Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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HEAT TRANSFER COMPOSITIONS, METHODS AND SYSTEMS
Cross Reference to Related Applications
The present application claims the priority benefit of US Provisional
62/569,419, filed
October 6, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present application claims the priority benefit of US Provisional
62/593,393, filed
December 1,2017, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to compositions, methods and systems having
utility in
heat exchange applications, including in air conditioning and refrigeration
applications. In
particular aspects the invention relates to compositions useful in heat
transfer systems of
the type in which the refrigerant R-410A would have been used. The
compositions of the
.. invention are useful in particular as a replacement of the refrigerant R-
410A for heating and
cooling applications and to retrofitting heat exchange systems, including
systems designed
for use with R-410A.
Background
Mechanical refrigeration systems, and related heat transfer devices, such as
heat
pumps and air conditioners are well known in the art for industrial,
commercial and domestic
uses. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were developed in the 1930s as refrigerants
for such
systems. However, since the 1980s, the effect of CFCs on the stratospheric
ozone layer
has become the focus of much attention. In 1987, a number of governments
signed the
.. Montreal Protocol to protect the global environment, setting forth a
timetable for phasing out
the CFC products. CFCs were replaced with more environmentally acceptable
materials
that contain hydrogen, namely the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).
One of the most commonly used hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants was
chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22). However, subsequent amendments to the
Montreal
protocol accelerated the phase out of the CFCs and scheduled the phase-out of
HCFCs,
including HCFC-22.
In response to the need for a non-flammable, non-toxic alternative to the CFCs
and
HCFCs, industry has developed a number of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) which have
zero
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ozone depletion potential. R-410A (a 50:50 w/w blend of difluoromethane (HFC-
32) and
pentafluoroethane (HFC-125)) was adopted as the industry replacement for HCFC-
22 in air
conditioning and chiller applications as it does not contribute to ozone
depletion. However,
R-410A is not a drop-in replacement for R-22. Thus, the replacement of R-22
with R-410A
.. required the redesign of major components within heat exchange systems,
including the
replacement and redesign of the compressor to accommodate the substantially
higher
operating pressure and volumetric capacity of R-410A, when compared with R-22.
While R-410A has a more acceptable Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) than R-22,
the continued use of R-410A is problematic since it has a high Global Warming
Potential of
2088. There is therefore a need in the art for the replacement of R-410A with
a more
environmentally acceptable alternative.
It is understood in the art that it is highly desirable for a replacement heat
transfer
fluid to possess a difficult to achieve mosaic of properties including
excellent heat transfer
properties (and in particular heat transfer properties that are well matched
to the needs of
.. the particular application), chemical stability, low or no toxicity, non-
flammability, lubricant
miscibility and/or lubricant compatibility amongst others. In addition, any
replacement for R-
410A would ideally be a good match for the operating conditions of R-410A in
order to avoid
modification or redesign of the system. The development of a heat transfer
fluid meeting all
of these requirements, many of which are unpredictable, is a significant
challenge.
With regard to efficiency in use, it is important to note that a loss of
refrigerant
thermodynamic performance or energy efficiency may result in an increase in
fossil fuel
usage as a result of the increased demand for electrical energy. The use of
such a
refrigerant will therefore have a negative secondary environmental impact.
Flammability is considered to be an important property for many heat transfer
applications. As used herein, the term "non-flammable" refers to compounds or
compositions which are determined to be non-flammable in accordance with ASTM
standard E-681-2009 Standard Test Method for Concentration Limits of
Flammability of
Chemicals (Vapors and Gases) at conditions described in ASHRAE Standard 34-
2016
Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants and described in
Appendix B1 to
ASHRAE Standard 34-2016, which is incorporated herein by reference and
referred to
herein for convenience as "Non-Flammability Test".
It is critical for maintenance of system efficiency and proper and reliable
functioning
of the compressor, that lubricant circulating in a vapour compression heat
transfer system is
returned to the compressor to perform its intended lubricating function.
Otherwise, lubricant
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might accumulate and become lodged in the coils and piping of the system,
including in the
heat transfer components. Furthermore, when lubricant accumulates on the inner
surfaces
of the evaporator, it lowers the heat exchange efficiency of the evaporator,
and thereby
reduces the efficiency of the system.
R-410A is currently commonly used with polyol ester (POE) lubricating oil in
air
conditioning applications, as R-410A is miscible with POE at temperatures
experienced
during use of such systems. However, R-410A is immiscible with POE at
temperatures
typically experienced during operation of low temperature refrigeration
systems, and heat
pump systems. Therefore, unless steps are taken to mitigate against this
immiscibility, POE
and R-410A cannot be used in low temperature refrigeration or heat pump
systems.
Applicants have come to appreciate that it is desirable to be able to provide
compositions which are capable of being used as a replacement for R-410A in
air
conditioning applications, and in particular in residential air conditioning
and commercial air
conditioning applications, which include, rooftop air conditioning, variable
refrigerant flow
(VRF) air conditioning and chiller air conditioning applications. Applicants
have also come
to appreciate that the compositions, methods and systems of the invention have
advantage
in, for example, heat pump and low temperature refrigeration systems, wherein
the
drawback of immiscibility with POE at temperatures experienced during
operation of these
systems is eliminated.
Summary
The present invention provides refrigerant compositions which can be used as a
replacements for R-410A and which exhibit in preferred embodiments the desired
mosaic of
properties of excellent heat transfer properties, chemical stability, low or
no toxicity, non-
flammability, lubricant miscibility and lubricant compatibility in combination
with low Global
Warming Potential (GWP) and near zero ODP.
The present invention includes refrigerant comprising at least about 97% by
weight
of the following three compounds, with each compound being present in the
following
relative percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
about 11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31). The refrigerant according
to
this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant
1. As used
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herein with respect to percentages based on a list of identified compounds,
the term
"relative percentage" means the percentage of the identified compound based on
the total
weight of the listed compounds.
As used herein with respect to weight percentages, the term "about" with
respect to
an amount of an identified component means the amount of the identified
component can
vary by an amount of +/- 2% by weight. The refrigerants and heat transfer
compositions of
the invention include amounts of an identified compound specified as being
"about" wherein
the amount is the identified amount +/- 1% by weight, and even more preferably
+/- 0.5% by
weight.
The present invention includes refrigerant comprising at least about 98.5% by
weight
of the following three compounds, with each compound being present in the
following
relative percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
about 11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31). The refrigerant according
to this
paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 2.
The present invention includes refrigerant comprising at least about 99.5% by
weight
of the following three compounds, with each compound being present in the
following
relative percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
about 11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31). The refrigerant according
to this
paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 3.
The present invention includes refrigerant consisting essentially of the
following
.. three compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
about 11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31). The refrigerant according
to this
paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 4.
The present invention includes refrigerant consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
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about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
about 11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31). The refrigerant according
to this
paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 5.
The present invention includes refrigerant consisting essentially of the
following
three compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I). The refrigerant according to
this
paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 6.
The present invention includes refrigerant consisting of the following three
compounds, with
each compound being present in the following relative percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 39% to 40% by
weight
trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I). The refrigerant according to this paragraph is
sometimes
referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 7.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting essentially of the
following
three compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
about 11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39 to 39.4% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise less than about 39.0 relative
percent by
weight of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three compounds. The
refrigerant
according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as
Refrigerant
8.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
about 11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39 to 39.4% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31), and wherein the
refrigerant does
not comprise less than about 39.0 relative percent by weight of 0F3I based on
the total
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weight of said three compounds. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is
sometimes
referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 9.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting essentially of the
following
three compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
about 11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.1% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight
of 0F3I
based on the total weight of said three compounds. The refrigerant according
to this
paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 10.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
about 11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.1% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight
of 0F3I
based on the total weight of said three compounds. The refrigerant according
to this
paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 11.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting essentially of the
following
three compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1% to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31). The refrigerant according to
this
paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 12.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1% to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31). The refrigerant according to
this
paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 13.
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The present invention includes refrigerants consisting essentially of the
following
three compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1 to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% relative percent by weight
of HFC-125
based on the total weight of said three compounds. The refrigerant according
to this
paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 14.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1 to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% relative percent by weight
of HFC-125
based on the total weight of said three compounds. The refrigerant according
to this
paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 15.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting essentially of the
following
three compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1 to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39.1% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% relative percent by weight
of HFC-125
and does not comprise 39.5% of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three
compounds.
The refrigerant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein
for convenience
as Refrigerant 16.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1 to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39.1% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% relative percent by weight
of HFC-125
and does not comprise 39.5% of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three
compounds.
The refrigerant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein
for convenience
as Refrigerant 17.
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The present invention includes refrigerants consisting essentially of the
following
three compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
49% +/- 0.3 % by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% +/- 0.3 % by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.5% +/- 0.3 % by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31). The refrigerant
according to this
paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 18.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
49% +/- 0.3 % by weight by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% +/- 0.3 % by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.5% +/- 0.3 % by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31). The refrigerant
according to this
paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 19.
The present invention includes refrigerants comprising at least about 97% by
weight
of the following three compounds, with each compound being present in the
following
relative percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
about 11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31),
wherein the refrigerant satisfies the the Non-Flammability Test. The
refrigerant according to
this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant
20.
The present invention includes refrigerants comprising at least about 98.5% by
weight of the following three compounds, with each compound being present in
the following
relative percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
about 11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31),
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wherein the refrigerant satisfies the the Non-Flammability Test. The
refrigerant according to
this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant
21.
The present invention includes refrigerants comprising at least about 99.5% by
weight of the following three compounds, with each compound being present in
the following
relative percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
about 11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31),
wherein the refrigerant satisfies the the Non-Flammability Test. The
refrigerant according to
this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant
22.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting essentially of the
following
three compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
about 11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31),
wherein the refrigerant satisfies the the Non-Flammability Test. The
refrigerant according to
this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant
23.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting essentially of the
following
three compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
about 11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
about 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31),
wherein the refrigerant satisfies the the Non-Flammability Test. The
refrigerant according to
this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant
24.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting essentially of:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31), with the percentages being based
on the total
weight of these three compounds. The refrigerant according to this paragraph
is sometimes
referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 25.
The present invention relates to a refrigerant consisting of:
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49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), with the percentages being based
on the total
weight of these three compounds. The refrigerant according to this paragraph
is sometimes
referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 26.
Description
Definitions:
For the purposes of this invention, the term "about" in relation to
temperatures in
degrees centigrade ( C) means that the stated temperature can vary by an
amount of +/-
5 C. In preferred embodiments, temperature specified as being about is
preferably +/- 2 C,
more preferably +/- 1 C, and even more preferably +/- 0.5 C of the identified
temperature.
The term "capacity" is the amount of cooling provided, in BTUs/hr, by the
refrigerant
in the refrigeration system. This is experimentally determined by multiplying
the change in
enthalpy in BTU/lb, of the refrigerant as it passes through the evaporator by
the mass flow
rate of the refrigerant. The enthalpy can be determined from the measurement
of the
pressure and temperature of the refrigerant. The capacity of the refrigeration
system relates
to the ability to maintain an area to be cooled at a specific temperature. The
capacity of a
refrigerant represents the amount of cooling or heating that it provides and
provides some
measure of the capability of a compressor to pump quantities of heat for a
given volumetric
flow rate of refrigerant. In other words, given a specific compressor, a
refrigerant with a
higher capacity will deliver more cooling or heating power.
The phrase "coefficient of performance" (hereinafter "COP") is a universally
accepted
measure of refrigerant performance, especially useful in representing the
relative
thermodynamic efficiency of a refrigerant in a specific heating or cooling
cycle involving
evaporation or condensation of the refrigerant. In refrigeration engineering,
this term
expresses the ratio of useful refrigeration or cooling capacity to the energy
applied by the
compressor in compressing the vapor and therefore expresses the capability of
a given
compressor to pump quantities of heat for a given volumetric flow rate of a
heat transfer
fluid, such as a refrigerant. In other words, given a specific compressor, a
refrigerant with a
higher COP will deliver more cooling or heating power. One means for
estimating COP of a
refrigerant at specific operating conditions is from the thermodynamic
properties of the
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refrigerant using standard refrigeration cycle analysis techniques (see for
example, R.C.
Downing, FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS HANDBOOK, Chapter 3, Prentice-Hall,
1988 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
The phrase "discharge temperature" refers to the temperature of the
refrigerant at
the outlet of the compressor. The advantage of a low discharge temperature is
that it
permits the use of existing equipment without activation of the thermal
protection aspects of
the system which are preferably designed to protect compressor components and
avoids
the use of costly controls such as liquid injection to reduce discharge
temperature.
The phrase "Global Warming Potential" (hereinafter "GWP") was developed to
allow
comparisons of the global warming impact of different gases. Specifically, it
is a measure of
how much energy the emission of one ton of a gas will absorb over a given
period of time,
relative to the emission of one ton of carbon dioxide. The larger the GWP, the
more that a
given gas warms the Earth compared to CO2 over that time period. The time
period usually
used for GWP is 100 years. GWP provides a common measure, which allows
analysts to
add up emission estimates of different gases. See www.epa.gov.
The term "mass flow rate" is the mass of refrigerant passing through a conduit
per
unit of time.
The term "Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL)" is determined in accordance with
ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants.
As the term is used herein, "replacement for" with respect to a particular
heat
transfer composition or refrigerant of the present invention as a "replacement
for" a
particular prior refrigerant means the use of the indicated composition of the
present
invention in a heat transfer system that heretofore had been commonly used
with that prior
refrigerant. By way of example, when a refrigerant or heat transfer
composition of the
present invention is used in a heat transfer system that has heretofore been
designed for
and/or commonly used with R410A, such as residential air conditioning and
commercial air
conditioning (including roof top systems, variable refrigerant flow (VRF)
systems and chiller
systems) then the present refrigerant is a replacement for R410A is such
systems.
The phrase "thermodynamic glide" applies to zeotropic refrigerant mixtures
that have
varying temperatures during phase change processes in the evaporator or
condenser at
constant pressure.
Refrigerants and Heat Transfer Compositions
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Applicants have found that the refrigerants of the present invention,
including each of
Reftrigerants 1 ¨ 39 as described herein, are capable of providing
exceptionally
advantageous properties and in particular non-flammability, especially with
the use of the
refrigerant of the present invention as a replacement for R-410A and
especially in prior
.. 410A residential air conditioning systems, and prior R-410A commercial air
conditioning
systsms (including prior R-410A roof top systems, prior R-410A variable
refrigerant flow
(VRF) systems and prior R-410A chiller systems).
A particular advantage of the refrigerants of the present invention is that
they are
non-flammable when tested in accordance with the Non-Flammability Test, and as
mentioned above there has been a desire in the art to provide refrigerant
which can be
used as a replacement for R-410A in various systems, and which has excellent
heat transfer
properties, low environmental impact (including particularly low GWP and near
zero ODP)
chemical stability, low or no toxicity, and/or lubricant compatibility and
which maintains non-
flammability in use. This desirable advantage can be achieved by refrigerants
of the
present invention.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting essentially of the
following
three compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% by weight of HFC-125 and
does not
comprise 12% relative percent by weight or greater of HFC-125 based on the
total weight of
said three compounds. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is sometimes
referred to
herein for convenience as Refrigerant 27.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31),
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and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% by weight of HFC-125 and
does not
comprise 12% relative percent by weight or greater of HFC-125 based on the
total weight of
said three compounds. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is sometimes
referred to
herein for convenience as Refrigerant 28.
The present invention includes refrigerant consisting essentially of the
following
three compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
from 47% to 49.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11% to 13.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39% to 41.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31). The refrigerant
according to this
paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 29.
The present invention includes refrigerant consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
from 47% to 49.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11% to 13.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39% to 41.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31). The refrigerant
according to this
paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 30.
The present invention includes refrigerant consisting essentially of the
following
three compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
from 47% to 49.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11% to 13.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39% to 41.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31), and wherein the
refrigerant does
not comprise 11.5% by weight of HFC-125 and does not comprise 12% relative
percent by
weight or greater of HFC-125 based on the total weight of said three
compounds. The
refrigerant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for
convenience as
Refrigerant 31.
The present invention includes refrigerant consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
from 47% to 49.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
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from 11% to 13.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39% to 41.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31), and wherein the
refrigerant does
not comprise 11.5% by weight of HFC-125 and does not comprise 12% relative
percent by
weight or greater of HFC-125 based on the total weight of said three
compounds. The
refrigerant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for
convenience as
Refrigerant 32.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I and does
not
comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight or greater of 0F3I based on the
total weight of
said three compounds. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is sometimes
referred to
herein for convenience as Refrigerant 33.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I and does
not
comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight or greater of 0F3I based on the
total weight of
said three compounds. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is sometimes
referred to
herein for convenience as Refrigerant 34.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
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39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I based on
the total
weight of said three compounds. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is
sometimes
referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 35.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I based on
the total
weight of said three compounds. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is
sometimes
referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant 36.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight
or greater
of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three compounds. The refrigerant
according to
this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant
37.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31),
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and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight
or greater
of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three compounds. The refrigerant
according to
this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Refrigerant
38.
The present invention includes refrigerants consisting of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages:
about 49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31), wherein said refrigerant
satisfies the
Non-Flammability Test. The refrigerant according to this paragraph is
sometimes referred to
herein for convenience as Refrigerant 39.
Preferably, the heat transfer compositions comprise any refrigerant of the
present
invention, including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, in an amount of greater than
40% by weight
of the heat transfer composition.
Preferably, the heat transfer compositions comprise any refrigerant of the
present
invention, including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, in an amount of greater than
about 50% by
weight of the heat transfer composition.
Preferably, the heat transfer compositions comprise any refrigerant of the
present
invention, including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, in an amount of greater than
70% by weight
of the heat transfer composition.
Preferably, the heat transfer compositions comprise any refrigerant of the
present
invention, including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, in an amount of greater than
80% by weight
of the heat transfer composition.
Preferably, the heat transfer compositions comprise any refrigerant of the
present
invention, including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, in an amount of greater than
90% by weight
of the heat transfer composition.
Preferably, the heat transfer compositions consist essentially of any
refrigerant of the
present invention, including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39.
Preferably, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention consist of
any
refrigerant of the present invention, including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39.
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The heat transfer compositions of the invention may include other components
for
the purpose of enhancing or providing certain functionality to the
compositions. Such other
components or additives may include one or more of lubricants, dyes,
solubilizing agents,
compatibilizers, stabilizers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, extreme
pressure additives
and anti-wear additives.
Stabilizers:
The heat transfer compositions of the invention include a refrigerant as
discussed
herein, including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, above and a stabilizer.
The stabilizer component(s) preferably are provided in the heat transfer
composition
in an amount of greater than 0 to about 15% by weight of the heat transfer
composition, or
from about 0.5 to about 10, with the percentages being based on the total
weight of all
stabilizers in the heat transfer composition divided by the total of all
components in the heat
transfer composition.
The stabilizer for use in the heat transfer compostions of the present
invention
includes at least one of: (i) alkylated naphthalene compound(s); (ii) phenol-
based
compound(s); and (iii) diene-based compound(s). The stabilizer according to
this paragraph
is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 1.
The stabilizer for use in the heat transfer compostions of the present
invention
includes a combination of: (i) at least one alkylated naphthalene compound and
(ii) at least
one phenol-based compound. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is
sometimes
referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 2.
The stabilizer for use in the heat transfer compostions of the present
invention
includes a combination of: (i) at least one alkylated naphthalene compound and
(ii) at least
diene-based compound. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes
referred to
herein for convenience as Stabilizer 3.
The stabilizer for use in the heat transfer compostions of the present
invention
includes a combination of: (i) at least one alkylated naphthalene compound and
(ii)
isobutylene compound. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes
referred to
herein for convenience as Stabilizer 4.
The stabilizer for use in the heat transfer compostions of the present
invention
includes a combination of: (i) at least one alkylated naphthalene compound and
(ii) at least
one phenol-based compound; and (iii) at least one diene-based compound. The
stabilizer
according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as
Stabilizer 5.
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The stabilizer may include also phosphorus compound(s) and/or nitrogen
compound(s) and/or epoxide(s), wherein if present the epoxice is preferably
selected from
the group consisting of aromatic epoxides, alkyl epoxides, alkyenyl epoxides.
The stabilizer may consist essentially of one or more alkylated naphthalenes
and
one or more phenol-based compounds. The stabilizer according to this paragraph
is
sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 6.
The stabilizer may consist essentially of one or more alkylated naphthalenes
and
one or more diene-based compounds. The stabilizer according to this paragraph
is
sometimes referred to herein for convenience as Stabilizer 7.
The stabilizer may consist essentially of one or more alkylated naphthalenes,
one or
more diene-based compounds and one or more phenol-based compounds. The
stabilizer
according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as
Stabilizer 8.
Alkylated Naphthalenes
Applicants have surprisingly and unexpectedly found that alkylated napthalenes
are
highly effective as stabilizers for the heat transfer compositions of the
present invention. As
used herein, the term "alkylated naphthalene" refers to compounds having the
following
structure:
RN Ri
R2
R6R3
I I
R5 R4
where each R1 ¨ R8 is independently selected from linear alkyl group, a
branched alkyl
group and hydrogen. The particular length of the alkyl chains and the mixtures
or branched
and straight chains and hydrogens can vary within the scope of the present
invention, and it
will be appreciated and understood by those skilled in the art that such
variation is
ref lecteded the physical properties of the alkylated naphthalene, including
in particular the
viscosity of the alkylated compound, and producers of such materials
frequently define the
materials by reference to one or more of such properties as an alternative the
specification
of the particular R groups.
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Applicants have found unexptected, surprising and advantageous results are
associtated the use of alkylated naphthalene as a stabilizer according to the
present
invention having the following properties, and alkylated naphthalene compounds
having the
indicated properties are referred to for convenience herein as Alkylated
Napthalene 1 ¨
Alylated Napthalene 4 as indicated respectively in rows 1 ¨ 5 in the Table AN1
below:
TABLE AN1
Property Alkylated Alkylated Alkylated Alkylated
Alkylated
Napthalene 1 Napthalene 2 Napthalene 3 Napthalene 4 Napthalene 5
Viscosity 20 ¨ 200 20 ¨ 100 20 ¨ 50 30 -40 about 36
@ 40 C
(ASTM
D445), cSt
Viscosity 3 ¨ 20 3 ¨ 10 3 ¨ 8 5 - 7 about 5.6
@ 100 C
(ASTM
D445), cSt
Pour Point -50 to -20 -45 to -25 -40 to -30 -35 to -30 about -
33
(ASTM
D97), C
As used herein in connection with viscosity at 40 C measured according to ASTM
D445, the term "about" means +/- 4 cSt.
As used herein in connection with viscosity at 100 C measured according to
ASTM
D445, the term "about" means +/- 0.4 cSt.
As used herein in connection with pour point as measured according to ASTM
D97,
the term "about" means +/- 5 C.
Applicants have also found that unexptected, surprising and advantageous
results
are associtated the use of alkylated naphthalene as a stabilizer according to
the present
invention having the following properties, and alkylated naphthalene compounds
having the
indicated properties are referred to for convenience herein as Alkylated
Napthalene 6 ¨
Alkylated Napthalene 10 as indicated respectively in rows 6 ¨ 10 in the Table
AN2 below:
TABBLE AN2
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Property Alkylated Alkylated Alkylated Alkylated Alkylated
Napthalene Napthalene Napthalene Napthalene Napthalene
6 7 8 9 10
Viscosity 20 ¨ 200 20 ¨ 100 20 ¨ 50 30 ¨ 40 about 36
@ 40 C
(ASTM
D445), cSt
Viscosity 3 ¨ 20 3 ¨ 10 3 ¨ 8 5 - 7 about 5.6
@ 100 C
(ASTM
D445), cSt
Aniline 40 ¨ 110 50 ¨ 90 50 ¨ 80 60 - 70 about 36
Point
(ASTM
D611), C
Noack 1-50 5-30 5-15 10 - 15 about 12
Volatility
CEO L40
(ASTM
D6375), wt%
Pour Point -50 to -20 -45 to -25 -40 to -30 -35 to -30
about -33
(ASTM
D97), C
Flash Point 200 ¨ 300 200 ¨ 270 220 ¨ 250 230 - 240 about 236
(ASTM D92)
), O
Examples of alkylated napthalyenes within the meaning of Alkylated Naphthalene
1
and Alkylated Naphthalene 6 include those sold by King Industries under the
trade
designations NA-LUBE KR-007A;KR- 008, KR-009;KR-015; KR-019; KR-005FG; KR-
015FG; and KR-029FG.
Examples of alkylated napthalyenes within the meaning of Alkylated Naphthalene
2
and Alkylated Naphthalene 7 include those sold by King Industries under the
trade
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designations NA-LUBE KR-007A;KR- 008, KR-009; and KR-005FG.
An example of an alkylated napthylene that is within the meaning of Alkylated
Naphthalene 5 and Alkylated Naphthalene 10 includes the product sold by King
Industries
under the trade designation NA-LUBE KR-008.
The alkylated naphthalene is preferably in the heat transfer compositions of
the
present invention that include a ref rigernant of the present invention,
including each of
Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in an amount
of from
0.01% to about 10%, or from about 1.5% to about 4.5%, or from about 2.5% to
about 3.5%,
where amounts are in percent by weight based on the amount of alkylated
naphthalene plus
refrigerant in the system.
The alkylated naphthalene is preferably in the heat transfer compositions of
the
present invention that include a lubricant and a refrigernant of the present
invention,
including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is
present in an
amount of from 0.1% to about 20%, or from about 5% to about al 5%, or from
about 8% to
about 12%, where amounts are in percent by weight based on the amount of
alkylated
naphthalene plus lubricant in the system.
The alkylated naphthalene is preferably in the heat transfer compositions of
the
present invention that include a POE lubricant and a ref rigernant of the
present invention,
including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is
present in an
amount of from 0.1% to about 20%, or from about 5% to about a15%, or from
about 8% to
about 12%, where amounts are in percent by weight based on the amount of
alkylated
naphthalene plus lubricant in the system.
The alkylated naphthalene is preferably in the heat transfer compositions of
the
present invention that include a POE lubricant having a viscosity at 40 C
measured
according to ASTM D4450 of from about 30 cSt to about 70 cSt and a ref
rigernant of the
present invention, including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, wherein the
alkylated naphthalene
is present in an amount of from 0.1% to about 20%, or from about 5% to about
a15%, or
from about 8% to about 12%, where amounts are in percent by weight based on
the amount
of alkylated naphthalene plus lubricant in the system.
Diene-based Compounds
The diene-based compounds include C3 to C15 dienes and to compounds formed
by reaction of any two or more C3 to C4 dienes. Preferably, the diene based
compounds
are selected from the group consisting of allyl ethers, propadiene, butadiene,
isoprene, and
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terpenes. The diene-based compounds are preferably terpenes, which include but
are not
limited to terebene, retinal, geraniol, terpinene, delta-3 carene,
terpinolene, phellandrene,
fenchene, myrcene, farnesene, pinene, nerol, citral, camphor, menthol,
limonene, nerolidol,
phytol, carnosic acid, and vitamin Al. Preferably, the stabilizer is
farnesene. Preferred
terpene stabilizers are disclosed in US Provisional Patent Application No.
60/638,003 filed
on December 12, 2004, published as US 2006/0167044A1, which is incorporated
herein by
reference.
In addition, the diene based compounds can be provided in the heat transfer
composition in an amount greater than 0 and preferably from 0.0001% by weight
to about
5% by weight, preferably 0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight, and more
preferably
from 0.01% to about 1% by weight. In each case, percentage by weight refers to
the
weight of the heat transfer composition.
Phenol-based Compounds
The phenol-based compound can be one or more compounds selected from 4,4'-
methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2-
or 4,4-
biphenyldiols, including 4,4'-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of
2,2- or 4,4-
biphenyldiols; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tertbutylphenol); 2,2'-
methylenebis(4-methyl-6-
tert-butylphenol); 4,4-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-
isopropylidenebis(2,6-
di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol); 2,2'-
isobutylidenebis(4,6-
.. dimethylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol); 2,6-di-
tert-butyl-4-
methylphenol (BHT); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol: 2,4-dimethy1-6-tert-
butylphenol; 2,6-di-
tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N'-
dimethylaminomethylphenol);
4,4'-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-
butylphenol); 2,2'-
thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-
butylbenzyl) sulfide; bis
(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide, tocopherol, hydroquinone, 2,2'6,6'-
tetra-tert-butyl-
4,4'-methylenediphenol and t-butyl hydroquinone, and preferably BHT.
The phenol compounds can be provided in the heat transfer composition in an
amount of
greater than 0 and preferably from 0.0001% by weight to about 5% by weight,
preferably
0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably from 0.01% to
about 1% by
weight. In each case, percentage by weight refers to the weight of the heat
transfer
composition.
The Phosphorus-based Compounds
The phosphorus compound can be a phosphite or a phosphate compound. For the
purposes of this invention, the phosphite compound can be a diary!, dialkyl,
triaryl and/or
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trialkyl phosphite, and/or a mixed aryl/alkyl di- or tri-substituted
phosphite, in particular one
or more compounds selected from hindered phosphites, tris-(di-tert-
butylphenyl)phosphite,
di-n-octyl phophite, iso-octyl diphenyl phosphite, iso-decyl diphenyl
phosphite, tri-iso-decyl
phosphate, triphenyl phosphite and diphenyl phosphite, particularly diphenyl
phosphite.
The phosphate compounds can be a triaryl phosphate, trialkyl phosphate, alkyl
mono acid
phosphate, aryl diacid phosphate, amine phosphate, preferably triaryl
phosphate and/or a
trialkyl phosphate, particularly tri-n-butyl phosphate.
The phosphorus compounds can be provided in the heat transfer composition in
an
amount of greater than 0 and preferably from 0.0001% by weight to about 5% by
weight,
preferably 0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably from
0.01% to
about 1% by weight. In each case, by weight refers to weight of the heat
transfer
composition.
The Nitrogen Compound
When the stabilizer is a nitrogen compound, the stabilizer may comprise an
amine
based compound such as one or more secondary or tertiary amines selected from
diphenylamine, p-phenylenediamine, triethylamine, tributylamine,
diisopropylamine,
triisopropylamine and triisobutylamine. The amine based compound can be an
amine
antioxidant such as a substituted piperidine compound, i.e. a derivative of an
alkyl
substituted piperidyl, piperidinyl, piperazinone, or alkyoxypiperidinyl,
particularly one or more
amine antioxidants selected from 2,2,6,6-tetramethy1-4-piperidone, 2,2,6,6-
tetramethy1-4-
piperidinol; bis-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl)sebacate; di(2,2,6,6-
tetramethy1-4-
piperidyl)sebacate, poly(N-hydroxyethy1-2,2,6,6-tetramethy1-4-hydroxy-
piperidyl succinate;
alkylated paraphenylenediamines such as N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethyl-buty1)-p-
phenylenediamine or N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine and hydroxylamines
such as
tallow amines, methyl bis tallow amine and bis tallow amine, or phenol-alpha-
napththylamine or Tinuvin6765 (Ciba), BLS61944 (Mayzo Inc) and BLS 6 1770
(Mayzo
Inc). For the purposes of this invention, the amine based compound also can be
an
alkyldiphenyl amine such as bis (nonylphenyl amine), dialkylamine such as (N-
(1-
methylethyl)-2-propylamine, or. one or more of phenyl-alpha-naphthyl amine
(PANA), alkyl-
phenyl-alpha-naphthyl-amine (APANA), and bis (nonylphenyl) amine. Preferably
the amine
based compound is one or more of phenyl-alpha-naphthyl amine (PANA), alkyl-
phenyl-
alpha-naphthyl-amine (APANA) and bis (nonylphenyl) amine, amd more preferably
phenyl-
alpha-naphthyl amine (PANA).
Alternatively, or in addition to the nitrogen compounds identified above, one
or more
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compounds selected from dinitrobenzene, nitrobenzene, nitromethane,
nitrosobenzene, and
TEMPO [(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl] may be used as the stabilizer.
The nitrogen compounds can be provided in the heat transfer composition in an
amount of
greater than 0 and from 0.0001% by weight to about 5% by weight, preferably
0.001% by
weight to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably from 0.01% to about 1% by
weight. In
each case, percentage by weight refers to the weight of the heat transfer
composition.
Epoxides and others
Useful epoxides include aromatic epoxides, alkyl epoxides, and alkyenyl
epoxides.
lsobutylene may also be used as a stablilizer according to the present
invention.
Preferably, the heat transfer composition comprises a refrigerant of the
present
invention, including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, and a stabilizer composition
comprising
farnesene and a alkylated naphthalene selected from Alkylated Napthalenes 1 ¨
5. For the
purposes of the uses, methods and systems described herein, the stabilizer
composition
can comprise farnesene, Alkylated Naphthalene 5, and BHT. Preferably, the
stabilizer
composition consists essentially of farnesene, Alkylated Naphthalene 5, and
BHT.
Preferably, the stabilizer composition consists of farnesene, Alkylated
Naphthalene 5 and
BHT
Preferably, the heat transfer composition comprises a refrigerant of the
present
invention, including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, and a stabilizer composition
comprising
isobutylene and a alkylated naphthalene selected from Alkylated Napthalenes 1
¨ 5. For
the purposes of the uses, methods and systems described herein, the stabilizer
composition
can comprise isobutylene, Alkylated Naphthalene 5, and BHT. Preferably, the
stabilizer
composition consists essentially of isobutylene, Alkylated Naphthalene 5, and
BHT.
Preferably, the stabilizer composition consists of isobutylene, Alkylated
Naphthalene 5 and
BHT.
The heat transfer composition includes a refrigerant of the present invention,
including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, and a stabilizer composition comprising
Alkylated
Naphthalene 4.
The heat transfer composition includes a refrigerant of the present invention,
including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, and a stabilizer composition comprising
Alkylated
Naphthalene 5.
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The stabilizer can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of farnesene
and
Alkylated Naphthalene 5.
The stabilizer can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of isobutylene
and
Alkylated Naphthalene 5.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 1
and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 2
and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 3 and
Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 4
and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 5
and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 6
and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 7
and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 8
and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 9
and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
10 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
11 and Stabilizer 1.
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The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
12 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
13 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
14 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
10 16 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
17 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
18 and Stabilizer 1.
15 The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
19 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
20 21 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
22 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
23 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
24 and Stabilizer 1.
26
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The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
25 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
26 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
27 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
28 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
29 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
30 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
31 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
32 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
33 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
34 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
35 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
36 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
37 and Stabilizer 1.
27
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The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
38 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
39 and Stabilizer 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 1
and a stabilizer composition comprising BHT, wherein said BHT is present in an
amount of
from about 0.0001% by weight to about 5% by weight based on the weight of heat
transfer
composition. BHT in an amount of from 0.0001% by weight to about 5% by weight
based
on the weight of the heat transfer composition is sometimes referred to for
convenience as
Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 2
and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 2
and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 3
and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 4
and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 5
and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 6
and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 7
and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 8
and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 9
and Stabilizer 2.
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The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
11 and Stabilizer 2.
5 The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
12 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
13 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
10 14 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
16 and Stabilizer 2.
15 The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
17 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
18 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
19 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
20 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
21 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
22 and Stabilizer 2.
29
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The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
23 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
24 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
25 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
26 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
27 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
28 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
29 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
30 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
31 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
32 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
33 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
34 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
and Stabilizer 2.
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The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
36 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
37 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
38 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
39 and Stabilizer 2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
lubricant,
Refrigerant 1 and a stabilizer composition comprising Alkylated Naphthalene 4,
wherein the
alkylated naphthalene is present in an amount of from 0.1% to about 20%, or
about 5% to
about 15%, or about 8% to about 12%, with the percentages being based on the
weight of
the alkylated naphthalene plus the lubricant. A stabilizer as described in
this paragraph
within the indicated amounts in a heat transfer composition is referred to
herein as
Stabilizer 8.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
lubricant, Refrigerant
1 and a stabilizer composition comprising Alkylated Naphthalene 5, wherein the
alkylated
naphthalene is present in an amount of from 0.1% to about 20%, or about 5% to
about 15%,
or about 8% to about 12%, with the percentages being based on the weight of
the alkylated
naphthalene plus the lubricant. A stabilizer as described in this paragraph
within the
indicated amounts in a heat transfer composition is referred to herein as
Stabilizer 9.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
lubricant, Refrigerant
1 and a stabilizer composition comprising farnesene, Alkylated Napthalene 4
and BHT,
wherein the farnesene is provided in an amount of from about 0.0001% by weight
to about
5% by weight , the Alkylated Napthalene 4is provided in an amount of from
about 0.0001%
by weight to about 10% by weight, and the BHT is provided in an amount of from
about
0.0001% by weight to about 5% by weight, with the percentages being based on
the weight
of the stabilizers plus the weight of the lubricant. A stabilizer as described
in this paragraph
within the indicated amounts in a heat transfer composition is referred to
herein as
Stabilizer 10.
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The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 2
and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 3
and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 4
and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 5
and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 6
and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 7
and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 8
and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 9
and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
10 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
11 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
12 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
13 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
14 and Stabilizer 10.
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The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
15 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
16 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
17 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
18 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
19 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
21 and Stabilizer 10.
15 The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
22 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
23 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
20 24 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
26 and Stabilizer 10.
25 The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
27 and Stabilizer 10.
33
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The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
28 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
29 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
30 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
31 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
32 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
33 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
34 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
35 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
36 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
37 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
38 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
39 and Stabilizer 10.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can more preferably comprise
any of
the inventive refrigerants, including each of Refrigerants 1 - 39 and a
stabilizer composition
comprising farnesene, Alkylated Napthalene 4 and BHT, wherein the farnesene is
provided
in an amount of from 0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight , the Alkylated
Napthalene
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4 is provided in an amount of from 0.001% by weight to about 10% by weight,
and the BHT
is provided in an amount of from 0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight,
with the
percentages being based on the weight of the stabilizers plus the weight of
the refrigerant.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can more preferably comprise
any of
the inventive refrigerants, including each of Refrigerants 1 - 39 and a
stabilizer composition
comprising farnesene, Alkylated Napthalene 4 and BHT, wherein the farnesene is
provided
in an amount of from 0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight, the Alkylated
Napthalene 4
is provided in an amount of from 1.5% by weight to about 4.5% by weight, and
the BHT is
provided in an amount of from 0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight, with
the
percentages being based on the weight of the stabilizers plus the weight of
the refrigerant.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can more preferably comprise
any of
the inventive refrigerants, including each of Refrigerants 1 - 39 and a
stabilizer composition
comprising farnesene, Alkylated Napthalene 4 and BHT, wherein the farnesene is
provided
in an amount of from 0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight, the Alkylated
Napthalene 4
is provided in an amount of from 2.5% by weight to 3.5% by weight, and the BHT
is provided
in an amount of from 0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight, with the
percentages being
based on the weight of the stabilizers plus the weight of the refrigerant.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can more preferably comprise
any of
the inventive refrigerants, including each of Refrigerants 1 - 39 and a
stabilizer composition
comprising farnesene, Alkylated Naphthalene 5 and BHT, wherein the farnesene
is provided
in an amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight based on
the weight
of the heat transfer composition, the Alkylated Napthalene 5 is provided in an
amount of
from about 0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the
heat
transfer composition, and the BHT is provided in an amount of from about
0.001% by weight
to about 2.5% by weight based on the weight of heat transfer composition.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can most preferably comprise
any of
the inventive refrigerants and a stabilizer composition comprising farnesene,
Alkylated
Napthalene 4 and BHT, wherein the farnesene is provided in an amount of from
about
0.01% by weight to about 1% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer
composition, the Alkylated Napthalene 4 is provided in an amount of from about
0.01% by
weight to about 1% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer
composition, and the
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BHT is provided in an amount of from about 0.01% by weight to about 1% by
weight based
on the weight of heat transfer composition.
Each of the heat transfer compositions of the invention as described herein,
including those heat transfer compositions that include each of Refrigerants 1
¨ 39, may
additionally comprise a lubricant. In general, the heat transfer composition
comprises a
lubricant, in amounts preferably of from about 0.1% by weight to about 5%, or
from 0.1% by
weight to about 1% by weight, or from 0.1% by weight to about 0.5% by weight,
based on
the weigth of the heat transfer composition.
Commonly used refrigerant lubricants such as polyol esters (POEs),
polyalkylene
glycols (PAGs), silicone oils, mineral oil, alkylbenzenes (ABs), polyvinyl
ethers (PVEs) and
poly(alpha-olefin) (PAO) that are used in refrigeration machinery may be used
with the
refrigerant compositions of the present invention.
Preferably the lubricants are selected from polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene
glycols (PAGs), mineral oil, alkylbenzenes (ABs) and polyvinyl ethers (PVE),
more
preferably from polyol esters (POEs), mineral oil, alkylbenzenes (ABs) and
polyvinyl ethers
(PVE), particularly from polyol esters (POEs), mineral oil and alkylbenzenes
(ABs),
polyethers, most preferably from polyol esters (POEs).
Commercially available polyvinyl ethers include those lubricants sold under
the trade
designations FVC32D and FVC68D, from ldemitsu.
Commercially available mineral oils include Witco LP 250 (registered
trademark)
from Witco, Suniso 3GS from Witco and Calumet R015 from Calumet. Commercially
available alkylbenzene lubricants include Zerol 150 (registered trademark) and
Zerol 300
(registered trademark) from Shrieve Chemical. Commercially available POEs
include
neopentyl glycol dipelargonate which is available as Emery 2917 (registered
trademark) and
Hatcol 2370 (registered trademark) and pentaerythritol derivatives including
those sold
under the trade designations Emkarate RL32-3MAF and Emkarate RL68H by CPI
Fluid
Engineering. Emkarate RL32-3MAF and Emkarate RL68H are preferred POE
lubricants
having the properties identified below:
Property RL32-3MAF RL68H
Viscosity about 31 about 67
@ 40 C
(ASTM
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Property RL32-3MAF RL68H
D445), cSt
Viscosity about 5.6 about 9.4
@ 100 C
(ASTM
D445), cSt
Pour Point about -40 about -40
(ASTM
D97), C
A lubricant consisting essentially of a POE having a viscosity at 40 C
measured in
accordance with ASTM D445 of from about 30 to about 70 is referred to herein
as
Lubricant 1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 2 and Lubricant 1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 3 and Lubricant 1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 4 and Lubricant 1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 5 and Lubricant 1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 6 and Lubricant 1
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 7 and Lubricant 1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 8 and Lubricant 1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 9 and Lubricant 1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 10 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 11 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 12 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 13 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 14 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 15 and Lubricant
1.
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A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 16 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 17 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 18 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 19 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 20 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 21 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 22and Lubricant 1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 23 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 24 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 25 and Lubricant 1
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 26 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 27 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 28 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 29 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 30 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 31 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 32 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 33 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 34 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 35 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 36 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 37 and Lubricant
1.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 38 and Lubricant
1.
38
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A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 39 and Lubricant
1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention may consist essentially of or
consist
of a Refrigerants 1 - 39, a stabilizer composition of the present invention,
including each of
Stabilizers 1 ¨ 10, and a lubricant as described herein.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 1 and from about
0.1%
to about 5%, or from about 0.1% to about 1%, or from aobut 0.1% to about 0.5%,
of a
lubricant, wherein said percentage is based on the weight of the lubricant in
the heat
transfer compostion.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 1 and from about
0.1%
to about 5%, or from about 0.1% to about 1%, or from aobut 0.1 A, to about
0.5%, of a polyol
ester (POE) lubricant having a viscosity at 40 C measured in accordance with
ASTM D445
of from about 30 cSt to about 70 cSt, based on the weight of the heat transfer
composition.
Polyol ester (POE) lubricant having a viscosity at 40 C measured in accordance
with ASTM
D445 of from about 30 cSt to about 70 cSt is referred to for convenience as
Lubricant 2.
The amount of Lubricant 1 in the heat transfer compostions of the present
invention,
including those heat transfer compositions containing each of Refrigerants 1 ¨
39,
preferably is present in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 5% based on the
total
weight of the heat transfer composition.
The amount of Lubricant 1 in the heat transfer compostions of the present
invention,
including those heat transfer compositions containing each of Refrigerants 1 ¨
39,
preferably is present in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 1% based on the
total
weight of the heat transfer composition.
The amount of Lubricant 1 in the heat transfer compostions of the present
invention,
including those heat transfer compositions containing each of Refrigerants 1 ¨
39,
preferably is present in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 0.5%, based on
the total
weight of the heat transfer composition.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 2 and Lubricant 2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 3 and Lubricant 2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 4 and Lubricant 2.
39
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A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 5 and Lubricant 2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 6 and Lubricant 2
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 7 and Lubricant 2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 8 and Lubricant 2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 9 and Lubricant 2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 10 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 11 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 12 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 13 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 14 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 15 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 16 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 17 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 18 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 19 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 20 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 21 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 22and Lubricant 2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 23 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 24 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 25 and Lubricant 2
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 26 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 27 and Lubricant
2.
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A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 28 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 29 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 30 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 31 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 32 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 33 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 34 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 35 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 36 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 37 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 38 and Lubricant
2.
A preferred heat transfer composition comprises Refrigerant 39 and Lubricant
2.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
1, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
is The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
2, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
3, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
4, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
5, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
6, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
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The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
7, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
8, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
9, Stabilizer 1 and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
10, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
__ 11, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
12, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
13, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
14, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
15, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
16, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
17, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
18, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant
19, Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
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The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 20,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 21,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
.. The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 22,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 23,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 24,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 25,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 26,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
.. The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 27,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 28,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 29,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 30,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 31,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 32,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
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The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 33,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 34,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 35,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 36,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 37,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 38,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can preferably comprise
Refrigerant 39,
Stabilizer 1, and Lubricant 1.
Other additives not mentioned herein can also be included by those skilled in
the art in view
of the teaching contained herein without departing from the novel and basic
features of the
present invention.
Combinations of surfactants and solubilizing agents may also be added to the
present
compositions to aid oil solubility as disclosed in US patent No. 6,516,837,
the disclosure of
which is incorporated by reference.
The applicants have found that the compositions of the invention are capable
of achieving a
difficult to achieve combination of properties including particularly low GWP.
Thus, the
compositions of the invention have a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of not
greater than
about 1500, preferably not greater than about 1000, more preferably not
greater than about
750. In a particularly preferred feature of the invention, the composition of
the invention has
a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of not greater than about 750.
In addition, the compositions of the invention have a low Ozone Depletion
Potential (ODP).
Thus, the compositions of the invention have an Ozone Depletion Potential
(ODP) of not
greater than 0.05, preferably not greater than 0.02, more preferably about
zero.
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In addition, the compositions of the invention show acceptable toxicity and
preferably have
an Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) of greater than about 400.
Methods, Uses and Systems
The heat transfer compositions disclosed herein are provided for use in heat
transfer
applications, including air conditioning applications, with highly preferred
air conditioning
applications including residential air conditioning, commercial air
conditioning applications
(such as roof top applications, VRF applications and chillers.
The present invention also includes methods for providing heat transfer
including methods
of air conditioning, with highly preferred air conditioning methods including
providing
residential air conditioning, providing commercial air conditioning (such as
methods of
providing roof top air conditioning, methods of providing VRF air conditioning
and methods
of providing air conditioning using chillers.
The present invention also includes heat transfer systems, including air
conditioning
systems, with highly preferred air conditioning systems including residential
air conditioning,
commercial air conditioning systems (such as roof top air conditioning
systems, VRF air
conditioning systems and air conditioning chiller systems).
The invention also provides uses of the heat transfer compositions, methods
using the heat
transfer compositions and systems containing the heat transfer compostions in
connection
with ref rigeration,heat pumps and chillers (including portable water chillers
and central water
chillers).
Any reference to the heat transfer composition of the invention refers to each
and any of the
heat transfer compositions as described herein. Thus, for the following
discussion of the
uses, methods, systems or applications of the composition of the invention,
the heat
transfer composition may comprise or consist essentially of any of the
refrigerants described
herein, including: (i) each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39; (ii) any combination of
each of Refrigerants
1 -39 and each of Stabilizers 1 ¨ 10; (iii) any combination of each of
Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39 and
any lubricant, including Lubricants 1 - 3; and (iv) , and any combination of
each of
Refrigerants 1 -39 and each of Stabilizers 1 ¨ 10 and any lubricant, including
Lubricants 1 -
3.For heat transfer systems of the present invention that include a compressor
and lubricant
for the compressor in the system, the system can comprises a loading of
refrigerant and
lubricant such that the lubricant loading in the system is from about 5% to
60% by weight, or
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from about 10% to about 60% by weight, or from about 20% to about 50% by
weight, or
from about 20% to about 40% by weight, or from about 20% to about 30% by
weight, or
from about 30% to about 50% by weight, or from about 30% to about 40% by
weight. As
used herein, the term "lubricant loading" refers to the total weight of
lubricant contained in
the system as a percentage of total of lubricant and refrigerant contained in
the system.
Such systems may also include a lubricant loading of from about 5% to about
10% by
weight, or about 8 % by weight of the heat transfer composition.
The heat transfer systems according to the present invention can comprise a
compressor, an evaporator, a condenser and an expansion device, in fluid
communication
with each other, a refrigerant of the present invention, including any one of
Refrigerants 1 ¨
39, a lubricant, including Lubricants 1 - 3, and a sequestration material in
the system,
wherein said sequestration material preferably comprises:
i. copper or a copper alloy, or
ii. activated alumina, or
iii. a zeolite molecular sieve comprising copper, silver, lead or a
combination thereof, or
iv. an anion exchange resin, or
V. a moisture-removing material, preferably a moisture-removing
molecular sieve, or
vi. a combination of two or more of the above.
For the purpose of convenience, when a heat transfer system or a heat
transfer method includes at least one of sequestration materials (i) ¨ (v) as
described herein, such a material is referred to herein for convenience as
Sequestration Material 1.
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For the purpose of convenience, when a heat transfer system or a heat
transfer method includes a sequestration material comprising at least two
materials
with each material selected from a different of the (i) ¨ (v) catagories as
described
herein, such a material is referred to herein for convenience as Sequestration
Material 2.
For the purpose of convenience, when a heat transfer system or a heat
transfer method includes a sequestration material that includes a material
from each
of catagories (ii) ¨ (v) as described herein, such a material is referred to
herein for
convenience as Sequestration Material 3.
For the purpose of convenience, when a heat transfer system or a heat
transfer method includes a sequestration material that includes a material
from each
of catagories (ii) ¨ (v) as described herein, and wherein the material from
category
(iii) comprises silver, such a material is referred to herein for convenience
as
Sequestration Material 4.
The heat transfer systems according to the present invention can comprise a
compressor, an evaporator, a condenser and an expansion device, in fluid
communication with each other, a refrigerant of the invention, including each
of
Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, a lubricant, and a Sequestration Material 1.
The heat transfer systems according to the present invention can comprise a
zo compressor, an evaporator, a condenser and an expansion device, in fluid
communication with each other, a refrigerant of the present invention,
including each
of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, a lubricant, and a Sequestration Material 2.
The heat transfer systems according to the present invention can comprise a
compressor, an evaporator, a condenser and an expansion device, in fluid
communication with each other, a refrigerant of the present invention,
including each
of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, a lubricant, and a Sequestration Material 3.
The heat transfer systems according to the present invention can comprise a
compressor, an evaporator, a condenser and an expansion device, in fluid
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communication with each other, a refrigerant of the present invention,
including each
of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, a lubricant, and a Sequestration Material 4.
The heat transfer systems of the present invention include systems which
include an oil separator downstream of the compressor, and systems preferably
.. include one or more sequestration materials of the present invention,
including each
of Sequestration Materials 1 - 4, wherein said sequestration materials are
located
inside the oil separator, or in some cases outside but downstream of the oil
separator, such that the liquid lubricant contacts the sequestration
material(s).
The present invention also includes one or more of the sequestration
materials, including Sequestration Materials 1 ¨ 4, being located in the
refrigerant
liquid which exits the condenser.
The present invention also includes methods for transferring heat of the type
comprising
evaporating refrigerant liquid to produce a refrigerant vapor, compressing in
a
compressor at least a portion of the refrigerant vapor and condensing
refrigerant
vapor in a plurality of repeating cycles, said method comprising:
(a) providing a refrigerant according to the present invention, includeing
each
of Refrigerants 1 - 39;
(b) optionally but preferably providing lubricant for said compressor; and
(b) exposing at least a portion of said refrigerant and/or at least a portion
of
zo said lubricant to Seqestration Material 1.
The present invention also includes methods for transferring heat of the type
comprising
evaporating refrigerant liquid to produce a refrigerant vapor, compressing in
a
compressor at least a portion of the refrigerant vapor and condensing
refrigerant
vapor in a plurality of repeating cycles, said method comprising:
(a) providing a refrigerant according to the present invention, includeing
each
of Refrigerants 1 - 39;
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(b) optionally but preferably providing lubricant for said compressor; and
(b) exposing at least a portion of said refrigerant and/or at least a portion
of
said lubricant to Seqestration Material 2.
The present invention also includes methods for transferring heat of the type
comprising
evaporating refrigerant liquid to produce a refrigerant vapor, compressing in
a
compressor at least a portion of the refrigerant vapor and condensing
refrigerant
vapor in a plurality of repeating cycles, said method comprising:
(a) providing a refrigerant according to the present invention, including each
of Refrigerants 1 - 39;
io (b) optionally but preferably providing lubricant for said compressor;
and
(b) exposing at least a portion of said refrigerant and/or at least a portion
of
said lubricant to Seqestration Material 3.
The present invention also includes methods for transferring heat of the type
comprising
evaporating refrigerant liquid to produce a refrigerant vapor, compressing in
a
compressor at least a portion of the refrigerant vapor and condensing
refrigerant
vapor in a plurality of repeating cycles, said method comprising:
(a) providing a refrigerant according to the present invention, including each
of Refrigerants 1 - 39;
(b) optionally but preferably providing lubricant for said compressor; and
(b) exposing at least a portion of said refrigerant and/or at least a portion
of
said lubricant to Seqestration Material 4.
The present invention also includes heat transfer methods according to any of
the preceeding four paragraphs wherein said exposing temperature is preferably
above about 10 C.
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In other aspects of the present invention, Sequestration Material 1 is
configured such that each of the at least two materials are included together
in a
filter element. As the term is used herein, "filter element" refers to any
device,
system, article or container in which each of the sequestration materials are
located
in close physical proximity, and preferably at essentially the same location
within the
system.
In other aspects of the present invention, Sequestration Material 1 is used in
the present heat transfer systems and the present heat transfer methods is
configured such that each of the at least two materials are included together
in a
solid core. As the term is used herein, "solid core" refers to relatively
porous solid
which contains and/or has embedded therein two or more of sequestration
materials
such that such materials are accessible to fluids passing through said any
solid core.
In preferred embodiments the one or more sequestration materials are
substantially
homogeneously distributed throughout the solid core.
In preferred embodiments, the solid core of the present invention is included
in or comprises a filter element.
In preferred embodiments, Sequestration Material 1 is configured such that
each of the at least two materials are included in a solid core.
In preferred embodiments, Sequestration Material 2 is configured such that
zo each of the at least two materials are included together in a filter
element.
In preferred embodiments, Sequestration Material 2 is configured such that all
of materials are included in a solid core.
In preferred embodiments, Sequestration Material 3 is configured such that
each of the at least two materials are included together in a filter element.
In preferred embodiments, Sequestration Material 3 is configured such that all
of materials are included in a solid core.
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In preferred embodiments, Sequestration Material 4 is configured such that
each of the at least two materials are included together in a filter element.
In preferred embodiments, Sequestration Material 4 is configured such that
all of materials are included in a solid core.
Sequestration Materials:
With respected to sequestration materials, the systems of the present
invention
preferably include a sequestration material, including each of Sequestration
Materials 1 - 4, in contact with at least a portion of a refrigerant according
to the
present invention, including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, and/or with at least
a
portion of the lubricant, including each of Lubricants 1 - 4, wherein the
temperature
of said sequestration material and/or the temperature of said refrigerant
and/or the
temperature of the lubricant when in said contact are at a temperature that is
preferably at least about 10 C. Any and all of the refrigerants and any and
all of the
sequestration materials as described herein can be used in the systems of the
present invention.
a. Copper / copper alloy sequestration material
The sequestration material may be copper, or a copper alloy, preferably
copper.
The copper alloy may comprise, in addition to copper, one or more further
metals,
such as tin, aluminium, silicon, nickel or a combination thereof.
Alternatively, or in
zo addition, the copper alloy may comprise one or more non-metal elements,
e.g.
carbon, nitrogen, silicon, oxygen or a combination thereof.
It will be appreciated that the copper alloy may comprise varying amounts of
copper. For example, the copper alloy may comprise at least about 5 wt%, at
least
about 15 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, at least about 50 wt%, at least about 70
wt%
or at least about 90 wt% of copper, based on the total weight of the copper
alloy. It
will also be appreciated that the copper alloy may comprise from about 5 wt%
to
about 95 wt%, from about 10 wt% to about 90 wt%, from about 15 wt% to about 85
wt%, from about 20 wt% to about 80 wt%, form about 30 wt% to about 70 wt%, or
from about 40 wt% to about 60 wt% of copper, based on the total weight of the
copper alloy.
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Alternatively, copper may be used as a sequestration material. The copper
metal may contain impurity levels of other elements or compounds. For example,
the
copper metal may contain at least about 99 wt%, more preferably at least about
99.5
wt%, more preferably at least about 99.9 wt% of elemental copper.
The copper or copper alloy may be in any form which allows the refrigerant to
contact the surface of the copper or copper alloy. Preferably, the form of the
copper
or copper alloy is selected to maximize the surface area of the copper or
copper
alloy (i.e. to maximize the area which is in contact with the refrigerant).
For example, the metal may be in the form of a mesh, wool, spheres, cones,
cylinders etc.. The term "sphere" refers to a three dimensional shape where
the
difference between the largest diameter and the smallest diameter is about 10%
or
less of the largest diameter.
The copper or copper alloy may have a BET surface area of at least about
10m2/g, at least about 20m2/g, at least about 30m2/g, at least about 40m2/g or
at
least about 50m2/g. The BET-surface area may be measured in accordance with
ASTM D6556-10.
When the sequestration material comprises copper or a copper alloy, the BET
surface area of the copper or copper alloy may be from about 0.01 to about
1.5m2
per kg of refrigerant, preferably from about 0.02 to about 0.5m2 per kg of
refrigerant.
zo For example, the copper or copper alloy may have a surface area of about
0.08m2
per kg of refrigerant.
b. Zeolite molecular sieve sequestration material
The sequestration material may comprise a zeolite molecular sieve (. The
zeolite
molecular sieve comprises copper, silver, lead or a combination thereof,
preferably
at least silver.
In preferred embodiments, the zeolite molecular sieve contains an amount of
metal, and preferably in certain embodiments silver, of from about 1% to about
30%
by weight, or preferably from about 5% to about 20% by weight, based on the
total
weight of the zeolite.
The metal (i.e. copper, silver and/or lead) may be present in a single
oxidation
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state, or in a variety of oxidation states (e.g. a copper zeolite may comprise
both
Cu(I) and Cu(ll)).
The zeolite molecular sieve may comprise metals other than silver, lead,
and/or copper.
The zeolite may have openings which have a size across their largest
dimension of from about 5 to 40 A. For example, the zeolite may have openings
which have a size across their largest dimension of about 35A or less.
Preferably,
the zeolite has openings which have a size across their largest dimension of
from
about 15 to about 35A. Zeolite such as IONS IV D7310-C has activated sites
that
applicants have found to ef-fectively remove specific decomposition products
in
accordance with the present in-vention.
When the sequestration material comprises a zeolite molecular sieve
comprising copper, silver, lead or a combination thereof, the molecular sieve
(e.g.
zeolite) may be present in an amount of from about 1wrio to about 30wrio, such
as
from about 2wrio to about 25wrio relative to the total amount of molecular
sieve (e.g.
zeolite), refrigerant and lubricant (if present) in heat transfer system being
treated
In preferred embodiments, the sequestration material comprises a zeolite
molecular sieve comprising silver, and in such embodiments the molecular sieve
may be present in an amount of at least 5% parts by weight (pbw), preferably
from
zo about 5 pbw to about 30 pbw, or from about 5 pbw to about 20 pbw, per
100 parts
by weight of lubricant (pphl) based on the total amount of molecular sieve
(e.g.
zeolite) and lubricant in the heat transfer system being treated. The
preferred
embodiments as described in this paragraph have been found to have exceptional
ability to remove fluoride from heat transfer compositions as described
herein.
Furthermore in such preferred embodiments as described in this paragraph, the
amount of the silver present in the molecular sieve is from about 1% to about
30%
by weight, or preferably from about 5% to about 20% by weight, based on the
total
weight of the zeolite.
In preferred embodiments, the sequestration material comprises a zeolite
molecular sieve comprising silver, and in such embodiments the molecular sieve
(e.g. zeolite) may be present in an amount of at least 10 pphl, preferably
from about
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pphlto about 30 pphl, or from about 10 pphl to about 20 pphl by weight
relative to
the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite), and lubricant in the heat
transfer
system being treated. The preferred embodiments as described in this paragraph
have been found to have exceptional ability to remove iodide from heat
transfer
5 compositions as described herein. Furthermore, in such preferred
embodiments as
described in this paragraph, the amount of the silver present in the molecular
sieve
is from about 1% to about 30% by weight, or preferably from about 5% to about
20%
by weight, based on the total weight of the zeolite.
In preferred embodiments, the sequestration material comprises a zeolite
10 molecular sieve comprises silver, and in such embodiments the molecular
sieve
may be present in an amount of at least pphl, preferably from about 15 pphlto
about
30 pphl, or from about 15 pphl to about 20 pphl by weightrelative to the total
amount
of molecular sieve , and lubricant in the heat transfer system being treated.
The
preferred embodiments as described in this paragraph have been found to have
exceptional ability to reduce TAN levels in the heat transfer compositions as
described herein. Furthermore, in such preferred embodiments as described in
this
paragraph, the amount of the silver present in the molecular sieve is from
about 1%
to about 30% by weight, or preferably from about 5% to about 20% by weight,
based
on the total weight of the zeolite.
Preferably, the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount of at least
about 15 pphl, or at least about 18 pphl relative to the total amount of
molecular
sieve and lubricant in the system. Therefore, the molecular sieve may be
present in
an amount of from about 15 pphl to about 30 pphl, or from about 18 pphl to
about 25
pphl relative to the total amount of molecular sieve and lubricant present in
the
system.
It will be appreciated that the zeolite may be present in an amount of about 5
pphl or about 21 pphl relative to the total amount of molecular sieve, and
lubricant in
the system.
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The amount of zeolite molecular sieve described herein refers to the dry
weight
of the molecular sieve. As used herein, the term "dry weight" of the
sequestration
materials means that the material has 50 ppm or less of moisture.
Anion exchange resins
The sequestration material may comprise an anion exchange resin.
Preferably, the anion exchange resin is a strongly basic anion exchange
resin. The strongly basic anion exchange resin may be a type 1 resin or a type
2
resin. Preferably, the anion exchange resin is a type 1 strongly basic anion
exchange resin.
The anion exchange resin generally comprises a positively charged matrix
and exchangeable anions. The exchangeable anions may be chloride anions (CI-)
and/or hydroxide anions (OH-).
The anion exchange resin may be provided in any form. For example, the
anion exchange resin may be provided as beads. The beads may have a size
across their largest dimension of from about 0.3mm to about 1.2mm, when dry.
When the sequestration material comprises an anion exchange resin, the
anion exchange resin may be present in an amount of from about 1 pphl to about
60
pphl, or from about 5 pphl to about 60 pphl, or from about 20 pphl to about 50
pphl,
or from about 20 pphl to about 30 pphl, or from about 1 pphl to about 25 pphl,
such
zo as from about 2 pphl to about 20 pphl based on the total amount of anion
exchange
resin and lubricant in the system.
Preferably, the anionic exchange resin is present in an amount of at least
about 10 pphl, or at least about 15 pphl relative to the total amount of
anionic
exchange resin and lubricant in the system. Therefore, the anion exchange
resin
may be present in an amount of from about 10 pphl to about 25 pphl, or from
about
15 pphl to about 20 pphl relative to the total amount of anion exchange resin
and
lubricant in the system.
It will be appreciated that the anion exchange resin may be present in an
amount of about 4 pphl or about 16 pphl based on the total amount of anion
exchange resin and lubricant present in the system.
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Applicants have found an unexpectedly advantageous ability of industrial
grade weakly base anion exchange adsorbent resins, including in particular the
material sold under the trade designation Amberlyst A21 (Free Base) to act as
a
sequestration material. As used herein, the term weak base anion resin refers
to
resins in the free base form, which are preferably e functionalized with a
tertiary
amine (uncharged). Tertiary amine contains a free lone pair of electrons on
the
nitrogen, which results in it being readily protonated in presence of an acid.
In
preferred embodiments, the ion exchange resin as used according to the present
invention is protonated by the acid, then attracts and binds the anionic
counter ion
for full acid removal, without contributing any additional species back into
solution.
Amberlyst A21 is a preferred material in that applicants have found it to be
advantageous because it provides a macroporous structure makes it physically
very
stable and resistant to breakage, and applicants have found that it can
withstand
high flow rates of the refrigeration system over relatibely long periods of
time,
including preferably over the lifetime of the system.
The amount of anion exchange resin described herein refers to the dry weight
of the anion exchange resin. As used herein, the term "dry weight" of the
sequestration materials means that the material has 50 ppm or less of
moisture.
As used herein, pphl of a particular sequestration material means the parts
per
zo hundred of the particular sequestration material by weight based on the
total weight
of that particular sequestration material and lubricant in the system.
c. Moisture removing material
A preferred sequestration material is a moisture removing material. In
preferred
embodiments the moisture removing material comprises, consists essentially of
or
consists of a moisture-removing molecular sieve. Preferred moisture-removing
molecular sieves include those commonly known as sodium aluminosilicate
molecular sieves, and such materials are preferably crystalline metal
aluminosilicates having a three dimensional interconnecting network of silica
and
alumina tetrahedra. Applicants have found that such materials are effective in
the
systems of the present invention to remove moisture and are most preferably
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classified according to pore size as types 3A, 4A, 5A and 13X.
The amount that the moisture removing material, and particularly the
moisture-removing molecular sieve, and even more preferably sodium
aluminosilicate molecular sieve, is preferably from about 15 pphl to about
60pph1 by
weight, and even more preferably from about 30 pphl to 45 pphl by weight.
d. Activated alumina
Examples of activated alumina that applicants have found to be effective
according to the present invention and commercially available include those
sodium
io activated aluminas sold under the trade designation F200 by BASF and by
Honeywell/UOP under the trade designation CLR-204. Applicants have found that
activated alumina in general and the above-mentioned sodium activated aluminas
in
particular are especially effective for sequestering the types of acidic
detrimental
materials that are produced in connection with the refrigerant compositons and
heat
transfer methods and systems of the present invention.
When the sequestration material comprises activated alumina, the activated
alumina may be present in an amount of from about 1 pphl to about 60 pphl, or
from
about 5 pphl to about 60 pphl by weight.
e. Combinations of sequestration materials
The composition of the invention may comprise a combination of sequestration
materials.
For example, the sequestration material may comprise at least (i) copper or a
copper alloy, and (ii) a molecular sieve (e.g. a zeolite) comprising copper,
silver,
lead or a combination thereof.
In preferred embodiments, which produce unexpected results, including when
the exposure is conducted at temperatures both above and below 30C, the
sequestration material may comprise (i) a molecular sieve (e.g. a zeolite)
comprising
copper, silver, lead or a combination thereof, and (ii) an anion exchange
resin.
Alternatively, the sequestration material may comprise (i) copper or a copper
alloy, and (ii) an anion exchange resin.
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When the combination of sequestration materials comprises an anion
exchange resin, the anion exchange resin preferably is present in an amount of
from
about 1 pphl to about 25 pphl, such as from about 2 pphl to about 20 pphl
based on
the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant in the system.
Preferably, when the combination of sequestration materials comprises an
anion exchange resin, the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of at
least
about 10 pphl, or at least about 15 pphl based on the total amount of anionic
exchange resin and lubricant present in the system. Thus, the anion exchange
resin
may be present in an amount of from about 10 pphl to about 25 pphl, or from
about
15 pphl to about 20 pphl relative to the total amount of anion exchange resin
and
lubricant present in the system).
It will be appreciated that the anion exchange resin may be present in an
amount of about 4 pphl or about 16 pphl relative to the total amount of
anionic
exchange resin and and lubricant present in the system).
The amount of anion exchange resin described herein refers to the dry weight
of the anion exchange resin. As used herein, the term "dry weight" of the
sequestration materials means that the material has 50 ppm or less of
moisture.
When the combination of sequestration materials comprises a molecular
zo sieve (e.g. a zeolite) comprising copper, silver, lead or a combination
thereof, the
molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) may be present in an amount of from about 1
pphlto
about 30 pphl, such as from about 2 pphlto about 25 pphl based on the total
amount
of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) and lubricant present in the system.
Preferably, when the combination of sequestration materials comprises a
molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite), the molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) is present
in an
amount of at least about 15 pphl, or at least about 18 pphl relative to the
total
amount of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) and lubricant present in the system.
Therefore, the molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) may be present in an amount of
from
about 15 pphl to about 30 pphl, or from about 18 pphl to about 25 pphl
relative to the
total amount of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) and lubricant present in the
system.
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It will be appreciated that the molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) may be present
in an
amount of about 5 pphlor about 21 pphl based on the total amount of molecular
sieve (e.g. zeolite) and lubricant present in the system.
The amount of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) described herein refers to the
dry
weight of the metal zeolite.
When the combination of sequestration materials comprises copper or a
copper alloy, the copper or copper alloy may have a surface area of from about
0.01m2 to about 1.5m2 per kg of refrigerant, or from about 0.02m2 to about
0.5m2 per
kg of refrigerant.
It will be appreciated that the copper or copper alloy may have a surface area
of about 0.08m2 per kg of refrigerant.
When a combination of sequestration materials is present, the materials may
be provided in any ratio relative to each other.
For example, when the sequestration material comprises an anion exchange
resin and a molecular sieve (e.g. a zeolite), the weight ratio (when dry) of
anion
exchange resin to molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) is preferably in the range of
from
about 10:90 to about 90:10, from about 20:80 to about 80:20, from about 25:75
to
about 75:25, from about 30:70 to about 70:30, or from about 60:40 to about
40:60.
Exemplary weight ratios of anion exchange resin to metal zeolite include about
zo 25:75, about 50:50 and about 75:25
Uses, Equipment and Systems
In preferred embodiments, residential air conditioning systems and methods
have
refrigerant evaporating temperatures in the range of from about 0 C to about
10 C and the
condensing temperature is in the range of about 40 C to about 70 C.
In preferred embodiments, residential air conditioning systems and methods
used in a
heating mode have refrigerant evaporating temperatures in the range of from
about -20 C to
about 3 C and the condensing temperature is in the range of about 35 C to
about 50 C.
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In preferred embodiments, commercial air conditioning systems and methods have
refrigerant evaporating temperatures in the range of from about 0 C to about
10 C and the
condensing temperature is in the range of about 40 C to about 70 C.
In preferred embodiments, hydronic system systems and methods have refrigerant
evaporating temperatures in the range of from about -20 C to about 3 C and the
condensing temperature is in the range of about 50 C to about 90 C.
In preferred embodiments, medium temperature systems and methods have
refrigerant
evaporating temperatures in the range of from about -12 C to about 0 C and the
condensing temperature is in the range of about 40 C to about 70 C.
In preferred embodiments, low temperature systems and methods have refrigerant
evaporating temperatures in the range of from about -40 C to about -12 C and
the
condensing temperature is in the range of about 40 C to about 70 C
In preferred embodiments, rooftop air conditioning systems and methods have
refrigerant
evaporating temperatures in the range of from about 0 C to about 10 C and the
condensing
temperature is in the range of about 40 C to about 70 C.
In preferred embodiments, VRF systems and methods have refrigerant evaporating
temperatures in the range of from about 0 C to about 10 C and the condensing
temperature is in the range of about 40 C to about 70 C.
The present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition
comprising
zo Refrigerant 1, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 2, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 3, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 4, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 5, in a residential air conditioning system.
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The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 6, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 7, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 8, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 9, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 10, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 11, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 12, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 13, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 14, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
zo comprising Refrigerant 15, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 16, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 17, in a residential air conditioning system.
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The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 18, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 19, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 20, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 21, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 22, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 23, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 24, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 25, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 26, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
zo comprising Refrigerant 27, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 28, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 29, in a residential air conditioning system.
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The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 30, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 31, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 32, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 33, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 34, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 35, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 36, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 37, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 38, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
zo comprising Refrigerant 39, in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 1, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 2, in a chiller system.
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The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 3, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 4, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 5, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 6, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 7, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 8, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 9, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 10, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 11, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
zo comprising Refrigerant 12, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 13, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 14, in a chiller system.
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The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 15, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 16, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 17, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 18, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 19, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 20, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 21, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 22, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 23, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
zo comprising Refrigerant 24, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 25, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 26, in a chiller system.
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The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 27, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 28, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 29, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 30, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 31, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 32, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 33, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 34, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 35, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
zo comprising Refrigerant 36, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 37, in a chiller system.
The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 38, in a chiller system.
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The present invention therefore includes the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant 39, in a chiller system.
Examples of commonly used compressors, for the purposes of this invention
include reciprocating, rotary (including rolling piston and rotary vane),
scroll, screw,
and centrifugal compressors. Thus, the present invention provides each and any
of
the refrigerants and/or heat transfer compositions as described herein for use
in a
heat transfer system comprising a reciprocating, rotary (including rolling
piston and
rotary vane), scroll, screw, or centrifugal compressor.
Examples of commonly used expansion devices, for the purposes of this
invention include a capillary tube, a fixed orifice, a thermal expansion valve
and an
electronic expansion valve. Thus, the present invention provides each and any
of
the refrigerants and/or heat transfer compositions as described herein for use
in a
heat transfer system comprising a capillary tube, a fixed orifice, a thermal
expansion
valve or an electronic expansion valve.
For the purposes of this invention, the evaporator and the condenser can each
be in the form a heat exchanger, preferably selected from a finned tube heat
exchanger, a microchannel heat exchanger, a shell and tube, a plate heat
exchanger, and a tube-in-tube heat exchanger. Thus, the present invention
provides each and any of the refrigerants and/or heat transfer compositions as
zo described herein for use in a heat transfer system wherein the
evaporator and
condenser together form a finned tube heat exchanger, a microchannel heat
exchanger, a shell and tube, a plate heat exchanger, or a tube-in-tube heat
exchanger.
The systems of the present invention thus preferably include a sequestration
material in contact with at least a portion of a refrigerant and/or at least a
portion of a
the lubricant according to the present invention wherein the temperature of
said
sequestration material and/or the temperature of said refrigerant and/or the
temperature of said lubricant when in said contact are at a temperature that
is
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preferably at least about 10C wherein the sequestration material preferably
comprises a combination of:
an anion exchange resin,
activated alumina,
a zeolite molecular sieve comprising silver, and
a moisture-removing material, preferably a moisture-removing molecular sieve.
As used in this application, the term "in contact with at least a portion" is
intended in
its broad sense to include each of said sequestration materials and any
combination
of sequestration materials being in contact with the same or separate portions
of the
refrigerant and/or the lubricant in the system and is intended to include but
not
necessarily limited to embodiments in which each type or specific
sequestration
material is: (i) located physically together with each other type or specific
material, if
present; (ii) is located physically separate from each other type or specific
material, if
present, and (iii) combinations in which two or more materials are physically
together
and at least one sequestration material is physically separate from at least
one other
sequestration material.
The heat transfer composition of the invention can be used in heating and
cooling
applications.
In a particular feature of the invention, the heat transfer composition can be
used in
zo a method of cooling comprising condensing a heat transfer composition
and
subsequently evaporating said composition in the vicinity of an article or
body to be
cooled.
Thus, the invention relates to a method of cooling in a heat transfer system
comprising an evaporator, a condenser and a compressor, the process comprising
i)
condensing a heat transfer composition as described herein; and
ii) evaporating the composition in the vicinity of body or article to be
cooled;
wherein the evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is in the range
of
from about ¨40 C to about +10 C.
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Alternatively, or in addition, the heat transfer composition can be used in a
method
of heating comprising condensing the heat transfer composition in the vicinity
of an
article or body to be heated and subsequently evaporating said composition.
Thus, the invention relates to a method of heating in a heat transfer system
comprising an evaporator, a condenser and a compressor, the process comprising
i) condensing a heat transfer composition as described herein,
in the vicinity of a body or article to be heated
and
ii) evaporating the composition;
wherein the evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is in the range
of
about -30 C to about 5 C.
The heat transfer composition of the invention is provided for use in air
conditioning
applications including both transport and stationary air conditioning
applications.
Thus, any of the heat transfer compositions described herein can be used in
any
one of:
- an air conditioning application including mobile air conditioning,
particularly in
trains and buses conditioning,
- a mobile heat pump, particularly an electric vehicle heat pump;
- a chiller, particularly a positive displacement chiller, more
particularly an air
cooled or water cooled direct expansion chiller, which is either modular or
conventionally singularly packaged,
- a residential air conditioning system, particularly a ducted split or a
ductless
split air conditioning system,
- a residential heat pump,
- a residential air to water heat pump/hydronic system,
- an industrial air conditioning system
- a commercial air conditioning system, particularly a packaged rooftop
unit
and a variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system;
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- a commercial air source, water source or ground source heat pump system.
The heat transfer composition of the invention is provided for use in a
refrigeration
system. The term "refrigeration system" refers to any system or apparatus or
any
part or portion of such a system or apparatus which employs a refrigerant to
provide
cooling. Thus, any of the heat transfer compositions described herein can be
used
in any one of:
- a low temperature refrigeration system,
- a medium temperature refrigeration system,
- a commercial refrigerator,
- a commercial freezer,
- an ice machine,
- a vending machine,
- a transport refrigeration system,
- a domestic freezer,
- a domestic refrigerator,
- an industrial freezer,
- an industrial refrigerator and
- a chiller.
Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat
transfer
zo compositions containing any one of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is particularly
provided for
use in a residential air-conditioning system (with an evaporator temperature
in the
range of about 0 to about 10 C, particularly about 7 C for cooling and/or in
the range
of about -20 to about 3 C, particularly about 0.5 C for heating).
Alternatively, or
additionally, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein,
including each
of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is particularly provided for use in a residential air
conditioning system with a reciprocating, rotary (rolling-piston or rotary
vane) or
scroll compressor.
Each of the heat transfer compositions described, including heat transfer
compositions containing any one of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is particularly
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use in an air cooled chiller (with an evaporator temperature in the range of
about 0
to about 10 C, particularly about 4.5 C), particularly an air cooled chiller
with a
positive displacement compressor, more particular an air cooled chiller with a
reciprocating scroll compressor.
Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat
transfer
compositions containing any one of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is particularly
provided for
use in a residential air to water heat pump hydronic system (with an
evaporator
temperature in the range of about -20 to about 3 C, particularly about 0.5 C
or with
an evaporator temperature in the range of about -30 to about 5 C, particularly
about
0.5 C).
Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat
transfer
compositions containing any one of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is particularly
provided for
use in a medium temperature refrigeration system (with an evaporator
temperature
in the range of about -12 to about 0 C, particularly about -8 C).
Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including heat
transfer
compositions containing any one of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is particularly
provided for
use in a low temperature refrigeration system (with an evaporator temperature
in the
range of about -40 to about -12 C, particularly about from about -40oC to
about -
23 C or preferably about -32 C).
zo The heat transfer composition of the invention, including heat transfer
compositions
containing any one of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is provided for use in a
residential air
conditioning system, wherein the residential air-conditioning system is used
to
supply cool air (said air having a temperature of for example, about 10 C to
about
17 C, particularly about 12 C) to buildings for example, in the summer.
The heat transfer composition of the invention, including heat transfer
compositions
containing any one of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is thus provided for use in a split
residential air conditioning system, wherein the residential air-conditioning
system is
used to supply cool air (said air having a temperature of for example, about
10 C to
about 17 C, particularly about 12 C).
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The heat transfer composition of the invention, including heat transfer
compositions
containing any one of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is thus provided for use in a
ducted split
residential air conditioning system, wherein the residential air-conditioning
system is
used to supply cool air (said air having a temperature of for example, about
10 C to
about 17 C, particularly about 12 C).
The heat transfer composition of the invention, including heat transfer
compositions
containing any one of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is thus provided for use in a
window
residential air conditioning system, wherein the residential air-conditioning
system is
used to supply cool air (said air having a temperature of for example, about
10 C to
io about 17 C, particularly about 12 C).
The heat transfer composition of the invention, including heat transfer
compositions
containing any one of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is thus provided for use in a
portable
residential air conditioning system, wherein the residential air-conditioning
system is
used to supply cool air (said air having a temperature of for example, about
10 C to
about 17 C, particularly about 12 C).
The residential air conditions systems as described herein, including in the
immediately preceeding paragraphs, preferably have an air-to-refrigerant
evaporator (indoor coil), a compressor, an air-to-refrigerant condenser
(outdoor coil),
and an expansion valve. The evaporator and condenser can be round tube plate
zo fin, a finned tube or microchannel heat exchanger. The compressor can be
a
reciprocating or rotary (rolling-piston or rotary vane) or scroll compressor.
The
expansion valve can be a capillary tube, thermal or electronic expansion
valve. The
refrigerant evaporating temperature is preferably in the range of 0 to 10 C.
The
condensing temperature is preferably in the range of 40 to 70 C.
The heat transfer composition of the invention, including heat transfer
compositions
containing any one of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is provided for use in a
residential heat
pump system, wherein the residential heat pump system is used to supply warm
air
(said air having a temperature of for example, about 18 C to about 24 C,
particularly
about 21 C) to buildings in the winter. It can be the same system as the
residential
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air-conditioning system, while in the heat pump mode the refrigerant flow is
reversed
and the indoor coil becomes condenser and the outdoor coil becomes evaporator.
Typical system types are split and mini-split heat pump system. The evaporator
and
condenser are usually a round tube plate fin, a finned or microchannel heat
exchanger. The compressor is usually a reciprocating or rotary (rolling-piston
or
rotary vane) or scroll compressor. The expansion valve is usually a thermal or
electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporating temperature is
preferably in
the range of about -20 to about 3 C or about -30 to about 5 C. The condensing
temperature is preferably in the range of about 35 to about 50 C.
The heat transfer composition of the invention, including heat transfer
compositions
containing any one of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is provided for use in a commercial
air-
conditioning system wherein the commercial air conditioning system can be a
chiller
which is used to supply chilled water (said water having a temperature of for
example about 7 C) to large buildings such as offices and hospitals, etc.
Depending
on the application, the chiller system may be running all year long. The
chiller
system may be air-cooled or water-cooled. The air-cooled chiller usually has a
plate,
tube-in-tube or shell-and-tube evaporator to supply chilled water, a
reciprocating or
scroll compressor, a round tube plate fin, a finned tube or microchannel
condenser
to exchange heat with ambient air, and a thermal or electronic expansion
valve. The
zo .. water-cooled system usually has a shell-and-tube evaporator to supply
chilled water,
a reciprocating, scroll, screw or centrifugal compressor, a shell-and-tube
condenser
to exchange heat with water from cooling tower or lake, sea and other natural
recourses, and a thermal or electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant
evaporating
temperature is preferably in the range of about 0 to about 10 C. The
condensing
.. temperature is preferably in the range of about 40 to about 70 C.
The heat transfer composition of the invention, including heat transfer
compositions containing any one of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is provided for use in
a
residential air-to-water heat pump hydronic system, wherein the residential
air-to-
water heat pump hydronic system is used to supply hot water (said water having
a
.. temperature of for example about 50 C or about 55 C) to buildings for floor
heating
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or similar applications in the winter. The hydronic system usually has a round
tube
plate fin, a finned tube or microchannel evaporator to exchange heat with
ambient
air, a reciprocating, scroll or rotary compressor, a plate, tube-in-tube or
shell-in-tube
condenser to heat the water, and a thermal or electronic expansion valve. The
refrigerant evaporating temperature is preferably in the range of about -20 to
about
3 C, or -30 to about 5 C. The condensing temperature is preferably in the
range of
about 50 to about 90 C.
The heat transfer composition of the invention, including heat transfer
compositions containing any one of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is provided for use in
a
.. medium temperature refrigeration system, wherein the refrigerant has and
evaporating temperature preferably in the range of about -12 to about 0 C, and
in
such systems the refrigerant has a condensing temperature preferably in the
range
of about 40 to about 70 C, or about 20 to about 70 C.
The present invenition thus provides a medium temperature refrigeration
system used to chill food or beverages, such as in a refrigerator or a bottle
cooler,
wherein the refrigerant has an evaporating temperature preferably in the range
of
about -12 to about 0 C, and in such systems the refrigerant has a condensing
temperature preferably in the range of about 40 to about 70 C, or about 20 to
about
70 C.
The medium temperature systems of the present invention, including the
systems as described in the immediately preceeding paragraphs, preferably have
an
air-to-refrigerant evaporator to provide chilling, for example to the food or
beverage
contained therein, a reciprocating, scroll or screw or rotary compressor, an
air-to-
refrigerant condenser to exchange heat with the ambient air, and a thermal or
electronic expansion valve.The heat transfer composition of the invention,
including
heat transfer compositions containing any one of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39, is
provided for
use in a low temperature refrigeration system, wherein the refrigerant has an
evaporating temperature that is preferably in the range of about -40 to about -
12 C
and the refrigerant has a condensing temperature that is preferably in the
range of
about 40 to about 70 C, or about 20 to about 70 C.
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The present invenition thus provides a low temperature refrigeration system
used to provide cooling in a freezer wherein the refrigerant has an
evaporating
temperature that is preferably in the range of about -40 to about -12 C and
the
refrigerant has a condensing temperature that is preferably in the range of
about 40
to about 70 C, or about 20 to about 70 C.
The present invenition thus also provides a low temperature refrigeration
system used to provide cooling in an cream machine refrigerant has an
evaporating
temperature that is preferably in the range of about -40 to about -12 C and
the
refrigerant has a condensing temperature that is preferably in the range of
about 40
io to about 70 C, or about 20 to about 70 C.
The low temperature systems of the present invention, including the systems
as described in the immediately preceeding paragraphs, preferably have an air-
to-
refrigerant evaporator to chill the food or beverage, a reciprocating, scroll
or rotary
compressor, an air-to-refrigerant condenser to exchange heat with the ambient
air,
and a thermal or electronic expansion valve.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition
comprising Refrigerant land from 10 to 60 wt.% of a polyol ester (POE)
lubricant based on
the weight of the heat transfer composition, in a chiller.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 2 and from 10 to 60 wt.% of a polyol ester (POE) lubricant based
on the weight
of the heat transfer composition, in a chiller.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 3and from 10 to 60 wt.% of a polyol ester (POE) lubricant based on
the weight
of the heat transfer composition, in a chiller.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 4 and from 10 to 60 wt.% of a polyol ester (POE) lubricant based
on the weight
of the heat transfer composition, in a chiller.
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The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 5and from 10 to 60 wt.% of a polyol ester (POE) lubricant based on
the weight
of the heat transfer composition, in a chiller.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant land a stabilizer composition comprising farnesene and Alkylated
Naphthalene
4, and BHT wherein the farnesene is provided in an amount of from about 0.001%
by
weight to about 5% by weight, the Alkylated Naphthalene 4is provided in an
amount of from
about 0.001% by weight to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat
transfer
composition and the BHT is provided in an amount of from about 0.001% by
weight to about
5 % by weight based on the weight of heat transfer composition, in a chiller.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 2and a stabilizer composition comprising farnesene and Alkylated
Naphthalene
4,and BHT wherein the farnesene is provided in an amount of from about 0.001%
by weight
to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition,
the Alkylated
Naphthalene 4,is provided in an amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about
5% by
weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition and the BHT is
provided in an
amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about 5 % by weight based on the
weight of heat
transfer composition in a chiller.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 3 and a stabilizer composition comprising farnesene and Alkylated
Naphthalene
4and BHT wherein the farnesene is provided in an amount of from about 0.001%
by weight
to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition,
the Alkylated
Naphthalene 4,is provided in an amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about
5% by
weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition and the BHT is
provided in an
amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about 5 % by weight based on the
weight of heat
transfer composition in a chiller.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 4and a stabilizer composition comprising farnesene and Alkylated
Naphthalene
4,and BHT wherein the farnesene is provided in an amount of from about 0.001%
by weight
to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition,
the Alkylated
Naphthalene 4is provided in an amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about
5% by
weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition and the BHT is
provided in an
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amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about 5 % by weight based on the
weight of heat
transfer composition in a chiller.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
a Refrigerant 5and a stabilizer composition comprising farnesene and Alkylated
Naphthalene 4,and BHT wherein the farnesene is provided in an amount of from
about
0.001% by weight to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat
transfer
composition, the Alkylated Naphthalene 4,is provided in an amount of from
about 0.001% by
weight to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer
composition and the
BHT is provided in an amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about 5 % by
weight
.. based on the weight of heat transfer composition in a chiller.
For the purposes of this invention, each heat transfer composition in
accordance with the
present invention is provided for use in a chiller with an evaporating
temperature in the
range of about 0 to about 10 C and a condensing temperature in the range of
about 40 to
about 7000. The chiller is provided for use in air conditioning or
refrigeration, and
preferably for commercial air conditioning. The chiller is preferably a
positive displacement
chiller, more particularly an air cooled or water cooled direct expansion
chiller, which is
either modular or conventionally singularly packaged.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant lin stationary air conditioning, particularly residential air
conditioning, industrial
air conditioning or commercial air conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 2in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential air
conditioning, industrial
air conditioning or commercial air conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 3in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential air
conditioning, industrial
air conditioning or commercial air conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 4in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential air
conditioning, industrial
air conditioning or commercial air conditioning.
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The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 5in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential air
conditioning, industrial
air conditioning or commercial air conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant land from 10 to 60 wt.% of a polyol ester (POE) lubricant based on
the weight
of the heat transfer composition, in stationary air conditioning, particularly
residential air
conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 2and from 10 to 60 wt.% of a polyol ester (POE) lubricant based on
the weight
of the heat transfer composition, in stationary air conditioning, particularly
residential air
conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 3and from 10 to 60 wt.% of a polyol ester (POE) lubricant based on
the weight
of the heat transfer composition, in stationary air conditioning, particularly
residential air
conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 4; and from 10 to 60 wt.% of a polyol ester (POE) lubricant based
on the weight
of the heat transfer composition, in stationary air conditioning, particularly
residential air
conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 5and from 10 to 60 wt.% of a polyol ester (POE) lubricant based on
the weight
of the heat transfer composition, in stationary air conditioning, particularly
residential air
conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant land a stabilizer composition comprising farnesene and Alkylated
Naphthalene
4,and BHT wherein the farnesene is provided in an amount of from about 0.001%
by weight
to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition,
the Alkylated
Naphthalene 4,is provided in an amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about
5% by
weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition and the BHT is
provided in an
amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about 5 % by weight based on the
weight of heat
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transfer composition, in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential
air conditioning,
industrial air conditioning or commercial air conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 2and a stabilizer composition comprising farnesene and Alkylated
Naphthalene
4andr BHT wherein the farnesene is provided in an amount of from about 0.001%
by weight
to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition,
the Alkylated
Naphthalene 4is provided in an amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about
5% by
weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition and the BHT is
provided in an
amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about 5 % by weight based on the
weight of heat
transfer composition in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential
air conditioning,
industrial air conditioning or commercial air conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 3and a stabilizer composition comprising farnesene and Alkylated
Naphthalene
4and BHT wherein the farnesene is provided in an amount of from about 0.001%
by weight
to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition,
the Alkylated
Naphthalene 4is provided in an amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about
5% by
weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition and the BHT is
provided in an
amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about 5 % by weight based on the
weight of heat
transfer composition in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential
air conditioning,
industrial air conditioning or commercial air conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 4and a stabilizer composition comprising farnesene and Alkylated
Naphthalene
4and BHT wherein the farnesene is provided in an amount of from about 0.001%
by weight
to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition,
the Alkylated
Naphthalene 4 is provided in an amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about
5% by
weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition and the BHT is
provided in an
amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about 5 % by weight based on the
weight of heat
transfer composition in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential
air conditioning,
industrial air conditioning or commercial air conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant Sand a stabilizer composition comprising farnesene and Alkylated
Naphthalene
4and BHT wherein the farnesene is provided in an amount of from about 0.001%
by weight
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to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition,
the Alkylated
Naphthalene 4is provided in an amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about
5% by
weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition and the BHT is
provided in an
amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about 5 % by weight based on the
weight of heat
transfer composition in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential
air conditioning,
industrial air conditioning or commercial air conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant1 Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 2, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 3, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 4, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
.. Refrigerant 5, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air
conditioning, particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 6, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 7, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 8, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
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The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 9, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 10, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 11, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 12, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 13, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 14, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 15, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 16, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 17, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
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The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 18, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 19, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 20, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 21, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 22, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 23, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 24, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 25, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 26, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
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The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 27, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 28, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 29, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 30, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 31, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 32, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 33, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 34, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 35, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
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The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 36, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 37, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 38, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 39, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 1, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system, particularly
residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning system or
commercial air
conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 2, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system, particularly
residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning system or
commercial air
conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 3, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system, particularly
residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning system or
commercial air
conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 4, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system, particularly
residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning system or
commercial air
conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 5, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system, particularly
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residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning system or
commercial air
conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 6, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system, particularly
residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning system or
commercial air
conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 7, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system, particularly
residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning system or
commercial air
conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 8, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system, particularly
residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning system or
commercial air
conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 9, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system, particularly
residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning system or
commercial air
conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 10, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 11, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 12, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
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The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 13, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 14, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 15, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 16, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 17, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 18, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 19, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning,
particularly
residential air conditioning, industrial air conditioning or commercial air
conditioning.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 20, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
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particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 21, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 22, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 23, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 24, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 25, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 26, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 27, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
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The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 28, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 29, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 30, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 31, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 32, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 33, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 34, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 35, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
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particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 36, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 37, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 38, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 39, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in stationary air conditioning
system,
particularly residential air conditioning system, industrial air conditioning
system or
commercial air conditioning system, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material 3.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
a refrigerant of the present invention, including each of Refrigerant 1 - 39,
a stabilizer of the
present invention, including each of Stabilizer 1- 10 and a lubricant,
including Lubricants 1 ¨
4, in commercial refrigeration systems, particularly in a commercial
refrigerator systems,
commercial freezer systems, ice machine systems or vending machine systems,
wherein
the system includes a sequestration material of the present invention,
including each
Sequestration Material 1 - 4.
The present invention therefore provides the use of a heat transfer
composition comprising
Refrigerant 39, Stabilizer 10 and Lubricant 1 in commercial refrigeration
systems,
particularly in a commercial refrigerator systems, commercial freezer systems,
ice machine
systems or vending machine systems, wherein the system includes Sequestration
Material
3.
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For the purposes of the uses set out above, the stabilizer composition can
comprise
farnesene, Alkylated Naphthalene 4, and BHT. Preferably, the stabilizer
composition
consists essentially of farnesene, Alkylated Naphthalene 4, and BHT.
Preferably, the
stabilizer composition consists of farnesene, Alkylated Naphthalene 4 and BHT.
The heat transfer composition disclosed herein is provided as a low Global
Warming (GWP)
replacement for the refrigerant R-410A. The heat transfer compositions and the
refrigerants
of the present invention (including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39 and all heat
transfer
compositions containing Reftrigerants 1 ¨ 39)) therefore can be used as a
retrofit
refrigerant/heat transfer composition or as a replacement refrigerant/heat
transfer
composition.
The present invention thus includes methods of retrofitting existing heat
transfer system
designed for and containing R-410A refrigerant, without requiring substantial
engineering
modification of the existing system, particularly without modification of the
condenser, the
evaporator and/or the expansion valve.
The present invention thus also includes methods of using a refrigerant or
heat transfer
composition of the present invention as a replacement for R-410A, and in
particular as a
replacement for R-410A in residential air conditioning refrigerant, without
requiring
substantial engineering modification of the existing system, particularly
without modification
of the condenser, the evaporator and/or the expansion valve.
The present invention thus also includes methods of using a refrigerant or
heat transfer
composition of the present invention as a replacement for R-410A, and in
particular as a
replacement for R-410A in a residential air conditioning system.
The present invention thus also includes methods of using a refrigerant or
heat transfer
composition of the present invention as a replacement for R-410A, and in
particular as a
replacement for R-410A in a chiller system.
There is therefore provided a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer
system that
contains R-410A refrigerant , said method comprising replacing at least a
portion of the
existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition or a refrigerant
of the present
invention.
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The step of replacing preferably comprises removing at least a substantial
portion of, and
preferably substantially all of, the existing refrigerant (which can be but is
not limited to R-
410A) and introducing a heat transfer composition or a refrigerant of the
present invention,
including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39 without any substantial modification of
the system to
accommodate the refrigerant of the present invention.
Alternatively, the heat transfer composition or refrigerant can be used in a
method of
retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed to contain or
containing R410A
refrigerant, wherein the system is modified for the refrigerant of the
invention.
Alternatively, the heat transfer composition or refrigerant can be used as a
replacement in a
heat transfer system which is designed to contain or is suitable for use with
R-410A
refrigerant.
It will be appreciated that when the heat transfer composition is used as a
low Global
Warming replacement for R-410A or is used in a method of retrofitting an
existing heat
transfer system or is used in a heat transfer system which is suitable for use
with R-410A
refrigerant, the heat transfer composition may consist essentially of the
refrigerant of the
invention. Alternatively, the invention encompasses the use of the refrigerant
of the
invention as a low Global Warming replacement for R-410A or is used in a
method of
retrofitting an existing heat transfer system or is used in a heat transfer
system which is
suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant as described herein.
.. It will be appreciated by the skilled person that when the heat transfer
composition is
provided for use in a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system
as described
above, the method preferably comprises removing at least a portion of the
existing R-410A
refrigerant from the system. Preferably, the method comprises removing at
least about 5%,
about 10%, about 25%, about 50% or about 75% by weight of the R-410A from the
system
and replacing it with the heat transfer compositions of the invention.
The compositions of the invention may be employed as a replacement in systems
which are
used or are suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant, such as existing or new
heat transfer
systems.
The compositions of the present invention exhibit many of the desirable
characteristics of R-
410A but have a GWP that is substantially lower than that of R-410A while at
the same time
having operating characteristics i.e. capacity and/or efficiency (COP) that
are substantially
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similar to or substantially match, and preferably are as high as or higher
than R-410A. This
allows the claimed compositions to replace R-410A in existing heat transfer
systems without
requiring any significant system modification for example of the condenser,
the evaporator
and/or the expansion valve. The composition can therefore be used as a direct
replacement
for R-410A in heat transfer systems.
The composition of the invention therefore preferably exhibit operating
characteristics
compared with R-410A whereinthe efficiency (COP) of the composition is from 95
to 105%
of the efficiency of R-410A in the heat transfer system.
The composition of the invention therefore preferably exhibit operating
characteristics
compared with R-410A wherein the capacity is from 95 to 105% of the capacity
of R-410A in
the heat transfer system.
The composition of the invention therefore preferably exhibit operating
characteristics
compared with R-410A wherein the efficiency (COP) of the composition is from
95 to 105%
of the efficiency of R-410A in the heat transfer system and wherein the
capacity is from 95
to 105% of the capacity of R-410A in the heat transfer system.
Preferably, the composition of the invention preferably exhibit operating
characteristics
compared with R-410A wherein:
- the efficiency (COP) of the composition is from 100 to 105% of the
efficiency of R-
410A; and/or
- the capacity is from 98 to 105% of the capacity of R-410A.
in heat transfer systems, in which the compositions of the invention are to
replace the R-
410A refrigerant.
In order to enhance the reliability of the heat transfer system, it is
preferred that the
composition of the invention further exhibits the following characteristics
compared with R-
410A:
- the discharge temperature is not greater than 10 C higher than that of R-
410A;
and/or
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- the compressor pressure ratio is from 95 to 105% of the compressor
pressure ratio
of R-410A
in heat transfer systems, in which the composition of the invention is used to
replace the R-
410A refrigerant.
It will be appreciated that R-410A is an azeotrope-like composition. Thus, in
order for the
claimed compositions to be a good match for the operating characteristics of R-
410A, the
claimed compositions desirably show a low level of glide. Thus, the
compositions of the
claimed invention may provide an evaporator glide of less than 2 C, preferably
less than 1.5
C.
The existing heat transfer compositions used with R-410A are preferably air
conditioning
heat transfer systems including both mobile and stationary air conditioning
systems. As
used here, the term mobile air conditioning systems means mobile, non-
passenger car air
conditioning systems, such as air conditioning systems in trucks, buses and
trains. Thus,
each of the heat transfer compositions as described herein can be used to
replace R-410A
in any one of:
- an air conditioning system including a mobile air conditioning system,
particularly air
conditioning systems in trucks, buses and trains,
- a mobile heat pump, particularly an electric vehicle heat pump;
- a chiller, particularly a positive displacement chiller, more
particularly an air cooled or
water cooled direct expansion chiller, which is either modular or
conventionally
singularly packaged,
- a residential air conditioning system, particularly a ducted split or a
ductless split air
conditioning system,
- a residential heat pump,
- a residential air to water heat pump/hydronic system,
- an industrial air conditioning system and
- a commercial air conditioning system particularly a packaged rooftop unit
and a
variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system;
- a commercial air source, water source or ground source heat pump system
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The composition of the invention is alternatively provided to replace R410A in
refrigeration
systems. Thus, each of the heat transfer compositions as described herein can
be used to
replace R10A in in any one of:
- a low temperature refrigeration system,
- a medium temperature refrigeration system,
- a commercial refrigerator,
- a commercial freezer,
- an ice machine,
- a vending machine,
- a transport refrigeration system,
- a domestic freezer,
- a domestic refrigerator,
- an industrial freezer,
- an industrial refrigerator and
- a chiller.
Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of
Refrigerants 1 ¨
Refrigerants 39, is particularly provided to replace R-410A in a residential
air-conditioning
system (with an evaporator temperature in the range of about 0 to about 10 C,
particularly
about 7 C for cooling and/or in the range of about -20 to about 3 C or 30 to
about 5 C,
particularly about 0.5 C for heating). Alternatively, or additionally, each of
the heat transfer
compositions described herein including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨ Refrigerants
39, is
particularly provided to replace R-410A in a residential air conditioning
system with a
reciprocating, rotary (rolling-piston or rotary vane) or scroll compressor.
Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein including each of
Refrigerants 1 -
Refrigerants 39, is particularly provided to replace R-410A in an air cooled
chiller (with an
evaporator temperature in the range of about 0 to about 10 C, particularly
about 4.5 C),
particularly an air cooled chiller with a positive displacement compressor,
more particular an
air cooled chiller with a reciprocating scroll compressor.
Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein including each of
Refrigerants 1 -
Refrigerants 39, is particularly provided to replace R-410A in a residential
air to water heat
pump hydronic system (with an evaporator temperature in the range of about -20
to about
3 C or about -30 to about 5 C, particularly about 0.5 C).
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Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein including each of
Refrigerants 1 ¨
Refrigerants 39, is particularly provided to replace R-410A in a medium
temperature
refrigeration system (with an evaporator temperature in the range of about -12
to about 0 C,
particularly about -8 C).
Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein including each of
Refrigerants 1 ¨
Refrigerants 39, is particularly provided to replace R-410A in a low
temperature refrigeration
system (with an evaporator temperature in the range of about -40 to about -12
C,
particularly from about -40 C to about -23 C or preferably about -32 C).
There is therefore provided a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer
system
designed to contain or containing R-410A refrigerant or which is suitable for
use with R-
410A refrigerant, said method comprising replacing at least a portion of the
existing R-410A
refrigerant with a heat transfer composition comprising any of the
refrigerants of the present
invention (including any of Referigerants 1 ¨ 39), said refrigerant comprising
at least about
97% by weight of a blend of three compounds, said blend consisting of:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32), 11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-
125),
and 39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I) and optionally a stabilizer
composition
according to any of the stabilizer compositions described herein, including
particularly
Stablizer 1..
There is therefore provided a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer
system
designed to contain or containing R-410A refrigerant or which is suitable for
use with R-
410A refrigerant, said method comprising replacing at least a portion of the
existing R-410A
refrigerant with a heat transfer composition comprising any heat transfer
composition
according to the present invention, including each each heat transfer
composition containing
any of Refrigerants 1 ¨ 39.
The invention further provides a heat transfer system comprising a compressor,
a
condenser and an evaporator in fluid communication, and a heat transfer
composition in
said system, said heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant according
to any one of
the refrigerants described here including each of Refrigerants 1 ¨
Refrigerants 39.
Particularly, the heat transfer system is a residential air-conditioning
system (with an
evaporator temperature in the range of about 0 to about 10 C, particularly
about 7 C for
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cooling and/or in the range of about -20 to about 3 C or about -30 to about 5
C, particularly
about 0.5 C for heating).
Particularly, the heat transfer system is an air cooled chiller (with an
evaporator temperature
in the range of about 0 to about 10 C, particularly about 4.5 C), particularly
an air cooled
chiller with a positive displacement compressor, more particular an air cooled
chiller with a
reciprocating or scroll compressor.
Particularly, the heat transfer system is a residential air to water heat pump
hydronic system
(with an evaporator temperature in the range of about -20 to about 3 C or
about -30 to about
5 C, particularly about 0.5 C).
The heat transfer system can be a refrigeration system, such as a low
temperature
refrigeration system, a medium temperature refrigeration system, a commercial
refrigerator,
a commercial freezer, an ice machine, a vending machine, a transport
refrigeration system,
a domestic freezer, a domestic refrigerator, an industrial freezer, an
industrial refrigerator
and a chiller.
EXAMPLE 1 ¨ Flammabilty Testing
The refrigerant composition identified in Table 1 below as Refrigerant A was
tested as
described herein.
Table 1: Refrigerant A Composition
R32 R125 CF3I
Refrigerant
(wt.%) (wt.%) (wt.%)
A 49% 11.5% 39.5%
The flammability testing was performed per ASHRAE's current Standard 34-2016
test
protocol (condition and apparatus) using the current method ASTM E681-09 annex
Al.
Mixtures were made by evacuating the flask and using partial pressures in
filling to the
desire concentration. The air was introduced rapidly to assist in mixing and
allowed to come
to temperature equilibrium after mixing to allow the mixture to become
stagnate before
ignition was attemptedThe Refrigerant A evaluated in Table 1 above was found
to satisfy
the Non-Flammability test.
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Examples 2 -30 Heat Transfer Performance
Refrigerant A as described in Table 1 in Example 1 above was subjected to
thermodynamic analysis to determine its ability to match the operating
characteristics of R-
4104A in various refrigeration systems. The analysis was performed using
experimental
data collected for properties of the two binary pairs 0F3I with each of HFC-32
and HFC-125.
In particular, the vapor/liquid equilibrium behavior of 0F3I was determined
and studied in a
series of binary pairs with each of HFC-32 and R125. The composition of each
binary pair
was varied over a series of relative percentages in the experimental
evaluation and the
mixture parameters for each binary pair were regressed to the experimentally
obtained data.
The assumptions used to conduct the analysis were the following: same
compressor
displacement for all refrigerants, same operating conditions for all
refrigerants, same
compressor isentropic and volumetric efficiency for all refrigerants. In each
Example,
simulations were conducted using the measured vapor liquid equilibrium data.
The
simulation results are reported for each Example.
Example 2. - Residential Air-Conditioning System (Cooling)
A residential air-conditioning system configured to supply cool air (about 12
C) to
buildings in the summer is tested. Residential air condition systems include
split air
conditioning systems, mini-split air conditioning systems, and window air-
conditioning
system, and the testing described herein is representative of the results from
such systems.
The experimental system includes an air-to-refrigerant evaporator (indoor
coil), a
compressor, an air-to-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion
valve. The
operating conditions for the test are:
1. Condensing temperature= about 46 C, (corresponding outdoor ambient
temperature
of about 35 C)
2. Condenser sub-cooling= about 5.5 C
3. Evaporating temperature= about 7 C, (corresponding indoor ambient
temperature of
about 26.7 C)
4. Evaporator Superheat= about 5.5 C
5. lsentropic Efficiency= 70%
6. Volumetric Efficiency= 100%
7. Temperature Rise in Suction Line= about 5.5 C
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The performance results from the testing are reported in Table 2 below:
Table 2. Performance in Residential Air-Conditioning System (Cooling)
Discharge
Discharge
Evaporator
Pressure Temperature
Refrigerant Capacity Efficiency Pressure
Glide
ratio Difference
[kPa] [ C]
[ C]
R-410A 100% 100% 100% 100% 0
0.08
A 98% 102% 99% 95% 7.8
1.11
Table 2 shows the thermodynamic performance of a residential air-conditioning
system operating with Refrigerant A of the present invention compared to R-
410A in the
same system. In particular, Refrigerant A exhibits a 98% capacity relative to
R-410A and an
efficiency of 102% compared to R-410A. This indicates that Refrigerant A is a
drop-in or
near drop-in as a replacement for R-410A in such sytems and as a retrofit for
R-410A in
such systems Further, Refrigerant A shows a 99% pressure ratio compared to R-
410A,
which indicates that the compressor efficiencies are sufficiently similar to R-
410A that no
changes to the compressor used with R-410A are needed. In addition,
Refrigerant A shows
a compressor discharge temperature rise within 10 C compared to R-410A, which
indicates
good compressor reliability with low risk of oil breakdown or motor burn-out.
The evaporator
glide of less than 2 C for Refrigerant A indicates the evaporator glide does
not affect system
performance.
Example 3. Residential Heat pump System (Heating)
A residential heat pump system configured to supply warm air (about 21 C) to
buildings in the winter is tested. The experimental system includes a
residential air-
conditioning system, however, when the system is in in the heat pump mode the
refrigerant
flow is reversed and the indoor coil becomes a condenser and the outdoor coil
becomes an
evaporator. Residential heat pump systems include split air conditioning
systems, mini-split
air conditioning systems, and window air-conditioning system, and the testing
described
herein is representative of the results from such systems. The operating
conditions for the
test are:
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1. Condensing temperature = about 41 C (corresponding indoor ambient
temperature
of about 21.1 C)
2. Condenser sub-cooling = about 5.5 C
3. Evaporating temperature = about 0.5 C (corresponding outdoor ambient
temperature= 8.3 C)
4. Evaporator Superheat = about 5.5 C
5. lsentropic Efficiency = 70%
6. Volumetric Efficiency = 100%
7. Temperature Rise in Suction Line = about 5.5 C
The performance results from the testing are reported in Table 3 below:
Table 3. Performance in Residential Heat pump System (Heating)
Discharge
Discharge
Evaporator
Heating Heating Pressure Temperature
Refrigerant Pressure
Glide
Capacity Efficiency ratio Difference
[kPa] [ C]
[ C]
R-410A 100% 100% 100% 100% 0
0.08
A 97% 101% 99% 95% 8.4
1.05
Table 3 shows the thermodynamic performance of a residential heat pump system
operating with Refrigerant A of the present invention compared to R-410A in
the same
system. In particular, Refrigerant A exhibits a 97% capacity relative to R-
410A and an
efficiency of 101% compared to R-410A. This indicates that Refrigerant A is a
drop-in or
near drop-in as a replacement for R-410A in such sytems and as a retrofit for
R-410A in
such systems. Further, Refrigerant A shows a 99% pressure ratio compared to R-
410A,
which indicates that the compressor efficiencies are sufficiently similar to R-
410A that no
changes to the compressor used with R-410A are needed. In addition,
Refrigerant A shows
a compressor discharge temperature rise within 10 C compared to R-410A, which
indicates
good compressor reliability with low risk of oil breakdown or motor burn-out.
The evaporator
glide of less than 2 C for Refrigerant A indicates the evaporator glide does
not affect system
performance.
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Example 4. Commercial Air-Conditioning System ¨ Chiller
A commercial air-conditioning systems (chillers) configured to supply warm air
(about 21 C) to buildings in the winter is tested. Such systems supply chilled
water (about
7 C) to large buildings such as offices, hospitals, etc., and depending on the
specific
application, the chiller system may be running all year long. The testing
described herein is
representative of the results from such systems.
The operating conditions for the test are:
1. Condensing temperature = about 46 C (corresponding outdoor ambient
temperature= 35 C)
2. Condenser sub-cooling = about 5.5 C
3. Evaporating temperature = about 4.5 C (corresponding chilled leaving water
temperature = about 7 C)
4. Evaporator Superheat = about 5.5 C
5. lsentropic Efficiency = 70%
6. Volumetric Efficiency = 100%
7. Temperature Rise in Suction Line = about 2 C
The performance results from the testing are reported in Table 4 below:
Table 4. Performance in Commercial Air-Conditioning System ¨ Air-Cooled
Chiller
Discharge
Discharge
Evaporator
Pressure Temperature
Refrigerant Capacity Efficiency Pressure
Glide
ratio Difference
[kPa]
[ C]
[ C]
R-410A 100% 100% 100% 100% 0
0.08
A 98% 102% 99% 95% 8.1
1.08
Table 4 shows the thermodynamic performance of a of a commercial air-cooled
chiller
system operating with Refrigerant A of the present invention compared to R-
410A in the
same system. In particular, Refrigerant A exhibits a 98% capacity relative to
R-410A and an
efficiency of 102% compared to R-410A. This indicates that Refrigerant A is a
drop-in or
near drop-in as a replacement for R-410A in such sytems and as a retrofit for
R-410A in
such systems. Further, Refrigerant A shows a 99% pressure ratio compared to R-
410A,
which indicates that the compressor efficiencies are sufficiently similar to R-
410A that no
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changes to the compressor used with R-410A are needed. In addition,
Refrigerant A shows
a compressor discharge temperature rise within 10 C compared to R-410A, which
indicates
good compressor reliability with low risk of oil breakdown or motor burn-out.
The evaporator
glide of less than 2 C for Refrigerant A indicates the evaporator glide does
not affect system
performance.
Example 5. - Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hydronic System
A residential air-to-water heat pump hydronic system configured to supply hot
water
(about 50 C) to buildings for floor heating or similar applications in the
winter is tested. The
testing described herein is representative of the results from such systems.
The operating conditions for the test are:
1. Condensing temperature = about 60 C (corresponding indoor leaving water
temperature = about 50 C)
2. Condenser sub-cooling = about 5.5 C
3. Evaporating temperature = about 0.5 C (corresponding outdoor ambient
temperature = about 8.3 C)
4. Evaporator Superheat = about 5.5 C
5. lsentropic Efficiency = 70%
6. Volumetric Efficiency = 100%
7. Temperature Rise in Suction Line = 2 C
The performance results from the testing are reported in Table 5 below:
Table 5. Performance in Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hydronic System
Discharge
Discharge
Evaporator
Heating Heating Pressure Temperature
Refrigerant Pressure Glide
Capacity Efficiency ratio Difference
[kPa] [ C]
[ C]
R-410A 100% 100% 100% 100% 0 0.06
A 100% 103% 98% 94% 11.6 0.94
Table 5 shows the thermodynamic performance of a residential air-to-water heat
pump
hydronic system operating with Refrigerant A of the present invention compared
to R-410A
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in the same system. In particular, Refrigerant A exhibits a 100% capacity
relative to R-410A
and an efficiency of 103% compared to R-410A. This indicates that Refrigerant
A is a drop-
in or near drop-in as a replacement for R-410A in such sytems and as a
retrofit for R-410A
in such systems. Further, Refrigerant A shows a 98% pressure ratio compared to
R-410A,
which indicates that the compressor efficiencies are sufficiently similar to R-
410A that no
changes to the compressor used with R-410A are needed. In addition,
Refrigerant A shows
a compressor discharge temperature rise close to 10 C compared to R-410A. The
evaporator glide of less than 2 C for Refrigerant A indicates the evaporator
glide does not
affect system performance.
Example 6. Medium Temperature Refrigeration System
A medium temperature refrigeration system configured to chill food or
beverages
such as in a refrigerator and bottle cooler is tested. The experimental system
includes an
air-to-refrigerant evaporator to chill the food or beverage, a compressor, an
air-to-refrigerant
condenser to exchange heat with the ambient air, and an expansion valve. The
testing
described herein is representative of the results from such systems.
The operating conditions for the test are:
1. Condensing temperature = about 45 C (corresponding outdoor ambient
temperature
= about 35 C)
2. Condenser sub-cooling = about 5.5 C
3. Evaporating temperature = about -8 C (corresponding box temperature= 1.7 C)
4. Evaporator Superheat = about 5.5 C
5. lsentropic Efficiency= 65%
6. Volumetric Efficiency= 100%
7. Temperature Rise in Suction Line=10 C
The performance results from the testing are reported in Table 6 below:
Table 6. Performance in Medium Temperature Refrigeration System
Discharge
Discharge
Evaporator
Pressure Temperature
Refrigerant Capacity Efficiency Pressure Glide
ratio Difference
[kPa] [ C]
[ C]
R-410A 100% 100% 100% 100% 0 0.07
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A 100% 102% 98% 95% 12.5 0.92
Table 6 shows the thermodynamic performance of a medium temperature
refrigeration
system operating with Refrigerant A of the present invention compared to R-
410A in the
same system. In particular, Refrigerant A exhibits a 100% capacity relative to
R-410A and
an efficiency of 102% compared to R-410A. This indicates that Refrigerant A is
a drop-in or
near drop-in as a replacement for R-410A in such sytems and as a retrofit for
R-410A in
such systems. Further, Refrigerant A shows a 98% pressure ratio compared to R-
410A,
which indicates that the compressor efficiencies are sufficiently similar to R-
410A that no
changes to the compressor used with R-410A are needed. In addition,
Refrigerant A shows
a compressor discharge temperature rise close to 10 C compared to R-410A. The
evaporator glide of less than 2 C for Refrigerant A indicates the evaporator
glide does not
affect system performance.
Example 7. Low Temperature Refrigeration System
A low temperature refrigeration system configured to freeze food such as in an
ice
cream machine and a freezer is tested. The experimental system includes an air-
to-
refrigerant evaporator to cool or freeze the food or beverage, a compressor,
an air-to-
refrigerant condenser to exchange heat with the ambient air, and a expansion
valve. The
testing described herein is representative of the results from such systems.
The operating
conditions for the test are:
1. Condensing temperature = about 55 C (corresponding outdoor ambient
temperature
= about 35 C)
2. Condenser sub-cooling = about 5 C
3. Evaporating temperature = about -23 C (corresponding box temperature = 1.7
C)
4. Evaporator Superheat = about 5.5 C
5. lsentropic Efficiency= 60%
6. Volumetric Efficiency= 100%
7. Temperature Rise in Suction Line = 1 C
The performance results from the testing are reported in Table 7 below:
Table 7. Performance in Low Temperature Refrigeration System
Refrigerant Capacity Efficiency Pressure Discharge
Discharge Evaporator
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ratio Pressure Temperature Glide
[kPa] Difference
[ C]
[ C]
R-410A 100% 100% 100% 100% 0
0.05
1 104% 105% 97% 94% 20.2
0.69
Table 7 shows the thermodynamic performance of a low temperature refrigeration
system
operating with Refrigerant A of the present invention compared to R-410A in
the same
system. In particular, Refrigerant A exhibits a 104% capacity relative to R-
410A and an
efficiency of 105% compared to R-410A. Further, Refrigerant A shows a 94%
pressure ratio
compared to R-410A. The evaporator glide of less than 2 C for Refrigerant A
indicates the
evaporator glide does not affect system performance.
Example 8. Commercial Air-Conditioning System ¨ Packaged Rooftops
A packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning system configured to supply
cooled
or heated air to buildings is tested. The experimental system includes a
packaged rooftop
air-conditioning/heat pump systems and has an air-to-refrigerant evaporator
(indoor coil), a
compressor, an air-to-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion
valve. The
testing described herein is representative of the results from such systems.
The operating
.. conditions for the test are:
1. Condensing temperature = about 46 C (corresponding outdoor ambient
temperature
= about 35 C)
2. Condenser sub-cooling = about 5.5 C
3. Evaporating temperature = about 7 C (corresponding indoor ambient
temperature =
26.7 C)
4. Evaporator Superheat = about 5.5 C
5. lsentropic Efficiency = 70%
6. Volumetric Efficiency= 100%
7. Temperature Rise in Suction Line = 5.5 C
The performance results from the testing are reported in Table 8 below:
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Table 8. Performance in Commercial Air-Conditioning System ¨ Packaged Rooftops
Discharge
Discharge
Evaporator
Pressure Temperature
Refrigerant Capacity Efficiency Pressure
Glide
ratio Difference
[kPa] [ C]
[ C]
R-410A 100% 100% 100% 100% 0
0.08
1 98% 102% 99% 95% 8.1
1.08
Table 8 shows the thermodynamic performance of a rooftop commercial air
conditioning
system operating with Refrigerant A of the present invention compared to R-
410A in the
same system. In particular, Refrigerant A exhibits a 98% capacity relative to
R-410A and an
efficiency of 102% compared to R-410A. This indicates that Refrigerant A is a
drop-in or
near drop-in as a replacement for R-410A in such sytems and as a retrofit for
R-410A in
such systems. Further, Refrigerant A shows a 99% pressure ratio compared to R-
410A,
which indicates that the compressor efficiencies are sufficiently similar to R-
410A that no
changes to the compressor used with R-410A are needed. In addition,
Refrigerant A shows
a compressor discharge temperature less than 10 C compared to R-410A, which
indicates
good compressor reliability and that there is no risk of oil breakdown or
motor burn-out. The
evaporator glide of less than 2 C for Refrigerant A indicates the evaporator
glide does not
affect system performance.
Example 9 - Commercial Air-Conditioning System ¨ Variable Refrigerant Flow
Systems
A commercial air-conditioning system with vaiable refrigerant flow is
configured to
supply cooled or heated air to buildings is tested. The experimental system
includes
multiple (4 or more) air-to-refrigerant evaporators (indoor coils), a
compressor, an air-to-
refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The testing
described herein
is representative of the results from such systems. The operating conditions
for the test are:
1. Condensing temperature = about 46 C, Corresponding outdoor ambient
temperature= 35 C
2. Condenser sub-cooling = about 5.5 C
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3. Evaporating temperature = about 7 C (corresponding indoor ambient
temperature=
26.7 C)
4. Evaporator Superheat = about 5.5 C
5. lsentropic Efficiency = 70%
6. Volumetric Efficiency = 100%
7. Temperature Rise in Suction Line = 5.5 C
Table 9. Performance in Commercial Air-Conditioning System ¨ Variable
Refrigerant
Flow Systems
Discharge
Discharge
Evaporator
Pressure Temperature
Refrigerant Capacity Efficiency Pressure
Glide
ratio Difference
[kPa] [ C]
[ C]
R-410A 100% 100% 100% 100% 0
0.08
A 98% 102% 99% 95% 8.1
1.08
Table 9 shows the thermodynamic performance of a VRF commercial air
conditioning system operating with Refrigerant A of the present invention
compared to R-
410A in the same system. In particular, Refrigerant A exhibits a 98% capacity
relative to R-
410A and an efficiency of 102% compared to R-410A. This indicates that
Refrigerant A is a
drop-in or near drop-in as a replacement for R-410A in such sytems and as a
retrofit for R-
410A in such systems. Further, Refrigerant A shows a 99% pressure ratio
compared to R-
410A, which indicates that the compressor efficiencies are sufficiently
similar to R-410A that
no changes to the compressor used with R-410A are needed. In addition,
Refrigerant A
shows a compressor discharge temperature less than 10 C compared to R-410A,
which
indicates good compressor reliability and that there is no risk of oil
breakdown or motor
burn-out. The evaporator glide of less than 2 C for Refrigerant A indicates
the evaporator
glide does not affect system performance.
Example 10 - Stabilizers for Heat Transfer Compositions Comprising Refrigerant
and
Lubricant
Heat transfer compositions of the present invention are tested in accordance
with
ASHRAE Standard 97 - "Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability
of
Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems" to simulate long-term stability
of the heat
transfer compositions by accelerated aging. After testing, the level of
halides is considered
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to reflect the stability of the refrigerant under conditions of use in the
heat transfer
compostion and total acid number (TAN) is considered to reflect the stability
of the lubricant
stability under conditions of use in the heat transfer compostion.
The following experiment is carried out to show the effect of the addition of
stabilizers according to the present invention on a refrigerant/lubricant
composition. Sealed
tubes are prepared containing 50% by weight of the indicated refrigerant and
50% by weight
of the indicated lubricant, each of which has been degassed. Each tube
contains a coupon
of steel, copper, aluminum and bronze. The stability is tested by placing the
sealed tube in
an oven maintained at about 175 C for 14 days. In each case the lubricants
tested were an
ISO 32 POE having a viscosity at 40 C of about 32 cSt (Lubricant A) an ISO 68
POE having
a viscosity at 40 C of about 68 cSt (Lubricant B), with each lubricant having
a moisture
content of less than 300 ppm. The following refrigerants described in Table
10A are tested:
TABLE 10A
Ref rigrant HFC-32 (wt%) HFC-125 (wt%) CF3I (wt%)
Moisture, ppm
A 50 11.5 38.5
less than 30
B 49 11.5 39.5
less than 30
C 47 11 41.5
less than 30
The test is run for each lubricant and refrigerant pair in the absence of any
stabilizer, and
the results are as follows:
Lubricant Visual ¨ opaque or black
Metals Visual ¨ dull
Solids Present ¨ Yes
Halides > 100 ppm
TAN > 10 mgKOH/g
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The following stabilizer's described in Table 10B, with the weight percent in
the table being
the weight percent of the indicated stabilizer in the stabilizer package, are
tested in an
amount based on the total weight of the stabilizer plus refrigerant of from
about 1.5% to
about 10%.
TABLE 10B
Stabilizer Alkylated BHT (wt%) Franasene Isobutylene
Napthalene 5 wt%) (wt%)
(wt%)
A 100 0 0 0
B 0 100 0 0
C 0 0 100 0
D 0 0 0 100
E 33.3 33.3 33.3 0
F 33.3 33.3 0 33.3
The resulst of the testing with these stabilizers and lubricant A are reported
below in Table
100
TABLE 100
Refrigerant Stabilizer TEST RESULTS
No.
Visual Metals Solids Halides, Tan,
ppm mbKOH/g
A A Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
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Refrigerant Stabilizer TEST RESULTS
No.
Visual Metals Solids Halides, Tan,
ppm mbKOH/g
A B Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
A C Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
A D Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
A E Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
A F Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
B A Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
B B Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
B C Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
B D Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
B E Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
B F Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
C A Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
C B Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
C C Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
C D Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
C E Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
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Refrigerant Stabilizer TEST RESULTS
No.
Visual Metals Solids Halides, Tan,
ppm mbKOH/g
C F Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
B F Clear, Shiny No <300 <3
colorless PPm
This testing shows that the lubricant in each of these tests was clear and
colorless, the
metals were shiny (unchanged), and there were no solids present, the halide
and TAN
levels were in acceptable limits, all of which indicates that the stabilizers
were effective.
The same testing with same refrigerants and the same stabilizers is run with
Lubricant B,
and similar results are achieved.
Example 11 ¨ Miscibility with POE oil
Miscibility of ISO POE-32 oil (having a viscosity at about 32 cSt at a
temperature of
40 C) is tested for different weight ratios of lubricant and refrigerant and
different
temperatures for R-410A refrigerant and for Refrigerant A as specified in
Table 1 for
Example 1 above. The results of this testing are reported in Table 11 below:
TABLE 11
Liquid Refrigerant R-410A Miscibility
Temperature Refrigerant A of the
Mass Percentage in present invention
the Refrigerant Range
and Lubricant
Mixture, % Lower Limit, C Upper Limit, C
60 about -26 NA Fully miscible
Fully miscible
70 about -23 about 55
Fully miscible
80 about -22 about 48
Fully miscible
90 about -31 about 50
As can be seen from the table above, R-410A is immiscible with POE oil below
about -22
C, and R-410A cannot therefore be used in low temperature refrigeration
applications
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without make provisions to overcomve the accumulation of POE oil in the
evaporator.
Furthermore, R-410A is immiscible with POE oil above 50 C, which will cause
problems in
the condenser and liquid line (e.g. the separated POE oil will be trapped and
accumulated)
when R-410A is used in high ambient conditions. Conversely, applicants have
surprisingly
and unexpectedly found that refrigerants of the present invention are fully
miscible with POE oil across a temperature range of -40 C to 80 C, thus
providing a
substantial and unexpected advantage when used in such systems.
Example 12 - Residential Air-Conditioning System (Cooling) With Sequestration
and Heat
Transfer Composition with Stabilizer
Example 2 is repeated, except an oil separator is included in the system and
several
sequestration materials consisting independently of Sequestration Materials 1
¨ 4 are
included in the liquid portion of the oil separator. The heat transfer
composition includes
Luricant 1 and Stabilizer 1 in amounts as described herein. The system
operated as
indicated in Example 2 in each case and operates to indicate high levels of
stability such
that operation with acceptable levels of stability, as per the testing
indicated in Examples 10
and 20 - 30 hereof, occurs for at least 1 year.
Example 13 - Residential Heat pump System (Heating) With Sequestration and
Heat
Transfer Composition with Stabilizer
Example 3 is repeated, except an oil separator is included in the system and
several
sequestration materials consisting independently of Sequestration Materials 1
¨ 4 included
in the liquid portion of the oil separator. The heat transfer composition
includes Luricant 1
and Stabilizer 1 in amounts as described herein. The system operated as
indicated in
Example 2 in each case and operates to indicate high levels of stability such
that operation
with acceptable levels of stability, as per the testing indicated in Examples
10 and 20 - 30
hereof, occurs for at least 1 year.
Example 14 - Commercial Air-Conditioning System (Chiller) With Sequestration
and Heat
Transfer Composition with Stabilizer
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Example 4 is repeated, except an oil separator is included in the system and
several
sequestration materials consisting independently of Sequestration Materials 1
¨ 4 included
in the liquid portion of the oil separator. The heat transfer composition
includes Luricant 1
and Stabilizer 1 in amounts as described herein. The system operated as
indicated in
Example 2 in each case and operates to indicate high levels of stability such
that operation
with acceptable levels of stability, as per the testing indicated in Examples
10 and 20 - 30
hereof, occurs for at least 1 year.
Example 15 - Residential Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hydronic System With
Sequestration
and Heat Transfer Composition with Stabilizer
Example 5 is repeated, except an oil separator is included in the system and
several
sequestration materials consisting independently of Sequestration Materials 1
¨ 4 included
in the liquid portion of the oil separator. The heat transfer composition
includes Luricant 1
and Stabilizer 1 in amounts as described herein. The system operated as
indicated in
Example 2 in each case and operates to indicate high levels of stability such
that operation
with acceptable levels of stability, as per the testing indicated in Examples
10 and 20 - 30
hereof, occurs for at least 1 year.
Example 16 - Medium Temperature Refrigeration System With Sequestration and
Heat
Transfer Composition with Stabilizer
Example 6 is repeated, except an oil separator is included in the system and
several
sequestration materials consisting independently of Sequestration Materials 1
¨ 4 included
in the liquid portion of the oil separator. The heat transfer composition
includes Luricant 1
and Stabilizer 1 in amounts as described herein. The system operated as
indicated in
Example 2 in each case and operates to indicate high levels of stability such
that operation
with acceptable levels of stability, as per the testing indicated in Examples
10 and 20 - 30
hereof, occurs for at least 1 year.
Example 17 - Low Temperature Refrigeration System With Sequestration and Heat
Transfer Composition with Stabilizer
Example 7 is repeated, except an oil separator is included in the system and
several
sequestration materials consisting independently of Sequestration Materials 1
¨ 4 included
in the liquid portion of the oil separator. The heat transfer composition
includes Luricant 1
and Stabilizer 1 in amounts as described herein. The system operated as
indicated in
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Example 2 in each case and operates to indicate high levels of stability such
that operation
with acceptable levels of stability, as per the testing indicated in Examples
10 and 20 - 30
hereof, occurs for at least 1 year.
Example 18 - Commercial Air-Conditioning System ¨ Packaged Rooftops With
Sequestration and Heat Transfer Composition with Stabilizer
Example 8 is repeated, except an oil separator is included in the system and
several
sequestration materials consisting independently of Sequestration Materials 1
¨ 4 included
in the liquid portion of the oil separator. The heat transfer composition
includes Luricant 1
and Stabilizer 1 in amounts as described herein. The system operated as
indicated in
Example 2 in each case and operates to indicate high levels of stability such
that operation
with acceptable levels of stability, as per the testing indicated in Examples
10 and 20 - 30
hereof, occurs for at least 1 year.
Example 19 - Commercial Air-Conditioning System ¨ Variable Refrigerant Flow
Systems
With Sequestration and Heat Transfer Composition with Stabilizer
Example 9 is repeated, except an oil separator is included in the system and
several
sequestration materials consisting independently of Sequestration Materials 1
¨ 4 included
in the liquid portion of the oil separator. The heat transfer composition
includes Luricant 1
and Stabilizer 1 in amounts as described herein. The system operated as
indicated in
Example 2 in each case and operates to indicate high levels of stability such
that operation
with acceptable levels of stability, as per the testing indicated in Examples
10 and 20 - 30
hereof, occurs for at least 1 year.
Example 20 ¨ Sequestration Material Comprising Silver Zeolite
The ability of a zeolite comprising silver to act as a sequestration material
was
tested. The zeolite tested was UPO IONSIV D7310-C, available form Honeywell
UOP. The openings have a size across their largest dimension of from about 15
to
about 35A.
A blend of 80wt /0 POE oil (POE ISO 32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) which comprises a
primary anti-oxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000ppm, and 20wt /0
CF3I was placed in a sealed tube, and then heated for 2 days at 190 C. These
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conditions caused breakdown of the refrigerant and the lubricant. The sealed
tubes
were then opened and samples of the oil were taken.
The oil sample was then placed in Fischer-Porter tubes with the zeolite. The
amount of dry zeolite relative to the sample (lubricant) was measured. The
tubes
were then maintained at either 15 C or 50 C for 114 hours (4.75 days). The
tubes
were shaken every two hours to ensure proper mixing of the zeolite and the
sample.
The Total Acid Number (TAN), iodide ppm and fluoride ppm of the sample were
measured at the start (i.e. after degradation of the CF3I and POE oil, and
before
combination with the zeolite), and at the end (i.e. after combination with the
zeolite,
.. and at the end of the 114 hours at 15 C or 50 C). TAN, fluoride and iodide
concentration were measured according to the same methods as descried in
Example 10.
The results of the tests are set out in Table 20.
Table 20: Effect of zeolite on TAN, fluoride and iodide concentration
Fluoride
TAN Iodide (ppm)
(ppm)
Amount of
Temp zeolite relative
Start End Start End Start End
to sample
(PPI11)
4.8 pphl 30.0 29.4 94.8 61.5 57.4
14.2
C
20.5 pphl 30.0 24.7 94.8 46.4 57.4
5.5
5.4 pphl 30.0 29.7 94.8 45.2 57.4
8.1
50 C
22.1 pphl 30.0 23.3 94.8 39.2 57.4
0.1
15 * - pphl means parts by weight per hundred parts of lubricant
The above tests demonstrate the ability of the zeolite to effectively
"recover" a
composition of POE oil and a CF3I refrigerant after it has degraded.
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The results demonstrate that the zeolite was able to reduce the iodide and the
fluoride level of the degraded sample at both 15 C and 50 C when using either
about 5 pphl zeolite or about 21 pphl zeolite. However, the zeolite performed
better
at 50 C than at 15 C, and at about 21 pphl zeolite than at about 5
pphlzeolite.
Surprisingly, very little iodide was detected at about 21 pphl zeolite at 50
C.
The results also show that, at a concentration of about 21 pphl zeolite, the
TAN was
reduced at both 15 C and at 50 C.
Example 21
The ability of an anion exchange resin to act as a sequestration material was
tested.
Two different anion exchange resins were tested.
First resin
The first resin was a strongly basic (type 1) anion exchange resin with
chloride
exchangeable ions (Dowexe 1X8 chloride form).
Product Name Dowexe 1X8 chloride form
Composition Moisture content, 43-48%
Limit 66 C max. temp.
Cross-linkage 8%
Matrix Styrene-divinylbenzene (gel)
Particle size 50-100 mesh
Operating pH 0¨ 14
Capacity 1.2 meq/mL total capacity
The first resin was used without modification.
Second resin
The second resin was a strongly basic (type 1) anion exchange resin with
chloride
exchangeable ions (Dowexe 1X8 chloride form).
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Product Name Dowexe 1X8 chloride form
Composition Moisture content, 43-48%
Limit 66 C max. temp.
Cross-linkage 8%
Matrix Styrene-divinylbenzene (gel)
Particle size 50-100 mesh
Operating pH 0¨ 14
Capacity 1.2 meq/mL total capacity
The second resin was converted from the chloride form to the hydroxide form
prior
to use in the following example by slowly washing the resin for at least 1
hour with 5
to 10 bed volumes of 4% NaOH, followed by washing with deionized water until
the
pH of the effluent is 7, 0.5. The pH was measured using litmus paper.
Method and results
A blend of 80wt /0 POE oil (POE ISO 32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) which comprises a
primary anti-oxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000ppm, and 20wt /0
io CF3I was placed in a sealed tube, and then heated for 2 days at 190 C.
These
conditions caused breakdown of the refrigerant and the lubricant. The sealed
tubes
were then opened and samples of the oil were taken.
The sample was then placed in Fischer-Porter tubes with the anion exchange
resin.
The amount of dry resin relative to the sample was measured. The tubes were
then
maintained at either 15 C or 50 C for 114 hours (4.75 days). The tubes were
shaken
every two hours to ensure proper mixing of the resin and the sample.
The Total Acid Number (TAN), iodide ppm and fluoride ppm of the sample were
measured at the start (i.e. after degradation of the CF3I and POE oil, and
before
combination with the resin), and at the end (i.e. after combination with the
resin, and
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at the end of the 114 hours at 15 C or 50 C). TAN, fluoride and iodide
concentration
were measured according to the same methods as Example 10.
The results are set out in Table 21 below.
Table 21: Effect of anion exchange resin on TAN, fluoride and iodide
concentration
Fluoride
TAN
Iodide (ppm)
(PPm)
Amount of IE
Materi relative to
Temp. Start End Start End Start End
al sample
(lubricant)
3.9 pphl 30.0 30.7 94.8 65.5 57.4
32.4
15 C
First 16.0 pphl 30.0 30.9 94.8 61.9 57.4
19.9
resin 4.5 pphl 30.0 31.1 94.8 55.2 57.4
25.8
50 C
16.7 pphl 30.0 39.4 94.8 44.7 57.4
17.5
3.8 pphl 30.0 26.0 94.8 54.3 57.4
15.0
15 C
Second 15.2 pphl 30.0 14.5 94.8 44.3 57.4
4.5
resin 4.8 pphl 30.0 26.8 94.8 46.2 57.4
7.6
50 C
16.7 pphl 30.0 13.1 94.8 22.6 57.4
2.5
* - pphl means parts by weight per hundred parts of lubricant
The above tests demonstrate the ability of anion exchange resins to
effectively
"recover" a composition of POE oil and a CF3I refrigerant after it has
degraded.
The results demonstrate that both resins were able to reduce the iodide and
the
fluoride level of the degraded sample at both 15 C and 50 C when using either
io about 4 pphl resin or about 16 pphl resin. Both resins performed better
at 50 C than
at 15 C, and at about 16 pphl resin than about 4 pphl zeolite.
The second resin was able to reduce the TAN of the sample at both temperatures
(i.e. 15 C and at 50 C), and at both concentrations of resin (i.e. at about 4
pphl and
about 16 pphl resin).
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Example 22
Example 22 is repeated except that the following two anion resins were used:
A ¨ An industrial grade weak base anion exchange resin sold under the trade
designation
Amberlyst A21 (Free Base) having the following characteristics:
Product Name Amberlyst A21
Composition Moisture content, 58-62%
Limit 100 C max. temp.
Ionic Form Free Base (FB)
Matrix Macroporous
Particle size 490-690 m
Concentration of >4.6 eq/kg
active sites >1.3 eq/L
B ¨ An industrial grade weak basic anion exchange resin sold under the trade
designation
Amberlyst A22 having the following characteristics:
Product Name Amberlyst A22
Composition Moisture content, 40-50%
Limit 100 C max. temp.
Ionic Form Free Base (FB)
Structure Styrene-divinylbenzene
Matrix Macroporous
Particle size 475-600 m
Capacity >1.7 eq/L
Each of these resins were found to be effect to remove and/or reduce the above-
noted materials.
Example 23
The ability of combination of anion exchange resin and zeolite to act as a
sequestration material was tested.
Anion Exchange Resin
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The resin was a strongly basic (type 1) anion exchange resin with hydroxyl
exchangeable ions (Dowexe Marathon TM A, hydroxide form).
Product Name Dowexe Marathon TM A, hydroxide form
Moisture 60-72%
Matrix Styrene-divinylbenzene (gel)
Particle size 23-27 mesh
Capacity 1.0 meq/mL by wetted bed volume
The resin was used without modification.
Zeolite
The zeolite tested was UPO IONSIV D7310-C, available form Honeywell UOP. The
openings have a size across their largest dimension of from about 15 to about
35A.
Method and results
A blend of 80wt /0 POE oil (POE ISO 32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) which comprises a
primary anti-oxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000ppm, and 20wt /0
CF3I was placed in a sealed tube, and then heated for 2 days at 175 C. These
conditions caused breakdown of the refrigerant and the lubricant. The sealed
tubes
were then opened and samples of the oil (i.e., lubricant) were taken.
The lubricant sample was then placed in Fischer-Porter tubes with the
combination
of anion exchange resin and zeolite. The amount of dry resin and zeolite
relative to
the sample were measured. The tubes were then maintained at about 50 C for 192
hours (8 days). The tubes were shaken every two hours to ensure proper mixing
of
the resin and the sample.
The Total Acid Number (TAN), iodide ppm and fluoride ppm of the oil were
zo measured at the start (i.e. after degradation of the CF3I and POE oil,
and before
combination with the resin and zeolite), and at the end (i.e. after
combination with
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the resin and zeolite, and at the end of the 192 hours at 50 C). TAN, fluoride
and
iodide concentration were measured according to the same methods as Example 1.
The results are set out in Table 23 below.
Table 23: Effect of anion exchange resin and zeolite on TAN, fluoride and
iodide
concentration
Fluoride
TAN Iodide (ppm)
(ppm)
Temp. Zeolite: Ion
Start End Start End Start End
Exchange (1E)
100% IE 8.71 3.20 23.3 5.4 26.9 <0.05
25% : 75% 8.71 <0.05 23.3 0.8
26.9 <0.05
50 C 50% : 50% 8.71 0.14 23.3 3.1 26.9 <0.05
75% : 25% 8.71 0.96 23.3 5.4 26.9 <0.05
100% Zeolite 8.71 2.93 23.3 5.3 26.9 <0.05
The above tests demonstrate the ability of combination of anion exchange
resins
and zeolite to effectively "recover" a composition of POE oil and a CF3I
refrigerant
after it has degraded. The results demonstrate that both resins were able to
reduce
io the iodide and the fluoride level of the degraded sample at 50 C when
using
different ratios of anion exchange resin and zeolite. The zeolite to ion-
exchange
weight 25:75 showed maximum reduction in the TAN of the sample and also
showed highest decrease in iodide and fluoride content (ppm).
Example 24
The level of removal of fluoride, iodide and TAN reduction as a function of
the
amount of zeolite as a percentage of the heat transfer composition being
treated
was studied
The zeolite tested was UPO IONSIV D7310-C, available form Honeywell UOP. The
openings have a size across their largest dimension of from about 15 to about
35A.
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A blend of 80wt /0 POE oil (POE ISO 32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) which comprises a
primary anti-oxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000ppm, and 20wt /0
CF3I was placed in a sealed tube, and then heated for 2 days at 175 C. These
conditions caused breakdown of the refrigerant and the lubricant. The sealed
tubes
were then opened and samples of the oil were taken.
A portion of the lubricant sample produced after the breakdown according to
the
preceeding paragraph was then filled into 5 Parr Cells, with each of the cells
having
a different amount (by weight) of zeolite based on the weight of the lubricant
placed
into the cell. The Parr Cells were then maintained at 50 C and the material in
each
cell was tested every 24 hours for 15 days. The Parr Cells were shaken every
day to
ensure proper mixing of the zeolite and the lubricant.
The Total Acid Number (TAN), iodide ppm and fluoride ppm of the oil were
measured at the
start (i.e. after degradation of the 0F3I and POE oil, and before combination
with the
zeolite), and after every 24 hours (i.e. after combination with the zeolite,
at 50 C) for 15
days.
The results of the tests are set out in Table 5 below:
Table 24: Effect of zeolite on TAN, fluoride and iodide concentration
TAN Fluoride (ppm) Iodide
(ppm)
Material Tiit Start days 15 Stot..c 44ov 15dis Stm.t.c
0.96 '370' 240
gillaiiiiiiii,111,1111411111117:14111,50.10111110r11070111,4,11111,liiiii!
I0::: 4:4 i*Ogt 1:7#
Ati
Zeolite 500c::
it,SH NUN
211r tai
'37:41:i 38 ikC:
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The above tests demonstrate the ability of the zeolite to effectively
"recover" a composition
of lubricant, and in particular POE oil, and a 0F3I refrigerant after it has
degraded.
The results indicate that amounts of zeolite greater than 10 pphl are more
effective in
reducing iodide levels to non-detectable limits, and amount of zeolite
material greater than 5
pphl is more effective in reducing the fluoride levels to non-detectable
limits. The results
also show that amount of zeolite greater than 15 pphlis most effective in
reducing the TAN.
Example 25 - Preferred Ion Exchange Materials
The ability of an industrial grade weakly base anion exchange adsorbent resin
Amberlyst
A21 (Free Base) to act as a sequestration material was tested. Weak Base Anion
Resin are
in the free base form and they are functionalized with a tertiary amine
(uncharged). Tertiary
amine contains a free lone pair of electrons on the Nitrogen - it gets readily
protonated in
presence of an acid. The ion exchange resin is protonated by the acid, then
attracts and
binds the anionic counter ion for full acid removal, without contributing any
additional
species back into solution.
Applicants have found that Amberlyst A21 is an excellent material for use in
accordance
with the present invention. It has a macroporous structure makes it physically
very stable
and resistant to breakage in the present methods and systems, and ii can
withstand high
flow rates of the refrigeration system over a period of lifetime.
Example 26
The ability of an industrial grade weakly base anion exchange adsorbent resin
Amberlyst
A21 (Free Base) to act as a sequestration material was tested. Weak Base Anion
Resin are
in the free base form and they are functionalized with a tertiary amine
(uncharged). Tertiary
amine contains a free lone pair of electrons on the Nitrogen - it gets readily
protonated in
presence of an acid. The ion exchange resin is protonated by the acid, then
attracts and
binds the anionic counter ion for full acid removal, without contributing any
additional
species back into solution. The matrix of Amberlyst A21 is macroporous. Its
macroporous
structure makes it physically very stable and resistant to breakage. It can
withstand high
flow rates of the refrigeration system over a period of lifetime. An
industrial grade weak
base anion exchange resin sold under the trade designation Amberlyst A21 (Free
Base)
having the following characteristics:
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Product Name Amberlyst A21
Composition Moisture content, 58-62%
Limit 100 C max. temp.
Ionic Form Free Base (FB)
Matrix Macroporous
Particle size 490-690 m
Concentration of >4.6 eq/kg
active sites >1.3 eq/L
A mixture of 80wt /0 POE oil (POE ISO 32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) which comprises
a
primary anti-oxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000ppm, and 20wt /0
0F3I was
placed in a cylinder, and then heated for 2 days at 175 C. These conditions
caused
breakdown of the refrigerant and the lubricant. The cylinder was then opened
and samples
of the oil were taken.
The sample was then placed in parr cells with the Amberlyst A21. The amount of
dry
Amberlyst A21 relative to the sample was measured. The parr cells were then
maintained at
either 50 C for 20 days. The cells were shaken each day to ensure proper
mixing of the
Amberlyst A21 and the sample.
The Total Acid Number (TAN), iodide ppm and fluoride ppm of the sample were
measured
at the start (i.e. after degradation of the CF3I and POE oil, and before
combination with the
Amberlyst A21), and at the end (i.e. after combination with the Amberlyst
A21). TAN,
fluoride and iodide concentration were measured according to the methods as
described in
the application.
The results of the tests are set out in Table 26.
Table 26: Effect of Amberlyst A21 on TAN, fluoride and iodide concentration
Fluoride
TAN Iodide (ppm)
(ppm)
Amount of
Temp Amberlyst A21
Start End Start End Start End
relative to oil
sample (wt %)
20% 7.2 1.4 21 1.6 620 130
50 C
30% 7.2 0.6 21 5.2 620 <4
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40% 7.2 0.4 21 <4 620 <4
The above tests demonstrate the ability of the Amberlyst A21 to effectively
"recover" a
composition of POE oil and a 0F3I refrigerant after it has degraded.
The results demonstrate that the Amberlyst A21 was able to reduce the iodide
and the
fluoride level below detectable limits of the degraded sample at 50 C when
using 30wt /0
Amberlyst A21 and above.
Example 27
The ability of an industrial grade weakly base anion exchange adsorbent resin
Amberlyst
A22 (Free Base) to act as a sequestration material was tested. Weak Base Anion
Resin are
in the free base form and they are functionalized with a tertiary amine
(uncharged). Tertiary
amine contains a free lone pair of electrons on the Nitrogen - it gets readily
protonated in
presence of an acid. The ion exchange resin is protonated by the acid, then
attracts and
binds the anionic counter ion for full acid removal, without contributing any
additional
species back into solution. . Its macroporous structure makes it physically
very stable and
resistant to breakage. It can withstand high flow rates of the refrigeration
system over a
period of lifetime. An industrial grade weak basic anion exchange resin sold
under the trade
designation Amberlyst A22 having the following characteristics:
Product Name Amberlyst A22
Composition Moisture content, 40-50%
Limit 100 C max. temp.
Ionic Form Free Base (FB)
Structure Styrene-divinylbenzene
Matrix Macroporous
Particle size 475-600 m
Capacity >1.7 eq/L
A mixture of 80wt /0 POE oil (POE ISO 32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) which comprises
a
primary anti-oxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000ppm, and 20wt /0
0F3I was
placed in a cylinder, and then heated for 2 days at 175 C. These conditions
caused
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breakdown of the refrigerant and the lubricant. The cylinder was then opened
and samples
of the oil were taken.
The sample was then placed in parr cells with the Amberlyst A22. The amount of
dry
Amberlyst A22 relative to the sample was measured. The parr cells were then
maintained at
either 50 C for 20 days. The cells were shaken each day to ensure proper
mixing of the
Amberlyst A22 and the sample.
The Total Acid Number (TAN), iodide ppm and fluoride ppm of the sample were
measured
at the start (i.e. after degradation of the 0F3I and POE oil, and before
combination with the
Amberlyst A22), and at the end (i.e. after combination with the Amberlyst
A22). TAN,
fluoride and iodide concentration were measured according to the methods as
described in
the application.
The results of the tests are set out in Table 27.
Table 27: Effect of Amberlyst A22 on TAN, fluoride and iodide concentration
TAN Fluoride (ppm) Iodide (ppm)
Amount of
Temp. Amberlyst A22
Start End Start End Start End
relative to oil
sample (wt %)
10% 4.3 1.3 6.0 <0.8 170 140
50 C
20% 4.3 0.8 6.0 <0.8 170 74
The above tests demonstrate the ability of the Amberlyst A22 to effectively
"recover" a
composition of POE oil and a 0F3I refrigerant after it has degraded.
The results demonstrate that the Amberlyst A22 was able to reduce the iodide
and the
fluoride level of the degraded sample at 50 C when using 10wt% and 30wt /0 of
Amberlyst
A22.
Example 28
The ability of an industrial grade weakly base anion exchange adsorbent resin
Amberlite
IRA96 to act as a sequestration material was tested. Weak Base Anion Resin are
in the free
base form and are functionalized with a tertiary amine (uncharged). Tertiary
amine contains
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a free lone pair of electrons on the Nitrogen - it gets readily protonated in
presence of an
acid. The ion exchange resin is protonated by the acid, then attracts and
binds the anionic
counter ion for full acid removal, without contributing any additional species
back into
solution. Its macroporous structure makes it physically very stable and
resistant to
breakage. It can withstand high flow rates of the refrigeration system over a
period of
lifetime. The high porosity of this resin allows efficient adsorption of large
organic molecules.
An industrial grade weak basic anion exchange resin sold under the trade
designation
Amberlite IRA96 having the following characteristics:
Product Name Amberlite IRA96
Composition Moisture content, 59-65%
Limit 100 C max. temp.
Ionic Form Free Base (FB)
Structure Macroporous
Matrix Styrene divinylbenzene copolymer
Functional Group Tertiary amine
Particle size 630-830 m
Concentration of >1.25 eq/L
active sites
A mixture of 80wt% POE oil (POE ISO 32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) which comprises a
primary anti-oxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000ppm, and 20wt /0
CF3I was
placed in a cylinder, and then heated for 2 days at 175 C. These conditions
caused
breakdown of the refrigerant and the lubricant. The cylinder was then opened
and samples
of the oil were taken.
The sample was then placed in parr cells with the AmberliteIRA96. The amount
of dry
AmberliteIRA96 relative to the sample was measured. The parr cells were then
maintained
at either 50 C for 20 days. The cells were shaken each day to ensure proper
mixing of the
AmberliteIRA96 and the sample.
.. The Total Acid Number (TAN), iodide ppm and fluoride ppm of the sample were
measured
at the start (i.e. after degradation of the CF3I and POE oil, and before
combination with the
AmberliteIRA96), and at the end (i.e. after combination with the
AmberliteIRA96). TAN,
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fluoride and iodide concentration were measured according to the methods as
described in
the application.
The results of the tests are set out in Table 28.
Table 28: Effect of Amberlite on TAN, fluoride and iodide concentration
Fluoride
TAN Iodide (ppm)
(PPm)
Amount of
Temp AmberliteIRA96
Start End Start End Start End
relative to oil
sample (wt %)
20% 6.3 0.2 30 <0.8 1000
130
50 C
30% 6.3 <0.2 30 <0.8 1000
<4
40% 6.3 <0.2 30 <0.8 1000
<4
The above tests demonstrate the ability of the AmberliteIRA96 to effectively
"recover" a
composition of POE oil and a 0F3I refrigerant after it has degraded.
The results demonstrate that the AmberliteIRA96 was able to reduce the iodide
and the
fluoride level below detectable limits of the degraded sample at 50 C when
using 30wt /0
AmberliteIRA96 and above.
Example 29
The ability of an industrial grade activated alumina F200 to act as a
sequestration material
was tested.
A mixture of 80wt /0 POE oil (POE ISO 32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) which comprises
a
primary anti-oxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000ppm, and 20wt /0
0F3I was
placed in a cylinder, and then heated for 2 days at 175 C. These conditions
caused
breakdown of the refrigerant and the lubricant. The cylinder was then opened
and samples
of the oil were taken.
The sample was then placed in parr cells with industrial grade activated
alumina F200 . The
amount of activated alumina relative to the sample was measured. The parr
cells were then
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maintained at either 50 C for 20 days. The cells were shaken each day to
ensure proper
mixing of the sample.
The Total Acid Number (TAN), iodide ppm and fluoride ppm of the sample were
measured
at the start (i.e. after degradation of the 0F3I and POE oil, and before
exposure to F200),
and at the end (i.e. after exposure to F200). TAN, fluoride and iodide
concentration were
measured per the methods described in the application.
The results of the tests are set out in Table 29A.
Table 29: Effect of Activated Alumina F200 on TAN, fluoride and iodide
concentration
Fluoride
TAN (ppm) Iodide (ppm)
Amount of F200
Temp
relative to oil Start End Start End Start
End
sample (wt %)
20% 7.2 1.6 21 1.4 620 72
50 C
30% 7.2 1.0 21 1.0 620 37
40% 7.2 1.3 21 0.9 620 64
Example 30
The ability of combination of a Amberlyst A21 and Zeolite IONSIV D7310-C as
sequestration material was tested.
A mixture of 80wt% POE oil (POE ISO 32, Emkarate RL 32-3MAF) which comprises a
primary anti-oxidant stabilizer BHT in an amount of about 1000ppm, and 20wt%
0F3I was
placed in a cylinder, and then heated for 2 days at 175 C. These conditions
caused
breakdown of the refrigerant and the lubricant. The cylinder was then opened
and samples
of the oil were taken.
The sample was then placed in parr cells with the sequestration material. The
amount of
sequestration material relative to the sample was 20% by weight. The parr
cells were then
maintained at either 50 C for 20 days. The cells were shaken each day to
ensure proper
mixing of the sample.
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The Total Acid Number (TAN), iodide ppm and fluoride ppm of the sample were
measured
at the start (i.e. after degradation of the 0F3I and POE oil, and before
exposure to
sequestration material), and at the end (i.e. after exposure to sequestration
material). TAN,
fluoride and iodide concentration were measured per the methods described in
the
application. The results of the tests are set out in Table 30.
Table 30: Effect of Amberlyst A21 and Zeolite IONS IV D7310-C combination on
TAN,
fluoride and iodide concentration
Fluoride
TAN Iodide (ppm)
(ppm)
Temp
A21: Zeolite (by
Start End Start End Start End
weight)
100%A21 19 3.1 100 2.4 570 9
85:15 19 3.4 100 1.8 570 <4
75:25 19 3.8 100 2.8 570 <4
50 C 65:35 19 4.0 100 1.8 570 <4
50:50 19 8.0 100 2.4 570 <4
100% Zeolite 19 12.0 100 5.6 570 <4
Numbered Embodiments
The invention will now be illustrated by reference to the following numbered
embodiments.
The subject matter of the numbered embodiments may be additionally combined
with
subject matter from the description or from one or more of the claims.
1. A
refrigerant comprising at least about 97% by weight of the following three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages based
on the total weight of the listed compounds:
49% +/- 2% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% +/- 2% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.5%+/- 2% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I).
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2. A refrigerant comprising at least about 97% by weight of the following
three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages based
on the total weight of the listed compounds:
49% +/- 1% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% +/- 1% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.5%+/- 1% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I).
3. A refrigerant comprising at least about 97% by weight of the following
three
.. compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages based
on the total weight of the listed compounds:
49% +/- 0.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% +/- 0.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.5%+/- 0.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I).
4. A refrigerant comprising at least about 97% by weight of the following
three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages based
on the total weight of the listed compounds:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I).
5. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 2% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31).
6. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 1% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
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from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31).
7. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 0.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31).
8. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31).
9. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 2% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% +/- 2% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39 to 39.4% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise less than about 39.0 relative
percent by
weight of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three compounds.
10. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 1% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% +/- 1% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39 to 39.4% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise less than about 39.0 relative
percent by
weight of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three compounds.
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11. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 0.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% +/- 0.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39 to 39.4% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise less than about 39.0 relative
percent by
weight of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three compounds.
12. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39 to 39.4% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise less than about 39.0 relative
percent by
weight of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three compounds.
13. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 2% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% +/- 2% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.1% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight
of 0F3I
based on the total weight of said three compounds.
14. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three
compounds, with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 1% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% +/- 1% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.1% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
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and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight
of 0F3I
based on the total weight of said three compounds.
15. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 0.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% +/- 0.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.1% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight
of 0F3I
based on the total weight of said three compounds.
16. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.1% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight
of 0F3I
based on the total weight of said three compounds.
17. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 2% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1% to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I).
18. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 1% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1% to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I).
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19. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 0.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1% to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I).
20. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1% to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I).
21. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 2% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1 to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% relative percent by weight
of HFC-125
based on the total weight of said three compounds.
22. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 1% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1 to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% relative percent by weight
of HFC-125
based on the total weight of said three compounds.
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23. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three
compounds, with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 0.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
.. from 11.1 to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% relative percent by weight
of HFC-125
based on the total weight of said three compounds.
24. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1 to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% relative percent by weight
of HFC-125
based on the total weight of said three compounds.
25. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 2% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1 to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39.1% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% relative percent by weight
of HFC-125
and does not comprise 39.5% of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three
compounds.
26. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 1% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1 to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39.1% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
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and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% relative percent by weight
of HFC-125
and does not comprise 39.5% of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three
compounds.
27. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 0.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1 to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39.1% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% relative percent by weight
of HFC-125
and does not comprise 39.5% of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three
compounds.
28. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.1 to 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39.1% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I)
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% relative percent by weight
of HFC-125
and does not comprise 39.5% of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three
compounds.
29. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 0.3 % by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% +/- 0.3 % by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.5% +/- 0.3 % by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F31).
30. A refrigerant comprising at least about 97% by weight of the following
three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages based
on the total weight of the listed compounds:
49% +/- 2% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% +/- 2% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.5%+/- 2% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
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wherein the refrigerant satisfies the Non-Flammability Test.
31. A refrigerant comprising at least about 97% by weight of the following
three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages based
on the total weight of the listed compounds:
49% +/- 1% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% +/- 1% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.5%+/- 1% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
wherein the refrigerant satisfies the Non-Flammability Test.
32. A refrigerant comprising at least about 97% by weight of the following
three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages based
on the total weight of the listed compounds:
49% +/- 0.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% +/- 0.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.5%+/- 0.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
wherein the refrigerant satisfies the Non-Flammability Test.
33. A refrigerant comprising at least about 97% by weight of the following
three
compounds, with each compound being present in the following relative
percentages based
on the total weight of the listed compounds:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
11.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
wherein the refrigerant satisfies the Non-Flammability Test.
34. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 2% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
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and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% by weight of HFC-125 and
does not
comprise 12% relative percent by weight or greater of HFC-125 based on the
total weight of
said three compounds.
35. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 1% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% by weight of HFC-125 and
does not
comprise 12% relative percent by weight or greater of HFC-125 based on the
total weight of
said three compounds.
36. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% +/- 0.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% by weight of HFC-125 and
does not
comprise 12% relative percent by weight or greater of HFC-125 based on the
total weight of
said three compounds.
37. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 11.5% by weight of HFC-125 and
does not
comprise 12% relative percent by weight or greater of HFC-125 based on the
total weight of
said three compounds.
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38. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
from 47% to 49.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11% to 13.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39% to 41.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I).
39. A refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds,
with each
compound being present in the following relative percentages based on the
total weight of
the listed compounds:
from 47% to 49.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11% to 13.5% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
from 39% to 41.5% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I), and wherein the
refrigerant does
not comprise 11.5% by weight of HFC-125 and does not comprise 12% relative
percent by
weight or greater of HFC-125 based on the total weight of said three
compounds.
40. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compound:
49% +/- 2% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I and does
not
comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight or greater of 0F3I based on the
total weight of
said three compounds.
41. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compound:
49% +/- 1% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
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and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I and does
not
comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight or greater of 0F3I based on the
total weight of
said three compounds.
42. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compound:
49% +/- 0.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I and does
not
comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight or greater of 0F3I based on the
total weight of
said three compounds.
43. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compound:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I and does
not
comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight or greater of 0F3I based on the
total weight of
said three compounds.
44. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% +/- 2% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I and does
not
comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight or greater of 0F3I based on the
total weight of
said three compounds.
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45. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% +/- 1% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I and does
not
comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight or greater of 0F3I based on the
total weight of
said three compounds.
46. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% +/- 0.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I and does
not
comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight or greater of 0F3I based on the
total weight of
said three compounds.
47. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I and does
not
comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight or greater of 0F3I based on the
total weight of
said three compounds.
48. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% +/- 2% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
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from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I based on
the total
weight of said three compounds.
49. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% +/- 1% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I based on
the total
weight of said three compounds.
50. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% +/- 0.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I based on
the total
weight of said three compounds.
51. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I based on
the total
weight of said three compounds.
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52. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% +/- 2% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I based on
the total
weight of said three compounds.
53. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% +/- 1% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I based on
the total
weight of said three compounds.
54. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% +/- 0.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I based on
the total
weight of said three compounds.
55. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
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and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.0% by weight of 0F3I based on
the total
weight of said three compounds.
56. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% +/- 2% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight
or greater
of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three compounds.
57. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% +/- 1% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight
or greater
of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three compounds.
58. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% +/- 0.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight
or greater
of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three compounds.
59. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds:
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
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from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I),
and wherein the refrigerant does not comprise 39.5% relative percent by weight
or greater
of 0F3I based on the total weight of said three compounds.
60. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages: based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds
49% +/- 2% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I), wherein said refrigerant
satisfies the
Non-Flammability Test.
61. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages: based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds
49% +/- 1% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I), wherein said refrigerant
satisfies the
Non-Flammability Test.
62. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages: based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds
49% +/- 0.5% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I), wherein said refrigerant
satisfies the
Non-Flammability Test.
63. A refrigerant consisting of the following three compounds, with each
compound
being present in the following relative percentages: based on the total weight
of the listed
compounds
49% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from 11.6% to 11.9% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and
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39.0% to 40% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (0F3I), wherein said refrigerant
satisfies the
Non-Flammability Test.
64. The refrigerant of any one of Numbered Embodiments 1 to 4 and 30 to 33,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises at least about 98.5% by weight of the three
components.
65. The refrigerant of any one of Numbered Embodiments 1 to 4 and 30 to 33,
wherein
the refrigerant comprises at least about 99.5% by weight of the three
components.
66. The refrigerant of any one of Numbered Embodiments 1 to 4 and 30 to 33,
wherein
the refrigerant consists essentially of the three components.
67. The refrigerant of any one of Numbered Embodiments 1 to 39, wherein the
refrigerant consists of the three components.
68. A heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant of any one of
Numbered
Embodiments 1 to 67.
69. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 68, wherein the
composition comprising one or more of the refrigerants of Numbered Embodiments
1 to 67,
in an amount of greater than 40% by weight of the heat transfer composition.
70. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 68, wherein the
composition comprising one or more of the refrigerants of Numbered Embodiments
1 to 67,
in an amount of greater than 50% by weight of the heat transfer composition.
71. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 68, wherein the
composition comprising one or more of the refrigerants of Numbered Embodiments
1 to 67,
in an amount of greater than 70% by weight of the heat transfer composition.
72. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 68, wherein the
composition comprising one or more of the refrigerants of Numbered Embodiments
1 to 67,
in an amount of greater than 80% by weight of the heat transfer composition.
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73. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 68, wherein the
composition comprising one or more of the refrigerants of Numbered Embodiments
1 to 67,
in an amount of greater than 90% by weight of the heat transfer composition.
74. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 68, wherein the
composition consists essentially of one or more of the refrigerants of
Numbered
Embodiments 1 to 67.
75. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 68, wherein the
composition consists of one or more of the refrigerants of Numbered
Embodiments 1 to 67.
76. The heat transfer compositions of any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to
74,
wherein the composition further comprises one or more component selected from
the group
consisting of a lubricant, a dye, a solubilizing agent, a compatibilizer, a
stabilizer, an
antioxidant,a corrosion inhibitor, an extreme pressure additive and an anti-
wear additive.
77. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to
73,
wherein said composition comprises a stabilizer.
78. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 wherein the
stabilizer is
provided in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 15% based on the weight of
the heat
transfer composition.
79. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiments 77 or 78, wherein
the
stabiliser is at least one of (i) alkylated naphthalene compound(s); (ii)
phenol-based
compound(s); and (iii) diene-based compound(s).
80. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 or 78, wherein
the
stabiliser is a combination of: (i) at least one alkylated naphthalene
compound and (ii) at
least one phenol-based compound.
81. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 or 78, wherein
the
stabiliser is a combination of: (i) at least one alkylated naphthalene
compound and (ii) at
least diene-based compound.
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82. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 or 78, wherein
the
stabiliser is a combination of: (i) at least one diene-based compound and (ii)
at least one
phenol-based compound; and (iii) at least diene-based compound.
83. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 77 to
82,
wherein the stabiliser additionally includes a phosphorus compound and/or a
nitrogen
compound and/or an epoxide selected from the group consisting of aromatic
epoxides, alkyl
epoxides and alkyenyl epoxides.
84. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 or 78, wherein
the
stabiliser consists essentially of one or more alkylated naphthalenes and one
or more
phenol-based compounds.
85. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 or 78, wherein
the
stabiliser consists essentially of one or more alkylated naphthalenes and one
or more diene-
based compounds.
86. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 or 78, wherein
the
stabiliaser consists essentially of one or more alkylated naphthalenes, one or
more diene-
based compounds and one or more phenol-based compounds.
87. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79,
80, 81, 84,
85 and 86, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is a compound haying the
structure:
R8
R7 I R2
R6 R3
R5 R4
where each R1 ¨ R8 is independently selected from linear alkyl group, a
branched alkyl
group and hydrogen.
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88. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79,
80, 81, 84,
85, 86 and 87, wherein the alkylated naphthalene has the properties as set out
in Table AN1
for Alkylated Napthalene 1.
89. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79,
80, 81, 84,
85, 86 and 87, wherein the alkylated naphthalene has the properties as set out
in Table AN1
for Alkylated Napthalene 2.
90. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79,
80, 81, 84,
85, 86 and 87, wherein the alkylated naphthalene has the properties as set out
in Table AN1
for Alkylated Napthalene 3
91. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79,
80, 81, 84,
85, 86 and 87, wherein the alkylated naphthalene has the properties as set out
in Table AN1
for Alkylated Napthalene 4
92. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79,
80, 81, 84,
85, 86 and 87, wherein the alkylated naphthalene has the properties as set out
in Table AN1
for Alkylated Napthalene 5
93. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79,
80, 81, 84,
85, 86 and 87, wherein the alkylated naphthalene has the properties as set out
in Table AN2
for Alkylated Napthalene 6.
94. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79,
80, 81, 84,
85, 86 and 87, wherein the alkylated naphthalene has the properties as set out
in Table AN2
for Alkylated Napthalene 7.
95. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79,
80, 81, 84,
85, 86 and 87, wherein the alkylated naphthalene has the properties as set out
in Table AN2
for Alkylated Napthalene 8
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96. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79,
80, 81, 84,
85, 86 and 87, wherein the alkylated naphthalene has the properties as set out
in Table AN2
for Alkylated Napthalene 9
97. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79,
80, 81, 84,
85, 86 and 87, wherein the alkylated naphthalene has the properties as set out
in Table AN2
for Alkylated Napthalene 10.
98. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79 to
81 and
84 to 97, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is one or more of NA-LUBE KR-
007A;KR- 008,
KR-009; KR-0105, KR-019 and KR-005FG.
99. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79 to
81 and
84 to 97, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is one or more of NA-LUBE KR-007A,
KR-008,
KR-009 and KR-005FG.
100. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79 to 81
and
84 to 97, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is NA-LUBE KR-008.
101. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79 to 81
and
84 to 100, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in an amount of from
0.01% to
about 10%, where amounts are in percent by weight based on the amount of
alkylated
naphthalene and the refrigerant in the system.
102. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79 to 81
and
84 to 101, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in an amount of from
about 1.5% to
about 4.5%, where amounts are in percent by weight based on the amount of
alkylated
naphthalene and refrigerant in the system.
103. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79 to 81
and
84 to 102, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in an amount of from
about 2.5% to
about 3.5%,%, where amounts are in percent by weight based on the amount of
alkylated
naphthalene and refrigerant in the system.
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104. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79 to 81
and
84 to 103, wherein composition additionally comprises a lubricant and the
alkylated
naphthalene is present in an amount of from 0.1% to about 20%, where amounts
are in
percent by weight based on the amount of alkylated naphthalene and lubricant
in the
system.
105. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79 to 81
and
84 to 104, wherein composition additionally comprises a lubricant and the
alkylated
naphthalene is present in an amount of from about 5% to about 15%, where
amounts are in
percent by weight based on the amount of alkylated naphthalene and lubricant
in the
system.
106. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79 to 81
and
84 to 105, wherein composition additionally comprises a lubricant and the
alkylated
naphthalene is present in an amount of from about 8% to about 12%, where
amounts are in
percent by weight based on the amount of alkylated naphthalene and lubricant
in the
system.
107. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 104 to
106
wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant.
108. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 104 to
107
wherein the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant having a viscosity at 40 C
measured
according to ASTM D4450 of from about 30 cSt to about 70 cSt.
109. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79, 81,
82, 85
or 86, wherein the diene-based compound includes 03 to 015 dienes and to
compounds
formed by reaction of any two or more 03 to 04 dienes.
110. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 109, wherein the
diene
based compound is selected from the group consisting of allyl ethers,
propadiene,
butadiene, isoprene, and terpenes.
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111. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 110, wherein the
terpene is
selected from terebene, retinal, geraniol, terpinene, delta-3 carene,
terpinolene,
phellandrene, fenchene, myrcene, farnesene, pinene, nerol, citral, camphor,
menthol,
limonene, nerolidol, phytol, carnosic acid, and vitamin Al.
112. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 111 wherein the
stabilizer
is farnesene.
113. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 109 to
112,
wherein the diene based compounds are provided in the heat transfer
composition in an
amount greater than 0 and preferably from 0.0001% by weight to about 5% by
weight,
preferably 0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably from
0.01% to
about 1% by weight wherein the percentage by weight refers to the weight of
the heat
transfer composition.
114. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 79, 80,
81, 84
and 86 wherein the stabilizer is a phenol based compound selected from 4,4'-
methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2-
or 4,4-
biphenyldiols, including 4,4'-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of
2,2- or 4,4-
biphenyldiols; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tertbutylphenol); 2,2'-
methylenebis(4-methyl-6-
tert-butylphenol); 4,4-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-
isopropylidenebis(2,6-
di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol); 2,2'-
isobutylidenebis(4,6-
dimethylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol); 2,6-di-tert-
butyl-4-
methylphenol (BHT); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol: 2,4-dimethy1-6-tert-
butylphenol; 2,6-di-
tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N'-
dimethylaminomethylphenol);
4,4'-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-
butylphenol); 2,2'-
thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-
butylbenzyl) sulfide; bis
(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide, tocopherol, hydroquinone, 2,2'6,6'-
tetra-tert-butyl-
4,4'-methylenediphenol and t-butyl hydroquinone, and preferably BHT.
115. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 114, wherein the
phenol
based compounds are provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount of
greater
than 0 and preferably from 0.0001% by weight to about 5% by weight, preferably
0.001% by
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weight to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably from 0.01% to about 1% by
weight,
where percentage by weight refers to the weight of the heat transfer
composition.
116. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 wherein the
stabilizer is
a nitrogen compound, selected from one or more of diphenylamine, p-
phenylenediamine,
triethylamine, tributylamine, diisopropylamine, triisopropylamine and
triisobutylamine or a
substituted piperidine compound, i.e. a derivative of an alkyl substituted
piperidyl,
piperidinyl, piperazinone, or alkyoxypiperidinyl, particularly one or more
amine antioxidants
selected from 2,2,6,6-tetramethy1-4-piperidone, 2,2,6,6-tetramethy1-4-
piperidinol; bis-
(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl)sebacate; di(2,2,6,6-tetramethy1-4-
piperidyl)sebacate,
poly(N-hydroxyethy1-2,2,6,6-tetramethy1-4-hydroxy-piperidyl succinate;
alkylated
paraphenylenediamines such as N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethyl-buty1)-p-
phenylenediamine or
N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine and hydroxylamines such as tallow amines,
methyl
bis tallow amine and bis tallow amine, or phenol-alpha-napththylamine or
Tinuvin6765
(Ciba), BLS61944 (Mayzo Inc) and BLS 6 1770 (Mayzo Inc) or an alkyldiphenyl
amine such
as bis (nonylphenyl amine), dialkylamine such as (N-(1-methylethyl)-2-
propylamine, or
phenyl-alpha-naphthyl amine (PANA), alkyl-phenyl-alpha-naphthyl-amine (APANA),
and bis
(nonylphenyl) amine or phenyl-alpha-naphthyl amine (PANA), alkyl-phenyl-alpha-
naphthyl-
amine (APANA) and bis (nonylphenyl) amine, and more preferably phenyl-alpha-
naphthyl
amine (PANA).
117. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 wherein the
stabilizer is
one or more compounds selected from dinitrobenzene, nitrobenzene,
nitromethane,
nitrosobenzene, and TEMPO [(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl]
118. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiments 116 or 117 wherein
the
nitrogen compound is provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount of
greater than
0 and from 0.0001% by weight to about 5% by weight, preferably 0.001% by
weight to about
2.5% by weight, and more preferably from 0.01% to about 1% by weight, where,
percentage
by weight refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.
119. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 or 78 wherein the
stabilizer is an epoxide selected from an aromatic epoxide, alkyl epoxide, and
alkyenyl
epoxide.
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120. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 or 78, wherein
the
stabilizer is isobutylene.
121. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77, comprising a
refrigerant as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67 and a
stabilizer
composition comprising BHT, wherein said BHT is present in an amount of from
about
0.0001% by weight to about 5% by weight based on the weight of heat transfer
composition.
BHT.
122. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 comprising a
refrigerant
as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67 and a stabilizer
composition
comprising farnesene, Alkylated Napthalene 4 and BHT, wherein the farnesene is
provided
in an amount of from about 0.0001% by weight to about 5% by weight based on
the weight
of the heat transfer composition, the Alkylated Napthalene 4, is provided in
an amount of
from about 0.0001% by weight to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the
heat
transfer composition, and the BHT is provided in an amount of from about
0.0001% by
weight to about 5% by weight based on the weight of heat transfer composition.
123. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 comprising a
refrigerant
as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67 and a stabilizer
composition
comprising farnesene, Alkylated Naphthalene 5 and BHT, wherein the farnesene
is provided
in an amount of from about 0.0001% by weight to about 5% by weight based on
the weight
of the heat transfer composition, the Alkylated Naphthalene 5 is provided in
an amount of
from about 0.0001% by weight to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the
heat
transfer composition, and the BHT is provided in an amount of from about
0.0001% by
weight to about 5% by weight based on the weight of heat transfer composition.
124. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 comprising a
refrigerant
as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67 and a stabilizer
composition
comprising farnesene, Alkylated Napthalene 4 and BHT, wherein the farnesene is
provided
in an amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight based on
the weight
of the heat transfer composition, the Alkylated Napthalene 4 5is provided in
an amount of
from about 0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the
heat
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transfer composition, and the BHT is provided in an amount of from about
0.001% by weight
to about 2.5% by weight based on the weight of heat transfer composition.
125. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 comprising a
refrigerant
as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67 and a stabilizer
composition
comprising farnesene, Alkylated Naphthalene 5 and BHT, wherein the farnesene
is provided
in an amount of from about 0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight based on
the weight
of the heat transfer composition, the Alkylated Napthalene 5 is provided in an
amount of
from about 0.001% by weight to about 2.5% by weight based on the weight of the
heat
transfer composition, and the BHT is provided in an amount of from about
0.001% by weight
to about 2.5% by weight based on the weight of heat transfer composition.
126. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 comprising a
refrigerant
as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67 and a stabilizer
composition
comprising comprising farnesene, Alkylated Napthalene 4 and BHT, wherein the
farnesene
is provided in an amount of from about 0.01% by weight to about 1% by weight
based on
the weight of the heat transfer composition, the Alkylated Napthalene 4 is
provided in an
amount of from about 0.01% by weight to about 1% by weight based on the weight
of the
heat transfer composition, and the BHT is provided in an amount of from about
0.01% by
weight to about 1% by weight based on the weight of heat transfer composition.
127. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 77 comprising a
refrigerant
as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67 and a stabilizer
composition
comprising farnesene, Alkylated Napthalene 5 and BHT, wherein the farnesene is
provided
in an amount of from about 0.01% by weight to about 1% by weight based on the
weight of
the heat transfer composition, the Alkylated Napthalene 5 is provided in an
amount of from
about 0.01% by weight to about 1% by weight based on the weight of the heat
transfer
composition, and the BHT is provided in an amount of from about 0.01% by
weight to about
1% by weight based on the weight of heat transfer composition.
128. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to
127,
further comprising a lubricant.
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129. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 128, wherein the
lubricant
is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 A, by weight of the heat transfer
composition.
130. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 128, wherein the
lubricant
is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 1 A, by weight of the heat transfer
composition.
131. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 128, wherein the
lubricant
is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 0.5 A, by weight of the heat transfer
composition.
132. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 128 to
131,
wherein the lubricant is one or more of polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene
glycols (PAGs),
silicone oils, mineral oil, alkylbenzenes (ABs), polyvinyl ethers (PVEs) and
poly(alpha-olefin)
(PAO).
133. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 128 to
131,
wherein the lubricant is one or more of polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene
glycols (PAGs),
mineral oil, alkylbenzenes (ABs) and polyvinyl ethers (PVE).
134. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 128 to
131,
wherein the lubricant is one or more of polyol esters (POEs), mineral oil,
alkylbenzenes
(ABs) and polyvinyl ethers (PVE).
135. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 128 to
131,
wherein the lubricant is one or more of polyol esters (POEs), mineral oil and
alkylbenzenes
(ABs).
136. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 128 to
131,
wherein the lubricant is a polyol ester (POE).
137. The heat transfer composition of Numbered Embodiment 136, wherein the
lubricant
consists essentially of a POE having a viscosity at 40 C measured in
accordance with
ASTM D445 of from about 30 to about 70 based on the weight of the heat
transfer
composition.
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138
The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 136 to 137,
comprising from 0.1 to 0.5% by weight of a polyol ester (POE) lubricant, based
on the
weight of the heat transfer composition.
139. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to
138,
wherein the composition has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of not greater
than about
1500.
140. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to
138,
wherein the composition has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of not greater
than about
1000.
141. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to
138,
wherein the composition has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of not greater
than about
750.
142. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to
141,
wherein the composition has an Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) of not greater
than 0.05.
143. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to
141,
wherein the composition has an Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) of not greater
than 0.02.
144. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to
141,
wherein the composition has an Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) of about zero.
145. The heat transfer composition of any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to
144,
wherein the composition has an Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) of greater
than about
400.
146. A heat transfer system comprising a compressor, an evaporator, a
condenser and
an expansion device, in fluid communication with each other and a heat
transfer
composition as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to 145.
147. A heat transfer system comprising a compressor, an evaporator, a
condenser and
an expansion device, in fluid communication with each other and a heat
transfer
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composition as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to 127 and 139 to
145,
wherein the heat transfer system comprises a lubricant in an amount of from 5
to 60 % by
weight of the heat transfer composition.
148. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiment 147, wherein the
lubricant is
present in an amount of from 10 to 60 % by weight of the heat transfer
composition.
149. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiment 147, wherein the
lubricant is
present in an amount of from 20 to 50 % by weight of the heat transfer
composition.
150. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiment 147, wherein the
lubricant is
present in an amount of from 20 to 40 % by weight of the heat transfer
composition.
151. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiment 147, wherein the
lubricant is
present in an amount of from 20 to 30 % by weight of the heat transfer
composition.
152. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiment 147, wherein the
lubricant is
present in an amount of from 30 to 50 % by weight of the heat transfer
composition.
153. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiment 147, wherein the
lubricant is
present in an amount of from 30 to 40 % by weight of the heat transfer
composition.
154. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiment 147, wherein the
lubricant is
present in an amount of from 5 to 10 % by weight of the heat transfer
composition.
155. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiment 147, wherein the
lubricant is
present in an amount of 8 % by weight of the heat transfer composition.
156. The heat transfer system of any one of Numbered Embodiments 147 to 155,
wherein
the lubricant is one or more of polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene glycols
(PAGs), silicone
oils, mineral oil, alkylbenzenes (ABs), polyvinyl ethers (PVEs) and poly(alpha-
olefin) (PAO).
157. The heat transfer system of any one of Numbered Embodiments 147 to 155,
wherein
the lubricant is one or more of polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene glycols
(PAGs), mineral
oil, alkylbenzenes (ABs) and polyvinyl ethers (PVE).
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158. The heat transfer system of any one of Numbered Embodiments 147 to 155,
wherein
the lubricant is one or more of polyol esters (POEs), mineral oil,
alkylbenzenes (ABs) and
polyvinyl ethers (PVE).
159. The heat transfer system of any one of Numbered Embodiments 147 to 155,
wherein
the lubricant is one or more of polyol esters (POEs), mineral oil and
alkylbenzenes (ABs).
160. The heat transfer system of any one of Numbered Embodiments 147 to 155,
wherein
the lubricant is a polyol ester (POE).
161. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiment 160, wherein the
lubricant
consists essentially of a POE having a viscosity at 40 C measured in
accordance with
ASTM D445 of from about 30 to about 70 based on the weight of the heat
transfer
composition.
162. The heat transfer system of any one of Numbered Embodiments 160 to 161,
comprising from 10 to 50% by weight of a polyol ester (POE) lubricant, based
on the weight
of the heat transfer composition.
163. A heat transfer system comprising a compressor, an evaporator, a
condenser and
an expansion device, in fluid communication with each other, a heat transfer
composition
comprising a refrigerant as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67
and a
lubricant as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments 128 to 138, and a
sequestration
material, wherein said sequestration material comprises:
i. copper or a copper alloy, or
ii. activated alumina, or
iii. a zeolite molecular sieve comprising copper, silver, lead or a
combination thereof,
or
iv. an anion exchange resin, or
v. a moisture-removing material, preferably a moisture-removing molecular
sieve, or
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vi. a combination of two or more of the above.
164. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiment 163, wherein the
sequestration
material comprises two or more of
i. copper or a copper alloy, or
ii. activated alumina, or
iii. a zeolite molecular sieve comprising copper, silver, lead or a
combination thereof,
or
iv. an anion exchange resin, or
v. a moisture-removing material, preferably a moisture-removing molecular
sieve.
165. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiment 163, wherein the
sequestration
material comprises
ii. activated alumina,
iii. a zeolite molecular sieve comprising copper, silver, lead or a
combination thereof,
iv. an anion exchange resin, and
v. a moisture-removing material, preferably a moisture-removing molecular
sieve.
166. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiment 163, wherein the
sequestration
material comprises
ii. activated alumina,
iii. silver
iv. an anion exchange resin, and
v. a moisture-removing material, preferably a moisture-removing molecular
sieve.
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167. The heat transfer system of any one of Numbered Embodiments 163 to 166,
wherein
said system includes an oil separator downstream of the compressor and wherein
the
sequestration material is located inside the oil separator, such that the
liquid lubricant
contacts the sequestration material.
168. The heat transfer system of any one of Numbered Embodiments 163 to 166,
wherein
said system includes an oil separator downstream of the compressor and wherein
the
sequestration material is located outside the oil separation and downstream of
the oil
separator, such that the liquid lubricant contacts the sequestration material.
169. The heat transfer system of any one of Numbered Embodiments 163 to 166
wherein
the sequestration material is located in the refrigerant liquid which exits
the condenser.
170. A method of transferring heat in a heat transfer system, said method
comprising
evaporating a refrigerant liquid to produce a refrigerant vapor, compressing
in a compressor
at least a portion of the refrigerant vapor and condensing a refrigerant vapor
in a plurality of
repeating cycles, said method comprising:
(a) providing a refrigerant according to Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67
(b) optionally but preferably providing lubricant for said compressor; and
(b) exposing at least a portion of said refrigerant and/or at least a portion
of said
lubricant to a Sequestration Material as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments 163 to 166.
171. The method as defined in Numbered Embodiment 170, wherein said at least
portion
of said refrigerant and/or at least a portion of said lubricant is exposed to
the Sequestration
Material at a temperature is above about 10 C.
172. The heat transfer system of any one of Numbered Embodiments 163 to 169
wherein
the components of the Sequestration Material are included together in a filter
element.
173. The heat transfer system of any one of Numbered Embodiments 163 to 169
wherein
the components of the Sequestration Material are included together in porous
solid which
contains and/or has embedded therein two or more of sequestration materials
such that
such materials are accessible to fluids passing through said solid.
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174. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiment 173 wherein the porous
solid
comprises a filter element.
175. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
163 to
169 and 172 to 174, wherein the sequestration material is copper.
176. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
163 to
169 and 172 to 174, wherein the sequestration material is a copper alloy,
wherein said
copper alloy additionally comprises one or more metal elements selected from
tin,
aluminium, silicon, nickel or a combination thereof or one or more non-metal
elements selected from carbon, nitrogen, silicon, oxygen or a combination
thereof.
177. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 176, wherein
the copper alloy comprises at least about 5 wt% of copper, based on the total
weight
of the copper alloy.
178. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 176, wherein
the copper alloy comprises at least about 15 wt% of copper, based on the total
weight of the copper alloy.
zo 179. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 176,
wherein
the copper alloy comprises at least about 30 wt% of copper, based on the total
weight of the copper alloy.
180. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 176, wherein
.. the copper alloy comprises at least about 50 wt% of copper, based on the
total
weight of the copper alloy.
181. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 176, wherein
the copper alloy comprises at least about 70 wt% of copper, based on the total
weight of the copper alloy.
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182. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 176, wherein
the copper alloy comprises at least about 90 wt% of copper, based on the total
weight of the copper alloy.
183. The heat transfer system as defined Numbered Embodiment 176, wherein
the copper alloy comprises from about 5 wt% to about 95 wt% of copper, based
on
the total weight of the copper alloy.
184. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 176, wherein
the copper alloy comprises from about 10 wt% to about 90 wt% of copper, based
on
the total weight of the copper alloy.
185. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 176, wherein
the copper alloy comprises from about 15 wt% to about 85 wt% of copper, based
on
the total weight of the copper alloy.
186. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 176, wherein
the copper alloy comprises from about 20 wt% to about 80 wt% of copper, based
on
the total weight of the copper alloy.
zo 187. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 176,
wherein
the copper alloy comprises from about 30 wt% to about 70 wt% of copper, based
on
the total weight of the copper alloy.
188. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 176, wherein
the copper alloy comprises from about 40 wt% to about 60 wt% of copper, based
on
the total weight of the copper alloy.
189. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 175, wherein
the copper metal contains at least about 99 wt% of elemental copper.
190. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 175, wherein
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the copper metal contains at least about 99.5 wt% of elemental copper.
191. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 175, wherein
the copper metal contains at least about 99.9 wt% of elemental copper.
192. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
163 to 169, 175 and 189 to 191, wherein the metal is in the form of a mesh,
wool,
spheres, cones or cylinders.
193. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
175 to 192, wherein the copper or copper alloy has a BET surface area of at
least
about 10m2/g, when measured in accordance with ASTM D6556-10.
194. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
175 to 192, wherein the copper or copper alloy has a BET surface area of at
least
about 20m2/g, when measured in accordance with ASTM D6556-10.
195. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
175 to 192, wherein the copper or copper alloy has a BET surface area of at
least
zo about 30m2/g, when measured in accordance with ASTM D6556-10.
196. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
175 to 192, wherein the copper or copper alloy has a BET surface area of at
least
about 40m2/g, when measured in accordance with ASTM D6556-10.
197. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
175 to 192, wherein the copper or copper alloy has a BET surface area of at
least
about 50m2/g, when measured in accordance with ASTM D6556-10.
198. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
175 to 192, wherein the BET surface area of the copper or copper alloy is from
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about 0.01 to about 1.5m2 per kg of refrigerant.
199. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
175 to 192, wherein the BET surface area of the copper or copper alloy is from
about 0.02 to about 0.5m2 per kg of refrigerant.
200. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
175 to 192, wherein the BET surface area of the copper or copper alloy is
0.08m2
per kg of refrigerant.
201. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
163 to 169 wherein the sequestration material comprises a zeolite molecular
sieve
comprising a metal selected from copper, silver, lead or a combination
thereof.
202. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 201, wherein
the metal is silver.
203. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 202 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve contains the metal in an amount
of
zo from about 1% to about 30% by weight based on the total weight of the
zeolite.
204. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 202 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve contains the metal in an amount
of
from about 5% to about 20% by weight based on the total weight of the zeolite.
205. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 204 wherein the metal is present in a single oxidation state, or in a
variety of
oxidation states.
206. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 205 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve comprises metals other than
silver,
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lead, and/or copper.
207. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 206 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve has a size across its largest
dimension of from about 5 to 40 A.
208. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 206 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve has a size across its largest
dimension of about 35A or less.
209. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 206 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve has a size across its largest
dimension of from about 15 to about 35A.
210. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount of from
about
1wrio to about 30wrio, relative to the total amount of molecular sieve,
refrigerant and
lubricant (if present) in the heat transfer system.
zo 211. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount of from
about
2wrio to about 25wrio, relative to the total amount of molecular sieve,
refrigerant and
lubricant (if present) in the heat transfer system.
212. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve comprises silver, and where the
molecular sieve is present in an amount of at least 5% parts by weight (pbw),
based
on the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) and lubricant in the
heat
transfer system.
213. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
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201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve comprises silver, and where the
molecular sieve is present in an amount of from about 5pbw to about 30 pbw,
based
on the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) and lubricant in the
heat
transfer system.
214. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve comprises silver, and where the
molecular sieve is present in an amount of from about 5pbw to about 20 pbw,
based
on the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) and lubricant in the
heat
transfer system.
215. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve comprises silver, and where the
amount of the silver present in the molecular sieve is from about 1% to about
30%
by weight, based on the total weight of the zeolite.
216. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve comprises silver, and where the
amount of the silver present in the molecular sieve is from about 5% to about
20%
zo by weight, based on the total weight of the zeolite.
217. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve comprises silver, and the
molecular
sieve is present in an amount of at least 10 pphl, by weight relative to the
total
amount of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite), and lubricant in the heat transfer
system.
218. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve comprises silver, and the
molecular
sieve is present in an amount of from about 10 pphl to about 30 pphl, by
weight
relative to the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite), and lubricant
in the
heat transfer system.
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219. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve comprises silver, and the
molecular
sieve is present in an amount of from about 10 pphl to about 20 pphl, by
weight
relative to the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite), and lubricant
in the
heat transfer system.
220. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve comprises silver, and the
molecular
sieve is present in an amount of from about 15 pphl to about 30 pphl, by
weight
relative to the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite), and lubricant
in the
heat transfer system.
221. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve comprises silver, and the
molecular
sieve is present in an amount of from about 15 pphl to about 20 pphl, by
weight
relative to the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite), and lubricant
in the
heat transfer system.
zo 222. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve comprises silver, and the
amount of
the silver present in the molecular sieve is from about 1% to about 30% by
weight,
based on the total weight of the zeolite.
223. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve comprises silver, and the
amount of
the silver present in the molecular sieve is from about 5% to about 20% by
weight,
based on the total weight of the zeolite.
224. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount of at
least
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about 15 pphl, relative to the total amount of molecular sieve and lubricant
in the
system.
225. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount of at
least
about 18 pphl, relative to the total amount of molecular sieve and lubricant
in the
system.
226. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount of from
about
pphl to about 30 pphl, relative to the total amount of molecular sieve and
lubricant in the system.
227. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
15 201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount
of from about
18 pphl to about 25 pphl, relative to the total amount of molecular sieve and
lubricant in the system.
228. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
zo 201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount
of about 5
pphl, relative to the total amount of molecular sieve and lubricant in the
system.
229. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
201 to 209 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount of
about 21
pphl, relative to the total amount of molecular sieve and lubricant in the
system.
230. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
163 to 169, wherein the sequestration material comprises an anion exchange
resin.
231. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 230, wherein
the anion exchange resin is a type 1 resin strongly basic anion exchange
resin.
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232. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 230, wherein
the anion exchange resin is a type 2 resin strongly basic anion exchange
resin.
233. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
230 to 232, wherein the anion exchange resin is provided as beads, having a
size
across their largest dimension of from about 0.3mm to about 1.2mm, when dry.
234. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
230 to 233, wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of from
about
1 pphl to about 60 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and
lubricant in the system.
235. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
230 to 233, wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of from
about
5 pphl to about 60 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and
lubricant in the system.
236. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
zo 230 to 233, wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of
from about
pphl to about 50 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and
lubricant in the system.
237. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
230 to 233, wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of from
about
20 pphl to about 30 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin
and
lubricant in the system.
238. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
230 to 233, wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of from
about
1 pphl to about 25 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and
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lubricant in the system.
239. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
230 to 233, wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of from
about
2 pphl to about 20 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and
lubricant in the system.
240. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
230 to 233, wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of at
least
about 10 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant
in
the system.
241. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
230 to 233, wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of at
least
about 15 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant
in
the system.
242. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
230 to 233, wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of from
about
zo 10 pphl to about 25 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange
resin and
lubricant in the system.
243. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
230 to 233, wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of from
about
15 pphl to about 20 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin
and
lubricant in the system.
244. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
230 to 233, wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of about
4
pphl based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant in the
system.
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245. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
230 to 233, wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of about
16
pphl based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant in the
system.
246. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
230 to 245, wherein the anion exchange resin is Amberlyst A21 (Free Base).
247. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
163 to 166, wherein the sequestration material is a sodium aluminosilicate
molecular
sieve selected from the group consisting of type 3A, 4A, 5A and 13X.
248. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 247, wherein
the sodium aluminosilicate molecular sieve is provided in an amount from about
15
pphl to about 60pph1 by weight, based on the total amount of sodium
aluminosilicate
molecular sieve and lubricant in the system.
249. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
247 to 248, wherein the sodium aluminosilicate molecular sieve is provided in
an
amount from about 30 pphl to about 45pph1 by weight, based on the total amount
of
zo sodium aluminosilicate molecular sieve and lubricant in the system.
250. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
163 to 166, wherein the sequestration material is activated alumina.
251. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 250, wherein
the activated alumina is a sodium activated alumnia.
252. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
250 to 251, wherein the activated alumina is F200 or CLR-204.
253. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
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250 to 252, wherein the activated alumina is provided in an amount of from
about 1
pphl to about 60 pphl based on the total amount of activated alumina and
lubricant
in the system.
254. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
250 to 252, wherein the activated alumina is provided in an amount of from
about 5
pphl to about 60 pphl based on the total amount of activated alumina and
lubricant
in the system.
255. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
163 to 166 wherein the sequestration material comprises at least (i) copper or
a
copper alloy, and (ii) a molecular sieve (e.g. a zeolite) comprising copper,
silver,
lead or a combination thereof.
256. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
163 to 166 wherein the sequestration material comprises (i) a molecular sieve
(e.g.
a zeolite) comprising copper, silver, lead or a combination thereof, and (ii)
an anion
exchange resin.
zo .. 257. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments
163 to 166 wherein the sequestration material comprises (i) copper or a copper
alloy, and (ii) an anion exchange resin.
258. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
256 to 257 wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of from
about
1 pphl to about 25 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and
lubricant in the system.
259. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
256 to 257 wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of from
about
2 pphl to about 20 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and
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lubricant in the system.
260. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
256 to 257 wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of at
least
about 10 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant
in
the system.
261. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
256 to 257 wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of at
least
about 15 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant
in
the system.
262. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
256 to 257 wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of from
about
10 pphl to about 25 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange resin
and
lubricant in the system.
263. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
256 to 257 wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of from
about
zo 15 pphl to about 20 pphl, based on the total amount of anion exchange
resin and
lubricant in the system.
264. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
256 to 257 wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of about 4
pphl based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant in the
system.
265. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
256 to 257 wherein the anion exchange resin is present in an amount of about
16
pphl based on the total amount of anion exchange resin and lubricant in the
system.
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266. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
255 to 256 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve comprising copper, silver, lead
or a
combination thereof, is present in an amount of from about 1 pphl to about 30
pphl,
based on the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) and lubricant
present in
the system.
267. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
255 to 256 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount of from
about
2 pphl to about 25 pphl, based on the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g.
zeolite)
and lubricant present in the system.
268. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
255 to 256 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount of at
least
about 15 pphl, relative to the total amount of molecular sieve and lubricant
present in
the system.
269. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
255 to 256 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount of at
least
about 18 pphl, relative to the total amount of molecular sieve and lubricant
present in
the system.
270. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
255 to 256 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount of from
about
15 pphl to about 30 pphl, relative to the total amount of molecular sieve
(e.g. zeolite)
and lubricant present in the system.
271. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
255 to 256 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount of from
about
18 pphl to about 25 pphl, relative to the total amount of molecular sieve
(e.g. zeolite)
and lubricant present in the system.
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272. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
255 to 256 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount of
about 5
pphl relative to the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) and
lubricant
present in the system.
273. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
255 to 256 wherein the zeolite molecular sieve is present in an amount of
about 21
pphl relative to the total amount of molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) and
lubricant
present in the system.
274. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
255 to 257 wherein the copper or copper alloy has a surface area of from about
0.01m2 to about 1.5m2 per kg of refrigerant.
275. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
255 to 257 wherein the copper or copper alloy has a surface area of from about
0.02m2 to about 0.5m2 per kg of refrigerant.
276. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
zo 255 to 257 wherein the copper or copper alloy has a surface area of
about 0.08m2
per kg of refrigerant.
277. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 256 wherein
when the sequestration material comprises an anion exchange resin and a
molecular sieve (e.g. a zeolite), the weight ratio (when dry) of anion
exchange resin
to molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) is preferably in the range of from about
10:90 to
about 90:10.
278. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiments 256 wherein
when the sequestration material comprises an anion exchange resin and a
molecular sieve (e.g. a zeolite), the weight ratio (when dry) of anion
exchange resin
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to molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) is preferably in the range of from about
20:80 to
about 80:20.
279. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiments 256 wherein
when the sequestration material comprises an anion exchange resin and a
molecular sieve (e.g. a zeolite), the weight ratio (when dry) of anion
exchange resin
to molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) is preferably in the range of from about
30:70 to
about 70:30.
280. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiments 256 wherein
when the sequestration material comprises an anion exchange resin and a
molecular sieve (e.g. a zeolite), the weight ratio (when dry) of anion
exchange resin
to molecular sieve (e.g. zeolite) is preferably in the range of from about
60:40 to
about 40:60.
281. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiments 256 wherein
when the sequestration material comprises an anion exchange resin and a metal
zeolite, the weight ratios of anion exchange resin to metal zeolite is about
25:75.
zo 282. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiments 256
wherein
when the sequestration material comprises an anion exchange resin and a metal
zeolite, the weight ratios of anion exchange resin to metal zeolite is about
50:50.
283 The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiments 256
wherein
when the sequestration material comprises an anion exchange resin and a metal
zeolite, the weight ratios of anion exchange resin to metal zeolite is about
75:25.
284. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments
163, 166 and 171 to 283, wherein said system includes a sequestration in
contact
with at least a portion of a refrigerant as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments 1 and 67 and/or at least a portion of a the lubricant as defined
in any
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one of Numbered Embodiments 128 to 138, wherein the temperature of said
sequestration material and/or the temperature of said refrigerant and/or the
temperature of said lubricant when in said contact are at a temperature that
is at
least about 10C.
285. The heat transfer system as defined in Numbered Embodiment 284 wherein
the sequestration material preferably comprises a combination of:
an anion exchange resin,
activated alumina,
a zeolite molecular sieve comprising silver, and
a moisture-removing material, preferably a moisture-removing molecular sieve.
286. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiment
146 to 166 and 171 to 285, wherein said system is a residential air
conditioning
system.
287. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiment
146 to 166 and 171 to 285, wherein said system is an industrial air
conditioning
system.
288. The heat transfer system as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiment
146 to 166 and 171 to 285, wherein said system is a commercial air
conditioning
system.
289. A method of cooling comprising condensing a heat transfer composition as
defined
in any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to 145 and subsequently evaporating said
composition in the vicinity of an article or body to be cooled.
290. A method of cooling in a heat transfer system comprising an evaporator, a
condenser and a compressor, the process comprising i) condensing a heat
transfer
composition as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to 145; and
ii) evaporating the composition in the vicinity of body or article to be
cooled;
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wherein the evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is in the range
of from about
¨40 C to about +10 C.
291. A method of heating comprising condensing the heat transfer composition
as defined
in any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to 145 in the vicinity of an article or
body to be
heated and subsequently evaporating said composition.
292. A method of heating in a heat transfer system comprising an evaporator, a
condenser and a compressor, the process comprising i) condensing a heat
transfer
composition as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments 68 to 145,
in the vicinity of a body or article to be heated
and
ii) evaporating the composition;
wherein the evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is in the range
of about -
30 C to about 5 C.
293. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments 68 to 145 for use in air conditioning.
294. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments 68 to 145, in a residential air conditioning system.
295. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments 68 to 145 in an industrial air conditioning system.
296. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments 68 to 145, in a commercial air conditioning system.
297. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in Numbered Embodiment
296,
wherein the commercial air conditioning system is a roof top system.
298. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in Numbered Embodiment
296,
wherein the commercial air conditioning system is a variable refrigerant flow
system.
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299. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in Numbered Embodiment
296,
wherein the commercial air conditioning system is a chiller system.
300. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments 68 to 145, in a chiller system.
301. The use as set out in Numbered Embodiment 300, wherein the chiller system
has a
compressor selected from a reciprocating, rotary (including rolling piston and
rotary vane),
scroll, screw, and centrifugal compressor.
302. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 293, in transport air
conditioning.
303. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 293, in stationary air
conditioning.
304. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 293, in a mobile heat pump.
305. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 293, in a positive displacement
chiller.
306 The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 293, in an air cooled or
water cooled
direct expansion chiller.
307. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 293, in a residential heat
pump,
308. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 293, in a residential air to
water heat
pump/hydronic system,
309. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 293, in a commercial air
source,
water source or ground source heat pump system.
310. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments 65 to 145 in a refrigeration system.
311. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 310, in a low temperature
refrigeration system,
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312. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 310, in a medium temperature
refrigeration system,
313 The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 310, in a commercial
refrigerator,
314. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 310, in a commercial freezer,
315. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 310, in an ice machine
316. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 310, in a vending machine,
317. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 310, in a transport
refrigeration
system,
318. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 310, in a domestic freezer,
319. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 310, in a domestic
refrigerator,
320. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 310, in an industrial freezer,
321. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 310, in an industrial
refrigerator and
322. The use as defined in Numbered Embodiment 310, in a chiller.
323. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments 68 to 145 in a residential air conditioning system with a
reciprocating, rotary
(rolling-piston or rotary vane) or scroll compressor.
324. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments 68 to 145 in a split residential air conditioning system
325. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments 68 to 145 in a ducted residential air conditioning system
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326. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments 68 to 145 in a window residential air conditioning system
.. 327. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in any one of
Numbered
Embodiments 68 to 145 in a portable residential air conditioning system
328. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments 68 to 145 in a medium temperature refrigeration system which is a
refrigeration system
329. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in any one of
Numbered
Embodiments 68 to 145 in a medium temperature refrigeration system which is a
bottle
cooler.
330. The use of a heat transfer composition as defined in any one of Numbered
Embodiments 68 to 145 in a low temperature refrigeration system, wherein said
low
temperature refrigeration system is a freezer or an ice cream machine.
331. The use of a refrigerant as defined in any one of Numbered Embodiments 68
to 145,
for use as a replacement for R410A.
332. A method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed to
contain or
containing R-410A refrigerant or which is suitable for use with R-410A
refrigerant, said
method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A
refrigerant with a heat
transfer composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments 68 to 145 or a
refrigerant as
defined in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67.
333. The method of Numbered Embodiment 332, wherein the use of the heat
transfer
composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments 68 to 145 or the refrigerant as
defined
in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67 to replace R410A does not require modification
of the
condenser, the evaporator and/or the expansion valve in the heat transfer
system.
334. The method of Numbered Embodiments 332 and 333 wherein the heat transfer
composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments 68 to 145 or the refrigerant as
defined
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in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67 is provided as a replacement for R-410A in a
chiller
system.
335. The method of Numbered Embodiments 332 and 333 wherein the heat transfer
composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments 68 to 145 or the refrigerant as
defined
in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67 is provided as a replacement for R-410A in
residential
air conditioning system.
336. The method of Numbered Embodiments 332 and 333 wherein the heat transfer
composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments 68 to 145 or the refrigerant as
defined
in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67 is provided as a replacement for R-410A in
industrial air
conditioning system.
337. The method of Numbered Embodiments 332 and 333 wherein the heat transfer
composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments 68 to 145 or the refrigerant as
defined
in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67 is provided as a replacement for R-410A in
commercial
air conditioning system.
338. The method of Numbered Embodiment 337, wherein the commercial air
conditioning system is a roof top system.
339. The method of Numbered Embodiment 337 wherein the commercial air
conditioning system is a variable refrigerant flow system.
340. The method of Numbered Embodiment 337, wherein the commercial air
conditioning system is a chiller system.
341. The method of Numbered Embodiments 332 to 340 comprising removing at
least
about 5%, by weight of the R-410A from the system and replacing it with the
heat transfer
compositions the heat transfer composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments
68 to 145
or the refrigerant as defined in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67
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342. The method of Numbered Embodiments 332 to 340 comprising removing at
least
about 10%, by weight of the R-410A from the system and replacing it with the
heat transfer
compositions the heat transfer composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments
68 to 145
or the refrigerant as defined in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67
343. The method of Numbered Embodiments 332 to 340 comprising removing at
least
about 25%, by weight of the R-410A from the system and replacing it with the
heat transfer
compositions the heat transfer composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments
68 to 145
or the refrigerant as defined in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67.
344. The method of Numbered Embodiments 332 to 340 comprising removing at
least
about 50%, by weight of the R-410A from the system and replacing it with the
heat transfer
compositions the heat transfer composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments
68 to 145
or the refrigerant as defined in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67
345 The method of Numbered Embodiments 332 to 340 comprising removing at least
about 75%, by weight of the R-410A from the system and replacing it with the
heat transfer
compositions the heat transfer composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments
68 to 145
or the refrigerant as defined in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 62
346. A refrigerant composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67,
which
exhibits
exhibit operating characteristics compared with R-410A wherein:
- the efficiency (COP) of the composition is from 95 to 105% of the
efficiency of R-
410A; and/or
- the capacity is from 95 to 105% of the capacity of R-410A.
in heat transfer systems, in which the refrigerant composition is provided to
replace the R-
410A refrigerant.
347. A refrigerant composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67,
which
exhibit operating characteristics compared with R-410A wherein:
- the efficiency (COP) of the composition is from 100 to 105% of the
efficiency of R-
410A; and/or
- the capacity is from 98 to 105% of the capacity of R-410A.
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in heat transfer systems, in which the refrigerant composition is provided to
replace the R-
410A refrigerant.
348. A refrigerant composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67,
which
exhibit operating characteristics compared with R-410A wherein:
- the discharge temperature is not greater than 10 C higher than that of R-
410A;
and/or
- the compressor pressure ratio is from 95 to 105% of the compressor
pressure ratio
of R-410A
in heat transfer systems, in which the refrigerant composition is provided to
replace the R-
410A refrigerant.
349. A refrigerant composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67
having an
evaporator glide of less than 2 C.
350. A refrigerant composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67
having an
evaporator glide of less than 1.5 C.
351. The method of Numbered Embodiments 332 to 345 wherein the heat transfer
compositions the heat transfer composition as defined in Numbered Embodiments
68 to 145
or the refrigerant as defined in Numbered Embodiments 1 to 67 are provided to
replace
R410A in an air conditioning system.
352. The method of Numbered Embodiment 351 wherein the air conditioning system
is a
mobile air conditioning system.
353. The method of Numbered Embodiment 351 wherein the air conditioning system
is a
stationary air conditioning system.
354. The method of Numbered Embodiment 351 wherein the air conditioning system
is
a commercial air conditioning system.
355. The method of Numbered Embodiment 351, in transport air conditioning.
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356. The method of Numbered Embodiment 351, in stationary air conditioning.
357. The method of Numbered Embodiment 351, in a mobile heat pump.
358. The method of Numbered Embodiment 351, in a positive displacement
chiller.
359. The method of Numbered Embodiment 351, in an air cooled or water cooled
direct
expansion chiller.
360. The method of Numbered Embodiment 351, in a residential air conditioning
system,
361. The method of Numbered Embodiment 351, in a residential heat pump,
362. The method of Numbered Embodiment 351, in a residential air to water heat
pump/hydronic system,
363. The method of Numbered Embodiment 351, in a commercial air source, water
source or ground source heat pump system.
364. The method of Numbered Embodiments 332 to 345 in a refrigeration system.
365 The method of Numbered Embodiment 364, in a low temperature
refrigeration
system,
363. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364, in a medium temperature
refrigeration
system,
367. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364, in a commercial refrigerator,
368. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364, in a commercial freezer,
369. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364, in an ice machine
370. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364, in a vending machine,
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371. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364, in a transport refrigeration
system,
372. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364, in a domestic freezer,
373. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364, in a domestic refrigerator,
374. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364, in an industrial freezer,
375. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364, in an industrial refrigerator and
376. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364, in a chiller.
377. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364 in a ducted residential air
conditioning
system
378. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364 in a window residential air
conditioning
system
379. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364 in a portable residential air
conditioning
system
380. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364 in a medium temperature
refrigeration
system which is a refrigeration system
381. The method of Numbered Embodiment 364 in a medium temperature
refrigeration
system which is a bottle cooler.
382. A heat transfer system comprising a compressor, a condenser and an
evaporator in
fluid communication, and a heat transfer composition in said system, said heat
transfer
composition comprising a refrigerant according to any one of the refrigerants
as defined in
numbered embodiments 1 to 67.
383. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiments 382, which is a
residential air
conditioning system.
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384. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiments 382, which is a
commercial air
conditioning system.
385. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiments 384, wherein the
commercial
air conditioning system is a roof top system.
386. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiments 384, wherein the
commercial
air conditioning system is a variable refrigerant flow system.
387. The heat transfer system of Numbered Embodiments 384, wherein the
commercial
air conditioning system is a chiller system.
Although the invention has been described with reference to preferred
embodiments, it will
be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and
equivalents
substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the
invention. In
addition, many modifications may be made to adapt to a particular situation or
material to
the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope
thereof.
Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular
embodiments
disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within
the scope of the
appended claims or any claims added later.
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