Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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Compressed fuel composed of renewable organic residues and/or raw
materials, and method for its production
The invention relates to a compressed fuel composed of organic
residues and/or raw materials, having at least one additive, to
increase its heating value and to reduce the formatiQn of slag,
and a method for producing such a material.
Fuels composed of compressed renewable organic raw materials,
such as straw as a byproduct of grain or rapeseed agriculture,
and of other seed plants, but also wood waste, rapeseed cake as a
waste product in the production of oil from rapeseed, and similar
organic raw materials and residues, are increasingly gaining
importance for generating energy, particularly heat energy, both
in the industrial and the residential sector.
A compressed fuel is known from DE 103 34 645 A1, which consists
of a mixture of wood, in shredded form, and other organic
byproducts and residues, whereby the wood proportiQn in shredded
form amounts to between 20 and 600, and the remaining proportion
consists of other organic oomponents of renewable raw materials,
without binder. This fuel is produced using a method according
to which the mixture is adjusted, before being compressed, to an
initial and compressing moisture between 5% to 40%, by way of the
mixture ratio of wood in shredded form and organic components,
CONFIRMATION CaPY
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However, an initial and compressing moisture adjusted in this
manner can lead to great variations in the moisture of the fuel
mixture, which can be unimportant for binder-free compression of
the mixture itself, but has a negative effect on the density and
the complete combustion behavior of the fuel bodies, and thus on
the heating value, which is supposed to lie between 4.8 and 5
kWh/kg, and on the smoke development when the fuel is burned.
A molded fuel body is known from DE 10 2004 042 659 Al, which is
produced, in terms of method, by mixing an agrarian waste
material, a first additive to increase the heating value, and a
second additive to reduce slag formation, to form a substance
mixture, and subsequently molding the substance mixture to
produce a molded body. In this connection, the agrarian waste
products used are primarily waste products of grain
harvesting,and the fzrst additive used is residual products of
grain processing, and the second additive used, to reduce slag
formation, is lime.
This composition of the fuel bodies consists essentially of straw
and residual pzoducts of grain processing, so that similar to
pure straw combustion, the combustion process takes place in four
phases, namely: 1. evaporation of the moisture; 2. gasification,
in which a combustible gas having a certain content of carbon,
hydrogen, methane, and other hydrocarbons is formed; 3. gas
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combustion; 4, combustion of the coke residues. In this
combustion process, a sufficient oxygen supply must be assured at
all times, in order to guarantee complete combustion and to
prevent a greater proportion of carbon monoxide from forming in
place of carbon dioxide, which would then be given off into the
atmosphere with the flue gas. It is known that the sufficient
oxygen supply is achieved by means of what is called an air
excess, which lies above the combustion air required in theory.
Consequently, this air excess increases the amount of flue gas
that must be passed off into the atmosphere, which contains small
ash particles, fine dust, and alkali salts that form during this
combustion process, among other things, and imposes an additional
burden on the environment. However, the required air excess also
leads to the result that these fuels can only be used in firing
systems that guarantee an additional air excess.
But the heating value is also not significantly improved with
these fuel bodies, as compared with comparable fuels, and
reportedly lies approximately in the vicinity of wood, in other
words at approximately 5.0 kWh/kg.
Furthermore, the ash of fuels from agrarian raw materials is not
without problems, due to the mineral components, such as, for
example, silicates, which are known to have a low melting point_
For example, it has been shown that the ash can become tacky at
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temperatures as low as S 6000C, and this leads to slag formation
and to the fire grates becoming clogged, which is very
disadvantageous, particularly for smaller boilers. It is true
that slag formation can be reduced by means of the proposed
additive, lime, but it cannot be permanently prevented.
It is therefore the task of the present invention to improve the
fuels named initially, composed of renewable organic residues
and/or raw materials, in that the fuel can be used in any kind of
firing system, demonstzates an improved complete combustion
behavior and a higher heating value at lower smoke formation, and
which is almost soot-free and emission-free during combustion,
and has an ash softening point that permar,ently prevents slag
formation and thus clogging of the fire grates, as well as to
propose a method for production that reduces energy consumption,
when managed continuously, and guarantees a uniform quality of
the fuel.
This task is accomplished, according to the invention, with a
compressed fuel composed of renewable organic residues and/or raw
materials, in which the fuel mixture consists of
- 72 to 83 wt.-% combustible organic residues and/or raw
materials, having a moisture of 8 to 20%-,
- 15 tQ 25 wt.-* natural organic oils and/or fats,
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- to increase the heating value, and
2 to 3 wt.-%, sodium perborate to increase the ash
melting point and as an oxygen supplier.
It has surprisingly been shown that with this fuel composition, a
compressed fuel composed of organic substances can be produced,
which, at a significantly improved complete combustion behavior,
has a heating value of approximately 6.8 kWh/kg, which is
significantly greater than the heating value of fuels composed of
compressed straw; wood; wood/straw, and can even be situated
approximately in the range of the heating value of liquid gas.
With the proportion of natural oils and/or fats, which are known
to have good adhesion behavior, it was possible to do without
additives of native or modified starches, and to prevent dust
formation during c4mbustion, so that the flue gases to be
conducted away are almost free of fine dust.
By means of the proportion of sodium perborate, which
continuously gives off its oxygen component (approximately 9.9g),
as is generally known, the combustion process is also constantly
supported, even without an additional air excess, and with a
sufficient oxygen component, up to complete combustion of the
fuel bodies. Consequently, these fuels are suitable for all
fixing installations zn which an additional air excess cannot be
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guaranteed. Moreover, because of the continuous and sufficient
oxygen component that is given off as the sodium perborate is
heated, smoldering fires, whose flue gas can be charged with
increased carbon monoxide, are completely avoided.
Furthermore, the sodium perborate is converted to oxoborate when
heated, and is free of water, so that the ash softening point can
be increased to approximately 815 C to 1096 C. At this ash
softening point, the ash no longer becomes tacky, so that slag
formation and caking of same onto the fire grate can be excluded.
It is advantageous if this mixture contains 0.4 to 0.6%-
hexamethylene tetramine, with reference to the total mass.
Hexamethylene tetramine supports ignition of the fuel, and
significantly promotes burn-off acceleration of the fuel and soot
reduction.
It is also advantageous if this mixture contains 1.0 to 1.50
lignine, with reference to the total mass. Lignine promotes
solidification of the compressed fuel, and leaves almost no or
only insignificant pollutants in the flue gas and/or in the ash
after combustion.
In order to further increase the ash softening point, the mixture
can contain up to 3%, with reference to the total mass of the
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fuel mixture, of another powdered additive or an additive
dissolved in water, having a pH ? 7, to increase the ash
softening point,
These additives are preferably borax or sodium metasilicate or
trisodium octaborate or zinc borate or trisodium phosphate or
ammonium sulfate or similar chemical subetances that are suitable
for raising the aeh eoftening point.
The organic residues and/or raw materials used are preferably
grain straw of all kinds, augar cane, bamboo, cotton bushes,
jute, sisal, hemp, ramie, rice straw, rice shells, Chinese silver
grass, elephant grass, flax, coconut, kenaf, or alfa grass. with
these types of residues and raw materials, it was possible to
achieve approximately the same heating values in connection with
the proposed composition of the compressed fuel, but it was also
possible to produce dense and compressed fuels having good
metering ability.
The mixture proportion of the organic residues and/or raw
materials can also consist of 50 - 58 wt.-% organic residues
and/or raw materials and 22 - 25 wt.-% rapeseed cake. This
mixture proportion has an advantageous influence on economical
production of the proposed fuel, whereby at the same time, the
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heating value can be further increased, in cost-advantageous
manner, by the remaining energy-rich residual oil content in the
rapeseed cake, which can have different values, as a function of
the method used to recover the oil from the rapeseed.
Furthermore, at the same time, economical and environmentally
friendly disposal of the rapeseed cake takes place, if it cannot
be utilized as animal feed, because of its high protein content.
However, in this fuel, the mixture proportion of natural organic
oils and/or fats can also consist of 13 - 21 wt.-% natural
organic oils and/or fats and 2 - 4 wt,--I fusel oil.
It is advantageous, in this case, if the fusel oils are homologs
of ethyl alcohol or higher alcohols, such as amyl alcohol. Since
it is known that fusel oils reduce the viscosity of oils and
fats, the penetration of organic raw materials can be promoted
with a mixture of oil and/or fat/fusel oil. Consequently, the
costs of the fuel can be structured to be more advantageous for
the consumer, as a result of the more cost-advantageous fusel
oils, without impairing the combustion process or the heating
value of the fuel, or additionally burdening the flue gas with
pollutants.
A fuel in general, particularly fuels that are used in open
hearths, such as fireplaces, the mixture for compressing the fuel
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can also contain 1.5 to 3 wt.-I; of an odor improving agent, with
reference to the oil amount.
The odor improving agent is preferably an ether oil that is
soluble in oil, such as pine needle oil, clove oil, or citrus oil
or forest fragrance oil. These odor improving agents are
miscible in oil and demonstrated no negative influence on the
combustion of the fuels and the waste gas to be conducted away,
at a proportion of 1.5 - 3 wt.-%-, with reference to the oil
amount.
It is also advantageous if the mixture contains 1.5 to 3 wt.-* of
an air pore forming agent, with reference to the maaa of the
total mixture.
Preferably, this air pore forming agent is.a powdered sodium
lauryl sulfate or sodium dodecyl sulfate, or a sodium lauryl
sulfate or sodium dodecyl sulfate dissolved in water, having a pH
Z 7.
Air pore forming agents having a pH ? 7 are not toxic, but rather
biodegradable, and, on the one hand, additionally increase the
oxygen content in the fuel, which advantageously promotes
combustion, and, on the other hand, they contain disguised
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surfactants, which improve the penetration of the organic
residues and/or raw materials.
Preferably, the organic residues and/or raw materials used are
naturally aged new raw materials or used raw materials, such as
gray straw, for example, which have been stored appropriately for
their use.
In the case of these raw materials, the chemical substances, some
of them aggressive, such as silicate, chlorine, potassium, and
others, which are contained in the organic residues and/ox raw
materials and which have a corrosive effect on.the boiler system
and flue gas pipes, or impair the combustion process or the ash,
have been partially decomposed as the result of weathering.
The organic residues and/or raw materials used can also be
residues and/or raw materials that are artificially aged, for
decomposition of the chemical substances, some of them
aggressive, in a manner appropriate for their use.
For artificial aging, 0.1 to 3.0 wt.-%, with reference to the
mass of the organic residue and/or raw material component, of a
UV absorber having a preferred pH 2: 7 or a W additive that
promotes aging, having a preferred pH > 7, is added to the
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organic residue and/or raw material, or the organic residues
and/or raw materials are alternatively pretreated with W rays.
Thus, the duration of the aging process can be limited to a very
short time, and it is possible to do without storage areas for
long-term aging as the result of weathering, and the production
process of the fuels can be carried out more efficiently.
In order to achieve improved penetration of the organic residues
and/or raw materials, it is advantageous if the mixture of
organic residues and/or raw materials, with the oil and/or fat
component that has been metered in, or the finished, mixed fuel
mixture, are subjected to vacuum impregnation. In this manner,
the embedded gas (air) is drawn out of the pores of the organic
residues and/or raw materials, and thus the absorption capacity
of the residues and/or raw materials for the oil and/or fat is
significantly increased. Consequently, the compressing process
and the combustion process are significantly promoted, and the
compressed fuels are given a greater density and stability.
In order to improve the penetration, however, it has proven to be
particularly advantageous if the fuel mixture contains an
additive of 1- 5 wt_-%, with reference to the oil and/or fat
component, of surfactants having a pH >_ 7.
.
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It is advantageous if the surfactants mixed in are from the group
of ampholytic or amphoteric surfactants, whereby ampholytic or
amphoteric surfactants that have a fatty acid composed of coconut
oil or palm oil or jatropha oil are preferably used.
It has surprisingly been shown that the surface tension of the
residues and/or raw materials can be so greatly reduced, using
surfactants, that organic residues can be penetrated to a high
degree, so that when surfactants are added, it is possible to do
without additional vacuum impregnation of the raw material/oil
mixture or the fuel mixture. Consequently, the production
process of the fuel can be configured in significantly more
efficient manner.
Furthermore, surfactants having a pH ? 7 lie in the alkaline
range, and are therefore not hazardous goods, whereby ampholytic
or amphoteric surfactants that contain a fatty acid of coconut
oil, palm oil, or jatropha oil, in particular, are easily and
quickly biodegradable, and promote combustion of the fuels, and
do not impair the waste gases.
However, combustion tests have also shown that a heating value of
approximately 6.8 kWh/kg and higher can also be achieved with a
fuel mixture that contains surfactants, whereby the fuels
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demonstrated good, dust-free complete combustion behavior and
smoke-free combustion, in the.same manner. Furthermore, test
measurements aGtually showed that hardly any measurable
pollutants could be detected in the waste gas during combustion
of these fuels.
It is furthermore advantageous if the fuel is preferably
Gompressed into molded bodies at a compressing pressure between
200 and 250 bar. At this compressing pressure, a high metering
ability of the substances as well as a high density and stability
were achieved.
It is furthermore also advantageous if the additives used lie in
the alkaline range (pH ? 7), and are not toxic, but rather
biodegradable. In this way, it is guaranteed that the fuel does
not contain any corrosive components that can lead to corrosion
during combustion, and the ash of the fuel can easily be disposed
of, in environmentally friendly manner.
According to the invention, the compressed fuel composed of
organic residues and/or raw material is produced using a method
according to which
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the organic residues and/or raw materials, by themselves or
in a mixture, having a moisture of 8- to 20%-, are cleaned of
foreign bodies, dust, and waste, and are shredded,
the shredded residues and/or raw materials are treed of dust
by way of an exhaust air filter, and metered into the
components of the other substances to be mixed in, at a
previously determined percentage ratio, in a mixing and
metering device,
the oil and/or fat component is metered into the component
of the residues and/or raw materials metered into the mixing
and metering device, at a temperature of ? 60 , and the
liquid components of the air pore forming agents and/or
fusel oils and/or substances that raise the ash melting
point, in aqueous solution, are metered in, by themselves or
mixed with the oil and/or fat component, and
subsequently, the powdered and/or granulate components of
the sodium perborate and/or hexamethylene tetramine and/or
lignine and/or substances that raise the ash melting point
and/or air pore forming agents are metered in, in powder
form, by themselves or in a premixed batch, and
afterwards, the fuel Gomponents are mixed in the mixing and
metering device, to form a homogeneous fuel mixture, and the
homogeneous fuel mixture is passed to a pelleting press, in
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metered form, where it is compressed into fuel bodies,
preferably at a compressing pressure of 200 to 250 bar,
By means of this method, it is made possible for the fuel to be
produced from a fuel mixture, in a continuous process, which
mixture has a uniform composition of the fuel substances and a
controlled, constant moisture, and is free of non-combustible
components.
With the oil and/or fat component that is metered in, at a
temperature of > 60 C, the oil and/or fat component has a
viscosity that guarantees good adhesion to the organic residues
and/or raw materials. Even more, by compressing the fuel mixture
at a preferred eompreosing pressure of 200 to 250 bar, the fuel
is compressed at a very high density and stability, which
contributes, among other things, to keeping the complete
combustion behavior uniform, up to complete combustion of the
fuel bodies.
The liquid substances and those dissolved in water can optionally
be already premixed, both by themselves and with one another, but
the powdered or granulate substances can also optionally be
metered into the residue and/or raw material component in
premixed form, by themselves or with one another. The only
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deciding factor is that the liquid substances or those dissolved
in water are metered in first, then the powdered or granulate
substances.
According to an advantageous embodiment of the method, the
residues and/or raw materials that have been shredded and freed
of dust are put into intermediate storage in a metering silo, and
passed to the mixing and metering unit in metered form. In this
way, the method can be operated without interruptions for an
extended period of time, even if problems occur in the treatment
of the residues and/or raw materials or during air transport of
the shredded raw materials to the exhaust air filter, or during
raw material delivery, which cannot be precluded.
It is also advantageous if naturally aged organic residues and/or
raw materials are used to implement the method, such as gray
wheat straw, for example, As already mentioned, these residues
arnd/or raw materials contain only slight components of chemical
substances, some of them aggressive, such as, for example,
silicate, chlorine, potassium, and others, so that the corrosive
effect on the combustion system and negative effects on the
combustion process and the flue gas development resulting from
these chemical substances is significantly reduced.
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According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the method,
the shredded organic residues and/or raw materials are treated
with LnJ radiation after the dust has been removed, and then stay
in a silo for the aging period, or alternatively, that the
shredded organic residues and/or raw materials are mixed with a
UV additive that promotes aging, or a UV absorber, at 0.1 - 0.3
wt.-% with reference to the mass of the residue and/or raw
material, after the dust has been removed, and then stay in a
silo for the aging period. In this way, the possibility is
created far the residues and/or raw materials to age
artificially, in a very short period of time, so that long-term
aging by means of weathering can be eliminated, and thus no
additional storage area for weathering of the organic residues
and/or raw materials is required. In this way, however, it is
also guaranteed that a uniformly aged raw material is always
available for production of the fuel mixture, without any
additional inepection of the aging condition. Consequently,
quality variations of the fuel can be excluded.
Preferably, the metering silo provided in the course of the
process for the artificial aging period is used for the residues
and/or raw materials, in that the metering silo is designed to
have a storage capacity that allows continuous implementation of
the process, when adhering to the aging period.
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According to another, particularly advantageous embodiment of the
method, the oil and/or fat component is passed to the mixing and
metering device with the component of I-5 wt.-%- surfactants, with
reference to the vil and/or fat component, mixed in.
In this manner, the surface tension of the organic residues
and/or raw materials is reduced, and the ability of the residues
and/or raw materials to be penetrated is significantly improved,
and already starts with metering of the oil and/or fat component
into the residues and/or raw matexials. Testing of the
compreseed fuel bodies has shown that after the fuel mixture was
compressed, the oil and/or fat compor_ent was completely
homogeneously bound in the fuel mixture. As a result of the
homogeneous distribution of_ the substances in the fuel mixture,
uniform comnlete combustion of the compressed fuels can be
guaranteed.
However, a siniilar effect is also achieved if, in place of the
surfactants, the shredded residues and/or raw materials are
vacuum-impregnated with the oil and/or fat component that is
metered in, or the homogEneously mixed fuel mixture is vacuum-
impregnated before pelleting,
It is also advantageous if, during impiementation of the method,
the air transport of the shredded residue and/or raw material to
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the exhaust air filter is carried out with heated air, for
moisture equalization. In this way, it is guaranteed that the
shredded organic residues and/or raw materials metered into the
mixing and metering unit always have approximately the same
moisture.
According to another advantageous embodiment of the method, in
order to maintain the percentage composition of the fuel
mixtures, the amount units of the oils and/or fats, of the liquid
and powdered or granulate substances metered into the mixing and
metering unit, are regulated volumetrically or gravimetrically,
as a function of the mass of the residues and/or raw materials
metered into the mixing and metering device. In this way, it is
assured that in case of varying met.Qring masses of the residues
and/ox raw materials, the predetermined percentage proportions of
the eubstances for the fuel mixture are always guaranteed.
In the following, some possible compoeitions of the fuel mixture
for production of a compressed fuel according to the invention,
in accordance with the method, are presented.
Fuel mzxtuxe (1) consists of a formulation of
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75% wheat straw having a moisture of approximately 12t,
which is pretreated with UV radiation for artificial
aging,
20.5%, palm oil,
3-% sodium perporate
1.51 surfactants from the group of ampholytic or amphoteric
aurfactants having a pH ? 7.
For the production of this fuel mixture, a sriredded W-irradiated
wheat straw is used, which was therefore artificia}.ly aged.
After aging, the palm oil component, heated tc ? 500C, with the
eurfactants mixed in, is metered in, along with the sodium
perborate component.
x'uel mixture (2) consists af a=o*-mulatien of
77.8 s bagasse, i.e. extracted sugar cane,
17.4% soybean oil,
2% sodium perborate,
0,5W hexamethylene tEtramine as an ignition aid
2.1% surfactants from the group of ampholytic or amphoteric
surfactants having a pH ? 7, and
0.2% of a UV additive that promotes aging, having a pH _ 7,
or of a UV absorber having a pH ? 7.
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For the production of this fuel mixture, shredded bagasse is
used, which is mixed with the component of the UV additive that
promotes aging or of the UV absorber, and is therefore
artificially aged. After aging, the soybean oil component,
heated to ? 60 C, with the surfactant component mixed in, is
metered into the bagasse, along with the sodium perborate
component.
Fuel mixture (3) consists of a formulation of
49,75!k hemp fibers,
25% rapeseed cake after oil extraction,
20.9%- sunflower oil,
2% sodium perborate,
1.2% lignine in powder form,
1.0% surfactants from the group of ampholytic or amphoteric
surfactants having a pH ? 7, and
0.15%- of a UV additive that promotes aging, having a pH ? 7,
or of a UV absorber having a pH ? 7.
For the production of this fuel mixture, shredded hemp fi,bers are
used, which are mixed with the component of the UV additive that
promotes aging or of the UV absorber, and is therefore
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artificially aged. After aging, the sunflower oil component,
heated to ? 600C, with the surtactant component mixed in, i.e
metered into the hemp fibers, along with the sodium perborate
component, and subsequently, the lignine component is metered in,
in powder form.
Fuel mixture (4) consists of a formulation of
75.75q; rice straw,
12.9% canola oil and/or tall oil,
2% sodium perborate,
4% fusel oil,
1.8-1 zinc borate,
3.3-t surfactants from the group of ampholytic or amphoteric
surfactants having a pH '?- 7, and
0.25% of a L]V additive that promotes aging, having a pH ? 7,
or of a UV absorber having a bH ? 7.
For the production of this fuel mixture, shredded rice straw is
used, which is mixed with the component of the UV additive that
promotes aging or of the IJV absorber, and is therefore
artificially aged_ After aging, the canola oil component, heated
to ? 60 C, with the surfactant component mixed in, and the fusel
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oil component, are metered in, along with the sodium perborate
component, and the zinc borate component.
Fuel mixture (5) consists of a formulation of
71.6% Chinese silver grass,
20.9% olive oil,
3% sodium perborate with an additive of trisodium
octaborate (polybor),
4.2t surfactants frorq the group of ampholytic or amphoteric
surfactants having a pH > 7, and
0.3ir of a UV additive that promotes aging, having a pH ? 7,
or of a UV absorber having a pN ? 7.
For the productiQn of this fuel mixture, shredded- Chinese silver
grass is used, which is mixed with the component of the TJV
additive that promotes aging or of the W absorber, and is
therefore artificially aged. After aging, the olive oil
component, heated to ? 60 C, with the surfactant component mixed
in, is metered in, along with the sodium perborate component.
Fuel mixture (6) consists of a formulation of
80.4% gray rye straw,
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linseed oil,
2.5%- sodium perborate with an additive of 2%-, with reference
to the total mass, of a mixture that oonsists of
approximately 0.6% borax, approximately 0.6% trisodium
phosphate, and 0.8k ammonium sulfate,
2.8t surfactants from the group of ampholytic or amphoteric
surfactants having a pH ? 7,
1.2!k odor improving agent, and
2.1%- air pore forming agent.
For the production of this fuel mixture, naturally aged and
shredded gray rye straw is used, into which the linseed oil
component, heated to z 60 C, with the surfactant component mixed
in, is metered, along with the sodium perborate component with
the mixture of borax, trisodium phosphate, and the component of
the odor improving agent.
The addition of odor improving agent and/or air pore forming
agent can, of course, be included in every fuel mixture designed
according to the teaching according to the invention, and is not
tied to the use of naturally aged residues and/or raw materials.
It should be noted that when adding an odor improving agent, at a
percentage proportion between 1.5!k to 3%, the oil and/or fat
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component in the fuel mixture, in each instance, is reduced, in
terms of percentage, by the amount of odor improving agent that
is added, whereas in the case of an air pore forming agent, at a
percentage proportion between 1.5% to 3%, the proportion of
organic residues and/or raw materials, in each instance, is
reduced, in terms of percentage, by the amount of air pore
forming agent that is added.
Also, each listed fuel mixture 2 to 6, but also other selected
fuel mixt.ures, can be produced using a technological method in
which the organic residues and/or raw materials were aged by
means of LN radiation, such as that carried out for fuel mixture
1, for example.
In these cases, it is possible to do without the use of W
additives that promote aging, or UV absorbers, and the percentage
proportion of the organic residues and/or raw materials is
increased by the percentage proportion of the UV additives that
promote aging, or the UV absorber.
Of course, in the example of fuel 1, a UV additive that promotes
aging, having a pH ? 7, or a W absorber having a pH ? 7, can
also be used in place of the wheat straw pretreated with UV
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radiation; in this case, the wheat straw proportion is decreased
by the percentage proportion of the W additive or UV absorber.
The use of a UV additive that promotes aging or of a UV absorber
is dependent on the geographic location of the production
facilities of the fuels, and on the basic materials used,
respectively, and must be decided on a case-by-case basis, when
production of the fuels is started.
In place of the artificial aging by means of UV radiation or by
means of UV additives that promote aging, or UV absorbers,
residues and/or raw materials naturally aged by means of
weathering can also be used. In these cases, the residue and/or
raw material component is increased by the proporti-on of the UV
addztive or TTtT absorber _
The compositions of the fuel mixtures presented above are
compositions presented as examples, and can therefore be changed,
within the limits of the percentage proportions, as a function of
the special nature of the organic residues and/or raw materials_
The percentage composition of the fuel mixture and the selection
of the additives or their combination, with the exception of the
odor improving agents, is dependent on the type and composition
of the organic residues and/or raw materials, and possibly on the
properties of organic residues that have already been treated,
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which are supposed to be added as a waste product from other
methods.
