-
hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, and/or the hydroprocessed hydrocarbon
component,
individually, can vary, as long as the marine fuel composition as a whole
meets the sulfur target
content requirement for a certain embodiment. Likewise, in one embodiment, it
is understood
that other characteristics of the residual hydrocarbon component, the non-
hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon component, and/or the hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component,
individually, can
vary, as long as the marine fuel composition meets the requirements of a
standardization, such as
ISO 8217. As such, certain embodiments can allow for greater use of cracked
materials, for
example, 25 wt% or greater.
Still further additionally or alternately, in some embodiments, the marine
fuel
composition can exhibit one or more of the following characteristics: a
kinematic viscosity at
about 50 C (according to a suitable standardized test method, e.g., ASTM
D445) of at most
about 700 cSt, for example at most 500 cSt, at most 380 cSt, at most 180 cSt,
at most 80 cSt, at
most 55 cSt, at most 50 cSt, at most 45 cSt, at most 40 cSt, at most 35 cSt,
at most 30 cSt, at
most 25 cSt, at most 20 cSt, at most 15 cSt, at most 10 cSt, or at most 5 cSt;
for example, about
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 cSt; a
kinematic viscosity at about
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50 C (according to a suitable standardized test method, e.g., ASTM D445) of
at least 5 cSt, for
example at least 10 cSt, at least 15 cSt, at least 20 cSt, at least 25 cSt, at
least 30 cSt, at least 35
cSt, at least 40 cSt, at least 45 cSt; at least 50 cSt, at least 55 cSt, at
least 80 cSt, at least 180 cSt,
at least 380 cSt, at least 500 cSt, or at least 700 cSt; a density at about 15
C (according to a
.. suitable standardized test method, e.g., ASTM D4052) of at most 1.010
g/cm3, for example, at
most 1.005, at most 1.000, at most 0.995, such as 0.991 g/cm3, at most 0.990
g/cm3, at most
0.985 g/cm3, at most 0.980 g/cm3, at most 0.975 g/cm3, at most 0.970 g/cm3, at
most 0.965
g/cm3, at most 0.960 g/cm3, at most 0.955 g/cm3, at most 0.950 g/cm3, at most
0.945 g/cm3, at
most 0.940 g/cm3, at most 0.935 g/cm3, at most 0.930 g/cm3, at most 0.925
g/cm3, at most
0.920 g/cm3, at most 0.915 g/cm3, at most 0.910 g/cm3, at most 0.905 g/cm3, at
most
0.900 g/cm3, at most 0.895 g/cm3, at most 0.890 g/cm3, at most 0.885 g/cm3, or
at most
0.880 g/cm3; a density at about 15 C (according to a suitable standardized
test method, e.g.,
ASTM D4052) of at least 0.870 g/cm3, at least 0.875 g/cm3, at least 0.880 g/cm
, at least
0.885 g/cm3, at least 0.890 g/cm3, at least 0.895 g/cm3, at least 0.900 g/cm3,
at least 0.905 g/cm3,
at least 0.910 g/cm3, at least 0.915 g/cm3, at least 0.920 g/cm3, at least
0.925 g/cm3, at least
0.930 g/cm3, at least 0.935 g/cm3, at least 0.940 g/cm3, at least 0.945 g/cm3,
at least 0.950 g/cm3,
at least 0.955 g/cm3, at least 0.960 g/cm3, at least 0.965 g/cm3, at least
0.970 g/cm3, at least
0.975 g/cm3, at least 0.980 g/cm3, at least 0.985 g/cm3, at least 0.990 g/cm3,
such as 0.991 g/cm3,
at least 0.995 g/cm3, at least 1.000 g/cm3, at least 1.005 g/cm3, or at least
1.010 g/cm3; a pour
point (according to a suitable standardized test method, e.g., ASTM D97) of at
most 35 C, at
most 30 C, for example, at most 28 C, at most 25 C, at most 20 C, at most
15 C, at most 10
C, for example 6 C, at most 5 C, at most 0 C, at most -5 C, at most -10
C, at most -15 C,
at most -20 C, at most -25 C, such as -27 C, or at most -30 C; a pour
point (according to a
suitable standardized test method, e.g., ASTM D97) of at least -30 C, such as
-27 C, for
example, at least -25 C, at least -20 C, at least -15 C, at least -10 C,
at least -5 C, at least 0
C, at least 5 C, at least 7 C, at least 10 C, at least 15 C, at least 20
C, at least 25 C, at least
C, or at least 35 C, and a flash point (according to a suitable standardized
testing method,
e.g., ASTM D93 Proc. 9 (Automatic)) of at least about 60 C, for example, at
least 65 C, at least
70 C, at least 75 C, at least 80 C, at least 85 C, at least 90 C, at
least 95 C, at least 100 C,
30 at least 105 C, at least 110 C, at least 115 C, at least 120 C, at
least 125 C, or at least 130
an acid number (also known as Total Acid Number or TAN) of at most 2.5
mgKOH/g, for
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example, at most 2.0 mgKOH/g, at most 1.5 mgKOH/g, at most 1.0 mgKOH/g, or at
most 0.5
mgKOH/g; an acid number of at least 0.5 mgKOH/g, at least 1.0 mgKOH/g, at
least 1.5
mgKOH/g, at least 2.0 mgKOH/g, or at least 2.5 mgKOH/g.
In one embodiment, the marine fuel composition may exhibit one or more of the
following characteristics: a kinematic viscosity at about 50 C (according to
a suitable
standardized test method, e.g., ASTM D445) in a range of about 0 to 700 cSt,
for example, at
most 700.0 cSt, at most 500.0 cSt, at most 380.0 cSt, at most 180.0 cSt, at
most 80.00 cSt, at
most 30.00 cSt, or at most 10.00 cSt; a density at about 15 C (according to a
suitable
standardized test method, e.g., ASTM D4052) in a range of about 0.870 to 1.010
g/cm3, for
.. example, at most 0.920 g/cm3, at most 0.960 g/cm3, at most 0.975 g/cm3, at
most 0.991 g/cm3, or
at most 1.010 g/cm3, particularly, at least 0.890 g/cm3; a pour point
(according to a suitable
standardized test method, e.g., ASTM D97) in a range of about -30 to 35 C,
such as ¨27 to
30 C, for example, at most 6 to 30 degrees C or at most 0 to 30 degrees C; a
flash point
(according to a suitable standardized testing method, e.g., ASTM D93 Proc. 9
(Automatic)) in a
range of about 60 to 130 C, for example, at least 60 degrees C; an acid
number in a range of
about 0.0 to 2.5 mgKOH/g, for example, at most about 2.5 mgKOH/g.
Yet still further additionally or alternately, the low sulfur marine and/or
bunker fuels,
e.g., made according to the methods disclosed herein, can exhibit at least one
of the following
characteristics: a hydrogen sulfide content (according to a suitable
standardized test method, e.g.,
IP 570) of at most about 2.0 mg/kg; an acid number (according to a suitable
standardized test
method, e.g., ASTM D-664) of at most about 2.5 mg KOH per gram; a sediment
content
(according to according to a suitable standardized test method, e.g., ASTM
D4870 Proc. B) of at
most about 0.1 wt %; a water content (according to according to according to a
suitable
standardized test method, e.g., ASTM D95) of at most about 0.5 vol %, for
example about 0.3
vol%; and an ash content (according to a suitable standardized testing method,
e.g., ASTM
D482) of at most about 0.15 wt%, for example, about 0.10 wt%, 0.07 wt%, or
0.04 wt%.
According to a yet further aspect, there is provided a process for the
preparation of a
marine fuel composition comprising at least about 10 and up to 50 wt% of a
residual
hydrocarbon component and at least about 50 and up to 90 wt% of other
components selected
from up to about 80 wt%, based on all components, of a non-hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon
component, up to about 80 wt%, based on all components, of a hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon
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component, and a combination thereof, wherein the marine fuel composition has
a sulfur content
of about 0.1 wt% (1000 wppm) or less. The process involves selecting a
relative composition
amount and material of the residual hydrocarbon component; selecting a
relative composition
amount and material of the non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component and/or
hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon component based on the residual hydrocarbon component selection to
provide the
composition sulfur content of about 0.1 wt% or less; and blending the selected
components to
form the marine fuel composition. In one embodiment, the selected residual
hydrocarbon
component has a sulfur content of 0.4 wt% or less. In another embodiment, the
residual
hydrocarbon component, non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component and/or
hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon component are selected to provide the marine fuel composition with
characteristics
that meet a standard specification, such as, but not limited to ISO 8217.
To facilitate a better understanding of the present invention, the following
examples of
preferred or representative embodiments are given. In no way should the
following examples be
read to limit, or to define, the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES 1 ¨6
The following are non-limiting Examples 1 ¨ 6 of exemplary embodiments of the
marine
fuel composition described herein. The residual hydrocarbon component was long
residue or
ATB. The non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component was selected from a group
consisting of
slurry oil and LCO. The hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component was ULSD. The
characteristics of these materials are provided in Table 1 below.
Table 1 ¨ Characteristics of blending components in Examples 1 - 6
Characteristic Long residues Slurry Oil LCO ULSD
(ATB)
Density @ 15 (g/cc) ¨ 0.91 ¨ 1.09 ¨ 0.99 ¨
0.83
Kinematic Viscosity @ 50 C
¨ 180 ¨ 800 ¨3 ¨ 2
or ¨122 F (cSt)
Sulfur (wppm) ¨ 1250 ¨ 4000 ¨0.17 ¨7
Pour Point ( C) ¨ 42 ¨ 0 ¨ -15 ¨ 0
Flash Point ( C) > 110 ¨ 100 ¨ 80 ¨ 60
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Table 2 below summarizes the blend content of the marine fuel composition in
Examples
1 - 6.
Table 2- Blend content of Examples 1 - 6
Blend content Non-hydroprocessed
Hydroprocessed
(wt%) Long residues (ATB) Slurry Oil LCO ULSD
Example 1 28 12 60
Example 2 28 29 43
Example 3 40 60
Example 4 40 10 50
Example 5 48 15 37
Example 6 50 6 44
Table 3 below provides certain characteristics, as measured by the respective
ASTM
method, of the marine fuel composition of Examples 1 - 6. As can be seen
below, the marine
fuel composition of Examples 1 - 6 exhibited a sulfur content that is less
than 0.1 wt%, which
would allow these compositions to be used in geographical locations that are
or will be under
more stringent regulations government the sulfur content of marine fuels. In
addition, the marine
fuel composition of Examples 1 - 6 exhibited characteristics that allow them,
if necessary or
desired, to meet specifications that govern residual-based marine fuels,
particularly ISO 8217.
Table 3- Characteristics of the marine fuel composition of Examples 1 -6
Test
Characteristic Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 Ex. 6
Method
ASTM
API Gravity @
29.2 26.2 32.8 28.4 27.5 28.8
60 F
D4052 Density @ - 15
880.0 896.9 861.0 884.7 889.4 882.3
C (kg/m3)
ASTM Viscosity @
6.334 5.204 6.882 9.842 10.69 12.53
D445 122 F (cSt)
ASTM Sulfur Content
0.0951 0.0970 0.0567 0.100 0.0922 0.0965
D4294 (mass %)
Water by
ASTM D95 Distillation (% <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
<0.05 0.10 <0.05
(v/v))
ASTM D93 Flash Point ( C) 62.0 66.6 62.0 63.5
68.3 65.5
Proc. B
Flash Point ( F) 144 152 144 146 155 150
(Automatic)
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Test
Characteristic Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 Ex.
6
Method
Pour Point ( C) <-27 <-27 18 18 6 6
ASTM D97
Pour Point ( F) <-17 <-17 64 64 43 43
ASTM Accelerated Total
D4870 Sediment (% 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01
<0.01
Proc. B (m/m))
ASTM Ash Content
0.011 <0.001 <0.001 0.007 0.002 0.007
D482 (mass %)
Vanadium (ppm
1 <1 1 1 1 1
_ (mg/kg))
Sodium (ppm
8 7 10 11 12 12
(mg/kg))
Aluminum (ppm
18 <1 <1 13 <1 11
_ (mg/kg))
Silicon (ppm
IP 501 20 1 2 12 1 9
(mg/kg))
Calcium (ppm
5 2 6 5 4 2
(mg/kg))
Zinc (ppm
1 <1 <1 1 <1 <1
(mg/kg))
Phosphorus (ppm 1
<1 <1 1 <1 <1
(mg/kg))
Micro Carbon
ASTM
Residue (% 1.70 2.06 1.18 1.55 1.53
2.06
D4530
(111/m))
Total Acid
ASTM
Number (mg 0.88 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.07
0.08
D664
KOH/g)
H25 Content (
IP 570 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.03 <0.01
ppm (mg/kg))
Calculated
ISO-FDIS Carbon
808.5 830.9 787.1 801.9 804.7
793.9
8217 Aromaticity
Index (CCAI)
EXAMPLE 7
In Example 7, the relative fuel composition of the marine fuel composition was
about 30
wt% of a residual hydrocarbon component, about 30 wt% of a non-hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon
component, and about 40 wt% of a hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component. In
particular, the
residual hydrocarbon component was long residues or ATB; the non-
hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon component included about 17 wt% of a first type of slurry oil
(Slurry Oil (1), about
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8 wt% of a second type of slurry oil (Slurry Oil (2)), and about 5 wt% of
thermally cracked
residue (which can also be known as thermal tar); and the hydroprocessed
hydrocarbon
component was ULSD. The properties of these components are listed in Table 4
below.
Table 4- Blend content and characteristics of blending components in Example 4
Characteristic
Long residues Slurry Oil Slurry Oil Thermally ULSD
(ATB) (1) (2) Cracked
Residue
Blend content (wt %) - 30 - 17 -8 -5 -
40
Density @ - 15 C (g/cc) - 0.91 - 0.95 - 1.09 - 1.06 -
0.86
Viscosity @ - 50 C (cSt) - 159 - 42 - 220 - 134 -
2
Sulfur (wppm) - 1200 - 2700 - 2200 - 200 -
10
Pour Point ( C) - 45 - 30 - 3 - -18 - -
8
Flash Point ( C) -110 -110 -155 -90 -
60
Table 5 below provides certain characteristics, as measured by the respective
ISO
method, of the marine fuel composition of Example 7. As can be seen below, the
marine fuel
composition of Example 7 had a sulfur content that is less than 0.1 wt%, which
would allow it to
be used in geographical locations that are or will be under more stringent
regulations government
the sulfur content of marine fuels. In addition, the marine fuel composition
of Example 7
exhibited characteristics that allow it, if necessary or desired, to meet
specifications that govern
residual-based marine fuels, particularly ISO 8217.
Table 5 - Characteristics of the marine fuel composition of Example 7
Prharacteristiet....!....,..,....!......!.................!........P"'rest
Method i n if .........t.,...1......2.....2..... r Val
uk...2.....,..,...!............!..,....1
Density at 15 C ISO 12185 kg/m3 901.0
Kinematic Viscosity at 50 C ISO 3104 mm2/s 11.10
Total Sulphur ISO 8754 % m/m 0.099
Flash Point ISO 2719 B C 68.0
Water ISO 3733 % m/m 0.05
ISO 3016
Pour Point C 12
(Automatic)
Total Sediment Accelerated ISO 10307-2 B % m/m 0.07
Carbon Residue ISO 10370 % m/m 2.38
Ash Content ISO 6245 % m/m 0.008
Total Acid Number ASTM D 664 mg KOH/g 0.18
Aluminum IP 501 mg/kg 5
Silicon IP 501 mg/kg <10
Aluminum plus Silicon IP 501 mg/kg <15
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Inaracteristkill.i.:: 1 .. 1 :::::::::: 1 .. 1 .. ]!ill'Test
Methok2::31VU1r.':::::::::::::;::::::::31lValiW::::::::::::::::::::1
Vanadium IP 501 mg/kg <1
Sodium IP 501 mg/kg , <1
Calcium IP 501 mg/kg <3
Phosphorus IP 501 mg/kg <1
Zinc IP 501 mg/kg 5
CCAI ISO 8217 815
Hydrogen Sulphide IP 570 A mg/kg <0.60
EXAMPLES 8-60
The following are non-limiting Examples 8 ¨ 60 of exemplary embodiments of the
marine fuel composition described herein. The residual hydrocarbon component
can be long
residue or ATB. The non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component can be selected
from a group
consisting of slurry oil, pyrolysis gas oil, LCO, thermally cracked residue
(which can also be
known as thermal tar), and group I slack waxes. The hydroprocessed hydrocarbon
component
can be selected from a group consisting of hydroprocessed LCO that contains up
to 400 wppm of
sulfur ("400 wppm S"), hydroprocessed LCO that contains up to 15 wppm of
sulfur ("15 wppm
S"), ULSD, and hydrocracker bottoms (which can also be known as hydrowax). The
characteristics of these materials are provided in Table 6 below.
Table 6. Characteristics of respective components in Examples 8- 60
Density Viscosity @
@ - 15 C Sulfur Pour Point
Flash Point -509C
(kg/m3) (wppm) ( C) ( C)
(CSt)
Long residues
0.910 1000 45 124 165
(ATB)
Slurry Oil 1.093 4000 0 100 800
Pyrolysis Gas
0.960 1000 0 80 10
Oil
LCO 0.989 1590 -15 80 10
Thermal Tar 1.026 5000 6 66 1213
Slack Wax 0.814 32 35 60 10
. . .
400 wppm S
0.880 400 -15 88 2
LCO
wppm S
0.959 15 -18 61 2
LCO
ULSD 0.860 15 0 60 2
Hydrowax 0.838 100 39 210 18
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In addition, there are tables below that provide certain characteristics of
the marine fuel
composition of Examples 8 ¨ 60 should have, as measured by a respective
standard testing
method. As can be seen below, it is expected that the marine fuel composition
of Examples 8 ¨
60 would have a sulfur content that is less than 0.1 wt%, which would allow
them to be used in
geographical locations that are or will be under more stringent regulations
government the sulfur
content of marine fuels. In addition, it is expected the marine fuel
composition of Examples 8 ¨
60 to exhibit characteristics that allow them, if necessary or desired, to
meet specifications that
govern residual-based marine fuels, particularly ISO 8217.
EXAMPLES 8¨ 18
In Examples 8 ¨ 18, each of the marine fuel composition can include about 10
wt% of a
residual hydrocarbon component. The remaining about 90 wt% of the respective
marine fuel
composition can be selected from a non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component,
the
hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, and a combination thereof. Table 7 below
summarizes
the blend content of the marine fuel composition in Examples 8 ¨ 14. Table 8
below summarizes
the blend content of the marine fuel composition in Examples 15 ¨ 18.
Table 7¨ Blend content of Examples 8¨ 14
Non-hydroprocessed Hydroprocessed
Blend content
Long Slurry Pyrolysis LCO 400 wppm 15 wppm ULSD
(wt%)
residues Oil Gas Oil S LCO S LCO
(ATB)
Example 8 10 0 0 55 0 35 0
Example 9 10 15 0 15 0 60 0
Example 10 10 15 0 15 0 0 60
Example 11 10 15 0 0 75 0 0
Example 12 10 15 27.5 0 0 0 47.5
Example 13 10 15 27.5 0 0 47.5 0
Example 14 10 10 25 0 55 0 0
Table 8¨ Blend content of Examples 15 ¨ 18
Blend content Non-hydroprocessed Hydroprocessed
(wt%)
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Long Pyrolysis LCO Thermal Slack
400 Hydrowax
residues Gas Oil Tar Wax wppm S
(ATB) LCO
Example 15 10 12.5 0 10 0 67.5 0
Example 16 10 0 54 0 0 0
36
Example 17 10 0 55 0 35 0 0
Example 18 10 0 18 7 0 65 0
Table 9 below provides certain characteristics that the marine fuel
composition of
Examples 8 - 18 should have, as measured by a respective standard testing
method.
Table 9 - Characteristics of the marine fuel composition in Examples 8 - 18
Density @ - Sulfur Pour Point
Flash Point Viscosity @
15 "C (g/cc) (wppm) ("C) ("C) -
50 "C (cSt)
Example 8 0.970 980 2.0 72.3 6.0
Example 9 0.976 948 3.1 68.5 5.4
Example 10 0.912 948 9.0 67.7 5.4
Example 11 0.910 1000 3.9 91.3 4.2
Example 12 0.921 982 10.1 70.1 6.8
Example 13 0.972 982 5.8 70.9 6.8
Example 14 0.920 970 5.7 88.2 5.3
Example 15 0.905 995 5.1 84.8 4.3
Example 16 0.921 995 23.9 92.7 15.2
Example 17 0.912 986 21.0 92.3 12.3
Example 18 0.910 996 3.5 85.3 4.2
EXAMPLES 19 - 24
In Examples 19 - 24, each of the marine fuel composition can include about 20
wt% of a
residual hydrocarbon component. The remaining about 80 wt% of the respective
marine fuel
composition can be selected from a non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component,
the
hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, and a combination thereof. Table 10
below
summarizes the blend content of the marine fuel composition in Examples 19 -
24.
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Table 10¨ Blend content of Examples 19¨ 24
Non-hydroprocessed Hydroprocessed
Blend content
Long Slurry Pyrolysis LCO
Slack 400 15 wppm S
(wt%)
residues Oil Gas Oil Wax vvppm S LCO
(ATB) LCO
Example 19 20 10 0 10 0 60 0
Example 20 20 5 0 25 0 50 0
Example 21 20 10 0 25 0 0 45
Example 22 20 10 15 15 0 0 40
Example 23 20 10 20 0 0 50 0
Example 24 20 10 15 15 40 0 0
Table 11 below provides certain characteristics that the marine fuel
composition of
Examples 19 ¨ 24 should have, as measured by a respective standard testing
method.
Table 11 - Characteristics of the marine fuel composition in Examples 19¨ 24
Density @ ¨ Sulfur Pour Point Flash Point
Viscosity @
C (g/cc) (wPPm) ( C) ( C) ¨ 50
C (cSt)
Example 19 0.914 999 13.0 91.7 5.7
Example 20 0.920 998 12.7 89.5 6.1
Example 21 0.968 1000 12.6 72.2 7.5
Example 22 0.965 995 13.7 73.3 8.3
Example 23 0.919 1000 14.3 90.5 6.8
Example 24 0.900 1000 28.6 101.8 20.9
EXAMPLES 25 ¨ 30
In Examples 25 ¨ 30, each of the marine fuel composition can include about 25
wt% of a
residual hydrocarbon component. The remaining about 75 wt% of the respective
marine fuel
10 composition can be selected from a non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon
component, the
hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, and a combination thereof. Table 12
below
summarizes the blend content of the marine fuel composition in Examples 25 ¨
28. Table 13
below summarizes the blend content of the marine fuel composition in Examples
29 ¨ 30.
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Table 12- Blend content of Examples 25 - 28
Non-hydroprocessed Hydroprocessed
Blend content
(wt%) Long residues Slurry Oil Pyrolysis LCO
400 wppm S
(ATB) Gas Oil LCO
Example 25 25 0 10 33 32
Example 26 25 0 0 35 40
Example 27 25 8 0 12 55
Example 28 25 8 25 0 42
Table 13- Blend content of Examples 29- 30
Non-hydroprocessed
Hydroprocessed
Blend content
(wt) Long residues LCO Thermal Slack 15
wppm S LCO
(ATB) Tar Wax
Example 29 25 35 0 40 0
Example 30 25 30 5 30 10
Table 14 below provides certain characteristics that the marine fuel
composition of
Examples 25 ¨ 30 should have, as measured by a respective standard testing
method.
Table 14 - Characteristics of the marine fuel composition in Examples 25 - 30
Density @ - Sulfur Pour Point Flash Point
Viscosity @
C (g/cc) (wppm) ( C) ( C) - 50
C (cSt)
Example 25 0.929 1000 16.7 88.1 8.3
Example 26 0.923 967 16.2 88.9 7.1
Example 27 0.914 981 16.6 92.3 6.5
Example 28 0.921 988 18.0 90.8 8.3
Example 29 0.893 819 29.9 100.8 17.1
Example 30 0.909 988 27.3 88.1 15.7
EXAMPLES 31 ¨ 43
10 In
Examples 31 ¨ 43, each of the marine fuel composition can include about 30 wt%
of a
residual hydrocarbon component. The remaining about 70 wt% of the respective
marine fuel
composition can be selected from a non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component,
the
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hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, and a combination thereof. Table 15
below
summarizes the blend content of the marine fuel composition in Examples 31 ¨
37. Table 16
below summarizes the blend content of the marine fuel composition in Examples
38 ¨ 43.
Table 15 ¨ Blend content of Examples 31 ¨ 37
Non-hydroprocessed Hydroprocessed
Blend content
(wt%) Long residues Slurry LCO 400 wppm 15
wppm ULSD
(ATB) Oil S LCO S LCO
Example 31 30 10 10 0 0 50
Example 32 30 12 13 0 0 45
Example 33 30 10 18 0 0 42
Example 34 30 10 18 0 22 20
Example 35 30 0 44 0 0 26
Example 36 30 11.5 0 58.5 0 0
Example 37 30 0 35 35 0 0
Table 16¨ Blend content of Examples 38 ¨43
Non-hydroprocessed Hydroprocessed
Blend content
Long Slurry Pyrolysis LCO Thermal 400 wppm ULSD
(wt%)
residues Oil Gas Oil Tar S LCO
(ATB) (wt%) (wt%)
Example 38 30 0 25 25 0 0 20
Example 39 30 0 25 25 0 0 20
Example 40 30 10 12 10 0 0 38
Example 41 30 5 15 22 0 0 28
Example 42 30 5 10 15 0 40 0
Example 43 30 0 0 0 9 61 0
Table 17 below provides certain characteristics that the marine fuel
composition of
Examples 31 ¨ 43 should have, as measured by a respective standard testing
method.
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Table 17 - Characteristics of the marine fuel composition in Examples 31 - 43
Density @ - Sulfur Pour Point
Flash Point Viscosity @
15 C (g/cc) (wppm) ( C) ( C) -
50 C (cSt)
Example 31 0.906 867 22.3 71.5 8.2
Example 32 0.914 993 22.2 72.8 9.6
Example 33 0.916 993 21.9 73.4 9.7
Example 34 0.939 993 20.8 73.8 9.7
Example 35 0.929 1000 20.7 76.7 10.4
Example 36 0.909 994 20.0 95.4 7.2
Example 37 0.925 997 19.5 89.8 8.6
Example 38 0.930 951 21.6 78.6 11.9
Example 39 0.930 951 21.6 78.6 11.9
Example 40 0.918 985 22.3 74.4 10.5
Example 41 0.926 1000 21.8 76.6 11.4
Example 42 0.921 999 20.7 91.4 8.8
Example 43 0.900 994 21.0 89.6 6.6
EXAMPLES 44 - 45
In Examples 44 - 45, each of the marine fuel composition can include about 35
wt% of a
residual hydrocarbon component. The remaining about 65 wt% of the respective
marine fuel
composition can be selected from a non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component,
the
hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, and a combination thereof. Table 18
below
summarizes the blend content of the marine fuel composition in Examples 44 -
45.
Table 18- Blend content of Examples 44- 45
Non-hydroprocessed Hydroprocessed
Blend content _____________________________________________________________
(wt%) Long residues LCO Slack 400 wppm S Hydrowax
(ATB) Wax LCO
Example 44 35 35 15 15 0
Example 45 35 35 0 15 15
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Table 19 below provides certain characteristics that the marine fuel
composition of
Examples 44 - 45 should have, as measured by a respective standard testing
method.
Table 19 - Characteristics of the marine fuel composition in Examples 44- 45
Density @ Sulfur Pour Point Flash Point
Viscosity @
15 "C (g/cc) (wppm) ("C) ("C) -
50 "C (cSt)
Example 44 0.915 971 27.4 94.9 14.8
Example 45 0.919 982 28.2 94.8 16.3
EXAMPLES 46 - 47
In Examples 46 - 47, each of the marine fuel composition can include about 38
wt% of a
residual hydrocarbon component. The remaining about 62 wt% of the respective
marine fuel
composition can be selected from a non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component,
the
hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, and a combination thereof. Table 20
below
summarizes the blend content of the marine fuel composition in Examples 46 -
47.
Table 20- Blend content of Examples 46 - 47
Non-hydroprocessed Hydroprocessed
Blend content
(wt%) Long residues Thermal Tar
400 wppm 15 wppm ULSD
(ATB) S LCO S LCO
Example 46 38 12 0 50 0
Example 47 38 7 55 0 0
Table 21 below provides certain characteristics that the marine fuel
composition of
Examples 46 - 47 should have, as measured by a respective standard testing
method.
Table 21 - Characteristics of the marine fuel composition in Examples 46 - 47
Density @ - Sulfur Pour Point Flash Point
Viscosity @
15 C (g/cc) (wppm) (DC) ( C) -
50 "C (cSt)
Example 46 0.947 988 24.5 70.9 10.2
Example 47 0.900 950 24.4 92.1 8.1
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EXAMPLES 48 - 54
In Examples 48 -54, each of the marine fuel composition can include about 40
wt% of a
residual hydrocarbon component. The remaining about 60 wt% of the respective
marine fuel
composition can be selected from a non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component,
the
hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, and a combination thereof. Table 22
below
summarizes the blend content of the marine fuel composition in Examples 48 -
54.
Table 22 - Blend content of Examples 48 -54
Non-hydroprocessed Hydroprocessed
Blend content
Long Slurry LCO
Slack 400 wppm 15 wppm ULSD
(wt%)
residues Oil Wax S LCO S LCO
(ATB)
Example 48 40 0 0 0 0 0 60
Example 49 40 0 0 0 60 0 0
Example 50 40 0 35 0 0 25 0
Example 51 40 0 30 0 30 0 0
Example 52 40 0 0 0 0 60 0
Example 53 40 10 0 0 50 0 0
Example 54 40 0 35 15 0 10 0
Table 23 below provides certain characteristics that the marine fuel
composition of
Examples 48 - 54 should have, as measured by a respective standard testing
method.
Table 23 - Characteristics of the marine fuel composition in Examples 48- 54
Density @ - Sulfur Pour Point Flash Point
Viscosity @
"C (g/cc) (wppm) ( C) ( C) - 50
"C (cSt)
Example 48 0.879 409 27.3 69.6 6.4
Example 49 0.892 640 25.0 96.4 6.4
Example 50 0.949 960 24.9 79.3 13.1
Example 51 0.923 997 25.0 92.4 11.7
Example 52 0.939 409 24.7 70.6 6.4
Example 53 0.910 1000 25.4 97.8 9.9
Example 54 0.924 963 29.4 89.0 18.8
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EXAMPLES 55 - 56
In Examples 55 - 56, each of the marine fuel composition can include about 45
wt% of a
residual hydrocarbon component. The remaining about 55 wt% of the respective
marine fuel
composition can be selected from a non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component,
the
hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, and a combination thereof. Table 24
below
summarizes the blend content of the marine fuel composition in Examples 55 -
56.
Table 24- Blend content of Examples 55 - 56
Hydroprocessed
Blend content
(wt%) Long residues (ATB) 400 wppm S LCO 15
wppm S LCO
Example 55 45 0 55
Example 56 45 55 0
Table 25 below provides certain characteristics that the marine fuel
composition of
Examples 55 - 56 should have, as measured by a respective standard testing
method.
Table 25 - Characteristics of the marine fuel composition in Examples 55 - 56
Density @ - Sulfur Pour Point Flash Point
Viscosity @
C (g/cc) (wppm) ( C) ( C) - 50
C (cSt)
Example 55 0.936 458 27.1 72.3 7.6
Example 56 0.893 670 27.4 97.7 7.6
EXAMPLES 57 - 60
In Examples 57 - 60, each of the marine fuel composition can include about 50
wt% of a
15 residual hydrocarbon component. The remaining about 50 wt% of the
respective marine fuel
composition can be selected from a non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component,
the
hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, and a combination thereof. Table 26
below
summarizes the blend content of the marine fuel composition in Examples 57 -
60.
Table 26 - Blend content of Examples 57- 60
Non- Hydroprocessed
Blend content hydroprocessed
(wt%) Long residues LCO
400 wppm 15 wppm ULSD
(ATB) S LCO S LCO
Non- Hydroprocessed
Blend content hydroprocessed
(wt%) Long residues LCO
400 wppm 15 wppm ULSD
(ATB) S LCO S LCO
Example 57 50 30 0 20 0
Example 58 50 25 25 0 0
Example 59 50 25 15 0 10
Example 60 50 0 0 50 0
Table 27 below provides certain characteristics that the marine fuel
composition of
Examples 57 ¨ 60 should have, as measured by a respective standard testing
method.
Table 27 - Characteristics of the marine fuel composition in Examples 57 ¨ 60
Density @ ¨ Sulfur Pour Point Flash Point
Viscosity @
15 C (g/cc) (wppm) ( C) ( C) ¨
50 C (cSt)
Example 57 0.942 980 29.5 82.9 18.5
Example 58 0.921 998 29.8 95.3 16.3
Example 59 0.918 959 29.9 88.0 16.3
Example 60 0.934 508 29.3 74.0 9.3
Therefore, embodiments of the present invention are well adapted to attain the
ends and
advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The
particular embodiments
disclosed above are illustrative only, as the present invention may be
modified and practiced in
different manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of
the teachings herein.
Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or
design herein shown,
other than as described herein below. It is therefore evident that the
particular illustrative
embodiments disclosed above may be altered, combined, substituted, or modified
and all such
variations are considered within the scope of the present invention. The
invention illustratively
disclosed herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element that
is not specifically
disclosed herein and/or any optional element disclosed herein. While
compositions and methods
are described in terms of "comprising," "containing," or "including" various
components or
steps, the compositions and methods can also "consist essentially of' or
"consist of' the various
components and steps. All numbers and ranges disclosed above may vary by some
amount
31
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-01-18
whether accompanied by the term "about" or not. In particular, the phrase
"from about a to
about b" is equivalent to the phrase "from approximately a to b," or a similar
form thereof. Also,
the terms herein below have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise
explicitly and clearly
defined by the patentee. Moreover, the indefinite articles "a" or "an," as
used in the claims, are
defined herein to mean one or more than one of the element that it introduces.
If there is any
conflict in the usages of a word or term in this specification and one or more
patent or other
documents, the definitions that are consistent with this specification should
be adopted.
32
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