Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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Building skin and method for erecting a building skin
Description
The present invention relates to a method for erecting a building skin, in
particular
a building roof and/or a building façade, in which a substructure is mounted
on the
building and a lining assembled from profiled webs, in particular standing
seam profiled
webs, in a specified layout is supported on the substructure at some locations
via
profiled web holders, in particular standing seam holders. The invention also
relates to
a building skin erected by such a method.
Such a method and a correspondingly erected building roof is provided by DE-U
20122820. In this document, standing seam holders in the form of T-profiled
portions,
which are cut according to the base form, are proposed, which are fixed to a
substructure on the building side. In this case, a longitudinally movable
mounting of
the standing seam profiled webs is sought, while the substructure is not
further
disclosed. In particular in the case of freeform surfaces, such as those
increasingly
required for the building skin, due to architectural considerations, the
required
mounting quality is often locally not complied with.
On this basis, the object of the invention is to improve the known
manufacturing
and mounting methods and skin structures of the state of the art and to
provide a
construction, which is optimized also with respect to the manufacturing and
assembly
costs and to their precision.
In order to achieve this object, the combination of characteristics indicated
in
claim 1 and 13 is proposed. Advantageous embodiments and elaborations of the
invention are provided in the dependent claims.
The invention is based on the idea, that by using precisely prefabricated
structural
elements, the work on the construction site is simplified. Therefore,
according to the
invention, a plurality of lower support rails are mounted on the building in a
distributed
manner, as part of the substructure, the spatial position of the lower support
rails is
measured, structural data for support elements are ascertained computationally
from
the position of the support rails relative to the layout, and the support
elements are
individually prefabricated according to the structural data and are positioned
on the
lower support rails in order to support the profiled web holders. In this way,
considerable quality advantages may be obtained regarding the desired contour
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accuracy and the assembly speed. By providing a preassembly, error sources may
also be eliminated and the manufacturing costs under unfavorable conditions on
the
construction site may be reduced.
Advantageously, a plurality of support elements is preassembled, in a
distributed
manner, on an upper support rail, so that the upper support rail, which is
provided with
the support elements, may be transported on the building and connected there
with a
lower support rail. Optionally, a plurality of support rails may be partially
connected to
each other.
In a further advantageous embodiment, the lower and upper support rails
1.0 preferably have a rectilinear U-profile and are connected to each other
in the area of
their respective lateral ribs, by forming a box-shaped profile. In this way,
also the base
surfaces are available for a simple connection with a support shell or the
support
elements. Fundamentally, however, the use of flat profiled rails is also
possible.
In order to increase the measuring precision and efficiency, it is
advantageous to
detect the spatial position of the lower support rails by using a contactless
measuring
method.
For a precise spatial positioning of the profiled web holders it is
advantageous, if
the structural data are determined from the distance and orientation of the
lower
support rails relative to predefined profiled web lines in the layout. The
profiled web
lines may be straight or curved.
The manufacturing process may be simplified if the support elements are
individually cut on the basis of the structural data and folded sheet strips
are formed.
The folds, which convert the individual sheet cutouts into folded parts,
preferably are
angled at 900, so that the folding process is easily performed. A further
improvement
in this direction is obtained if the folding line of the folded sheet strips
is parallel to a
sheet outer edge.
In this context, it is also advantageous, if the support elements are formed
by two
respective Z-profile parts, which are connected into a hat-shape.
The profiled web holders are preferably fixed with an orientation relative to
the
support elements, which is dictated by the structural data.
The mounting is simplified further if the upper support rails and the support
elements as well as the support elements and the profiled web holders are
provided
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with corresponding holes for screwed or riveted connections. In order to
connect the
support elements and the upper support rails, the mutual distances between the
holes
may be slightly varied, in order to avoid confusion during preassembly.
In order to avoid confusion during assembly on the lower support rails, it is
advantageous if the support elements are provided with suitable positioning
markers.
A further advantageous measure consists in that the layout is defined as a
predefined data set by straight or curved profiled web lines, which extend
from laterally
protruding profiled web ribs of the profiled webs to be assembled.
The manufacturing may be simplified further if identical parts are used for
the
profiled web holders.
From a structural point of view, above said object is achieved in a building
skin,
if the substructure is provided with a plurality of lower support rails, which
are
positioned transversally with respect to the profiled webs and which are
laterally
separated from each other, and if the support elements for supporting the
profiled web
holders are positioned in the intersection area between the lower support
rails and the
profiled web holders, wherein the support elements are adapted, according to
the
layout, with respect to their shape and position, and the profiled web holders
are
provided as identical parts. The characteristic "lower support rails, which
are positioned
transversally with respect to the profiled webs", in the present context,
means that the
support rails and the profiled webs intersect each other in an oblique or
perpendicular
manner, when seen from above.
The invention is explained in the following by means of the exemplary
embodiment, which is schematically shown in the drawing. In particular:
Fig. 1 shows a building skin, formed by a standing seam roof in a perspective
partial view;
Fig. 2 shows a support rail arrangement, as part of a substructure of the
standing
seam roof, in a view corresponding to fig. 1;
Fig. 3 shows the substructure in connection with a predefined standing seam
layout of the standing seam roof;
Fig. 4 shows an enlarged detail of fig. 3;
Fig. 5 shows a cutout pattern for individual support elements of the
substructure,
in a plan view;
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Fig. 6 shows a support element part in a perspective view.
The standing seam roof 10 shown in fig. 1 comprises a substructure 14, which
is
mounted on a building 12 and lining or roof skin 20 assembled from differently
curved
seam profiled webs 16 made of steel, which lining is supported at some
locations by
standing seam holders 18 on the substructure, wherein the lining covers a
spatially
curved surface according to a predefined standing seam layout, as a so-called
free
form surface.
The substructure 14 is supported on a support shell 22 of building 12, which
has
a contour, which is simpler than the free form surface of the roof skin 20.
The
1.0 substructure 14 allows an adaptation of the contour or distance of the
support and
optionally the creation of an interspace for an insulation, which is not
shown. The
substructure 14 advantageously comprises a plurality of lower U-shaped support
rails
24, which are distributed on the support shell 22, and which are connected to
upper U-
shaped support rails 26, forming a box-shaped profile, as well as a multitude
of support
elements 28 for supporting a respective standing seam holder 18. The support
elements 28 have shape and orientation, which are adapted according to the
standing
seam layout, while the standing seam holders 18 are identical parts, which are
structurally the same, i.e. identical.
The standing seam webs 16 are formed by rolled metal and are provided, along
their longitudinal sides, with profiled web ribs 30, which are folded upwards,
and which
are crimped in pairs, enclosing the holder heads 32 of the standing seam
holder 18,
wherein a small fold eye and a large fold eye are pressed so that they
envelope each
other. This pressing takes place on site by using a flanging machine, which is
led along
the fold. Further details of a standing seam connection are provided by DE-U
20122820, to which reference is expressly made in this context. Fundamentally,
other
connection structures may also be considered, for instance clip connections
for
preformed profiled web ribs.
As shown in fig. 2, for erecting and mounting the standing seam roof 10, the
lower
support rails 24 are initially fixed to the support shell 22 at a lateral
distance from one
another. This may be accomplished by insertion of screws through the lower
rail base,
wherein a precise positioning is not required.
Then, in a further step, the spatial position of the lower support rails 24 is
precisely
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measured. To this end, a contactless measuring method may be used, for example
in
that the point-coordinates of the corner points 34 are determined and stored
by means
of a stationary tachometer. Based on the point-coordinates, in connection with
the
known U-shaped profile of the lower support rails 24, their spatial position
is precisely
5 defined. Fundamentally, other measuring methods may also be considered,
for
instance complete 3D-scans or even only a manual control measurement by means
of
a ruler.
The position data obtained of the lower support rails 24 are correlated, in an
electronic data processing system, for instance in a CAD-system, to a building
design
plan, in order to calculate structural data for the support elements 18.
As shown in figures 3 and 4, the standing seam layout is defined, according to
planning, by profiled web lines 36, 36', which correspond to the desired
course of the
profiled web ribs 30. The profiled web lines 36, 36' extend transversally or
with a
skewed orientation with respect to the lower support rails 24 and the upper
support
rails 26, which may be applied with a tight fit thereon. According to these
position data
34, 36, 36' it is possible to determine the structural data of the support
elements 28,
with support of the processor. In particular, the respective required height,
angular
position, inclination and rail longitudinal position are individually
determined, so that
the standing seam holders 18 are oriented in the desired mounting position. In
order
to ensure this, positions of screw holes 38 in the upper support rails 26 for
connection
of base legs of the hat-like support elements 28 and screw holes 40 on the
upper side
of the support elements 28 for connection to the standing seam holders 18 are
determined. The distances between the screw holes 40 may be varied according
to
the key-lock principle, so that an undesired confusion during preassembly is
avoided.
The support elements 28 are formed by two respective interconnected Z-profiled
parts
42, 44 comprised of sheet cutouts, as explained in the following.
Figures 5 and 6 illustrate an advantageous method for simplifying the
manufacturing of individually adapted support elements 28. According to the
acquired
structural data, the contours of sheet cutouts 42' are determined for all
required support
elements 28, wherein the cutouts are cut out, as a complete set, out of a
sheet plate
or a sheet strip, and are provided with the required screw holes 38, 40 (fig.
5).
Additionally, positioning markers 46 formed by two lines of hole patterns, are
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introduced. In particular, the number of holes of one line of holes
characterizes the
corresponding support rail 26 and the holes of the other line determines the
position
on the corresponding support rail, so that a confusion-free assembly is
facilitated.
Fundamentally, instead of the hole patterns, simpler readable signs may be
provided,
for instance alphanumeric characters, which are introduced during the cutting
out of
the sheet.
The cutouts 42', which are prefabricated in this way by CNC control, are
subsequently brought into the Z-shape shown in fig. 6 by folding at calculated
edge
positions. By providing a different leg height of the associated Z-profiled
part 44, an
lo inclined position of the upper support surface 48 in the assembled
condition may be
achieved. The angular position of the standing seam holder 18 with respect to
the
longitudinal axis of the support rail 26 may be determined by the arrangement
of screw
holes 40. In this way, all required degrees of freedom for the desired
positioning of the
standing seam holders 18 may be obtained. The upper support rails 26 are also
provided by means of CNC machine tools with the required screw holes 38 for
support
elements 28.
In a further step of the method, the upper support rails 26 are provided with
the
support elements 28, wherein this step may also be performed in an industrial
manufacturing environment with a high precision and efficiency, independently
from
the building 12. Thereafter, the fitted upper rails 26 are applied on the
building 12 and
are connected, thereon, in the arrangement shown in fig. 1, to the lower
support rails
24, for example in that the lateral U-ribs are screwed to each other at
corresponding
screw channels. On the substructure 14, erected in this way, the standing seam
webs
16 may be applied, with precisely positioned contours, without requiring
highly
technological operations to be performed on site. Fundamentally, this
procedure may
also be applied for erecting building facades.
