Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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POLYESTER IMPACT MODIFIERS
FIELD
10011 This disclosure relates to polyesters suitable for use as impact
modifiers and to
biodegradable polymeric compositions incorporating such impact modifiers
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BACKGROUND
10021 For decades, petroleum-based polymers such as polyethylene (PE),
polypropylene
(PP), or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have been used for a wide variety of
applications.
While these polymers may provide good strength, barrier, and/or printability
characteristics, unfortunately, such polymers do not readily degrade or
decompose after
disposal ¨ either in landfills or by home composting techniques. Thus, films,
bags, and
other materials made from such polymers may exist in landfills for centuries
after disposal.
10031 Consequently, there is an increasing demand for alternative polymers
which may
be biosourced, biodegradable, and/or compostable. Examples of such polymers
include
poly(lactic acid) and poly(hydroxyalkanoates). While these biopolymers offer
clear
advantages in biodegradability and/or compostability, it is typically
desirable to blend
various additives with the biopolymers to improve the physical properties of
the
biopolymers.
10041 If the additives blended into the biopolymers are not biodegradable
and/or not
compostable, then the biopolymer's environmental benefits are reduced.
Consequently, it
would be desirable to provide additives for use with biopolymers, such as
incorporating
poly(lactic acid) and poly(hydroxyalkanoates), which are themselves
biodegradable and/or
compostable.
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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
10051 The above and other needs are met by a compostable polyester according
to the
present disclosure.
10061 In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a polyester.
According to certain
embodiments, this polyester is made up of: (1) from about 15 to about 40
weight percent
monomer repeat units of isosorbide; (2) from about 25 to about 60 weight
percent monomer
repeat units of a dicarboxylic acid or anhydride; and (3) from about 10 to
about 20 weight
percent monomer repeat units of a polyhydric alcohol. All of these weight
percentages
are based on the total weight on the polyester.
10071 The polyester also has a weight average molecular weight of at least
8000 Daltons,
as determined by ASTM D5296-05. More preferably, the polyester has a weight
average
molecular weight from about 10,000 to about 15,000 Daltons, as determined by
ASTM
D5296-05.
10081 In certain embodiments, the dicarboxylic acid or anhydride is preferably
selected
from the group consisting of succinic acid, succinic anhydride, glutaric acid,
pimelic acid,
undccanoic acid, dodccanoic acid, dodccancdioic acid, subcric acid, azclaic
acid, scbacic
acid, adipic acid, phthalic anhydride, dimethyl terephthalate, terephthalic
acid, isophthalic
acid, 1,8-naphthalic anhydride, 1,8-naphthalic dicarboxylic acid, 1,8-dimethyl
naphthalate,
dimethyl isophthalate, phthalic acid, pyromellitic anhydride, mellitic
anhydride, mellitic
acid, trimellitic anhydride, 3,3'4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic anhydride,
3,3'4,4'-
benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid, trimellitic acid, nadic anhydride, methyl
nadic
anhydride, C36 dimer acid, partially hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, polyethylene
terephthalate recycled polymer, polybutylene terephthalate recycled polymer,
polyethylene
terephthalate virgin polymer, polybutylene terephthalate virgin polymer, and
mixtures
thereof
10091 More preferably, the dicarboxylic acid or anhydride is selected from the
group
consisting of succinic acid, succinic anhydride, nadic anhydride, methyl nadic
anhydride,
sebacic acid, C36 dimer acid, partially hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, and
mixtures thereof
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[010] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the dicarboxylic acid or
anhydride is made
up of a mixture of (1) succinic acid or succinic anhydride and (2) nadic
anhydride, methyl
nadic anhydride, C36 dimer acid, or partially hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, and
mixtures
thereof For this embodiment, the polyester is preferably from about 25to about
35 weight
percent succinic acid or succinic anhydride and from about 10 to about 25
weight percent
nadic anhydride, methyl nadic anhydride, C36 dimer acid, or partially
hydrogenated C36
dimer acid.
[011] In some embodiments, the polyhydric alcohol is preferably selected from
the group
consisting of glycerin, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol,
1,4-butanediol,
1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2-methyl, neopentyl glycol, propylene glycol,
triethylene
glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol,
tripropylene glycol,
tetrapropylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, 1,1,1-trimethylol ethane, 1,2,3-
trimethylolpropane, methyl propanediol, pentaerythritol, and poly(oxyalkylene)
polyols
comprising monomer repeat units of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or
butylene oxide,
and mixtures thereof.
10121 More preferably, the polyhydric alcohol is selected from the group
consisting of
1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, methyl propanediol, and
mixtures
thereof Even more preferably, the polyhydric alcohol includes 1,3-propanediol.
[013] In some instances, the dicarboxylic acid or anhydride preferably
includes succinic
acid or anhydride, and the polyhydric alcohol preferably includes 1,3-
propanediol.
10141 In an alternative embodiment, the isosorbide may be omitted from the
polyester.
In such instances, the polyester is made up of: (1) from about 35 to about 65
weight percent
monomer repeat units of a dicarboxylic acid or anhydride selected from the
group
consisting of the dicarboxylic acid or anhydride is selected from the group
consisting of
succinic acid, succinic anhydride, nadic anhydride, methyl nadic anhydride,
sebacic acid,
C36 dimer acid, partially hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, and mixtures thereof;
and (2) from
about 35 to about 65 weight percent monomer repeat units of a polyhydric
alcohol.
10151 In a preferred embodiment, the dicarboxylic acid or anhydride is made up
of a
mixture of (1) succinic acid or succinic anhydride and (2) nadic anhydride,
methyl nadic
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anhydride, C36 dimer acid, or partially hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, and
mixtures thereof.
For this embodiment, the polyester is preferably from about 30 to about 40
weight percent
succinic acid or succinic anhydride and from about 10 to about 20 weight
percent nadic
anhydride, methyl nadic anhydride, C36 dimer acid, or partially hydrogenated
C36 dimer
acid.
10161 Suitable polyhydric alcohols for this alternative polyester are the same
as the
polyhydric alcohols noted above for the polyester, including the isosorbide.
Also, for the
alternative polyester, the weight average molecular weight of the polyester is
at least 8000
Daltons, as determined by ASTM D5296-05. More preferably, the polyester has a
weight
average molecular weight from about 10,000 to about 15,000 Daltons, as
determined by
ASTM D5296-05.
10171 In a second aspect, the present disclosure provides a polymer
composition. The
polymer composition typically includes from about 50 to about 95 weight
percent of a
biodegradable polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(lactic acid),
poly(hydroxyalkanoates), and mixtures thereof. The polymer composition also
includes
from about 5 to about 50 weight percent of an impact modifying polyester. The
impact
modifying polyester, in turn, is made up of: (1) from about 15 to about 40
weight percent
monomer repeat units of isosorbide, based on the total weight of the
polyester; (2) from
about 25 to about 60 weight percent monomer repeat units of a dicarboxylic
acid or
anhydride, based on the total weight of the polyester; and (3) from about 10
to about 20
weight percent monomer repeat units of a polyhydric alcohol, based on the
total weight of
the polyester. The impact modifying polyester also has a weight average
molecular weight
of at least 8000 Daltons, as determined by ASTM D5296-05.
10181 In certain embodiments, the dicarboxylic acid or anhydride is preferably
selected
from the group consisting of succinic acid, succinic anhydride, glutaric acid,
pimelic acid,
undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, dodecanedioic acid, suberic acid, azelaic
acid, sebacic
acid, adipic acid, phthalic anhydride, dimethyl terephthalate, terephthalic
acid, isophthalic
acid, 1,8-naphthalic anhydride, 1,8-naphthalic dicarboxylic acid, 1,8-dimethyl
naphthalate,
dimethyl isophthalate, phthalic acid, pyromellitic anhydride, mellitic
anhydride, mellitic
acid, trimellitic anhydride, 3,3'4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic anhydride,
3,34,4'-
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benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid, trimellitic acid, nadic anhydride, methyl
nadic
anhydride, C36 dimer acid, partially hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, polyethylene
terephthalate recycled polymer, polybutylene terephthalate recycled polymer,
polyethylene
terephthal ate virgin polymer, polybutyl ene terephthalate virgin polymer, and
mixtures
thereof
10191 More preferably, the dicarboxylic acid or anhydride is selected from the
group
consisting of succinic acid, succinic anhydride, nadic anhydride, methyl nadic
anhydride,
sebacic acid, C36 dimer acid, partially hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, and
mixtures thereof.
10201 In a particularly preferred embodiment, the dicarboxylic acid or
anhydride is made
up of a mixture of (1) succinic acid or succinic anhydride and (2) nadic
anhydride, methyl
nadic anhydride, C36 dimer acid, or partially hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, and
mixtures
thereof For this embodiment, the polyester is preferably from about 25 to
about 35 weight
percent succinic acid or succinic anhydride and from about 10 to about 25
weight percent
nadic anhydride, methyl nadic anhydride, C36 dimer acid, or partially
hydrogenated C36
dimer acid.
10211 In some embodiments, the polyhydric alcohol is preferably selected from
the group
consisting of glycerin, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol,
1,4-butanediol,
1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2-methyl, neopentyl glycol, propylene glycol,
triethylene
glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol,
tripropylene glycol,
tetrapropyl ene glycol, tri m ethyl ene glycol, 1,1,1-tri
m ethyl ol ethane, 1,2,3 -
trimethylolpropane, methyl propanediol, pentaerythritc-)1, and pc-
dy(oxyalkylene) polyols
comprising monomer repeat units of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or
butylene oxide,
and mixtures thereof.
10221 More preferably, the polyhydric alcohol is selected from the group
consisting of
1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, methyl propanediol, and
mixtures
thereof Even more preferably, the polyhydric alcohol includes 1,3-propanediol.
10231 In some instances, the dicarboxylic acid or anhydride preferably
includes succinic
acid or anhydride, and the polyhydric alcohol preferably includes 1,3-
propanediol.
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10241 According to certain embodiments, the polymer composition more
preferably
includes from about 60 to about 85 weight percent of the biodegradable polymer
and from
about 5 to about 30 weight percent of the impact modifying polyester. Even
more
preferably, the polymer composition includes from about 7.5 to about 15 weight
percent of
the impact modifying polyester.
10251 In some instances, the biodegradable polymer preferably includes
poly(lactic acid).
In other embodiments, the biodegradable polymer preferably includes at least
one
poly(hydroxyalkanoate). In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer
preferably
includes a mixture of poly(lactic acid) and poly(hydroxyalkanoates). For
instance, in some
embodiments, the polymer composition may include from about 5 to about 25
weight
percent of poly(lactic acid) and from about 70 to about 90 weight percent of
at least one
poly(hydroxyalkanoate), based on the total weight of the polymer composition.
10261 According to certain embodiments wherein the polymer composition
includes a
poly(hydroxyalkanoate), the at least one poly(hydroxyalkanoate) is preferably
made up of
poly-3 -hydroxybutyrate-co-3 -hy droxyhexan oate ("P(3HB-co-3HHx)").
10271 In some instances, this (3HB-co-3HHx) is preferably made up of from
about 75 to
about 99 mole percent hydroxybutyrate and from about 1 to about 25 mole
percent
hydroxyhexanoate. More preferably, the (3HB-co-31-111x) is made up of from
about 93 to
about 98 mole percent hydroxybutyrate and from about 2 to about 7 mole percent
hy droxyh ex an oate.
10281 In still other embodiments, the at least one poly(hydroxyalkanoate) may
include a
terpolymer made up from about 75 to about 99.9 mole percent monomer repeat
units of 3-
hydroxybutyrate, from about 0.1 to about 25 mole percent monomer repeat units
of 3-
hydroxyhexanoate, and from about 0.1 to about 25 mole percent monomer repeat
units of
a third 3-hydoxyalkanoate having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms.
10291 According to certain embodiments the at least one poly(hydroxyalkanoate)
preferably has a weight average molecular weight from about 50,000 Daltons to
about 2.5
million Daltons, as determined by ASTM D5296-05. More preferably, the at least
one
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poly(hydroxyalkanoate) has a weight average molecular weight from about
500,000
Daltons to about 750,000 Daltons, as determined by ASTM D5296-05.
10301 The polymer composition may also include further additives. In some
embodiments, the polymer compositions may also include from about 1 to about
10 weight
percent of at least one plasticizer; from about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent
of at least one
nucleating agent; and from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent of a filler.
10311 In some instances, the polymer composition may include an additional
biodegradable polymer besides poly(lactic acid) and/or
poly(hydroxyalkanoates). Thus, in
certain embodiments, the polymer composition may also include comprising from
about 5
to about 50 weight percent of at least one biodegradable polymer selected from
the group
consisting of pol y(caprol actone), p oly(ethyl en e sebacate), poly(butyl en
e succi nate),
poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate), poly(butylene adipate terephthalate),
poly(vinyl
acetate) and mixtures thereof.
10321 According to certain embodiments, the polymer composition is preferably
biodegradable as determined using ASTM standard D5988. Further, in some
embodiments,
the polymer composition is preferably home compostable as determined using
ASTM
standard D6868.
10331 The present disclosure also provides various end-use products which may
be
formed from the aforementioned polymer composition.
Thus, according to one
embodiment, the present disclosure provides a molded sheet made up of the
polymer
composition. In a second embodiment, the present disclosure provides a molded
article
made up of the polymer composition, wherein the molded article is formed by
thermoforming, injection molding, or blow molding. In another embodiment, the
present
disclosure provides a film made up of the polymer composition, wherein the
film is a blown
film or a cast film. In still another embodiment, the present disclosure
provides a fiber
made up of the polymer composition.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
10341 The present disclosure first provides novel polyesters which are
suitable for use as
impact modifiers in biodegradable and/or compostable polymer compositions.
10351 In general, the polyester is made up of at least three different types
of monomer
repeat units, which are derived from: (1) isosorbide; (2) succinic acid or
anhydride; and (3)
1,3-propanediol. In terms of amounts, the polyester is typically made up of:
(1) from about
15 to about 40 weight percent monomer repeat units of isosorbide; (2) from
about 25 to
about 60 weight percent monomer repeat units of a dicarboxylic acid or
anhydride; and (3)
from about 10 to about 20 weight percent monomer repeat units of a polyhydric
alcohol.
10361 A variety of dicarboxylic acids and anhydrides are believed to be
suitable for use
in the preparation of the polyester. For example, the dicarboxylic acid or
anhydride may
be suitably selected from the group consisting of succinic acid, succinic
anhydride, glutaric
acid, pimelic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, dodecanedioic acid,
suberic acid,
azelaic acid, sebacic acid, adipic acid, phthalic anhydride, dimethyl
terephthalate,
terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, 1,8-naphthalic anhydride, 1,8-naphthalic
dicarboxylic
acid, 1,8-dimethyl naphthalate, dimethyl isophthalate, phthalic acid,
pyromellitic
anhydride, mellitic anhydride, mellitic acid, trimellitic anhydride, 3,3'4,4'-
benzophenone
tetracarboxylic anhydride, 3,3'4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid,
trimellitic acid,
nadic anhydride, methyl nadic anhydride, C36 dimer acid, partially
hydrogenated C36
dim er acid, polyethylene terephthal ate recycled polymer, polybutylene
terephthal ate
recycled polymer, polyethylene terephth al ate virgin polymer, polybutylene
terephthal ate
virgin polymer, and mixtures thereof.
10371 More preferably, the dicarboxylic acid or anhydride is selected from the
group
consisting of succinic acid, succinic anhydride, nadic anhydride, methyl nadic
anhydride,
sebacic acid, C36 dimer acid, partially hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, and
mixtures thereof.
10381 In a particularly preferred embodiment, the dicarboxylic acid or
anhydride is made
up of a mixture of (1) succinic acid or succinic anhydride and (2) nadic
anhydride, methyl
nadic anhydride, C36 dimer acid, or partially hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, and
mixtures
thereof For this embodiment, the polyester is preferably from about 25 to
about 35 weight
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percent succinic acid or succinic anhydride and from about 10 to about
25weight percent
nadic anhydride, methyl nadic anhydride, C36 dimer acid, or partially
hydrogenated C36
dimer acid.
10391 A range of polyhydric alcohols is also believed to be suitable for the
polyester.
Examples of suitable polyhydric alcohols may be selected from the group
consisting of
glycerin, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol,
1,5-
pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2-methyl, neopentyl glycol, propylene glycol,
triethylene
glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol,
tripropylene glycol,
tetrapropylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, 1,1,1-trimethylol ethane, 1,2,3-
trimethylolpropane, methyl propanediol, pentaerythritol, and poly(oxyalkylene)
polyols
comprising monomer repeat units of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or
butylene oxide,
and mixtures thereof.
10401 More preferably, the polyhydric alcohol is selected from the group
consisting of
1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, methyl propanediol, and
mixtures
thereof Still more preferably, the polyhydric alcohol comprises 1,3-
propanediol.
10411 In a particularly preferred embodiment, the dicarboxylic acid or
anhydride
preferably comprises succinic acid or anhydride, and the polyhydric alcohol
preferably
comprises 1,3-propanediol.
10421 The polyester also has a weight average molecular weight of at least
8000 Daltons,
as determined by ASTM D5296-05. More preferably, the polyester has a weight
average
molecular weight from about 10,000 to about 15,000 Daltons, as determined by A
STM
D5296-05.
10431 In general, the polyesters may be prepared by charging isosorbide to a
reaction flask
or other reactor, complete with a nitrogen inlet, vacuum capability, heating,
and agitation.
First, the isosorbide is melted and then vacuum degassed as a molten mass
Subsequently,
diacids are added, and the contents of the flask are reacted at temperatures
of up to 220 C
until water evolution slows, at which time all remaining glycols are charged.
Esterification
is completed at temperatures of up to 220 C and vacuum pressures as low as 3.3
kPa.
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10441 In an alternative embodiment, the isosorbide may be omitted from the
polyester.
In such instances, the polyester is made up of: (1) from about 35 to about 65
weight percent
monomer repeat units of a dicarboxylic acid or anhydride selected from the
group
consisting of the dicarboxylic acid or anhydride is selected from the group
consisting of
succinic acid, succinic anhydride, nadic anhydride, methyl nadic anhydride,
sebacic acid,
C36 dimer acid, partially hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, and mixtures thereof;
and (2) from
about 35 to about 65 weight percent monomer repeat units of a polyhydric
alcohol.
10451 In a preferred embodiment, the dicarboxylic acid or anhydride is made up
of a
mixture of (1) succinic acid or succinic anhydride and (2) nadic anhydride,
methyl nadic
anhydride, C36 dimer acid, or partially hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, and
mixtures thereof
For this embodiment, the polyester is preferably from about 30 to about 40
weight percent
succinic acid or succinic anhydride and from about 10 to about 20 weight
percent nadic
anhydride, methyl nadic anhydride, C36 dimer acid, or partially hydrogenated
C36 dimer
acid.
10461 Suitable polyhydric alcohols for this alternative polyester are the same
as the
polyhydric alcohols noted above for the polyester, including the isosorbide.
Also, for the
alternative polyester, the weight average molecular weight of the polyester is
at least 8000
Daltons, as determined by ASTM D5296-05. More preferably, the polyester has a
weight
average molecular weight from about 10,000 to about 15,000 Daltons, as
determined by
ASTM D5296-05.
10471 The polyesters, according to the present disclosure, are suitable for
use as impact
modifiers in polymer compositions. As used herein, an "impact modifier" is an
additive
used to improve the durability and toughness of a polymer resin, whereby
toughness is
measured as the area underneath the stress-strain curve of a standard tensile
elongation and
modulus test. In addition, the toughness of a polymer can be correlated by the
testing via a
notched Izod test. A polymer exhibiting a higher impact number would indicate
increased
toughness.
10481 The polyesters, according to the present disclosure, are also preferably
biodegradable as determined using ASTM standard D5511. Further, in some
embodiments,
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the polyesters are preferably home compostable as determined using ASTM
standard
D6868.
10491 The present disclosure also provides a polymer composition that includes
a
polyester as described. In general, the polymer composition combines the
impact modifier
polyester with at least one biodegradable polymer selected from the group
consisting of
poly(lactic acid), poly(hydroxyalkanoates), and mixtures thereof. Typically,
the polymer
composition includes from about 5 to about 50 weight percent of the impact
modifying
polyester and from about 50 to about 95 weight percent of the biodegradable
polymer
selected from the group consisting of poly(lactic acid),
poly(hydroxyalkanoates), and
mixtures thereof
10501 The polymer composition more preferably includes from about 60 to about
85
weight percent of the biodegradable polymer and from about 5 to about 30
weight percent
of the impact modifying polyester. Still more preferably, the polymer
composition
includes from about 7.5 to about 15 weight percent of the impact modifying
polyester.
10511 Again, the impact modifier used in the polymer composition is a
polyester in
accordance with the foregoing disclosure. Thus, the impact modifying polyester
is made
up of: (1) from about 15 to about 40 weight percent monomer repeat units of
isosorbide;
(2) from about 25 to about 60 weight percent monomer repeat units of a
dicarboxylic acid
or anhydride; and (3) from about 10 to about 20 weight percent monomer repeat
units of a
polyhydric alcohol. The impact modifying polyester also has a weight average
molecular
weight of at least g000 Daltons, as determined by ASTM D5296-05
10521 In some instances, the biodegradable polymer preferably includes
poly(lactic acid).
In other embodiments, the biodegradable polymer preferably includes at least
one
poly(hydroxyalkanoate). Moreover, in certain embodiments, the biodegradable
polymer
preferably includes a mixture of poly(lactic acid) and
poly(hydroxyalkanoates). For
instance, in some embodiments, the polymer composition may include from about
5 to
about 25 weight percent of poly(lactic acid) and from about 70 to about 90
weight percent
of at least one poly(hydroxyalkanoate), based on the overall weight of the
polymer
composition.
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10531 According to certain embodiments wherein the polymer composition
includes a
poly(hydroxyalkanoate), the at least one poly(hydroxyalkanoate) is preferably
made up of
poly-3 -hydroxybutyrate-co-3 -hydroxyhexanoate ("P(3HB-co-3HHx)").
10541 In some instances, this (3HB-co-3HHx) is preferably made up of from
about 75 to
about 99 mole percent hydroxybutyrate and from about 1 to about 25 mole
percent
hydroxyhexanoate. More preferably, the (3HB-co-3HHx) is made up of from about
93 to
about 98 mole percent hydroxybutyrate and from about 2 to about 7 mole percent
hydroxyhexanoate.
10551 In still other embodiments, the at least one poly(hydroxyalkanoate) may
include a
terpolymer made up from about 75 to about 99.9 mole percent monomer repeat
units of 3-
hydroxybutyrate, from about 0.1 to about 25 mole percent monomer repeat units
of 3-
hydroxyhexanoate, and from about 0.1 to about 25 mole percent monomer repeat
units of
a third 3-hydoxyalkanoate having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms.
10561 According to certain embodiments the at least one poly(hydroxyalkanoate)
preferably has a weight average molecular weight from about 50,000 Daltons to
about 2.5
million Daltons, as determined by ASTM D5296-05. More preferably, the at least
one
poly(hydroxyalkanoate) has a weight average molecular weight from about
500,000
Daltons to about 750,000 Daltons, as determined by ASTM D5296-05.
10571 The polymer composition may also include further additives. For
instance, the
polymer composition may include a plasticizer, a nucleating agent, and/or a
filler. In some
embodiments, the polymer compositions may also include from about 1 to about
10 weight
percent of at least one plasticizer; from about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent
of at least one
nucleating agent; and from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent of a filler.
10581 Suitable nucleating agents for use in the polymer composition may, for
example,
be selected from the group consisting of pentaerythritol, boron nitride,
poly(hydroxybutyrate), inositol, clays, dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, and
mixtures thereof.
10591 Suitable fillers for use in the polymer composition may, for example, be
selected
from the group consisting of aragonite, clays, calcium carbonate, cellulose,
nano-cellulose,
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talc, kaolinite, montmorillonite, bentonite, silica, chitin, starches,
diatomaceous earth,
titanium dioxide, nano clay, mica, and mixtures thereof.
10601 Suitable plasticizers for use in the polymer composition may, for
example, be
selected from the group consisting of sebacates, citrates, fatty esters of
adipic, succinic,
and glucaric acids, lactates, alkyl diesters, citrates, alkyl methyl esters,
dibenzoates,
propylene carbonate, caprolactone diols having a number average molecular
weight from
200-10,000 g/mol, poly(ethylene) glycols having a number average molecular
weight of
400-10,000 g/mol, esters of vegetable oils, long-chain alkyl acids, adipates,
glycerol,
isosorbide derivatives or mixtures thereof, HALLGREEN IM-8830 ester, HALLGREEN
R-8010 ester, polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers comprising at least 18 mole
percent
monomer repeat units of hydroxyalkanoates other than hydroxybutyrate and
mixtures
thereof
10611 Moreover, in certain embodiments, the polymer composition may also
include an
additional biodegradable polymer besides poly(lactic
acid) and/or
poly(hydroxyalkanoates). Thus, in certain embodiments, the polymer composition
may
also include comprising from about 5 to about 50 weight percent of at least
one
biodegradable polymer selected from the group consisting of
poly(caprolactone),
poly(ethylene sebacate), poly(butylene succinate), poly(butylene succinate-co-
adipate),
poly(butylene adipate terephthalate), poly(vinyl acetate) and mixtures
thereof,
10621 According to certain embodiments, the overall polymer composition is
preferably
biodegradable as determined using A STM standard D5988 Further, in some
embodiments,
the polymer composition is preferably home compostable as determined using
ASTM
standard D6868.
10631 A variety of end products may be formed from the polymer composition in
accordance with the present disclosure. Thus, according to one embodiment, the
present
disclosure provides a molded sheet made up of the polymer composition. In a
second
embodiment, the present disclosure provides a molded article made up of the
polymer
composition, wherein the molded article is formed by thermoforming, injection
molding,
or blow molding. In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a film
made up
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of the polymer composition, wherein the film is a blown film or a cast film.
In still another
embodiment, the present disclosure provides a fiber made up of the polymer
composition.
10641 EMBODIMENTS
10651 The present disclosure is also further illustrated by the following
embodiments:
10661 Embodiment 1 A polyester comprising: from about 15 to about 40 weight
percent
monomer repeat units of isosorbide, based on the total weight of the
polyester; from about
25 to about 60 weight percent monomer repeat units of a dicarboxylic acid or
anhydride,
based on the total weight of the polyester; and from about 10 to about 20
weight percent
monomer repeat units of a polyhydric alcohol, based on the total weight of the
polyester,
wherein the polyester has a weight average molecular weight of at least 8000
Daltons, as
determined by ASTM D5296-05.
10671
Embodiment 2. The polyester of Embodiment 1, wherein the dicarboxylic acid
or
anhydride is selected from the group consisting of succinic acid, succinic
anhydride,
glutaric acid, pimelic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, dodecanedioic
acid, suberic
acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, adipic acid, phthalic anhydride, dimethyl
terephthalate,
tcrephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, 1,8-naphthalic anhydride, 1,8-naphthalic
dicarboxylic
acid, 1,8-dimethyl naphthalate, dimethyl isophthalate, phthalic acid,
pyromellitic
anhydride, mellitic anhydride, mellitic acid, trimellitic anhydride, 3,3'4,4'-
benzophenone
tetracarboxylic anhydride, 3,3'4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid,
trimellitic acid,
nadic anhydride, methyl nadic anhydride, C36 dimer acid, partially
hydrogenated C36
dimer acid, polyethylene terephthal ate recycled polymer, polybutylene
terephthal ate
recycled polymer, polyethylene terephthalate virgin polymer, polybutylene
terephthalate
virgin polymer, and mixtures thereof.
10681 Embodiment 3. The polyester of Embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the
dicarboxylic
acid or anhydride is selected from the group consisting of succinic acid,
succinic anhydride,
nadic anhydride, methyl nadic anhydride, sebacic acid, C36 dimer acid,
partially
hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, and mixtures thereof.
10691 Embodiment 4. The polyester of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein
the
dicarboxylic acid or anhydride comprises a mixture of (1) succinic acid or
succinic
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anhydride and (2) nadic anhydride, methyl nadic anhydride, C36 dimer acid, or
partially
hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, and mixtures thereof.
[070] Embodiment 5. The polyester of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein
the
polyester comprises from about 25 to about 35 weight percent succinic acid or
succinic
anhydride and from about 10 to about 25 weight percent nadic anhydride, methyl
nadic
anhydride, C36 dimer acid, or partially hydrogenated C36 dimer acid.
[071] Embodiment 6. The polyester of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein
the
polyhydric alcohol is selected from the group consisting of glycerin, ethylene
glycol,
diethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-
hexanediol, 2-
methyl, neopentyl glycol, propylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene
glycol,
propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene
glycol,
trim ethylen e glycol, 1, 1, 1-trim ethyl ol ethane, 1,2,3 -tri m ethylolprop
ane, methyl
propanediol, pentaerythritol, and poly(oxyalkylene) polyols comprising monomer
repeat
units of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or butylene oxide, and mixtures
thereof
[072] Embodiment 7. The polyester of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein
the
polyhydric alcohol is selected from the group consisting of 1,3-propanediol,
1,4-
butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, methyl propanediol, and mixtures thereof.
[073] Embodiment 8. The polyester of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein
the
polyhydric alcohol comprises 1,3-propanediol.
[074] Embodiment 9. The polyester of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein
the
dicarboxylic acid or anhydride comprises succinic acid or anhydride, and the
polyhydric
alcohol comprises 1,3-propanediol.
[075] Embodiment 10. The polyester of any of the preceding Embodiments,
wherein the
polyester has a weight average molecular weight from about 10,000 to about
15,000
Daltons, as determined by ASTM D5296-05.
10761 Embodiment 11. A polymer composition comprising: from about 50 to about
95
weight percent of a biodegradable polymer selected from the group consisting
of
poly(lactic acid), poly(hydroxyalkanoates), and mixtures thereof, and from
about 5 to about
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50 weight percent of an impact modifying polyester, wherein the impact
modifying
polyester comprises from about 15 to about 40 weight percent monomer repeat
units of
isosorbide, based on the total weight of the polyester; from about 25 to about
60 weight
percent monomer repeat units of a di carboxylic acid or anhydride, based on
the total weight
of the polyester; and from about 10 to about 20 weight percent monomer repeat
units of a
polyhydric alcohol, based on the total weight of the polyester, wherein the
polyester has a
weight average molecular weight of at least 8000 Daltons, as determined by
ASTM D5296-
05.
10771 Embodiment 12. The polymer composition of Embodiment 11, wherein the
dicarboxylic acid or anhydride is selected from the group consisting of
succinic acid,
succinic anhydride, glutaric acid, pimelic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic
acid,
dodecanedioic acid, sub eric acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, adipic acid,
phthalic anhydride,
dimethyl terephthalate, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, 1,8-naphthalic
anhydride, 1,8-
naphthalic dicarboxylic acid, 1,8-dimethyl naphthalate, dimethyl isophthalate,
phthalic
acid, pyromellitic anhydride, mellitic anhydride, mellitic acid, trimellitic
anhydride,
3,3'4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic anhydride, 3,3'4,4'-benzophenone
tetracarboxylic
acid, trimellitic acid, nadic anhydride, methyl nadic anhydride, C36 dimer
acid, partially
hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, polyethylene terephthalate recycled polymer,
polybutylene
terephthalate recycled polymer, polyethylene terephthalate virgin polymer,
polybutylene
terephthalate virgin polymer, and mixtures thereof.
10781 Embodiment 13. The polymer composition of Embodiments 11 or 12, wherein
the
dicarboxylic acid or anhydride is selected from the group consisting of
succinic acid,
succinic anhydride, nadic anhydride, methyl nadic anhydride, sebacic acid, C36
dimer acid,
partially hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, and mixtures thereof.
10791 Embodiment 14. The polymer composition of any of Embodiments 11 - 13,
wherein
the dicarboxylic acid or anhydride comprises a mixture of (1) succinic acid or
succinic
anhydride and (2) nadic anhydride, methyl nadic anhydride, C36 dimer acid, or
partially
hydrogenated C36 dimer acid, and mixtures thereof.
10801 Embodiment 15. The polymer composition of any of Embodiments 11 - 14,
wherein
the polyester comprises from about 25 to about 35 weight percent succinic acid
or succinic
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anhydride and from about 10 to about 25 weight percent nadic anhydride, methyl
nadic
anhydride, C36 dimer acid, or partially hydrogenated C36 dimer acid.
10811 Embodiment 16. The polymer composition of any of Embodiments 11 ¨ 15,
the
polyhydric alcohol is selected from the group consisting of glycerin, ethylene
glycol,
diethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-
hexanediol, 2-
methyl, neopentyl glycol, propylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene
glycol,
propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene
glycol,
trim ethylen e glycol, 1, 1,1-trim ethyl ol ethane, 1 ,2,3 -tri m ethylolprop
ane, methyl
propanediol, pentaerythritol, and poly(oxyalkylene) polyols comprising monomer
repeat
units of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or butylene oxide, and mixtures
thereof
10821 Embodiment 17. The polymer composition of any of Embodiments 11 - 16,
wherein
the polyhydric alcohol is selected from the group consisting of 1,3-
propanediol, 1,4-
butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, methyl propanediol, and mixtures thereof.
10831 Embodiment 18. The polymer composition of any of Embodiments 11 ¨ 17,
wherein the polyhydric alcohol comprises 1,3-propanediol.
10841 Embodiment 19. The polymer composition of any of Embodiments 11 - 18,
wherein the dicarboxylic acid or anhydride comprises succinic acid or
anhydride, and the
polyhydric alcohol comprises 1,3-propanediol.
10851 Embodiment 20. The polymer composition of any of Embodiments 11 - 19,
wherein
the impact modifying polyester has a weight average molecular weight from
about 10,000
to about 15,000 Daltons, as determined by ASTM D5296-05.
10861 Embodiment 21. The polymer composition of any of Embodiments 11 - 20,
wherein
the polymer composition comprises from about 60 to about 85 weight percent of
the
biodegradable polymer and from about 5 to about 30 weight percent of the
impact
modifying polyester.
10871 Embodiment 22. The polymer composition of any of Embodiments 11 -21,
wherein
the biodegradable polymer comprises poly(lactic acid).
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10881 Embodiment 23. The polymer composition of any of Embodiments 11 - 22,
wherein
the biodegradable polymer comprises at least one poly(hydroxyalkanoate).
10891 Embodiment 24. The polymer composition of Embodiment 23, wherein the at
least
one poly(hydroxyalkanoate) comprises poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-
hydroxyhexanoate
("P(3HB-co-3HEN)").
10901 Embodiment 25. The polymer composition of Embodiment 24, wherein the
P(3HB-
co-3HHx) comprises from about 75 to about 99 mole percent hydroxybutyrate and
from
about 1 to about 25 mole percent hydroxyhexanoate.
10911 Embodiment 26. The polymer composition of Embodiment 24, wherein the
P(3HB-
co-3HHx) comprises from about 93 to about 98 mole percent hydroxybutyrate and
from
about 2 to about 7 mole percent hydroxyhexanoate.
10921 Embodiment 27. The polymer composition of Embodiment 23, wherein the at
least
one poly(hydroxyalkanoate) comprises a terpolymer made up from about 75 to
about 99.9
mole percent monomer repeat units of 3-hydroxybutyrate, from about 0.1 to
about 25 mole
percent monomer repeat units of 3-hydroxyhexanoate, and from about 0.1 to
about 25 mole
percent monomer repeat units of a third 3-hydoxyalkanoatc having from 5 to 12
carbon
atoms.
10931 Embodiment 28. The polymer composition of Embodiment 23, wherein the at
least
one poly(hydroxyalkanoate) has a weight average molecular weight from about
50,000
Daltons to about 2.5 million Daltons, as determined by ASTM D5296-05.
10941 Embodiment 29. The polymer composition of Embodiment 23, wherein the at
least
one poly(hydroxyalkanoate) has a weight average molecular weight from about
500,000
Daltons to about 750,000 Daltons, as determined by ASTM D5296-05.
10951 Embodiment 30. The polymer composition of any of Embodim ents 11 -29,
wherein
the polymer composition comprises from about 5 to about 25 weight percent of
poly(lactic
acid) and from about 70 to about 90 weight percent of at least one
poly(hydroxyalkanoate).
10961 Embodiment 31. The polymer composition of any of Embodiments 11 -30,
further
comprising
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[097] from about 1 to about 10 weight percent of at least one plasticizer;
[098] from about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent of at least one nucleating
agent; and
[099] from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent of a filler.
[0100] Embodiment 32. The polymer composition of any of Embodiments 11 - 31,
wherein
the polymer composition is biodegradable as determined using ASTM standard
D5988.
[0101] Embodiment 33. The polymer composition of any of Embodiments 11 - 32,
wherein
the polymer composition is home compostable as determined using ASTM standard
D6868.
101021 Embodiment 34. The polymer composition of any of Embodiments 11 - 33,
further
comprising from about 5 to about 50 weight percent of at least one
biodegradable polymer
selected from the group consisting of poly(caprolactone), poly(ethylene
sebacate),
poly(butylene succinate), poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate), poly(butylene
adipate
terephthalate), poly(vinyl acetate) and mixtures thereof
[0103] Embodiment 35. A molded sheet comprising the polymer composition of any
of
Embodiments 11 - 34.
[0104] Embodiment 36. A molded article comprising the polymer composition of
any of
Embodiments 11 - 34, wherein the molded article is formed by thermoforming,
injection
molding, or blow molding.
[0105] Embodiment 37. A film comprising the polymer composition of any of
Embodiments 11 - 34, wherein the film is a blown film or a cast film.
[0106] Embodiment 38. A fiber comprising the polymer composition of any of
Embodiments 11 - 34.
[0107] EXAMPLES
[0108] The following non-limiting examples illustrate various additional
aspects of the
invention. Unless otherwise indicated, temperatures are in degrees Celsius and
percentages
are by weight based on the dry weight of the formulation.
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101091 EXAMPLE 1
101101 To a reaction flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet and vacuum
capability, 800 grams
of isosorbide and 5 grams of phosphorous acid were charged. The reaction
temperature
was raised to 100 C, and three vacuum cycles were performed by pulling the
contents of
the flask to maximum vacuum and then releasing the vacuum with an inert gas
such as
nitrogen. Subsequently, 1279 grams of succinic acid was charged, and one more
vacuum
cycle was performed. Next, the reactor temperature was raised to a maximum of
220 C,
all the while distilling water over into a receiver. Once water evolution
slowed, 416 grams
of propanediol was charged to the reactor. Again, the temperature was slowly
raised to a
maximum of 210 'C. Towards the end of the reaction, 1 gram of tin (II) ethyl
hexanoate
was added, and a vacuum was applied. The material was held until appropriate
molecular
weight specifications were obtained.
101111 EXAMPLE 2
101121 To a 1514 L stainless steel reactor equipped with a nitrogen inlet and
vacuum
capability, 416 kg of isosorbide and 2.27 kg of phosphorous acid were charged.
The
reaction temperature was raised to 100 C, and three vacuum cycles were
performed by
pulling the contents of the reactor to maximum vacuum and then releasing the
vacuum with
an inert gas such as nitrogen. Subsequently, 590 kg of succinic acid was
charged, and one
more vacuum cycle was performed. Next, the reactor temperature was raised to a
maximum
of 220 C, all the while distilling water over into a receiver. Once water
evolution slowed,
216 kg of propa.nediol was charged to the reactor. Again, the temperature was
slowly raised
to a maximum of 210 C. Towards the end of the reaction, 453 grams of tin (II)
ethyl
hexanoate was added. The material was held until appropriate molecular weight
specifications were obtained.
101131 EXAMPLE 3
101141 To a reaction flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet and vacuum
capability, 575 grams
of isosorbide, 888 grams of a partially hydrogenated, distilled dimer acid,
and 5 grams of
phosphorous acid were charged. The reaction temperature was raised to 100 C,
and three
vacuum cycles were performed by pulling the contents of the flask to maximum
vacuum
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and then releasing the vacuum with an inert gas such as nitrogen.
Subsequently, 733 grams
of succinic acid was charged, and one more vacuum cycle was performed. Next,
the reactor
temperature was raised to a maximum of 220 C, all the while distilling water
over into a
receiver. Once water evolution slowed, 299 grams of propanediol was charged to
the
reactor. Again, the temperature was slowly raised to a maximum of 220 C.
Towards the
end of the reaction, 1 gram offin(I') ethyl hexanoate was added, and a vacuum
was applied.
The material was held until appropriate molecular weight specifications were
obtained.
[0115] EXAMPLE 4
[0116] To a reaction flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet and vacuum
capability, 2314
grams of the polyester from Example 2 and 186 grams of methyl nadic anhydride
were
charged. The reactor temperature was raised to a maximum of 220 C, all the
while
distilling water over into a receiver. Towards the end of the reaction, 0.63
grams of tin(II)
ethyl hexanoate was added. The material was held until appropriate molecular
weight
specifications were obtained.
[0117] EXAMPLE 5
[0118] To a reaction flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet and vacuum
capability, 1124
grams of 1,6 hexanediol, 548 grams of succinic acid, and 827 grams of methyl
nadic
anhydride were charged. Next, the reactor temperature was raised to a maximum
of 210 C,
all the while distilling water over into a receiver. Towards the end of the
reaction, 0.63
grams of ti n (II) ethyl hexanoate was added. The material was held until
appropriate
molecular weight specifications were obtained
[0119] EXAMPLE 6
[0120] To a reaction flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet and vacuum
capability, 1155
grams of 1,6 hexanediol, 563 grams of succinic acid, and 783 grams of nadic
anhydride
were charged. Next, the reactor temperature was raised to a maximum of 210 C,
all the
while distilling water over into a receiver. Towards the end of the reaction,
0.63 grams of
tin(II) ethyl hexanoate was added. The material was held until appropriate
molecular
weight specifications were obtained
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101211 EXAMPLE 7
101221 To a reaction flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet and vacuum
capability, 1191
grams of 1,6 hexanediol, 871 grams of succinic acid, and 438 grams of methyl
nadic
anhydride were charged. Next, the reactor temperature was raised to a maximum
of 210 C,
all the while distilling water over into a receiver. Towards the end of the
reaction, 0.63
grams of tin(II) ethyl hexanoate was added. The material was held until
appropriate
molecular weight specifications were obtained
101231 EXAMPLES 8 ¨ 20.
101241 In each of these Examples, a polymer composition was prepared,
incorporating one
of the impact modifier polyesters of Examples 1 ¨ 7. The polymer composition
was
extruded on a 27 mm twin-screw Entek extruder. In Examples 8 ¨ 15, 19, and 20,
a sample
of the extruded material was tested for tensile strength and elongation using
an Instron
34TM-10 in accordance with ATSM D638 (Type I Specimen). Impact strength
testing
was carried out in accordance with ATSM D256 (Test Method A) using an Instron
9050
tester. In Examples 16 ¨ 18, a sample of the extruded material was tested for
resilience in
accordance with ASTM D4812-19, using a Instron CEAST 9050 Pendulum Impact
System
testing apparatus.
101251 For each example, a control sample was also prepared, extruded, and
tested
similarly to the test sample. In each example, the composition of the control
sample was
the same as the tested sample, except the impact modifier polyester was
omitted from the
polymer composition.
101261 EXAMPLE 8
101271 To a 27 mm extruder, 2.27 kg of the reaction product of Example I was
added to
42.5 kg of PHA, 453 grams of pentaerythritol, and 172 grams of Joncryl 4468
and ran
through the extruder. The plastic was tested and exhibited a tensile strength
of 26379 kPa
(versus the control 24097 kPa); an elongation of 8.9% (versus a control of
10.6%), and an
impact strength of 0.344 J/cm (versus a control of 0.288 J/cm)
101281 EXAMPLE 9
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[0129] To a 27 mm extruder, 4.53 kg of the reaction product of Example 1 was
added to
40 kg of PHA, 453 grams of pentaerythritol, and 340 grams of Joncryl 4468 and
ran through
the extruder. The plastic was tested and exhibited a tensile strength of 24242
kPa (versus
the control 24097 kPa); an elongation of 11.3% (versus a control of 10.6%),
and an impact
strength of 0.408 J/cm (versus a control of 0.288 J/cm)
[0130] EXAMPLE 10
101311 To a 27 mm extruder, 4.5 kg of the reaction product of Example 1 was
added to 40
kg of PHA, 317 grams of Joncryl 4468, and 453 grams of pentaerythritol and ran
through
the extruder. The plastic was tested and exhibited a tensile strength of 19981
kPa (versus
the control 27303 kPa); an elongation of 2.2% (versus a control of 9.3%), and
an impact
strength of 0.259 J/cm (versus a control of 0.301 J/cm)
[0132] EXAMPLE 11
[0133] To a 27 mm extruder, 6.8 kg of the reaction product of Example 1 was
added to
37.6 kg of PHA, 498 grams of Joncryl 4468, and 453 grams of pentaerythritol
and ran
through the extruder. The plastic was tested and exhibited a tensile strength
of 26745 kPa
(versus the control 27303 kPa); an elongation of 11.5% (versus a control of
9.3%), and an
impact strength of 0.256 J/cm (versus a control of 0.301 J/cm)
[0134] EXAMPLE 12
[0135] To a 27 mm extruder, 4.53 kg of the reaction product of Example 1 was
added to
40.6 kg of PHA and 227 kg of boron nitride and ran through the extruder. The
plastic was
tested and exhibited a tensile strength of 19960 kPa (versus the control 24097
kPa); an
elongation of 11.8% (versus a control of 10.6%), and an impact strength of
0.232 J/cm
(versus a control of 0.288 J/cm)
[0136] EXAMPLE 13
101371 To a 27 mm extruder, 2.27 kg of the reaction product of Example 6 was
added to
42.9 kg of PT-TA and 227 grams of Boron nitride and ran through the extruder.
The plastic
was tested and exhibited a tensile strength of 16899 kPa (versus the control
24097 kPa); an
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elongation of 15.5% (versus a control of 10.6%), and an impact strength of
0.275 J/cm
(versus a control of 0.288 J/cm)
[0138] EXAMPLE 14
[0139] To a 27 mm extruder, 4.53 kg of the reaction product of Example 6 was
added to
40.6 kg of PHA and 227 grams of boron nitride and ran through the extruder.
The plastic
was tested and exhibited a tensile strength of 12941 kPa (versus the control
24097 kPa); an
elongation of 16.6% (versus a control of 10.6%), and an impact strength of
0.324 J/cm
(versus a control of 0.288 J/cm)
[0140] EXAMPLE 15
[0141] To a 27 mm extruder, 4.53 kg of the reaction product of Example 5 was
added to
40.6 kg of PHA and 277 grams of boron nitride and ran through the extruder.
The plastic
was tested and exhibited a tensile strength of 19167 kPa (versus the control
24097 kPa); an
elongation of 18.4% (versus a control of 10.6%), and an impact strength of
0.277 J/cm
(versus a control of 0.288 J/cm)
[0142] EXAMPLE 16
[0143] To a 27 mm extruder, 2.27 kg of the reaction product of Example 6 was
added to
42.87 kg of PHA and 227 grams of boron nitride and ran through the extruder.
The plastic
was tested and exhibited a resilience of 66.9 kJ/m2 versus the control of 14.5
kJ/m2
[0144] EXAMPLE 17
[0145] To a 27 mm extruder, 4.53 kg of the reaction product of Example 6 was
added to
40.6 kg of PHA and 227 grams of boron nitride and ran through the extruder.
The plastic
was tested and exhibited a resilience of 67.1 kJ/m2 versus the control of 14.5
kJ/m2
[0146] EXAMPLE 18
[0147] To a 27 mm extruder, 4.53 kg of the reaction product of Example 7 was
added to
40.6 kg of PHA and 227 grams of boron nitride and ran through the extruder.
The plastic
was tested and exhibited a resilience of 39.5 kJ/m2 versus the control of 14.5
kJ/m2
[0148] EXAMPLE 19
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101491 To a 27 mm extruder, 4.53 kg of the reaction product of Example 4 was
added to
40.6 kg of PHA and 227 grams of boron nitride and ran through the extruder.
The plastic
was tested and exhibited a resilience of 11.1 kJ/m2 versus the control of 2.34
kJ/m2.
101501 EXAMPLE 20
101511 To a 27 mm extruder, 1.36 kg of the reaction product of Example 3 was
added to
44 kg of PHA and ran through the extruder. The plastic was tested and
exhibited a tensile
strength of 1386 kPa versus a control of 1572 kPa, an elongation of 5.3%
versus a control
of 5.6%, and an impact strength of 0.167 J/cm versus the control of 0.301
J/cm.
101521 From the foregoing, it may be seen that the impact modifying polyesters
according
to the present disclosure can provide a broad variety of mechanical property
improvements
to a bio-plastic system. For instance, a fourfold increase in impact strength
or an 11%
increase in elongation may be achieved without a corresponding loss of tensile
strength.
Thus, the impact modifying polyesters of the present disclosure allow for the
mechanical
properties of a bio-plastic system to be tailored to a particular end use
application.
101531 The foregoing description of preferred embodiments for this invention
has been
presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended
to be
exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Obvious
modifications
or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiments
are chosen and
described in an effort to provide the best illustrations of the principles of
the invention and
its practical application and to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the
art to utilize the
invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited
to the
particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within
the scope of
the invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in
accordance with
the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled.
26
CA 03219000 2023- 11- 14
