Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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DUAL ROTOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to internal combustion engines, and
more
particularly, to dual rotor internal combustion engines.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Internal combustion engines have been around for many years for converting the
energy of combusted gases into mechanical work in the form of a rotating
crankshaft.
One type of internal combustion engine known in the art is the reciprocating
piston
internal combustion engine. The conventional reciprocating piston internal
combustion
engine typically includes a housing, generally referred to as a block, that
defines a
plurality of cylinders arranged either in an in-line, V-type, or boxer
configuration.
Journaled at the lower end of the cylinders is a crankshaft. Each cylinder
houses a piston
reciprocally driven by the crankshaft via respective connecting rods. The
cylinders and
the pistons cooperate to form working chambers for the induction, compression,
combustion, and exhaustion of airlfuel mixtures. The engine further includes
pairs of
camshafts, which are operatively connected to the crankshaft through a chain
drive or
other transmission so that they are driven to rotate in synchronization with
the rotation of
the crankshaft.
The top of each cylinder includes intake ports and exhaust ports. The intake
and
exhaust ports are opened and closed via respective valves. The valves are
reciprocally
mounted within the housing and are actuated via camshafts. The camshafts are
operably
connected to each valve via rocker arms pivotally mounted within cylinder
heads
mounted to the engine block. The valves are normally biased via springs to
seal the
intake and exhaust ports in a closed position. The springs are also operable
to keep
constant engagement between the top of each valve and a pivoting portion of
the
respective rocker arm.
While this particular configuration of an internal combustion engine works
reasonably well to convert the energy of combusted gas into rotational
mechanical work,
it has many deficiencies due to its inherent design. First, these engines
typically need to
have large displacements to produce a desired amount of work. This typically
requires
the physical dimensions of the engine block to be quite large which causes
problems in
space sensitive applications. Additionally, based on the offset angle of the
connecting
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rods, and the configuration of the crankshaft, cams, and springs, the
reciprocating piston
engine is not very efficient in converting reciprocating motion of the pistons
into
crankshaft rotation. Further, these engines require an exorbitant amount of
parts, which
increases costs, and decreases reliability.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with aspects of the present invention, an engine is provided
that
comprises a housing including a pair of end walls and a pair of intersecting
parallel
cylinder walls having inner wall surfaces that define first and second
interconnected
cylindrical cavities. The intersecting cylinder walls form spaced-apart
parallel first and
second edges. The engine also includes first and second shafts that extend
coaxially into
the cavities and are supported for rotation at the end walls. The engine
further includes
first and second rotors secured to said first and second shafts for rotation
in the respective
cavities. The first and second rotors each have a plurality of radially
extending lobes with
outer ends. Each lobe defines a combustion chamber that opens at the lobe
outer end.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, an engine is
provided
that includes a housing formed with a pair of side-by-side intersecting
substantially
cylindrical cavities and a pair of counter-rotating power rotors rotatably
mounted in the
cavities. The pair of power rotors include intermeshing lobes that each define
open ended
combustion chambers. The engine also includes at least two exhaust ports
formed in the
housing in fluid communication with the pair of cavities and an ignition
device in
communication with the cavities. The engine further includes first and second
fuel intake
ports disposed in the housing and connected in fluid communication with the
cavities and
first and second air intake ports disposed in the housing and connected in
fluid
communication with the cavities.
In accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention, an
engine is
provided that comprises a housing defining parallel cylindrically shaped
intersecting
cavities and a pair of parallel shafts rotatably mounted within the cavities.
The pair of
parallel shafts extend outside the housing to form at least one drive shaft.
The engine
further includes first and second intermeshing rotors rotatably mounted within
the
housing. Each rotor is configured with a central hub portion coupled to one of
the shafts
for rotation therewith and a number of radially outward extending lobes
defining open
ended combustion chambers.
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In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, an engine is
provided' that includes a housing formed with a pair of side-by-side
intersecting
substantially cylindrical cavities and a pair of counter-rotating power rotors
rotatably
mounted in the cavities. The pair of power rotors includes intermeshing lobes
that each
define open ended combustion chambers. The engine also includes first and
second
intake ports formed in the housing and connected in fluid communication with
the
cavities and a source of air for injecting air to each combustion chamber, and
third and
fourth intake ports formed in the housing and connected in fluid communication
with the
cavities and a source of fuel for injecting fuel into each air filled
combustion chamber to
form an air/fuel mixture. The engine further includes an ignition device
coupled to the
housing and substantially aligned with a respective combustion chamber when
the rotor
lobes are fully intermeshed. The ignition device is adapted to ignite the
air/fuel mixture
within the aligned combustion chamber, and whereby the combusted gases
resulting from
the ignition of the air/fuel mixture act upon the lobes to rotate the rotors.
The engine
further includes at least two exhaust ports formed in the housing in fluid
communication
with the pair of cavities. The combusted gases subsequently escape through the
exhaust
ports by further rotor rotation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention
will
become more readily appreciated by reference to the following detailed
description, when
taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIGURE 1 is a schematic, representation of a cross-sectional view of a dual
rotor
engine constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIGURE 2 is a schematic representation of a cross-sectional view of the
housing
of the dual rotor engine of FIGURE l;
FIGURE 3 is a simplified perspective view of the engine of FIGURE 1;
FIGURE 4 is a side view of a rotor of the dual rotor engine of FIGURE 1;
FIGURES 5-12 depict sequential positions of the rotors of the engine of
FIGURE 1 as one combustion chamber of the engine operates through its six
cycles;
FIGURE 13 is a schematic representation of a cross-sectional view of another
embodiment of the engine constructed in accordance with the present invention,
wherein
the engine further includes additional intake ports;
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FIGURE 14 is a schematic representation of a cross-sectional view of another
embodiment of the engine constructed in accordance with the present invention,
wherein
the engine further includes additional fuel intake ports and/or intake ports
for the
introduction of air or other engine output increasing components, such as
water or nitrous
oxide.
FIGURE 15 is a side view of an alternative embodiment of the rotor suitable
for
use in an engine constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIGURE 16 is a schematic representation of a cross-sectional view of another
embodiment of the engine constructed in accordance with the present invention,
wherein
the rotors each include four lobes defining combustion chambers;
FIGURE 17 is a schematic representation of a cross-sectional view of the
housing
of the engine of FIGURE 16;
FIGURE 18 is a side view of a rotor of the dual rotor engine of FIGURE 16.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying
drawings where like numerals correspond to like elements. The present
invention is
directed to an internal combustion engine having dual counter-rotating rotors.
Specifically, the present invention is directed to a dual rotor internal
combustion engine
that converts the energy created by combusted gas into dual rotating output
shafts.
One suitable embodiment of a dual rotor internal combustion engine 20 ("the
engine 20") constructed in accordance with aspects of the present invention is
illustrated
in FIGURE 1. For ease of illustration, FIGURE 1 is a schematic representation
of the
engine 20 shown in cross-section. The engine 20 includes a housing 22 that
defines a
pair of parallel cylindrical cavities 24A and 24B having intersecting regions.
The
engine 20 also includes a pair of parallel shafts 26A and 26B coplanar with a
common
horizontal plane. Each shaft 26A and 26B is journaled along the longitudinal
axis of the
housing 22 via conventional bearings for permitting rotation of the parallel
shafts 26A
and 26B within the cavities 24A and 24B. Rigidly secured to the shafts 26A and
26B for
rotation therewith are first and second rotors 28A and 28B, respectively. In
the
embodiment shown, the rotors 28A and 28B have three lobes 32A, 34A, 36A and
32B,
34B, 36B spaced equidistant around the perimeter of the rotors 28A and 28B,
respectively. The lobes 32A-32B, 34A-34B, 36A-36B define combustion
chambers 172A-172B, 174A-174B, 176A-176B, respectively. The lobes 32A, 34A,
36A
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and 32B, 34B, 36B are shown as cycloidal; however, other intermeshable shapes
may be
used, such as ovaloidal. The first and second rotors 28A and 28B are fixedly
secured to
the shafts 26A and 26B for rotation therewith in an offset manner such that
one lobe of
rotor 28A meshes in-between two adjacent lobes of rotor 28B and vice versa.
5 In order to enable a near frictionless or contactless inner meshing of the
first and
second rotors, a pair of gears 30A and 30B are fixedly arranged on the shafts
26A
and 26B outside one of the end walls 40 of the housing 22, as best shown in
FIGURE 3.
The engine depicted in FIGURE 3 is a simplified illustration of the engine for
ease of
illustration; however, it will be appreciated that the engine shown in FIGURE
3 includes
other features and components, as will be described in detail below. The gears
30A and
30B are sized and configured to mesh, thereby forming a force locking
connection for
synchronizing the rotation of the counter rotating shafts 26A and 26B. It will
be
appreciated that the gears 30A and 30B may be positioned adjacent one of the
end
walls 40 of the housing 22 as shown, or can be mounted a spaced-apart distance
from one
of the end walls 40 to provide space for other engine accessories or
components, or to
prove access to the housing 22 of the engine 20.
The shafts 26A and 26B may extend as drive shafts 52A, 54A, and 52B, 54B,
respectively, outside both end walls 40, and may be adapted to drive auxiliary
mechanisms, such as alternators, distributors, water pumps, fluid pumps, if
desired. The
drive shafts 52A, 54A and 52B, 54B are further suitable to drive electric
generators, dual
propellers of a marine vehicle, wheels of land vehicles, to name a few.
Additionally, it
will be appreciated that the driveshafts may be utilized to drive separate and
different
components based on a particular application. For example, a vehicle, such as
construction machinery, employing the engine 20 may utilize one drive shaft
for
providing the propulsion of the vehicle, while utilizing another drive shaft
for coupling to
a power take off (PTO) that drives hydraulic or pneumatic systems of such
vehicles.
Thus, any number of the drive shafts may be utilized depending on its intended
application.
Referring now to FIGURE 2, the housing 22 will now be described in more
detail.
The housing 22 may be constructed out of any suitable engine block material
known in
the art, such as aluminum, cast iron or steel, to name a few, and fabricated
using any
conventional techniques, such as casting, CNC machining, or the like. The
housing 22
includes a pair of parallel cylindrical wall sections 38A and 38B, which
intersect at a
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common vertical plane P to form longitudinal edges generally referred to as
the air
plenum apex 42 and the exhaust plenum apex 44. Interior wall surfaces 48 of
the
intersecting cylindrical wall sections 38A and 38B, along with the inner
surfaces of the
end walls 40 (see FIGURE 3) define the pair of side by side intersecting
substantially
cylindrical cavities 24A and 24B. The shafts 26A and 26B are respectively
journaled by
conventional bearings through bores (hidden by the shafts in FIGURE 2) that
are
disposed through the end walls 40 (see FIGURE 3) and positioned coaxially with
the
longitudinal axis of each cavity 24A and 24B. The distance between the apex 42
and the
apex 44 may be defined in terms of angle 50, the vertex of which is the center
point of
either shaft 26A or 26B. In the embodiment shown, angle 50 is approximately
95°. The
housing 22 is configured to be substantially symmetrical about the vertical
plane P. At
the location of the apex 42, there is formed a pressure relief port 56
connected in fluid
communication with the cavities 24A and 24B, which may be valve regulated by a
conventional pressure relief valve (not shown) that opens at a selected cavity
pressure
(e.g., 200 psi) , for relieving pressure build-up in the engine during use.
The housing 22 further includes two primary exhaust ports 60A and 60B and two
secondary exhaust ports 64A and 64B formed in the first and second cylinder
wall
sections 38A and 38B, respectively, and disposed symmetrically about the
common
vertical plane P. Alternatively, the primary and secondary exhaust ports may
be formed
in any engine block surface and may consist of multiple ports. In the
embodiment shown,
the beginning edges 70A and 70B of the primary exhaust ports 60A and 60B begin
at
angles of rotation past the exhaust plenum apex 44, generally designated 68,
which is
preferably about 110° in this embodiment. The ending edges 72A and 72B
of the primary
exhaust ports 60A and 60B are disposed at angles of rotation 80, preferably
about 10
degrees, past the beginning edges 70A and 70B, respectively. Outer wall
sections or
intervals 84A and 84B are formed between the primary and secondary exhaust
ports,
respectively. The length of the intervals 84A and 84B is defined by angles of
rotation 88
formed between the primary exhaust port ending edges 72A and 72B and the
secondary
exhaust port beginning edges 90A and 90B. Angles of rotation 88 are
approximately 10
degrees in this embodiment, and may correspond to the rotation angle of the
combustion
chamber openings, as will be described below. Alternatively, the angles of
rotation 88
can be greater or less than 10 degrees, if desired. The secondary exhaust
ports 64A and
64B terminate at ending edges 92A and 92B, which are at angles of rotation,
generally
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designated 96, past the beginning edges 90A and 90B. In the embodiment shown,
angles
of rotation 96 are preferably about 35°. As such, the remaining angles
of rotation from
the ending edges of the secondary exhaust ports 64A and 64B to the air plenum
apex 42,
respectively, is approximately 100°.
In accordance with aspects of the present invention, the location (defined as
the
angle of rotation 68 past the apex 44) of the beginning edges 70A and 70B of
the primary
exhaust ports 60A and 60B, respectively, may be determined by the following
equation
(1).
( 1 ) L = (3 60/N) - X wherein
L = location of the beginning of the primary exhaust ports 60A and 60B
determined as an angle of rotation from the exhaust plenum apex 44, generally
designated
68;
N = number of combustion chambers per rotor; and
X = angle of rotation, in degrees, that defines the opening of each
combustion chamber.
Thus, in the embodiment of FIGURES 1-4, wherein N equals 3 and X equals 10
degrees, L, or the angle of rotation 68, equals 110 degrees, as was described
above.
Referring back to FIGURE 1, the primary exhaust ports 60A-60B may transport
exhaust gas produced from combustion of an air/fuel mixture in the cavities
24A-24B to
conventional turbochargers 110A and 110B. The turbochargers 110A and 1 lOB
include
turbines 114A and 114B in fluid communication with the primary exhaust ports
60A and
60B to receive exhausted gas. The turbines 114A and 114B, driven by the
exhausted
gases, in turn, drive compressors 118A and 118B. Fresh air is taken in via air
lines 122A
and 122B via the compressors 118A and 118B of the turbochargers 1 10A and 110B
and
supplied by the compressors 118A and 118B to air intake ports 132A and 132B
via
passageways 126A and 126B. Air intake ports 132A and 132 B are disposed in the
housing 22 (in one of the end walls 40) and connected in fluid communication
with the
cavities 24A-24B. The intake ports 132A and 132B may be disposed at
approximately
between 130 - 160 degrees of rotation clockwise and counter clockwise from the
apex 44, respectively, and in the embodiment shown, preferably between 145 -
150
degrees. The intake ports 132A and 132B are preferably configured to introduce
air from
the turbochargers 1 10A and 110B into the cavities 24A and 24B in a radially
outward
manner, as shown by the arrows. The housing 22 may be optionally configured
with
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auxiliary intake ports 136A and 136B positioned adjacent to intake ports 132A
and 132B,
respectively, and connected in fluid communication with the passageways 126A
and
126B. The auxiliary ports 136A and 136B are preferably configured to introduce
air into
the cavities 24A and 24B in the direction of rotor rotation, as shown by the
arrows, the
benefits of which will be described in detail below.
In one embodiment (not shown), other ports may be disposed in the end wall
opposite the intake ports 132A and 132B and optional intake ports 136A and
136B. It is
believed by the inventor that the additional ports will allow the introduced
air to blow
through the chambers, creating additional turbulence and added cooling and
exhausting
capabilities.
While the primary exhaust ports 60A and 60B have been described above and
shown herein to be connected to two turbochargers 1 10A and 1 l OB, it will be
apparent to
one of ordinary skill in the art that the primary exhaust ports 60A and 60B
may be
connected to a single turbocharger. Additionally, while turbochargers are
shown to
introduce quantities of fresh air to the cavities via the intake ports 132A
and 132B and
optional 136A and 136B, other devices may be used for such introduction of
fresh air.
For example, the intake ports may be connected in fluid communication to
blowers, fans,
superchargers, to name a few, which are all known in the art.
The secondary exhaust ports 64A and 64B transport combusted gases to
atmosphere through exhaust passageways. It will be apparent to those skilled
in the art
that the exhaust passageways may be connected in a conventional manner to
catalytic
converters, mufflers, exhaust pipes, or any combinations thereof, and the
like.
Alternatively, to further harness the energy of the exhausted gases, the
secondary exhaust
ports 64A and 64B may be connected in fluid communication to turbochargers
configured
with second turbines to drive, in conjunction with first turbines connected to
the primary
exhaust ports 60A and 60B, a compressor of a modified two turbine
turbocharger.
Referring now to FIGURE 2, two ignition devices, such as spark plugs 142A and
142B, are connected to the housing 22 through apertures 144A and 144B,
respectively, in
any conventional manner. The spark plugs 142A and 142B are either recess
mounted or
flush mounted within the apertures 144A and 144B so as to not interfere with
rotor
rotation. The spark plug apertures 144A and 144B may be formed into one or
both end
walls 40 (see FIGURE 3) of the housing. The spark plugs 142A and 142B, adapted
to be
connected to any power source known in the art for such purposes, deliver a
charge to the
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cavities 24A and 24B for initiating the combustion of a fuel/air mixture. The
spark plug
apertures 144A and 144B are spaced apart and may be coplanar with the shafts
26A and
26B as shown, or alternatively, may be coplanar with the vertical plane P.
While only
two spark plug apertures are shown, it will be appreciated that multiple sets
of spark plug
apertures, and thus, multiple sets of spark plugs may be used with the present
invention to
provide a more complete combustion of the air-fuel mixture, if desired.
Additionally, it
will be appreciated that the spark plug apertures, and thus, the spark plugs,
may be
positioned anywhere that is in communication with the combustion chamber 172A
when
the rotors are in the position shown in FIGURE 1.
Further formed in the housing 22 at one or both end walls 40 (see FIGURE 3)
are
fuel injector ports 154A and 154B adapted to be connected to a source of fuel
and in fluid
communication with cavities 24A and 24B for supplying the cavities with fuel.
Embodiments of the present invention may utilize throttle body or mufti-port
(sequential) '
electronic fuel inj ection to inj ect fuel to the cavities through fuel inj
ector ports 154A and
154B, as known in the art. However, it will be appreciated that the fuel or a
fuel/air
mixture may be injected into the chambers using conventional carburetors or
other
mechanical means, as will be described in more detail below, along with or
separate from
the electronic fuel injection. The fuel used in the present invention may be
any
combustible fluid, for example, gasoline, alcohol, or hydrogen, to name a few.
The fuel injector ports 154A and 154B are disposed in the end walls 40 (see
FIGURE 8) of the housing 22 such that the bisecting line of each injector port
154A and
154B is positioned at an angle of rotation 160 (See FIGURE 2), preferably
about 30
degrees, counterclockwise and clockwise from the air plenum apex 42,
respectively. It
will be appreciated that the angle of rotation 160 may be less than 30
degrees, and may
range from about 30 degrees or greater (e.g., 45 degrees) to about negative 15
degrees of
rotation from the apex 42 for prolonging the exhaust cycle of the secondary
exhaust ports.
The fuel injector ports 154A and 154B are preferably configured to introduce
fuel (or
fuel/air mixture) in the direction of the lower combustion chamber walls to
aid in keeping
the fuel from being centrifuged out of the combustion chambers by rotor
rotation, and to
create turbulence and circulation of the fuel and air, thereby improving the
mixing
process between the injected fuel and the air present within the combustion
chambers. It
will be appreciated that the fuel injector ports 154A and 154B are spaced a
sufficient
distance radially outward of the shafts 26A and 26B such that fuel may be
injected into
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the combustion chambers of the rotor lobes as the injection ports 154A and
154B come
into alignment therewith.
Referring now to FIGURE 4, the first and second rotors will now be described
in
detail. Since the first and second rotors are substantially identical in
construction, only
5 the first rotor 28A will be described in detail. As was briefly discussed
above, the first
rotor 28A is formed with three radially extending cycloidal lobes 32A, 34A,
and 36A,
defining combustion chambers 172A, 174A, and 176A, respectively. The cycloidal
lobes 32A, 34A, and 36A are disposed equidistant apart, such that the angle,
designated 168, formed between the longitudinal axes bisecting adjacent lobes
is 120°.
10 The length between the center point of the rotor and the free ends of the
lobes is slightly
less than the radius of the cavities so that the rotors may freely rotate
within the cavities,
but will provide sufFcient sealing between the lobes and the inner wall
surfaces of the
cylinder sections (e.g., tolerances between the free ends of the lobes and the
inner
surfaces of the cylinder wall sections of hundredths of an inch, or even
thousandths of an
inch are contemplated).
The combustion chambers 172A, 174A, 176A open at the free ends of the
lobes 32A, 34A, and 36A, respectively. The openings have widths defined by an
angle 180 (also referred to as an angle of rotation and expressed by "X" in
equation (1)
described above) formed by imaginary lines extending from the rotational
center point
(RCP) of the rotor 28A and extending through outer lobe leading and trailing
edges 184A
and 188A, respectively. In one embodiment, the angle 180 is preferably about
10°, and
preferably corresponds with the width of the intervals 84A and 84B and the
primary
exhaust ports 60A and 60B. However, other angles larger or smaller than 10
degrees are
also contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention, as well as
angle 180
having a different value than the width of the intervals and/or the primary
exhaust
ports 60A and 60B.
The particular shape of the combustion chambers is not a part of the present
invention, and therefore will not be described in any more detail. However, it
will be
appreciated that any shape and size may be practiced with the present
invention so long
as the rotor lobe side walls remain sufficiently rigid to contain the
expansion of the
air/fuel mixture combusted without unwanted rotor flexing. In one embodiment,
the rotor
lobes may be optionally braced or reinforced with reinforcement bars 178, as
shown in
FIGURE 15, to resist flexion of the lobe side walls. It will be appreciated
that the
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diameter of the reinforcement bars 178 is less than the lengthwise dimension
of the
chamber openings, so that the combusted gas is permitted to exit the
combustion
chambers. The reinforcement bars 178 may be secured by drilling holes in the
lobe side
walls and tapping (i.e., threading) the holes to receive the bars 178,
although other
techniques, such as welding, may be used. Additionally, the combustion
chambers may
be formed with projections 182 adjacent the opening of the combustion chamber.
The
projections 182 are cup-like or hollow in configuration and extend along the
leading and
trailing edges of the lobe for aiding in the retention of fuel within the
combustion
chamber during rotation. The projections 182 may be constructed as a stainless
steel liner
insertable into the combustion chamber from the side of the rotors.
The operation of the engine 20 in accordance with the present invention will
now
be described, with particular reference to FIGURES 5-12. For ease of
illustration and
clarity in the following description, the turbochargers are not shown;
however, it will be
appreciated that the turbochargers may be part of one embodiment of the
present
invention and may be configured as shown in FIGURE 1. In FIGURES 5-12, the
rotors 28A and 28B are illustrated in eight (8) sequentially occurring
positions. These
positions follow the cycles of one rotor lobe 32A (shown in cross-section
throughout
FIGURES 5 and 12) through one complete revolution of the shafts 26A and 26B.
Generally described, each lobe of the rotors 28A and 28B, and thus, each
combustion
chamber operates through six cycles, which may overlap, as will be explained
in greater
detail below. The cycles are: 1) ventilation; 2) fuel injection; 3)
displacement
compounding compression; 4) combustion; 5) expansion; and 6) exhaust.
In this particular description, the cycles of the engine 20 will begin at
FIGURE 5.
As best shown in FIGURE 5, the rotor 28A is positioned such that the
longitudinal axis of
the lobe 32A is approximately coaxial with the bisecting axis of the secondary
exhaust
port 64A of the housing 22, the trailing edge 188A of lobe 34A is in near
proximity to the
apex 42, and the lobe 34B is intermeshed between the lobes 34A and 36A. In
this
position, the turbocharger (see FIGURE 1), driven by exhausted gases from a
previous
exhaust cycle, as will be described in more detail below, injects fresh air
into the
cavity 24A, and more specifically, into the combustion chamber 172A through
intake
port 132A, and optional intake port 136A. Alternatively, air injection by
other means
such as a conventional supercharger, blower, fan, or a pressurized reservoir
of air, may be
utilized in place of, or in conjunction with, the turbochargers. Due to the
preferable
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configuration of the port 132A, air is introduced radially outward toward the
secondary
exhaust port 64A. This causes the introduced air to ventilate the exhaust
gases (shown as
dots) still present in the combustion chamber 172A into the secondary exhaust
port 64A,
while filling the chamber 172A with fresh air. Not only does the fresh air
ventilate the
chamber 172A, but also further functions to cool the housing 22 and the
rotors. As such,
the fresh air routed to the intake ports may be introduced first to a
conventional
intercooler prior to introduction into the cavities to further cool the
engine.
This completes the ventilation cycle, where fresh air is injected into the
combustion chamber 172A and the remaining combusted gas from the combustion
chamber is removed. In this case, the turbocharger acts as an air pump to pump
large
volumes of air into and through the combustion chamber 172A to vent the
combusted
gases from the chambers, while supplying fresh air thereto. Thus, the
turbocharger may
be generally referred to as a turbo-ventilator. It will be appreciated that
the ventilation
cycle begins when the intake ports 132A and/or 136A are in fluid communication
with
the chamber 172A, and ends approximately when the intake ports 132A and/or
136A
cease to fluidly communicate with chamber 172A. It will also be appreciated
that the
exhaust cycle of a previous lobe may occur concurrently with the ventilating
cycle, as
will be described in detail below.
From FIGURE 5, the rotors 28A and 28B rotate in the direction of the arrows to
a
position shown in FIGURE 6 due to the expansion forces of the combusted gases
of
another combustion chamber. FIGURE 6 illustrates the rotor 28A in a position
such that
the fuel injector port 154A is in fluid communication with chamber 172A, and
the leading
edge 184A of lobe 34A is in close proximity to the apex 44. In this position,
the fuel
injector port 154A injects fuel into the freshly air filled chamber 172A,
which instantly
vaporizes to form an airlfuel mixture. This is generally referred to as the
fuel injection
cycle. Embodiments of the present invention may utilize electronic fuel
injection to
inject fuel to the combustion chambers, as known in the art. However, it will
be
appreciated that fuel or a fuellair mixture may be injected into the chambers
using a
conventional carburetor or other mechanical means, as will be described in
more detail
below, along with or separate from the electronic fuel injection.
During the operation of the engine, the rotors 28A and 28B continue to rotate
from the position shown in FIGURE 6 to the position shown in FIGURE 7. As the
rotors
rotate from FIGURE 6 to FIGURE 7, air located in chamber 200 (which may also
contain
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13
an amount of combusted gas from a previous cycle) may be forced into the
chamber
172A by the pumping action of the outer wall of lobe 32B rotating counter-
clockwise
toward the chamber 172A. It will be appreciated that this pumping action may
compress
the air/fuel mixture and/or increase the volume of air present in the chamber
172A. This
is generally referred to as the displacement compound compression cycle.
Additionally,
it will be appreciated that during the displacement compound compression
cycle,
pressures within the chambers formed by the intermeshing lobes 32B and 32A
adjacent
the apex 42 and in fluid communication with the port 56 may increase enough to
vent
through the port 56. In embodiments where the port is pressure relief valve
regulated, the
pressure build-up within the created chambers will vent if the pressure
exceeds a
pre-selected threshold (e.g. 200 psi).
FIGURE 7 illustrates the rotors 28A and 28B in a position where the lobe 32A
is
oriented such that the longitudinal axis of the lobe 32A is substantially
coaxial with the
horizontal line interconnecting the shafts 26A and 26B, the combustion chamber
172A is
substantially closed by the free end of the lobe 32A juxtaposed the outer
surface of the
rotor 28B between lobes 32B and 36B, the spark plugs are in communication with
chamber 172A through spark plug apertures 144A and 144B, and the chamber 172A
contains an air/fuel mixture for subsequent combustion. At this time, the
spark plugs
receive a charge from the distributor or other known device in a conventional
manner and
fire, thereby igniting the air/fuel mixture contained within the combustion
chamber 172A.
The combusted gases (shown as dots throughout the FIGURES) generate an
expansive
force, generally referred to as the axial force, and designated by double
headed
arrows Fl. As the combusted gases continue to apply pressure to the concave
portion of
the opposite rotor 28B from the axial force F1, and the subsequent expansion
of the gas,
the rotor 28B rotates counterclockwise, which in turn, rotates the rotor 28A
due to the
synchronizing gears to the position shown in FIGURE 8. While the spark plugs
may be
controlled to fire at the instant the longitudinal axis of lobe 32A is coaxial
with shafts
26A and 26B so that the shafts may help contain the expansive forces upon
combustion, it
will be appreciated that the spark plugs may be controlled to fire a few
degrees of rotation
(e.g.; to about 10 degrees) prior to or past the common shaft axis.
As the leading edge 184A of lobe 32A separates from the concave portion of the
opposite rotor 28B as the rotors 28A and 28B rotate from the position shown in
FIGURE 7 to position shown in FIGURE 8, the combusted gases escape from the
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14
combustion chamber 172A, and expand into a chamber 204 created by combustion
chamber 172A, the space delimited between the outer walls of lobes 32A and 34A
and
the inner wall surfaces 48 of cylinder section 38A beginning at the trailing
edge 188A of
lobe 34A and ending at the apex 44, and the space delimited between the outer
walls of
lobes 32B and 36B (that face the lobe 32A) and the inner wall surface 48 of
the
cylindrical section 38B beginning at the trailing edge 188B of lobe 36B and
ending at
apex 44. As the combusted gases escape from combustion chamber 172A into the
newly
created chamber 204, the combusted gases expand in volume, which in turn,
compound
compresses the combusted gases currently present in the chamber (and already
at an
elevated pressure) from another cycle, thereby creating a second force F2
shown in
FIGURE 8. Thus, the secondary expansion of the gas when occupying the chamber
204,
and the simultaneous compound compression of the existing gases, applies force
F2
against the side of the rotor lobe 368, which in turn, causes the rotor 28B to
rotate
counter-clockwise. This is generally referred to as the expansion cycle,
whereby the
energy from the combustion cycle is further harnessed to rotate the rotors 28A
and 28B.
As will be continued to be explained, the expansion cycle may continue to
operate as the
rotors continue to rotate. The length of the expansion cycle may depend on
several
variables, such as the amount of air/fuel mixture present at the combustion
cycle.
The rotors 28A and 28B continue to rotate due to the expansion cycle to the
position of FIGURE 9. As the leading edge 184A of the lobe 32A comes into
close
proximity to the exhaust plenum apex 44, shown best in FIGURE 9, the trailing
edge 188A of lobe 34A comes into close proximity to the primary exhaust port
beginning
edge 70A, and the chamber 204 (FIGURE 8) divides to form chambers 206 and 208.
Chamber 206 is delimited by the outer surface of adjacent lobes 32A and 34A of
the
rotor 28A and the adjoining inner surface 48 of the cylinder wall between the
apex 44 and
the beginning edge 70A of the primary exhaust port 60A. The chamber 208 is
delimited
by the combustion chamber 172A and the adjacent lobes 32A and 36B of rotor 28B
and
the adjoining inner surface 48 of the cylinder wall section 38B extending from
the trailing
edge 188B of the lobe 36B to the apex 44. At this point, the combusted gases
contained
within chamber 208 are under high pressure, and the remaining force F2 from
the
compound compressed combusted gases impact against the lobe 36B of the rotor
28B,
which in turn, rotates the rotor 28B in a counterclockwise direction.
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As the rotors rotate from the position shown in FIGURE 9 to the position shown
in FIGURE 10~ the trailing edge 188A of lobe 34A passes the beginning edge 70A
of
primary exhaust port 60A to the ending edge 72A, and the trailing edge 188A of
the lobe
32A is adjacent the apex 44, causing the following to occur. First, this
establishes fluid
5 communication between the chamber 206 and the primary exhaust port 60A,
which in
turn, begins the primary exhaust portion of the exhaust cycle of chamber 206
across the
primary exhaust port 60A. Since the exhaust port 60A is at a lower pressure
than the
chamber 206 of combusted gases, the combusted gases exits the chamber 206 into
the
primary exhaust port 60A. The combusted gases are exhausted through the port
60A and
10 routed to the turbine of the turbocharger, as described above, or
alternatively, routed to
atmosphere.
Secondly, the combustion chamber 172A containing exhausted gases therein,
separates from the chamber 208. Finally, the compound compressed gas in
chamber 208
may continue to exert force F2 against the outer wall of the lobe 36B, and
thus, prolong
15 the expansion cycle described above. It will be appreciated that the volume
of
chamber 208, now delimited by the outer surface of adjacent lobes 32B and 36B,
the
adjoining inner surface 48 of the cylinder wall between the trailing edge 188B
of the lobe
36B and the apex 44, and the adjoining outer wall portion of the lobe 32A from
the
trailing edge 188A of the lobe 32A to the interface between the lobe 32A and
the
lobe 32B, continues to enlarge as the rotor 28B rotates, thus decreasing the
pressure
therein.
From the position shown in FIGURE 10, the rotors rotate to the position shown
in
FIGURE 11 due in part by subsequent combustion cycles in the combustion
chambers of
other lobes. In FIGURE 11, the trailing edge 188A of the lobe 34A is past the
ending
edge 92A of the secondary exhaust port 64A. As the trailing edge 188A of the
lobe 34A
rotates from its position in FIGURE 10 at the ending edge 72A of the primary
exhaust
port 60A to a position past the ending edge 92A of the secondary exhaust port
64A,
chamber 206 establishes fluid communication with the secondary exhaust port
64A,
which in turn, begins the secondary exhaust portion of the exhaust cycle of
chamber 206
across the secondary exhaust port 64A. Since the exhaust port 64A is at a
lower pressure
than the chamber 206 of combusted gases, the combusted gases exit the chamber
206 into
the secondary exhaust port 64A. The combusted gases are exhausted through the
port 64A and routed to atmosphere, or alternatively, to a turbine of the
turbocharger.
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16
Thus, at this time, the exhausted gases previously contained in chamber 206
are being
exhausted through primary and secondary ports 60A and 64A, respectively.
The operation of the engine continues to rotate the rotors 28A and 28B to the
position shown in FIGURE 12. As best shown in FIGURE 12, the trailing edge
188B of
lobe 36B has rotated past the beginning edge 90B of the secondary exhaust port
64B, and
thus, establishes fluid communication between the chamber 208 and the primary
exhaust
port 60B and the secondary exhaust port 64B. This begins the primary and
secondary
exhaust portions of the exhaust cycle of chamber 208 across the primary and
secondary
exhaust ports 60B and 64B. Since the exhaust ports 60B and 64B are at a lower
pressure
than the chamber 208 of combusted gases, the combusted gases exits the chamber
208
into the primary and secondary exhaust ports 60B and 64B. The combusted gases
are
exhausted through the ports 60B and 64B and routed to either atmosphere or to
a turbine
of the turbocharger described above. Concurrently with the exhausting of
combusted
gases from chamber 208, the combusted gases of chamber 206 continue their
primary and
secondary portions of the exhaust cycle across the primary and secondary
exhaust
ports 60A and 64A. As the exhaust cycle occurs, fresh air is injected into the
housing
through intake ports 132A and the optional intake port 136A. As was described
above,
the optional intake port is preferably configured to introduce air into the
housing in the
direction of rotor rotation. The air, introduced in the direction of rotor
rotation, imparts a
force, generally designated F3, against the outer wall of the rotor lobe 34A.
Thus, the
injected air aids in the rotation of the rotors, while aiding in the exhaust
cycles of the
combustion chambers.
From the rotor position shown in FIGURE 12 to the beginning rotor position of
FIGURE 5, the chambers 206 and 208 continue to exhaust combusted gases through
the
primary and secondary exhaust ports 60A, 64A and 60B, 64B, respectively.
Additionally, as the combustion chamber 172A of the lobe 32A passes the
primary
exhaust port 60A to the secondary exhaust port 64A, fluid communication is
established
therebetween, and thus, the combustion chamber 172A begins its primary and
secondary
portion of the exhaust cycle. Thus, the exhaust cycle begins when the chambers
206 and
208 establish fluid communication with the primary exhaust ports 60A and 60B,
and ends
when the trailing edge 188A of the lobe 32A passes the ending edge 92A of the
secondary exhaust port 64A and the trailing edge 188B of the lobe 36B passes
the ending
edge 92B of the secondary exhaust port 64B.
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17
While only the cycles of lobe 32A in the operation of engine 20 were described
in
detail, it will be appreciated that the other lobes were operating through
their respective
cycles concurrently with lobe 32A.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the engine 20 may optionally
include intake ports 240A and 240B located in-between the fuel injector ports
154A and
154B and the spark plug apertures 144A and 144B, respectively, for injecting
air, or
combustible gases, from supply conduits into the combustion chambers, as best
shown in
FIGURE 13. The injected air may operate to increase the compression ratio of
the
air/fuel mixture and/or increase the total volume of air contained within the
combustion
chambers, thereby increasing engine output. The supply of air from the supply
conduits
to the intake ports 240A and 240B may be electronically controlled by a
conventional
controller, such as an engine control unit (ECU) in communication with a
valuing
mechanism, such as a solenoid valve. It will be appreciated that the source of
air supplied
to the intake ports 240A and 240B may be injected by suitable use of
conventional air
pumps, blowers or compressors, mechanically connected to one of the drive
shafts.
In operation, when each combustion chamber of the rotors 28A and 28B rotates
into alignment with a respective intake port 240A or 240B, air is injected
into the
respective combustion chamber by the operation of the valuing mechanism (not
shown),
' which receives a control signal from the ECU.
Alternatively, the supply of air injected into the combustion chambers from
the
optional intake ports just described may be controlled mechanically, as will
now be
explained in greater detail. Turning now to FIGURE 14, the engine includes
intake
ports 240A and 240B positioned radially inward from the embodiment shown in
FIGURE 13. Specifically, the intake ports 240A and 240B are disposed in one of
the end
walls 40 (FIGURE 3) and centered on an imaginary circle IC of radius R
coaxially with
the shafts 26A and 26B. The radius R of the imaginary circle IC is selected
such that the
ports 240A and 240B lie between the inward end of the combustion chambers and
the
outer surface of the shafts. In conjunction with the placement of the intake
ports 240A
and 240B, the rotors 28A and 28B further include grooves 262A-262B, 264A-264B,
and
266A-266B formed in the central hub section of the rotors 28A and 28B and
associated
with each combustion chamber. Each groove extends lengthwise through the
entire hub
section and is configured and arranged to fluidly communicate with its
respective
combustion chamber.
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18
In operation, when each groove of the rotors 28A and 28B rotates into
alignment
. with a respective intake port 240A or 240B, air is automatically injected
into the
respective combustion chamber though its associated groove. As the groove
associated
with the respective combustion chamber rotates past the respective intake
port, the supply
of air is cut off by the end face of the central hub portion of the respective
rotor. It will
be appreciated that the amount of air injected can be metered by any
combination of rail
pressure in the supply conduit, and the size and shape of the intake ports
and/or the
grooves. Additionally, the air supply conduit may also be valve controlled, if
desired.
While air has been described in this embodiment to potentially increase engine
output, air is not the only component available to potentially achieve such
results. For
example, water, or nitrous oxide or other volatile gaseous or liquid
components may be
injected into the intake ports 240A and 240B to potentially increase engine
work output.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the engine 20
may use mechanical techniques similar to the mechanically controlled supply of
air just
described for injecting fuel and/or air/fuel mixtures into the combustion
chambers. To
that end, the engine 20 may further include intake ports 280A and 280B
positioned
radially inward from the intake ports 154A and 154B and approximately centered
on the
imaginary circle IC of radius R. The intake ports 280A and 280B are adapted to
be
connected to a source of fuel or an air/fuel mixture. It should be noted that
in this
embodiment, the intake ports 240A and 240B and intake ports 154A and 154B may
be
omitted, if desired. If the intake ports 240A and 240B are utilized by an
embodiment of
the engine as shown in FIGURE 14, it will be appreciated that the ports 280A
and 280B
axe spaced a distance, in degrees of rotation, from the ports 240A and 240B.
Alternatively, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention,
one set of
ports, either ports 240A and 240B or 280A and 280B may be used to inject both
the
fuel/air mixture and the air or other engine output increasing component
described above,
while the other ports are omitted. In this particular embodiment, the ports
may be
connected to separate sources of fuel and air (or other engine output
increasing
components described above) and controlled by a valuing mechanism. Such an
arrangement may be constructed by one skilled in the art with components well
known in
the art.
In operation, when a groove of the rotors 28A and 28B rotates into alignment
with
the fuel injector ports 280A or 280B, fuel or an air/fuel mixture is
automatically injected
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19
into the respective combustion chamber, and as the groove rotates passed the
respective
fuel injector port, the supply of fuel or an air/fuel mixture is cut off by
the end face of the
respective rotor. It will be appreciated that a control valve may be used, for
instances
such as when the engine is shut off. In accordance with another embodiment of
the
present invention, the injector ports 280A-280B may be used in conjunction
with the
injector ports 154A and 154B as shown in FIGURE 14, to provide flexibility in
supplying
fuel to the combustion chambers during varying engine operating conditions.
Far
example, the first set of fuel injector ports 280A and 280B may be connected
to a source
of fuel and operate during normal operating conditions. The second set of fuel
intake
ports 154A and 154B may be connected to conventional electronic fuel injectors
and can
operate during peak engine conditions. When the engine is operating under
normal
operating conditions, the intake ports 280A and 280B are used to inject fuel
into the
combustion chambers. As the demand for more engine output is needed, the fuel
intake
ports 154A and 154B may be used in conjunction with the intake ports 280A and
280B to
supply more fuel to the combustion chambers.
In the embodiment of the engine 20 described above and illustrated in
FIGURES 1-14, the rotors included three lobes each defining a combustion
chamber.
However, other embodiments of the present invention may utilize rotors having
any
number of like numbered lobes. Turning now to FIGURES 16-18, another
embodiment
of a dual rotor engine 320 is shown in accordance with aspects of the present
invention.
The engine 320 in FIGURES 16-18 is substantially identical in construction and
operation as the engine 20 shown in FIGURE l, except for the differences that
will now
be described. For clarity in the ensuing description, like or similar elements
will have the
same reference numeral beginning with either the prefix 300 or 400. For
example, the
housing in this embodiment is now reference numeral 322.
As best shown in FIGURES 16 and 17, the rotors 328A and 328B have four
cycloidal lobes 332A, 334A, 336A, 337A, and 332B, 334B, 336B, 337B spaced
equidistant around the perimeter of the rotors 328A and 328B, respectively.
The
cycloidal lobes 332A, 334A, 336A, and 337A are disposed equidistant apart,
such that the
angle, designated 468 (See FIGURE 18), formed between the longitudinal axes
bisecting
adjacent lobes is 90°. Each lobe 332A, 334A, 336A, 337A of the rotor
328A is formed
with combustion chambers 472A, 474A, and 476A, and 477A, respectively, while
each
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lobe 332B, 334B, 336B, 337B of the rotor 328B is formed with combustion
chambers 472B, 474B, and 476B, and 477B, respectively.
Referring now to FIGURE 17, the housing 322 is configured such that the
angle 350 between the apex 342 and the apex 344 is approximately 88 degrees.
The
5 housing 322 also includes two primary exhaust ports 360A and 360B and two
secondary
exhaust ports 364A and 364B formed in the first and second cylinder wall
sections 338A
and 338B, respectively, and disposed symmetrically about the common vertical
plane P.
The beginning edges 370A and 370B of the primary exhaust ports 360A and 360B
begin
at an angle of rotation, designated 368, past the apex 44. The angle of
rotation 368 of the
10 beginning edges 370A and 370B of the primary exhaust ports may be
determined by
equation (1) above. Thus, with X preferably being 10 degrees, the angle of
rotation 368
equals 80 degrees ((360 degrees/4) -10 degrees = 80 degrees).
The ending edges 372A and 372B of the primary exhaust ports 360A and 360B
are at the angles of rotation 380, preferably about 10 degrees, past the
beginning
15 edges 370A-370B, respectively. An outer wall section or interval 384 is
disposed
between the primary and secondary exhaust ports, respectively. The length of
the
intervals 384 is defined by an angle of rotation 388 formed between the
primary exhaust
port ending edges 372A and 372B and the secondary exhaust port beginning edges
390A
and 390B, respectively. Angle of rotation 388 is approximately 10° in
this embodiment,
20 but can be greater than or less than 10 degrees, if desired. The secondary
exhaust
ports 364A and 364B end at the ending edges 392A and 392B, which are at angles
of
rotation, designated 396, past the beginning edges 390A and 390B. In the
embodiment
shown, the angles 396 axe preferably 35°; however, angles of up to
about 70 degrees may
be used.
While representative embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and
described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein
without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as claimed. For example,
the fuel
injectors may be positioned in other areas, if desired. Additionally, in some
embodiments, the intervals may be omitted so that the primary and secondary
ports
become one large port, which could vary in size.
