Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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Steel wire mesh made of steel wires having hexagonal loops,
production device, and production method
Prior art
The invention concerns a steel wire netting according to the preamble of claim
1, a
production device according to the preamble of claim 13 and a production
method
according to claim 17.
In the Polish patent document having the patent number PL 235814 B1 a
hexagonal netting is described which is made of a high-tensile steel with a
tensile
strength between 1,500 N/mm2 and 1,900 N/mm2. However, the hexagonal netting
described here has a special, in particular elongate, mesh shape, in which a
ratio
of mesh width and mesh height is compellingly always smaller than 0.75.
According to the aforementioned patent document, this mesh geometry
substantially differs from customary mesh geometries of hexagonal nettings
made
of non-high-tensile steel wires, which are typically 60 mm x 80 mm (ratio
0.75),
80 mm x 100 mm (ratio 0.8) or 100 mm x 120 mm (ratio 0.83). These mesh
dimensions are, however, clearly defined in a European standard for "steel
wire
nettings having hexagonal meshes for civil engineering purposes" (EN 10223-
3:2013). Meshes having mesh width / mesh height ratios of less than 0.75, i.
e. the
mesh width / mesh height ratios described in patent document PL 235814 B1,
thus
do not comply with the requirements of the European standard. The hexagonal
mesh depicted in patent document PL 235814 B1 even has a mesh width / mesh
height ratio that is merely 0.62. Only if the mesh width / mesh height ratio
is 0.75
or more, the hexagonal nettings are also standard-compliant and are thus
usable
for civil engineering purposes in a regular fashion. In contrast thereto, in
the ninth
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paragraph of patent document PL 235814 B1 it was clearly described that, in
the
opinion of the patent owner, it was currently not possible to make standard-
size
hexagonal nettings from high-tensile steel wires, and therefore a different
(smaller)
mesh width / mesh height ratio was necessarily required if high-tensile steel
is
used. Actually, on the market the demand for high-tensile hexagonal nettings
was
and is of such dimensions that the patent owner of patent document
PL 235814 B1 offers and distributes the non-standard-compliant hexagonal
nettings described in said patent document in spite of that. The market has
for a
long time shown a huge need for high-tensile hexagonal nettings which at the
same time fulfill the requirements according to the standard EN 10223-3:2013
with
regard to mesh shape and mesh dimensions, in particular with regard to the
mesh
width / mesh height ratio. Despite quite a number of efforts, such hexagonal
nettings are not known to the market at the time of filing the present
document.
The objective of the invention is in particular to provide a generic steel
wire netting
made of high-tensile steel wires and having an improved mesh geometry, in
particular improved mesh width / mesh height ratios. The objective is achieved
according to the invention by the features of patent claims 1, 13 and 17 while
advantageous implementations and further developments of the invention may be
gathered from the subclaims.
Advantages of the invention
The invention is based on a steel wire netting, in particular a hexagonal
netting,
which is made of steel wires with hexagonal meshes, in particular for civil
engineering purposes, preferably for an application in the field of protection
from
natural hazards, wherein the steel wires are alternatingly twisted with
neighboring
steel wires, preferably in a regular manner, and wherein the steel wires are
formed
of a high-tensile steel or at least have a wire core made of a high-tensile
steel
(e. g. high-tensile steel wires which are provided with an overlay or with a
coating).
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It is proposed that an - in particular average - ratio calculated from an, in
particular average, mesh width of the hexagonal meshes and from an, in
particular
average, mesh height of the hexagonal meshes measured perpendicularly to the
mesh width, amounts to at least 0.75, preferably to at least 0.8. This
advantageously allows providing a steel wire netting made of high-tensile
steel
wires with a particularly advantageous mesh geometry, in particular a mesh
geometry that is already widely in use and well proven in the non-high-tensile
field.
Advantageously, it is in this way possible to hold on to known and proven
retaining
properties of hexagonal nettings, which for example depend on rock sizes,
while a
strength, i.e. for example a tear resistance or rupture resistance, of the
hexagonal
netting may be increased considerably. Advantageously, as a result already
existing planning and designs (e. g. of slope protection gabions, of coast
protection gabions, of gully nets, of stone rolls, etc.), which up to now have
used
non-high-tensile hexagonal nettings with standard-compliant mesh sizes, can be
improved and/or reinforced in a simple, uncomplicated manner (avoiding red
tape),
for example as the non-high-tensile hexagonal netting may be replaced,
directly
and without major changes, by a high-tensile hexagonal mesh netting having the
same mesh geometry. It is for example advantageously possible that, with the
slope protection gabions, the coast protection gabions, the gully nets and/or
the
stone rolls an identical filling material may be used, which in particular has
an
identical grain size of the filling material. This advantageously allows
reducing cost
as well as work input. In particular, the steel wire netting according to the
invention
cannot be produced either with known customary machines nor with the
production device described in patent document PL 235814 81. Further
modifications and/or method steps, which are explained in the present
document,
are hence indispensably required for the production of the steel wire netting
according to the invention.
In particular, the hexagonal meshes have shapes of at least substantially
symmetrical hexagons. In particular, the hexagonal meshes in each case have a
slightly elongated honeycomb shape. In particular, the hexagonal meshes form a
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gap-free tessellation in a netting plane of the steel wire netting. By "civil
engineering purposes" are in particular purposes to be understood which
comprise
planning, execution performance and/or modification carried out on a
construction.
Examples for applications in a protection against natural hazards are the
aforementioned gabions, like slope protection gabions, stone rolls, coast
protection gabions or gully nets, but also cross-terrain spans, catchment
fences,
and the like.
In particular, an average value of a parameter, like for example an average
mesh
width / mesh height ratio, an average mesh width, an average mesh height, an
average length of a twisted region of the steel wire netting that delimits a
hexagonal mesh, an average length of a twisting, an average entry curvature of
the steel wire in a transition from an at least substantially straight section
of the
steel wire that delimits a hexagonal mesh to a twisted region of the steel
wire that
delimits the hexagonal mesh, an average exit curvature of the steel wire in a
transition from the twisted region of the steel wire that delimits the
hexagonal
mesh to an at least substantially straight further section of the steel wire
that
delimits the hexagonal mesh, and/or an average aperture angle of the hexagonal
mesh, is created from an average value of several, in particular at least
three,
preferably at least five, preferentially at least seven and particularly
preferably at
least ten, meshes of the steel wire netting which have the parameter, wherein
the
meshes used for creating the average value are preferably not directly
adjacent to
each other.
A "mesh width" is in particular to mean a distance between two twisted regions
of
the steel wire netting which delimit a hexagonal mesh, which extend at least
substantially parallel to each other and which are situated on opposite-
situated
sides of the hexagonal mesh. A "mesh height" is in particular to mean a
distance
between two corners of a hexagonal mesh of the steel wire netting, which are
situated opposite each other in a direction parallel to a main extension
direction of
the twisted region. In particular, a twisting of the two steel wires
delimiting the
hexagonal mesh starts and/or ends at the corners of the hexagonal mesh between
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which the mesh height is measured. In particular, the mesh width of the
hexagonal
meshes of the steel wire netting is smaller than the mesh height of the
hexagonal
meshes of the steel wire netting. By a "main extension direction" of an object
is
herein in particular a direction to be understood which runs parallel to a
longest
edge of a smallest geometrical rectangular cuboid just still completely
enclosing
the object.
It is further proposed that the high-tensile steel of the steel wires has a
tensile
strength of at least 1,560 N/mm2, preferably of at least 1,700 N/mm2 and
preferentially of at least1,950 N/mm2. This advantageously allows attaining
especially high stability of the steel wire netting and/or of constructions
made
from/with the steel wire netting. Advantageously, in this way for example an
especially favorable protection against natural hazards is achievable.
If, for example, the high-tensile steel of the steel wires at the same time
has a
tensile strength of maximally 2,150 N/mm2, it is advantageously possible to
keep a
brittleness of the steel wires of the steel wire netting, which increases with
an
increase in tensile strength, at a low level. Experiments have shown that - in
particular when using steel wires which have tensile strengths in a narrow,
specially selected range of tensile strengths between 1,700 N/mm2 and
2,150 N/mm2, preferably between 1,950 N/mm2 and 2,150 N/mm2- it is
advantageously possible to create a particularly favorable balance between
particularly high stability and at the same time limited brittleness. Such
balance is
especially advantageous, in particular for a utilization of the steel wire
netting for
the production of any kind of gabions. For example, this enables particularly
high
filling capacity, and thus particularly large and stable construction, of the
gabions,
which is at the same time particularly rupture-resistant in the case of an
event, for
example a rockfall, in which rocks fall on the gabions.
Furthermore, it is proposed that a length, in particular an average length, of
a
twisted region delimiting a hexagonal mesh is at least 30 %, preferably at
least
% and preferentially at least 40 % of the, in particular average, mesh height.
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This advantageously allows attaining particularly high stability of the steel
wire
netting. Advantageously, in this way a winding curvature in the twisted region
of
the hexagonal mesh can be kept in a (moderate) range in which a rupture risk
of
the high-tensile steel wire used is comparably low.
It is moreover proposed that a length, in particular an average length, of a
twisted
region delimiting a hexagonal mesh is at least 50 %, preferably at least 55 %
and
preferentially at least 60 % of the, in particular average, mesh width. This
advantageously allows attaining particularly high stability of the steel wire
netting.
It is also proposed that that a length, in particular an average length, of a
twisting
within a twisted region delimiting a hexagonal mesh is less than 1.1 cm,
preferably
less than 1 cm, preferably with a diameter of the steel wires between 2 mm and
4 mm. This advantageously allows keeping a mesh height in a desired range
without requiring too large entry curvatures and/or exit curvatures in a
transition
into/from the twisted region from/into the non-twisted region delimiting the
hexagonal mesh. Advantageously, in this way and in particular together with
the
aforementioned minimum length of the twisted region, an especially favorable
balance is achievable of a material-friendly winding curvature and material-
friendly
entry and exit curvatures, thus in particular enabling a high level of overall
stability
and/or overall rupture-resistance of the steel wire netting.
Preferably, in a transition from an at least substantially straight section of
the steel
wire that delimits a hexagonal mesh, to a twisted section of the steel wire
that
delimits a hexagonal mesh, an, in particular average, entry curvature of the
steel
wire is at least substantially equal to the, in particular average, exit
curvature of the
steel wire in a transition from the twisted region of the steel wire that
delimits the
hexagonal mesh to an at least substantially straight further section of the
steel wire
that delimits the hexagonal mesh. This advantageously allows achieving an
especially high degree of symmetry of the hexagonal meshes, thus
advantageously enabling particularly even load-bearing capacity in at least
two
pulling directions of the steel wire netting which are situated opposite each
other
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along the mesh height, preferably in all directions of the wire netting. It is
in this
way advantageously possible to prevent installation mistakes, for example an
installation of a non-symmetrical steel wire netting inverted by 180 .
"Substantially
equal" is to mean, in this context, with a deviation of the curvature radii of
the
curvatures that is in particular less than 20 %, preferably less than 15 %,
advantageously less than 10 %, preferentially less than 5 % and especially
preferentially less than 2.5 %. Preferably, in the transition from the at
least
substantially straight section of the steel wire that delimits the hexagonal
mesh to
the twisted region of the steel wire that delimits the hexagonal mesh, the
steel
wires bend to an at least substantially equal extent as in the transition from
the
twisted region of the steel wire that delimits the hexagonal mesh to the at
least
substantially straight further section of the steel wire that delimits the
hexagonal
mesh. "To bend to an at least substantially equal extent" is in particular to
mean, in
this context, that bends which are visible in a view from above onto the steel
wire
netting have bending angles in the transitions which differ by less than 20 %,
preferably by less than 15 %, advantageously by less than 10 %, preferentially
by
less than 5 % and particularly preferably by less than 2.5 %.
In addition, it is proposed that a twisted region delimiting a hexagonal mesh
comprises more than three consecutive twistings, which in particular have the
same direction. This in particular allows attaining high stability of the
steel wire
netting. Advantageously it is moreover possible to reduce a probability of
complete
untwisting of a twisted region in the case of a wire rupture in the twisted
region.
Preferably the twisted region delimiting the hexagonal mesh comprises at least
five or at least seven consecutive twistings, which preferably have the same
direction. By a "twisting" is in particular an 180 -wrapping of one the steel
wires by
the neighboring steel wire. Preferably a firm screw-like winding of two wires
around each other, with a wrapping of both wires by 180 , is to be understood
as a
twisting. In the case of three consecutive twistings, each steel wire is thus
wound
around by the respectively other steel wire by 540 (five-fold: 900 , seven-
fold:
1260 ).
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If preferably at least one, in particular average, aperture angle of the
hexagonal
mesh, spanning the hexagonal mesh in a longitudinal direction, is at least 700
,
preferably at least 80 and preferentially at least 90 , advantageously a high
degree of stability is enabled while maintaining the advantageous mesh width /
mesh height ratio of 0.75. Advantageously, the advantageous mesh width / mesh
height ratio of 0.75 or more is achievable with twisted regions which at the
same
time have sufficient length, thus avoiding wire rupture. The aperture angle
spanning the hexagonal mesh in the longitudinal direction is in particular the
angle
spanned by the (non-twisted) steel wires in the corner in which the two steel
wires
meet or separate which together delimit the hexagonal mesh (all around). In
particular, the hexagonal mesh has two aperture angles spanning the hexagonal
mesh in the longitudinal direction, In particular, the two aperture angles
spanning
the hexagonal mesh in the longitudinal direction are at least 70 , preferably
at
least 80 and preferentially at least 90 . In particular, the two aperture
angles
spanning the hexagonal mesh in the longitudinal direction are at least
substantially
equal. "Substantially equal" is in particular to mean, in this context, a
congruence
of the aperture angles in terms of size with a maximal deviation of 8 ,
preferably of
6 , advantageously of 4 and preferentially of 2 . The longitudinal direction
of the
hexagonal mesh in particular extends parallel to the main extension direction
of
the hexagonal mesh.
So, if the opposite-situated, in particular middle, aperture angles of the
hexagonal
mesh, which span the hexagonal mesh in the longitudinal direction, differ from
each other by maximally 8 , preferably by maximally 6 , preferentially by
maximally 4 , advantageously a high level of symmetry of the steel wire
netting, in
particular of the hexagonal meshes, is achievable, as a result of which it is
advantageously possible to attain especially even load-bearing capacity in at
least
two pulling directions of the steel wire netting which are situated opposite
each
other along the mesh height, preferably in all directions of the steel wire
netting.
If the hexagonal meshes have an, in particular average, mesh width of
approximately 60 mm, approximately 80 mm or approximately 100 mm, it is
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advantageously possible to obtain high and quick acceptance of the steel wire
netting in planning and construction projects. Advantageously, in this way
simple
reinforcement of already planned or designed constructions will be enabled, in
particular due to particularly simple re-planning. In particular, the
hexagonal
meshes have a mesh size and/or mesh shape compliant with the standard EN
10223-3:2013.1n particular, the steel wire herein has a diameter of 2 mm, 3
mm,
4 mm or with a value between 2 mm and 4 mm.
If moreover the high-tensile steel of the steel wires is implemented of a
stainless
type of steel or at least has a sheath made of a stainless type of steel, it
is
possible to maintain particularly high corrosion resistance and hence a
particularly
long lifetime of the constructions comprising the steel wire netting.
Lifetimes of
100 years and more tend to be requested by customers, and are theoretically
achievable by a utilization of stainless types of steel. In particular, the
steel wire is
made of a stainless steel having a material number according to the standard
DIN
EN 10027-2:2015-07 which is between 1.4001 and 1.4462, for example of a
stainless steel having one of the DIN EN 10027-2:2015-07 material numbers
1.4301, 1.4571, 1.4401, 1.4404 or 1.4462.
If alternatively the steel wires have a corrosion protection coating or a
corrosion
protection overlay, it is also advantageously possible to achieve high
corrosion
resistance together with a long lifetime, wherein costs can be kept at a low
level in
comparison to stainless steel wires. In particular, the corrosion protection
coating
is realized as a galvanization, as a ZnAl coating, as a ZnAlMg coating or as a
comparable metallic corrosion protection coating. In particular, the corrosion
protection overlay is realized as a non-metallic overlay surrounding the steel
wire
in a circumferential direction, for example as a plastic envelope (e. g. PVC)
or as a
graphene envelope.
It is further proposed that the corrosion protection coating is realized at
least as a
class B corrosion protection coating according to the standard DIN EN 10244-
2:2001-07, preferably as a class A corrosion protection coating according to
the
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standard DIN EN 10244-2:2001-07. This advantageously allows attaining
particularly high corrosion resistance and thus a long lifetime. Preferably
not only
the starting materials, i. e. the non-bent steel wires, have the class B or
class A
corrosion protection coating but the finished steel wire netting as well. In
particular,
in a test run with an alternating climate test, at least a portion of the
steel wire
netting with the corrosion protection layer has a corrosion resistance of more
than
1,680 hours, preferably of more than 2,016 hours, advantageously of more than
2,520 hours, preferentially of more than 3,024 hours and particularly
preferentially
of more than 3,528 hours. An "alternating climate test" is in particular to
mean a
corrosion resistance test of the corrosion protection, in particular of the
corrosion
protection layer, preferably following the specifications given by VDA [German
Association of the Automotive Industry] in their Recommendation VDA 233-102,
which in particular provides, at least in a sub-period, a fogging and/or
spraying of
at least one test piece with a salt spray fog and/or exposing the test piece,
at least
in a sub-period, to a temperature change from room temperature to sub-zero
temperatures. By varying a temperature, a relative humidity and/or a salt
concentration which the test piece is exposed to, it is advantageously
possible to
improve a reliability of a test method. In particular, test conditions can be
adapted
closer to real conditions which the wire netting device is exposed to, in
particular
when used in the field. The test piece is preferably embodied as a sub-portion
of a
wire that is at least substantially identical to the wire of the wire netting
device,
preferentially as a sub-portion of the wire of the wire netting device. The
alternating climate test is preferably carried out in accordance with the
customary
edge conditions for alternating climate tests, which are known to anyone
skilled in
the art and which are in particular listed in VDA Recommendation 233-102 of J
une
30, 2013. The alternating climate test is in particular carried out in a test
chamber.
The conditions in an interior of the test chamber during the alternating
climate test
are in particular strictly controlled conditions. In particular, strict
specifications
regarding temperature profiles, relative air humidity and periods of fogging
with
salt spray fog must be followed in the alternating climate test. A test cycle
of the
alternating climate test is in particular divided into seven cycle sections. A
test
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cycle of the alternating climate test in particular takes one week. One cycle
section
in particular takes one day. A test cycle comprises three different test sub-
cycles.
A test sub-cycle implements a cycle section. The three test sub-cycles
comprise at
least one cycle A, at least one cycle B and/or at least one cycle C. During a
test
cycle, test sub-cycles are realized consecutively in the following order:
cycle B,
cycle A, cycle C, cycle A, cycle B, cycle B, cycle A.
Cycle A in particular comprises a salt spraying phase. In the salt spraying
phase a
salt spray fog is in particular sprayed within the test chamber. In
particular, the salt
solution sprayed during cycle A is here in particular realized as a solution
of
sodium chloride in distillated water, which was preferably boiled prior to a
preparation of the solution and which preferentially has an electrical
conductivity of
maximally 20 S/cm at (25 2) C, with a mass concentration in a range of
(10 1) g/I. The test chamber for the alternating climate test in particular
has an
inner volume of at least 0.4 m3. In particular in an operation of the test
chamber,
the inner volume is homogeneously filled with a salt spray fog. The upper
portions
of the test chamber are preferably implemented in such a way that drops formed
on the surface cannot fall onto a test piece. Advantageously a temperature is
(35 0.5) C during a spraying of the salt spray fog, in particular within the
test
chamber, the temperature being preferably measured at a distance of at least
100 mm from a wall of the test chamber.
Cycle B in particular comprises a work phase, during which the temperature is
maintained at room temperature (25 C) and the relative humidity is maintained
at
a room-typical relative air humidity (70 %). In the work phase in particular
the test
chamber can be opened and the test piece can be assessed and/or checked.
Cycle C in particular comprises a freezing phase. In the freezing phase in
particular the test chamber temperature is maintained at a value below 0 C,
preferably at -15 C.
A "corrosion resistance" is in particular to be understood as a durability of
a
material during a corrosion test, for example an alternating climate test, in
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particular in accordance with VDA recommendation 233-102 of J une 30, 2013,
during which a functionality of a test piece is maintained, and/or preferably
a time
duration during which a threshold value of a corrosion parameter of a test
piece is
undershot during an alternating climate test. By "a functionality being
maintained"
is in particular to be understood that material properties of a test piece
which are
relevant for a functionality of a wire netting, like a tear resistance and/or
brittleness, remain substantially unchanged. By "a material property
remain[ing]
substantially unchanged" is in particular to be understood that a change in a
material parameter and/or in a material property amounts to less than 10 %,
preferably less than 5 %, preferentially less than 31% and especially
preferentially
less than 1 % with respect to an initial value prior to the corrosion test.
Preferably
the corrosion parameter is implemented as a percentage of an overall surface
of a
test piece, on which dark brown rust (DBR) is, in particular visually,
perceivable.
The threshold value of the corrosion parameter is preferably 5 %. A corrosion
resistance thus preferably indicates a time interval which passes until dark
brown
rust (DBR) is visually perceivable on 51% of an overall surface of a test
piece, in
particular an overall surface of a test piece that is exposed to the salt
spray fog in
the alternating climate test. Preferentially the corrosion resistance is the
time that
passes between a start of the alternating climate test and an occurrence of 5
%
DBR on the surface of the test piece.
In particular, already the production method of the corrosion-protection-
coated
steel wire nettings used is specifically adapted, such that the resulting
steel wires
have a high rupture resistance despite high tensile strengths and despite
thick
corrosion protection layers, and in particular survive the production process
for the
steel wire netting such that the resulting steel wire netting is free of
rupturing and
the corrosion protection layer remains unscathed. For this purpose, for
example
the coating temperature is specifically selected such that additional
brittling of the
coated high-tensile steel wires can be kept low. For this purpose, for example
in a
galvanization the temperature of the coating bath is specifically kept lower
than
usual. In particular, the temperature of the coating bath herein remains in
each
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process step below 440 C, preferably below 435 C, advantageously below 430 C,
preferentially below 425 C. At the same time the coating temperature of the
coating bath herein remains above 421 C. In particular, extensive temperature
control of the coating bath is necessary for this. In particular, additional
leaking of
carbon from the high-tensile steel wires during the coating process,
influencing
brittleness and strength of the steel wire, is taken into account here.
Moreover, a
production method for the steel wire netting from the coated steel wires is
preferably adapted specifically in such a way that a rupturing of the steel
wire or a
damaging of the corrosion protection layer while braiding the hexagonal meshes
is
prevented to the best possible extent. For this, in particular a twisting
speed at
which neighboring steel wires are twisted is reduced as compared to customary
production processes. In particular, the twisting speed is at least 0.5
seconds per
(180 ) twisting, preferably at least 0.75 seconds per (180 ) twisting and
preferentially at least one second per (180 ) twisting.
In the case of a steel wire with a class B corrosion protection coating and
with a
wire diameter of approximately 2 mm, the area density of the corrosion
protection
layer is at least 115 g/m2. In the case of a steel wire with a class B
corrosion
protection coating and with a wire diameter of approximately 3 mm, the area
density of the corrosion protection layer is at least 135 g/m2. In the case of
a steel
wire with a class B corrosion protection coating and with a wire diameter of
approximately 4 mm, the area density of the corrosion protection layer is at
least
135 g/m2. In the case of a steel wire with a class B corrosion protection
coating
and with a wire diameter of approximately 5 mm, the area density of the
corrosion
protection layer is at least 150 g/m2. In the case of a steel wire with a
class A
corrosion protection coating and with a wire diameter of approximately 2 mm,
the
area density of the corrosion protection layer is at least 205 g/m2. In the
case of a
steel wire with a class A corrosion protection coating and with a wire
diameter of
approximately 3 mm, the area density of the corrosion protection layer is at
least
255 g/m2. In the case of a steel wire with a class A corrosion protection
coating
and with a wire diameter of approximately 4 mm, the area density of the
corrosion
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protection layer is at least 275 g/m2. In the case of a steel wire with a
class A
corrosion protection coating and with a wire diameter of approximately 5 mm,
the
area density of the corrosion protection layer is at least 280 g/m2.
In particular, the steel wire used and the corrosion protection layer applied
onto
the steel wire survive, in particular in at least one test run, without
damages, in
particular without rupturing, an N-fold twisting of the wire, wherein N may be
determined, if applicable by rounding down, as B*R- .5-d- .5, and d is a
diameter of
the wire in mm, R is a tensile strength of the wire in N*mm-2 and B is a
factor of at
least 960 N .5 mm- .5, preferably at least 1,050 N .5 mm- .5, advantageously
at least
1,200 N .5 mm- .5, preferentially at least 1,500 N .5 mm- .5, and especially
preferentially at least 2,000 N .5 mm- .5. In particular, the twisting test is
executed
in accordance with the requirements of the standards DIN EN 10218-1:2012-03
and DIN EN 10264-2:2012-03. This in particular allows providing a selection
process for a suitable wire that is significantly more strict and more
specific with
regard to a load-bearing capacity as compared to a twisting test in accordance
with the standards DIN EN 10218-1:2012-03 and DIN EN 10264-2:2012-03. A
"twisting" is in particular to mean a twisting of a clamped-in wire around a
longitudinal axis.
In particular, the steel wire used and the corrosion protection layer applied
onto
the steel wire survive, in particular in at least one test run, without
damages, in
particular without rupturing, an M-fold back-and-forth bending of the wire
around at
least one bending cylinder that has a diameter of maximally 8d, preferably no
more than 6d, preferentially maximally 4d and particularly preferably no more
than
2d, by at least 900 respectively, in opposite directions, wherein M can be
determined, if applicable by rounding-down, to be C* R- .5* d- .5, and wherein
d is
a diameter of the wire in mm, R is a tensile strength of the wire given in N
mm-2
and C is a factor of at least 350 N .5 mm- .5, preferably at least 600 N .5 mm-
.5,
advantageously at least 850 N .5 mm- .5, preferentially at least 1,000 N .5 mm-
.5
and particularly preferably at least 1,300 N .5 mm- .5. In particular, the
reverse
bend test is executed in accordance with the standards DIN EN 10218-1:2012-03
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and DIN EN 10264-2:2012-03. This in particular allows providing a selection
process for a suitable wire that is considerably stricter and/or more specific
regarding a load-bearing capacity than a reverse bend test according to the
standards DIN EN 10218-1:2012-03 and DIN EN 10264-2:2012-03. In the reverse
bending, the wire is preferably bent around two opposite-situated bending
cylinders which are implemented identically.
Beyond this it is proposed that at least two sub-pieces of the steel wires
survive
without rupturing, in particular in a test run, a screw-like winding around
each
other, comprising at least N+1 twistings, preferably N+2 twistings and
preferentially N+4 twistings, wherein N is (if applicable by rounding down) a
number of twistings of the steel wires delimiting the hexagonal meshes to
opposite
sides. This advantageously permits ensuring a high rupture resistance of the
steel
wire netting, in particular also in the case of events initiating additional
deformation
of the steel wire nettings. It is moreover advantageously possible to make
sure
that the steel wires used for the production of the steel wire netting do not
rupture
during the production process, in particular not during a twisting, thus
causing
production stoppage and/or damaging of production installations. It is
moreover
advantageously possible to make sure that an overbending of the steel wires
used, which is necessary for the production of the steel wire netting having
the
advantageous mesh width / mesh height ratio of at least 0.75, is feasible,
thus
basically enabling a production of the steel wire netting having the
advantageous
mesh width / mesh height ratio of at least 0.75.
Furthermore, a production device is proposed for braiding a steel wire netting
with
hexagonal meshes, in particular a hexagonal netting, from steel wires
comprising
a high-tensile steel, with at least one array of twisting units for an
alternating
twisting of steel wires with further steel wires which are guided on
respectively
opposite sides of the steel wires, and with at least one rotatable roller,
which is
supported downstream of the twisting units and has on a sheath surface dogs
which are configured to engage into the newly braided hexagonal meshes, thus
pushing or pulling the steel wire netting forward, wherein the twisting units
are
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configured to over-rotate the steel wires and/or the rotatable roller is
configured to
over-expand a mesh width of the hexagonal meshes, in particular as compared to
the mesh width of a finished hexagonal mesh. Advantageously, a production of a
steel wire netting from high-tensile steel wires with an improved mesh
geometry, in
particular with standard-compliant mesh width / mesh height ratios, is enabled
in
this way. In particular, the twisting units are configured to produce the
twisted
regions which partly delimit the hexagonal meshes. In particular, each
twisting unit
comprises two half-shell twisting elements, each of which guides a steel wire
and
which are alternatingly rotated around a shared rotation axis and around two
separate rotation axes for a twisting, wherein in particular in rotating
separately
from each other, each of the half-shells is combined with a half-shell of a
neighboring twisting unit. In particular, a rotation axis of the rotatable
roller is
oriented at least substantially perpendicularly to the rotation axes of the
twisting
units. By the twisting units being configured to "over-rotate" the steel
wires, is in
particular to be understood that a rotation angle swept over by the twisting
units
during a twisting process is larger than a total twisting angle of the twisted
regions
delimiting the hexagonal meshes of the finished steel wire netting. By the
rotatable
roller being configured to "over-expand" the mesh width of the hexagonal mesh,
is
in particular to be understood that a mesh width enforced on the steel wire
netting
by the rotatable roller, in particular by the dogs of the rotatable roller, is
larger than
a mesh width of the hexagonal meshes of the finished steel wire netting.
"Configured" is in particular to mean specifically designed and/or equipped.
By an
object being configured for a certain function is in particular to be
understood that
the object fulfills and/or executes said certain function in at least one
application
state and/or operation state.
If herein the over-rotating of the intertwisted steel wires and/or the over-
expanding
of the hexagonal meshes is configured to compensate a rebound of the high-
tensile steel wires, which are substantially more elastic as compared to a non-
high-tensile steel, advantageously a production of a steel wire netting from
high-
tensile steel wires is enabled with an improved mesh geometry, in particular
with
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standard-compliant mesh width / mesh height ratios, which was not possible
with
customary methods. In particular, a dimension of an over-rotating/twisting is
selected such that a rebound effect that corresponds to the material, the
tensile
strength and the wire thickness of the respective steel wire used is
compensated
as completely as possible.
In this context it is proposed that the twisting units are configured to twist
the steel
wires at least M-fold with one another, wherein M is given by the formula
M = U + 0.5 * G, and U is an uneven integer 3, which preferably corresponds to
a number of twistings within a twisted region of the finished steel wire
netting that
delimits a hexagonal mesh, and wherein G is any real number 1 and 5 3. As a
result, sufficient compensation of the rebound effect of the high-tensile
steel wire,
in particular having a thickness between 2 mm and 4 mm, is advantageously
attainable. Preferably G 1.5, preferably 2.
In a further aspect of the invention which, taken on its own or in combination
with
at least one, in particular in combination with one of the remaining aspects
of the
invention, in particular in combination with any number of the remaining
aspects of
the invention, it is proposed that the production device comprises a
stretching unit,
which is integrated in the rotatable roller, which is supported downstream of
or is
arranged separately from the rotatable roller, and which is configured to
stretch a
finished steel wire netting, in particular hexagonal netting, at least in a
direction
parallel to the mesh width, preferably at least by 30 %, preferably at least
by 50 %
and particularly preferably at least by 55 %. In particular, the stretching
unit is
configured to simultaneously grip and stretch several meshes of the steel wire
netting which are arranged behind one another or spaced apart behind one
another in a direction running parallel to the mesh width. Preferentially at
least a
large portion of all hexagonal meshes of the mesh netting is stretched
directly. By
the term "stretched directly" is in particular to be understood that the
stretching unit
contacts the meshes directly and stretches them independently from a
stretching
of further meshes. A "large portion" is in particular to mean 10 %, preferably
20 %,
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advantageously 30 %, especially advantageously 50 %, preferentially 66 % and
particularly preferentially 85 %.
Moreover, a production method is proposed for a braiding of a steel wire
netting
with hexagonal meshes, in particular a hexagonal netting, in particular by
means
of a production device. This advantageously allows providing a steel wire
netting
made of high-tensile steel wires with a particularly advantageous mesh
geometry,
which is in particular already widely in use and well proven in the non-high-
tensile
field.
If during production of the steel wire netting the steel wires are over-
rotated in
twisted regions of the steel wire netting and/or if the hexagonal meshes are
over-
expanded in a direction parallel to the mesh width, this advantageously
enables a
production of a steel wire netting from high-tensile steel wires with an
improved
mesh geometry, in particular with standard-compliant mesh width / mesh height
ratios, which was not realizable with methods known until now.
The steel wire netting according to the invention, the production device
according
to the invention and the production method according to the invention shall
herein
not be limited to the application and implementation described above. In
particular,
in order to realize a functionality that is described here, the steel wire
netting
according to the invention, the production device according to the invention
and
the production method according to the invention may comprise a number of
individual elements, components and units that differs from a number given
here.
Drawings
Further advantages will become apparent from the following description of the
drawings. In the drawings four exemplary embodiments of the invention are
illustrated. The drawings, the description and the claims contain a plurality
of
features in combination. Someone skilled in the art will purposefully also
consider
the features separately and will find further expedient combinations.
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It is shown in:
Fig. 1 a portion of a steel wire netting with hexagonal
meshes, which
constitutes the prior art,
Fig. 2 a schematic plan view of a steel wire netting with
hexagonal
meshes according to the invention,
Fig. 3 a schematic section through a steel wire of the
steel wire netting
with a corrosion protection overlay,
Fig. 4 a schematic section through a steel wire of the
steel wire netting
with a corrosion protection coating,
Fig. 5 a schematic illustration of a test device for carrying out twisting
tests,
Fig. 6 a schematic side view of a production device for a
braiding of the
steel wire netting with the hexagonal meshes,
Fig. 7 a further schematic illustration of the production
device from a
perspective view,
Fig. 8 a schematic, partly sectioned detail view of a
portion of the
production device, with a rotatable roller and with twisting units,
Fig. 9 a schematic, partly sectioned detail view of a
portion of the
production device, with an alternative rotatable roller,
Fig. 10 a schematic flowchart of a production method for a braiding of the
steel wire netting with the hexagonal meshes,
Fig. 11 a schematic plan view of an alternative steel wire
netting
according to the invention,
Fig. 12 a schematic section through a steel wire of a
further alternative
steel wire netting according to the invention, and
Fig. 13 a schematic section through a steel wire of an
additional further
alternative steel wire netting according to the invention.
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Description of the exemplary embodiments
Figure 1 shows a section of a steel wire netting 254 with hexagonal meshes
216,
which constitutes the prior art and is currently produced and distributed by
the
company of the applicant of the patent document PL 235814 B1 (Nector Sp. z
o.o.,
Krakow, Poland). The steel wire netting 254 is produced from steel wires 210,
212,
214, which are made of high-tensile steel. The steel wire netting 254 has a
mesh
width 218 and a mesh height 220. A mesh width / mesh height ratio of the prior
art
steel wire netting 254 is considerably less than 0.75. The mesh width / mesh
height ratio of the prior art steel wire netting 254 is approximately 0.5.
Figure 2 shows schematically a steel wire netting 54a according to the
invention.
The steel wire netting 54a is configured for an application for civil
engineering
purposes. The steel wire netting 54a is configured for an application in the
field of
protection from natural hazards. The steel wire netting 54a is realized as a
hexagonal netting. The steel wire netting 54a comprises hexagonal meshes 16a.
The steel wire netting 54a is made of steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a. The steel
wires
10a, 12a, 14a are made of a high-tensile steel. The high-tensile steel which
the
steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a are made of has a tensile strength of at least
1,700 N/mm2 and maximally 2,150 N/mm2. In the example shown the steel wires
10a, 12a, 14a are made of a high-tensile steel with a tensile strength of
approximately 1,950 N/mm2. In addition, it is conceivable that the steel wires
10a,
12a, 14a made of the high-tensile steel have a (non-high-tensile) corrosion
protection overlay 50'a (see figure 4) or a (non-high-tensile) corrosion
protection
coating 48a (see figure 3). If the steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a have the
corrosion
protection coating 48a, the corrosion protection coating 48a is realized at
least as
a class B corrosion protection coating according to the standard 10244-2:2001-
07.
In the case shown exemplarily in figure 3, the corrosion protection coating
48a is
realized as a class A corrosion protection coating according to the standard
DIN
EN 10244-2:2001-07.
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In order to form the hexagonal meshes 16a, the steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a of
the
steel wire netting 54a are alternatingly twisted with neighboring steel wires
10a,
12a, 14a of the steel wire netting 54a. The intertwisted steel wires 10a, 12a,
14a
form twisted regions 24a. The twisted regions 24a in each case comprise at
least
three consecutive twistings 28a, 38a, 40a. Each twisting 28a, 38a, 40a
comprises
a 1800 winding of a steel wire 10a, 12a, 14a of the steel wire netting 54a
around a
further steel wire 10a, 12a, 14a of the steel wire netting 54a. In the example
shown
in figure 2, the twisted regions 24a comprise precisely three twistings 28a,
38a,
40a. Each of the twistings 28a, 38a, 40a has a length 26a. The lengths 26a of
the
twistings 28a, 38a, 40a are approximately equal. The forms of the twistings
28a,
38a, 40a are approximately equal. The average length 26a of the twistings 28a,
38a, 40a within the twisted regions 24a of several of the hexagonal meshes 16a
is
smaller than 1.1 cm.
The hexagonal meshes 16a of the steel wire netting 54a have a mesh height 20a.
The mesh height 20a is measured perpendicularly to the mesh width 18a. The
mesh height 20a is implemented as a largest aperture length of the hexagonal
meshes 16a. The mesh height 20a is measured between a corner 66a of the
hexagonal mesh 16a, in which a twisting 28a, 38a, 40a (differing from the
twisted
regions 24a) of the two steel wires 10a, 12a, which delimit the hexagonal mesh
16a all around, starts, and a further corner 68a of the hexagonal mesh 16a, in
which the twisting 28a, 38a, 40a (differing from the twisted regions 24a) of
the
steel wires 10a, 12a, which delimit the hexagonal mesh 16a all around, ends.
The twisted regions 24a respectively delimit the hexagonal meshes 16a on two
opposite-situated sides. Each twisted region 24a (possible exception: an edge
of
the steel wire netting 54a) delimits two neighboring hexagonal meshes 16a at
the
same time. Each of the twisted regions 24a has a length 22a. The lengths 22a
of
the twisted regions 24a are approximately equal. The average length 22a of the
twisted regions 24a delimiting the hexagonal meshes 16a amounts to at least
% of the average mesh height 20a of several hexagonal meshes 16a of the
30 steel wire netting 54a.
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The hexagonal meshes 16a of the steel wire netting 54a have a mesh width 18a.
The mesh width 18a is implemented as a shortest distance between the two
twisted regions 24a delimiting a hexagonal mesh 16a. The average length 22a of
the twisted regions 24a delimiting the hexagonal meshes 16a amounts to at
least
50 % of the average mesh width 18a of several hexagonal meshes 16a of the
steel wire netting 54a. The average mesh width 18a of the hexagonal meshes 16a
typically amounts to approximately 60 mm, approximately 80 mm or approximately
100 mm. In the case shown exemplarily in figure 2, the mesh width 18a is
approximately 80 mm.
An average ratio of the average mesh width 18a of several hexagonal meshes 16a
of the steel wire netting 54a and the average mesh height 20a of the hexagonal
meshes 16a is at least 0.75. A mesh width / mesh height ratio formed from the
mesh width 18a and the mesh height 20a is at least 0.75. In the case shown
exemplarily in figure 2, the mesh width / mesh height ratio is 0.8.
The hexagonal meshes 16a have a first aperture angle 44a that spans the
hexagonal meshes 16a in a longitudinal direction 42a of the hexagonal meshes
16a. The longitudinal direction 42a points in a production direction of the
steel wire
netting 54a, i. e. from a twisted region 24a that was produced later towards a
twisted region 24a that was produced earlier. Alternatively, the longitudinal
direction 42a may point in the opposite direction. The first aperture angle
44a
spans the hexagonal mesh 16a in a corner 66a that is situated further
frontwards
in the longitudinal direction 42a. The hexagonal meshes 16a have a second
aperture angle 70a that spans the hexagonal meshes 16a in the longitudinal
direction 42a. The second aperture angle 70a spans the hexagonal mesh 16a in a
corner 68a that is situated further rearwards in the longitudinal direction
42a. The
two aperture angles 44a, 70a are situated in opposed corners 66a, 68a of the
hexagonal meshes 16a.
The average first aperture angle 44a of several hexagonal meshes 16a of the
steel
wire netting 54a is at least 70 . In the example shown in figure 2, the first
aperture
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angle 44a is approximately 900. The average second aperture angle 70a of
several hexagonal meshes 16a of the steel wire netting 54a is at least 70 . In
the
example shown in figure 2, the second aperture angle 70a is approximately 90 .
The opposite-situated average aperture angles 44a, 70a of the hexagonal meshes
16a, which span the hexagonal meshes 16a in the longitudinal direction 42a,
differ
from each other by maximally 8 . In the example shown in figure 2, the
opposite-
situated aperture angles 44a, 70a of the hexagonal mesh 16a are approximately
equal.
Viewed along the longitudinal direction 42a, the two steel wires 10a, 12a,
which
delimit a hexagonal mesh 16a of the steel wire netting 54a all around, in each
case have an entry curvature 30a on respectively opposite-situated sides of
the
hexagonal mesh 16a, in a transition 72a in which the respective steel wire
10a,
12a passes from an at least substantially straight section 32a of the
respective
steel wire 10a, 12a that delimits the hexagonal mesh 16a to a twisted region
24a
of the steel wire 10a, 12a that delimits the hexagonal mesh 16a. Viewed along
the
longitudinal direction 42a, the two steel wires 10a, 12a, which delimit a
hexagonal
mesh 16a of the steel wire netting 54a all around, in each case have an exit
curvature 34a on respectively opposite sides of the hexagonal mesh 16a, in a
further transition 74a (differing from the transition 72a) in which the
respective
steel wire 10a, 12a passes from the twisted region 24a that delimits the
hexagonal
mesh 16a to an at least substantially straight further section 36a of the
steel wire
10a, 12a that delimits the hexagonal mesh 16a. The average entry curvature 30a
and the average exit curvature 34a of the steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a of several
hexagonal meshes 16a are approximately equal.
The steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a of the steel wire netting 54a have a rupture
resistance suitable for the production of the hexagonal meshes 16a with the
mesh
width / mesh height ratio of 0.75 or more. The steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a of
the
steel wire netting 54a are realized in such a way that two sub-pieces of the
steel
wires 10a, 12a, 16a survive in a first twisting test run a screw-like winding
around
each other comprising at least N+1 twistings, wherein N is, if applicable by
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rounding down, a number of twistings of the steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a
delimiting
the hexagonal meshes 16a to opposite sides. In the example shown in figure 2,
the steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a thus survive at least four twistings. In
particular, for
each steel wire batch the first twisting test run is executed before usage for
the
production of a steel wire netting 54a. For this purpose, two sub-pieces of
the steel
wires 10a, 12a, 14a of the steel wire batch are clamped into a test device 76a
at
opposite ends (see figure 5) and are twisted with each other until a wire
rupture of
at least one of the steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a is detected.
Moreover, the steel wires 10a, 12a of the steel wire netting 54a are realized
in
such a way that in a second twisting test run two sub-pieces of the steel
wires 10a,
12a, 14a survive a screw-like winding and unwinding of the steel wires 10a,
12a,
14a around each other, comprising at least three, preferably at least five and
preferentially at least seven back-and-forth twistings. The test pieces of the
steel
wires 10a, 12a, 14a are herein alternatingly wrapped with each other by
respectively 180 and then unwrapped. An 1800 twisting in one of the two
twisting
directions is herein counted as one back-and-forth twisting. For an execution
of the
second twisting test run, the two sub-pieces of the steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a
of the
steel wire batch are also clamped into the test device 76a at opposite ends
and
are twisted back and forth until a wire rupture of at least one of the steel
wires 10a,
12a, 14a is detected. This advantageously allows, on the one hand, ensuring
that
the steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a do not break during the production of the steel
wire
netting 54a according to the invention, in particular in an over-rotating of
the steel
wires 10a, 12a, 14a and/or do not break in an over-expansion of the steel wire
netting 54a. On the other hand, it is in this way advantageously possible to
state
that the wire netting 54a according to the invention is capable of providing a
sufficient protective effect as it has, for example, a sufficiently high
rupture
resistance also in the case of an event (for example a rockfall) involving
plastic
and/or elastic deformation.
Figure 5 shows a schematic illustration of the test device 76a for carrying
out the
first twisting test run and/or for carrying out the second twisting test run.
The test
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device 76a comprises two steel wire holding devices 78a, 80a for a
positionally fix
and rotationally fix holding of a pair of steel wires 10a, 12a. Prior to a
start of the
respective twisting test run, the steel wires 10a, 12a held in the steel wire
holding
devices 78a, 80a are guided side by side and parallel to each other. When the
respective twisting test run is carried out, one of the two steel wire holding
devices
78a, 80a is held in a rotationally fix manner while the other one of the two
steel
wire holding devices 78a, 80a is rotated around a rotation axis that runs
parallel to
the initial longitudinal directions 82a of the steel wires 10a, 12a held by
the steel
wire holding devices 78a, 80a.
Figure 6 shows a schematic side view of a production device 52a for a braiding
of
the steel wire netting 54a having the hexagonal meshes 16a, in particular for
a
braiding of a hexagonal netting, from the steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a comprising
the
high-tensile steel. The production device 52a comprises a first wire supply
device
84a for supplying at least part of the starting material, for example at least
the
steel wire 10a. The first wire supply device 84a is configured to receive at
least
one bobbin 86a with the wound-up high-tensile steel wire 10a so as to be
rotatable, in particular unrollable. The production device 52a comprises a
wire
alignment device 88a. The wire alignment device 88a is configured for at least
partially straightening the previously rolled-up steel wire 10a. The
production
device 52a comprises a second wire supply device 90a. In the second wire
supply
device 90a the steel wire 12a is wound up in spiral fashion.
The production device 52a comprises an array of twisting units 56a, 58a (see
also
figure 8). The twisting units 56a, 58a are configured for twisting the steel
wires
10a, 12a fed from the wire supply devices 84a, 90a with each other. The
twisting
units 56a, 58a are configured for twisting respectively one steel wire 10a
alternatingly with further steel wires 12a, 14a, which are guided on
respectively
opposite-situated sides of the steel wire 10a. The production device 52a
comprises a rotatable roller 60a. The rotatable roller 60a is arranged within
the
production device 52a downstream of the twisting units 56a, 58a. The rotatable
roller 60a is configured to push, respectively pull, the already intertwisted
steel
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wires 10a, 12a, 14a, preferably pulling them away from twisting regions of the
twisting units 56a, 58a. The rotatable roller 60a is configured for a
continuous
rotation. The production device 52a comprises a netting roll-up device 92a.
The
netting roll-up device 92a is configured to accept the finished steel wire
netting 54a
from the rotatable roller 60a and to roll the steel wire netting 54a into
netting rolls
94a.
Figure 7 shows a further schematic illustration of the production device 52a
in a
perspective view.
Figure 8 shows schematically a partly sectioned detail view of a portion of
the
production device 52a. In the section shown in figure 8, three twisting units
56a,
58a, 104a are illustrated. A first twisting unit 56a comprises two twisting
elements
96a, 98a. A second twisting unit 58a, which is arranged next to the first
twisting
unit 56a, also comprises two twisting elements 100a, 102a. The twisting
elements
96a, 98a, 100a, 102a of one of the twisting units 56a, 58a, 104a are in each
case
realized as half-shell sub-elements of a cylinder shape. Each twisting element
96a,
98a, 100a, 102a of one of the twisting units 56a, 58a, 104a guides a single
steel
wire 10a, 12a, 14a. The twisting elements 96a, 100a, which are situated to the
front in figure 8, guide respectively one steel wire 10a, 14a that has been
wound
from the bobbin 86a and straightened. The twisting elements 98a, 102a, which
are
situated to the rear in figure 8, guide a steel wire 12a that has been wound
up
freely in spiral fashion. The twisting elements 98a, 102a, which are situated
to the
rear in figure 8, are arranged on a rail 106a that is supported so as to be
longitudinally movable. The twisting elements 98a, 102a are guided along with
the
movement of the rail 106a. The rail 106a can be moved back and forth in both
directions along a longitudinal axis of the rail 106a. The rail 106a can be
moved
back and forth in both directions parallel to a rotation axis 108a of the
rotatable
roller 60a. The rail 106a can be moved back and forth in both directions
perpendicularly to rotation axes 110a of the twisting units 56a, 58a, 104a. In
a
movement of the rail 106a, different twisting elements 96a, 98a, 100a, 102a
are
brought together alternatingly. For example, first the two twisting elements
96a,
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98a belonging to the first twisting unit 56a are brought together and the
corresponding steel wires 10a, 12a are twisted. Then one of the twisting
elements
96a of the first twisting unit 56a is brought together, by the movement of the
rail
106a, with one of the twisting elements 102a of the second twisting unit 58a.
The
twisting elements 96a, 98a, 100a, 102a, after having been respectively brought
together, rotate around a shared rotation axis 110a, as a result of which the
steel
wires 10a, 12a, 14a, guided respectively by the twisting elements 96a, 98a,
100a,
102a which were brought together, are twisted with one another. During the
twisting and the switching of the rail 106a, the rotatable roller 60a rotates
and
while rotating pulls the steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a out of the twisting units
56a, 58a,
104a.
The twisting units 56a, 58a, 104a are configured to over-rotate the steel
wires 10a,
12a, 14a during the twisting process in which the steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a
are
twisted with each other in order to form the twisted regions 24a. The over-
rotation
of the intertwisted steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a is configured to compensate,
after the
twisting process, a rebound of the high-tensile steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a,
which are
considerably more elastic as compared to a non-high-tensile steel. The over-
rotation of the intertwisted steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a is configured for
producing a
planar steel wire netting 54a with hexagonal meshes 16a, which has narrowly
wrapped twisted regions 24a. The twisting units 56a, 58a, 104a are configured
for
twisting the steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a with each other in the twisting process
at
least M-fold, wherein M is given by the formula M = U + 0.5 * G, and U is an
uneven integer 3, and G is any real number 1 and 5 3. In the case shown by
way of example, the twisting units 56a, 58a, 104a are configured for twisting
the
steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a in the twisting process more than 3.5-fold. In the
case
shown by way of example, the twisting units 56a, 58a, 104a are configured for
twisting the steel wires 10a, 12a, 14a in the twisting process approximately 4-
fold.
The rotatable roller 60a comprises on a sheath surface 62a dogs 64a. The dogs
64a are configured to engage into the newly braided hexagonal meshes 16a of
the
steel wire netting 54a, thus pushing or pulling the steel wire netting 54a
forward in
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the running twisting process. The rotatable roller 60a is configured to over-
expand
the hexagonal meshes 16a in a direction of the mesh width 18a in comparison to
the mesh width 18a of a finished hexagonal mesh 16a. The dogs 64a are
configured to over-expand the hexagonal meshes 16a in the direction of the
mesh
width 18a. The dogs 64a have a shape which generates an over-expansion of the
hexagonal meshes 16a in the direction of the mesh width 18a. A width of each
dog
64a of the rotatable roller 60a is larger than the mesh width 18a of the
finished
steel wire netting 54a. The over-expansion of the hexagonal meshes 16a is
configured to compensate a rebound of the high-tensile steel wires 10a, 12a,
14a,
which are considerably more elastic as compared to a non-high-tensile steel.
Figure 9 schematically shows the portion of the production device 52a which is
also shown in figure 8, with the production device 52a comprising an
alternative
rotatable roller 60'a. The production device 52a comprises a stretching unit
134a.
The stretching unit 134a is configured for a stretching of a finished steel
wire
netting 54a in directions parallel to the mesh width 18a. The stretching unit
134a is
configured for a stretching of the finished steel wire netting 54a by at least
30 %. In
the case illustrated exemplarily in figure 9, the stretching unit 134a is
integrated in
the alternative rotatable roller 60'a. The stretching unit 134a comprises
stretching
elements 112a, 114a, 116a. The stretching elements 112a, 114a, 116a are
realized as projections in the rotatable roller 60'a. The stretching elements
112a,
114a, 116a are configured to engage into the hexagonal meshes 16a. The
stretching elements 112a, 114a, 116a are configured to attack at the twisted
regions 24a of the hexagonal meshes 16a and to pull the hexagonal meshes 16a
apart in directions parallel to the mesh width 18a. For example, as a result
of a
back-and-forth movement of the stretching elements 112a, 114a, 116a during the
rotation of the rotatable roller 60'a, the individual hexagonal meshes 16a of
the
steel wire netting 54a are temporarily over-expanded. Alternatively it is
conceivable that the stretching unit 134a is supported downstream of the
rotatable
roller 60a or that the stretching unit 134a is arranged separately from the
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production device 52d comprising the rotatable roller 60a and the twisting
units
56a, 58a, 104a.
Figure 10 shows a schematic flow chart of a production method for a braiding
of
the steel wire netting 54a having the hexagonal meshes 16a. In at least one
method step 122a two steel wires 10a, 12a of a steel wire batch are clamped
into
the test device 76a and the first twisting test run and/or the second twisting
test
run are/is carried out. If the first twisting test run and/or the second
twisting test run
have/has been survived, the steel wires 10a, 12a of the steel wire batch that
has
now been tested are used for the production of a steel wire netting 54a
according
to the invention and/or are fed to the production device 52a.
In at least one further method step 120a the one (tested) steel wire 10a is
fed to
the first twisting unit 56a. In the method step 120a, the further (tested)
steel wire
12a is fed to the first twisting unit 56a. In at least one method step 124a,
the two
steel wires 10a, 12a are twisted with each other. In the production of the
steel wire
netting 54a, in the method step 124a, the steel wires 10a, 12a are over-
rotated in
the twisted regions 24a of the steel wire netting 54a. In the method step 124a
the
steel wires 10a, 12a are over-rotated in the twisted regions 24a of the steel
wire
netting 54a at least by a half twist, preferably at least by a full twist.
After the over-
rotation the over-rotated steel wires 10a, 12a automatically rebound by the
over-
rotated amount due to the high elasticity of high-tensile steel, such that the
geometry according to the invention of the hexagonal meshes 16a is brought
about.
In at least one further method step 118a the steel wire netting 54a that is
being
created is attacked at the twisted regions 24a by the dogs 64a of the
rotatable
roller 60a and is taken along with the movement of the rotatable roller 60a.
By the
dogs 64a, in particular by the engagement of the dogs 64a in the hexagonal
meshes 16a, the hexagonal meshes 16a are in the method step 118a over-
expanded in directions parallel to the mesh width 18a. After passing the
rotatable
roller 60a, the over-expanded hexagonal meshes 16a automatically rebound at
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least by a portion of the expansion due to the high elasticity of high-tensile
steel,
such that the geometry according to the invention of the hexagonal meshes 16a
is
brought about.
Alternatively or additionally, in at least one further method step 126a the
hexagonal meshes 16a of the finished steel wire netting 54a are additionally
or
alternatively stretched. In the method step 126a the hexagonal meshes 16a of
the
finished steel wire netting 54a are stretched by the stretching elements 112a,
114a, 116a which are integrated in the rotatable roller 60a or by stretching
elements 112a, 114a, 116a which are implemented separately from the rotatable
roller 60a. After the stretching by the stretching unit 134a, the stretched
hexagonal
meshes 16a automatically rebound at least by a portion of the stretching due
to
the high elasticity of high-tensile steel, such that the geometry according to
the
invention of the hexagonal meshes 16a is brought about.
In figures 11 to 13 three further exemplary embodiments of the invention are
shown. The following descriptions and the drawings are essentially limited to
the
differences between the exemplary embodiments, wherein with regard to
components having the same denomination, in particular to components having
the same reference numerals, principally the drawings and/or the description
of
the other exemplary embodiments, in particular of figures 1 to 10, may be
referred
to. In order to distinguish between the exemplary embodiments, the letter a
has
been added to the reference numerals in figures 1 to 10. In the exemplary
embodiments of figures 11 to 13, the letter a has been replaced by the letters
b
to d.
Figure 11 schematically shows an alternative steel wire netting 54b according
to
the invention. The steel wire netting 54b comprises hexagonal meshes 16b. The
steel wire netting 54b is realized from steel wires 10b, 12b, 14b. The steel
wires
10b, 12b, 14b are made of a high-tensile steel. For a formation of the
hexagonal
meshes 16b, the steel wires 10b, 12b, 14b of the steel wire netting 54b are
alternatingly twisted with neighboring steel wires 10b, 12b, 14b of the steel
wire
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netting 54b. The intertwisted steel wires 10b, 12b, 14b form twisted regions
24b.
The twisted regions 24b of the alternative steel wire netting 54b in each case
comprise more than three consecutive twistings 28b, 38b, 40b, 128b, 130b. In
the
example shown in figure 11, the twisted regions 24b of the alternative steel
wire
netting 54b comprise five consecutive twistings 28b, 38b, 40b, 128b, 130b.
Figure 12 schematically shows a section through a steel wire 10c of a further
alternative steel wire netting 54c according to the invention. The steel wire
10c is
made of a high-tensile steel. The high-tensile steel of the steel wire 10c is
implemented of a stainless type of steel.
Figure 13 schematically shows a section through a steel wire 10d of an
additional
further alternative steel wire netting 54d according to the invention. The
steel wire
10d comprises a high-tensile steel. The steel wire 10d has a sheath 46d of a
stainless type of steel. The steel wire 10d comprises a core 132d of a non-
stainless type of steel. Either both subregions, the sheath 46d and the core
132d,
or only the core 132d may be made of the high-tensile steel.
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Reference numerals
steel wire
12 steel wire
14 steel wire
16 hexagonal mesh
18 mesh width
mesh height
22 length
24 twisted region
26 length
28 twisting
entry curvature
32 straight section
34 exit curvature
36 further straight section
38 twisting
twisting
42 longitudinal direction
44 aperture angle
46 sheath
48 corrosion protection coating
corrosion protection overlay
52 production device
54 steel wire netting
56 twisting unit
58 twisting unit
roller
62 sheath surface
64 dog
66 corner
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68 corner
70 aperture angle
72 transition
74 transition
76 test apparatus
78 steel wire holding apparatus
80 steel wire holding apparatus
82
84 first wire supply device
86 bobbin
88 wire alignment direction
90 second wire supply device
92 netting roll-up device
94 netting roll
96 twisting element
98 twisting element
100 twisting element
102 twisting element
104 twisting unit
106 rail
108 rotation axis
110 rotation axis
112 stretching element
114 stretching element
116 stretching element
118 method step
120 method step
122 method step
124 method step
126 method step
128 twisting
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130 twisting
132 core
134 stretching unit
210 steel wire
212 steel wire
214 steel wire
216 hexagonal mesh
218 mesh width
220 mesh height
254 steel wire netting
CA 03205101 2023- 7- 13
