Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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MATERIAL HANDLING APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC AND
MANUAL SORTING OF ITEMS USING A DYNAMICALLY CONFIGURABLE
SORTING ARRAY
Reference to Related Applications
[001] The present application is a continuation-in-part application
claiming
priority to International Patent Application No. PCT/US17/30930 filed on May
3,
2017. The entire disclosure of the foregoing application is hereby
incorporated
herein by reference.
Field of the Invention
[002] The present invention relates to material handling systems and, more
particularly, to systems and methods for aggregating items into groups based
on
automated recognition, detection, and/or characterization processes.
Background of the Invention
[003] The inventors herein have observed that aggregating items into
respective groups (e.g, in the fulfillment of corresponding orders items to be
shipped
to customers or retail points of sale and/or in the processing of returns of
such items)
can be laborious, time consuming, inefficient, and prone to error. Such
disadvantages are most keenly felt when the items must be retrieved from (or
returned to) scattered locations within a warehouse or other large facility. A
single
order fulfillment center may receive hundreds, thousands or more orders a day,
with
each order requiring one, several, or many different items to be retrieved
from
inventory. The retrieved tems are typically transferred, manually into a
parcel or
carton. After all the items for an order have been accumulated in this manner,
the
packaging process is completed.
Summary of the Invention
[004] Described herein are automated sorting systems and methods by
which items of disparate size and/or weight are automatically identified and
transported to an array of dynamically reconfigurable sort destinations, based
on the
identification.
[005] According to one aspect, a method of sorting items to a dynamically
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reconfigurable sort array structure is provided. The method may include the
step of
executing instructions stored in memory to activate a visual alert aligned
with a first
sort destination of the DRSAS when a first item to be transferred manually is
detected. Instructions stored in memory are executed to extinguish the visual
alert
after the first item has been transferred manually to the first sort
destination. A
second item to be delivered automatically to the first sort destination is
received onto
a delivery vehicle and the delivery vehicle is advanced along a path to the
first sort
destination in response to an instruction from the controller. The second item
may
then be transferred to the first sort destination. The method may optionally
include
one or more optional steps, including: the step of operating at least one
sensor of the
delivery vehicle to detect that the first sort destination cannot receive the
second
item; the step of transmitting to the controller, from the delivery vehicle, a
notification
that the first sort destination cannot receive the second item; the step of
operating a
scanner to acquire an identifying indicium from a surface of at least one of
the first
item or the second item; the step of transmitting, from the scanner to the
controller,
data representative of identifying indicium associated with the first item;
the step of
transmitting, from the scanner to a controller of a warehouse management
system,
data representative of the identifying indicium associated with the first
item, wherein
optionally the instructions stored in memory to activate the visual alert are
executed
by the processor based on data transmitted from the scanner; and/or the step
of
transmitting, from the scanner, data representative of a confirmation that the
first
item has been transferred to the first sort destination, wherein the
instructions stored
in memory to extinguish the visual alert are executed by the processor based
on
data transmitted from the scanner. The method may include one or any
combination
of the optional steps.
[006]
According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method
of sorting items using a dynamically reconfigurable sorting array system. The
sorting
array system may include a plurality of destination areas arranged into a
series of
columns extending generally vertically, a plurality of delivery vehicles, and
an event
annunciation system. The method may include the step of transferring, onto a
delivery vehicle, an item to be delivered to a first destination area of the
plurality of
destination areas. The delivery vehicle may be driven along a path to the
first
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destination area. The method may include the step of initiating discharge of
an item
to the first destination area. Upon detection of an item to be manually
delivered to a
second destination area of the plurality of destination areas, the method may
include
the step of operating the event annunciation system to provide a first visible
alert.
Upon detection of manual delivery of an item to the second destination, the
method
may include the step of operating the event annunciation system to discontinue
the
first visible alert and/or provide a second visible alert visibly
distinguishable from the
first visible alert. Optionally, the method may include the step of operating
a sensor
of the material handling system to confirm discharge of an item to the first
destination
area. Additionally, the step of providing the second visible alert may include
providing the second visible alert when a last item required to complete a
grouping of
items at a destination area has been transferred. The method may include one
or
both of the optional steps.
[007]
According to a further aspect, the present invention provides a material
handling system for sorting a plurality of items into groups of one or more
items. The
system may include a plurality of destination areas arranged into a series of
columns
extending generally vertically and a plurality of visible indicators, wherein
at least one
visible indicator of the plurality of visible indicators is adjacent to a
corresponding
destination area of the plurality of destination areas. The system may also
include a
plurality of delivery vehicles each dimensioned and arranged to receive a
respective
item of a plurality of items and operable to transport a received item to any
destination area of the plurality of destination areas. Each of the vehicles
may
include a power source for driving the vehicle, and a transfer mechanism
operative
to transfer a received item to a selected destination area. A controller
including a
processor is provided for executing instructions stored in memory. The stored
instructions may include instructions for activating a first visible indicator
of the
plurality of visible indicators when a first item to be transferred manually
to a first
destination area is detected; de-activating the first visible indicator of the
plurality of
visible indicators when confirmation of manual transfer of the first item is
detected;
and activating a second visible indicator, adjacent to the first destination
area, when
the first destination area has accumulated a complete group of items. The
system
may include additional optional features, such as the memory including
instructions
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executable by the processor for deactivating the second visible indicator when
the
complete group of items has been removed from the first destination area; the
memory including instructions executable by the processor for controlling the
movement and operation of each delivery vehicle; and the plurality of
destination
areas being arranged into a first series of columns extending generally
vertically and
a second series of columns extending vertically, the system further including
a track
for guiding the delivery vehicles to the destination areas, wherein the track
is
positioned between the first series of columns and the second series of
columns so
that a delivery vehicle can move vertically between the first series of
columns and
the second series of columns, and wherein when a delivery vehicle is stopped
at a
point along the track, the transfer mechanism can transfer an item forwardly
between
the vehicle and a destination area in the first series of columns and the
transfer
mechanism can transfer an item rearwardly between the vehicle and a
destination in
the second series of columns. The system may include one or any combination of
the optional features.
[008] While the methods and apparatus are described herein by way of example
for several embodiments and illustrative drawings, those skilled in the art
will
recognize that the inventive methods and apparatus for sorting items using a
dynamically reconfigurable sorting array are not limited to the embodiments or
drawings described. It should be understood, that the drawings and detailed
description thereto are not intended to limit embodiments to the particular
form
disclosed herein. Rather, the intention is to cover all modifications,
equivalents and
alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the methods and apparatus
for
sorting items using one or more dynamically reconfigurable sorting array
defined by
the appended claims. Any headings used herein are for organizational purposes
only and are not meant to limit the scope of the description or the claims. As
used
herein, the word "may" is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the
potential to), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must).
Similarly, the
words "include", "including", and "includes" mean including, but not limited
to.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[009] The foregoing summary and the following detailed description of the
preferred embodiments of the present invention will be best understood when
read in
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conjunction with the appended drawings, in which:
[010] Figure 1 is a block diagram depicting one or more dynamically
reconfigurable sorting array systems operable under the direction of a
centralized
warehouse management system and forming part of an order fulfillment
arrangement, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment consistent with the
present disclosure;
[011] Figure 2 is a block diagram depicting, in greater detail, a warehouse
management system for coordinating the operation of one or more dynamically
reconfigurable sorting array system(s), consistent with one or more
embodiments of
the present disclosure;
[012] Figure 3 is a block diagram depicting, in greater detail, a
dynamically
configurable sorting array system constructed in accordance with an exemplary
embodiment of the present disclosure;
[013] Figure 4A is a block diagram depicting the functional components of
an
exemplary item induct module, which may form part of the dynamically
configurable
sorting array system of Figure 3 according to one or more embodiments
consistent
with the present disclosure;
[014] Figure 4B is a top plan view depicting components of the exemplary
item induct module of Figure 4A, according to one or more embodiments
consistent
with the present disclosure;
[015] Figure 40 is a partial side elevation view depicting the arrangement
of
an exemplary scanning element dimensioned and arranged to acquire an image of
an item characterizing indicium as it becomes visible through a gap between
conveyor stages of the induct modules, in accordance with one or more
embodiments consistent with the present disclosure;
[016] Figure 5A is a top plan view of an autonomous delivery vehicle
configured to accept an item transferred from an item characterizing induct
module,
to transport the item to a destination area, and to discharge the item into
the
destination area, according to one or more embodiments consistent with the
present
disclosure;
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[017] Figure 5B is a side elevation view of the autonomous delivery vehicle
of Figure 5A, depicting the arrangement of a first item-confining side wall
according
to one or more embodiments consistent with the present disclosure;
[018] Figure 50 is a further side elevation view of the autonomous delivery
vehicle of Figure 5A, depicting the arrangement of a second item-confining
side wall
according to one or more embodiments consistent with the present disclosure;
[019] Figure 5D is yet another elevation view of the autonomous delivery
vehicle of Figures 5A-50, taken from a discharge end of the vehicle and
showing the
arrangement of an item supporting surface bounded by the first and second item-
confining side walls, according to one or more embodiments consistent with the
present disclosure;
[020] Figure 5E is a perspective view of another embodiment of the
autonomous delivery vehicle which may be utilized as part of a dynamically
reconfigurable sorting array system according to one or more embodiments
consistent with the present disclosure;
[021] Figure 6A is a perspective view depicting a dynamically
reconfigurable
sorting array system incorporating an induction module such as the one
depicted in
Figures 4A-40, one or more vertical array(s) of sort destinations, and a
plurality of
autonomous delivery vehicle such as those depicted in Figures 5A-5D, according
to
one or more embodiments consistent with the present disclosure;
[022] Figure 6B is a top plan view of the reconfigurable sorting array
system
of Figure 6A, according to one or more embodiments consistent with the present
disclosure;
[023] Figure 60 is a side elevation view depicting the internal
construction of
an exemplary vertical sorting array structure, the array structure being
characterized
by a network of tracks for guiding the autonomous delivery vehicles along
paths
arranged to bring each vehicle into alignment with any sort location of the
array
structure, according to one or more embodiments;
[024] Figure 6D is a partial side elevation view depicting the exterior
arrangement of an exemplary vertical sorting array structure, the array
structure
defining sort destinations arranged in vertical columns, according to one or
more
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embodiments;
[025] Figure 6E is an enlarged view of the region of Figure 6D
circumscribed
by the line VI-D, and showing both the arrangement of individually
addressable,
multiple-layer LEDs relative to each column of sort destinations and the
alignment of
machine readable indicia, each of which being adapted to facilitate the
reporting
and/or annunciation of certain events relating to use and/or operation of
dynamically
configurable sort array systems in accordance with one or more embodiments;
[026] Figure 7A is a flow diagram depicting a technique for sorting items
utilizing a dynamically reconfigurable sorting array, according to one or more
embodiments;
[027] Figure 7B is a flow diagram depicting a technique for implementing
both manually and automatic sortation of items using a dynamically
reconfigurable
sorting array, according to one or more embodiments;
[028] Figure 8 is a flow diagram depicting discrete steps applicable to the
assignment of items for accumulation at respective sort destinations, which
may be
performed as a sub-process of the technique of Figure 7 in accordance with one
or
more embodiments;
[029] Figure 9 is a flow diagram depicting discrete steps applicable to the
characterization of items at a sort station, which may be performed as a sub-
process
of the technique of Figure 7 in accordance with one or more embodiments;
[030] Figure 10 is a flow diagram depicting discrete steps applicable to
the
transport of items, individually, by delivery vehicles movable along an array
of sort
locations, which may be performed as a sub-process of the technique of Figure
7 in
accordance with one or more embodiments;
[031] Figure 11 is a flow diagram depicting a sequence of steps applicable
to
the characterization of one or more features of an item prior to a sorting
operation,
which may be performed as a sub-process of Figure 7 according to one or more
embodiments consistent with the present disclosure; and
[032] Figure 12 is a detailed block diagram of a computer system, according
to one or more embodiments, that can be utilized in various embodiments of the
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present invention to implement the computer and/or the display devices,
according to
one or more embodiments.
Detailed Description of the Invention
[033] Systems and techniques for automating the accumulation of one or more
items, at respective sort destinations, to form corresponding groups of items
(e.g. for
shipment to customers in fulfillment of orders or for batch replenishment of
items to
inventory) are described. Items are automatically identified by a scanning
process
as they are conveyed along or passed between conveyor stages of an induct
module. Optionally, one or more characteristics (e.g., weight, length, height
or width)
are determined by reference to data associated with the identification.
Additionally,
or alternatively, one or more sensors of the induct module may be operated to
determine the one or more characteristic(s). In embodiments, the item so
identified
and/or characterized is transferred from a transfer conveyor of the induct
module to
an autonomous delivery vehicle movable within an aisle which extends parallel
to the
vertical array of storage locations. Each delivery vehicle is self-propelled
and
includes a discharge mechanism for transferring, to a sort location with which
it is
aligned, the item it received from the induct module and carried to that sort
location.
In some embodiments, the discharge mechanism is a conveyor configured to move
an item along a discharge path transverse to the orientation of the aisle
within which
the vehicle moves.
[034] In some embodiments, a visible event annunciator comprising an array of
light emitting elements is aligned with the respective sort destinations.
In an
embodiment, each monitored event is assigned a corresponding operating mode of
the light emitting elements. For example, in a first operating mode, the
elements
may be operated to emit a first color (e.gõ red) and a first pattern
(flashing) during a
vehicle jam that prevents that vehicle and any behind it from traversing an
aisle or
portion of an aisle. In a second operating mode, the elements may be operated
to
emit a second color (e.g, white) and a second pattern (e.g., solid) to
indicate that
aggregation of items to form a group, at a sort location, has been completed.
In
such cases, the second operating mode alerts an operator to the fact that the
item,
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or a bin containing the items, can be removed and transferred to a carton for
shipment.
[035] By way of still further illustration, in a third operating mode, the
visible
event annunciator may cause the light elements aligned with a first zone of
sort
areas to be illuminated in one color or pattern of colors, and a second zone
of sort
areas to be illuminated in another color or pattern. The dynamic configuration
of
zones in this manner facilitates the assignment of different zones to
different
operators or, alternatively, can serve to delineate zones having different
priorities to
the fulfillment operation (e.g., those needing to be completed and packed to a
truck
whose departure from a facility is imminent). Neither the zones, nor the sort
destination areas comprising a zone, need be contiguous with one another.
[036] In embodiments, an item required for aggregation at more than one
location may be re-routed by re-directing a delivery vehicle to a different
sort
destination than the destination initially assigned to the delivery vehicle at
the time of
initial transfer from the induct module. Such redirecting may be responsive to
a
rearrangement of order priorities, or to an event sensed by the delivery
vehicle. For
example, the delivery vehicle may determine, by an onboard sensor, that the
intended sort destination area is full or overflowing and that a bin typically
placed in
the intended sort destination area is missing. In embodiments, the detection
of such
events is reported to a controller of the dynamically reconfigurable sorting
array
which, in turn executes instructions in memory for generating appropriate
instructions
to the delivery vehicle and/or event annunciator. In still other embodiments,
items
are discharged by the vehicles directly into respective shipping cartons,
boxes or
bags disposed at some or all of the sort destination areas.
[037] Figure 1 is a block diagram depicting one or more dynamically
reconfigurable sorting array systems, indicated generally at 10-1 to 10-n,
which are
operable under the direction of a centralized warehouse management system 20
and
forming part of an order fulfillment arrangement 30, in accordance with an
exemplary
embodiment consistent with the present disclosure. In embodiments consistent
with
the present disclosure, the order fulfillment arrangement 30 also includes an
order
entry and scheduling system, indicated generally at 40, a return material
authorization (RMA) processing system 50, one or more automated storage and
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retrieval systems (ASRS) indicated generally at 60-1 to 60-m, and in an
exemplary
embodiment, one or more handheld scanners used to detect a subset of items
requiring manual sorting, to confirm their manual placement at respective sort
destination areas, and/or to confirm that a destination area has been "swept"
of items
associated with an order such that the destination area can be re-assigned to
the
next order in a queue.
[038] Figure 2 is a block diagram depicting, in greater detail, one or more
dynamically reconfigurable sorting array system(s) (DRSAS) as DRSAS systems
100-1 to 100-n whose operations are coordinated by a warehouse management
system (WMS) 200, as may be performed in the operation of an order fulfillment
center such as the order fulfillment center 30 depicted in Figure 1.
[039] With continuing reference to the exemplary embodiment of Figure 2, it
will be seen that DRSAS 100-1 includes a controller 110, an item induct module
130, a plurality of self-propelled delivery vehicles indicated generally at
reference
numerals 140-1 to 140-j, and destination array gate actuators which in
optional, track
guided implementations of the delivery vehicles as vehicle 140-1 are activated
by
controller 110 as needed to define an appropriate route for routing of each
delivery
vehicle as it traverses the path which extends from the point at which an item
is
received from the induct module to the point at which the item is discharged
at a sort
destination area. In other embodiments, however, the gate mechanisms of the
DRSAS are actuated mechanically by the delivery vehicles, rather than by a
controller such as controller 110.
[040] The DRSAS of Figure 2 further includes, in some embodiments, an
alert and/or annunciator system 160. As will be explained in greater detail
shortly, in
some embodiments the alert/annunciator system is controlled -- either by
controller
110 and/or by WMS 200 -- to provide visual indications responsive to a number
of
monitored events and/or alert presentation requests.
[041] In the embodiment depicted in Figure 2, WMS 200 serves as a
controller which directs the operation of one or more DRSAS systems as system
100-1. To this end, WMS 200 includes a central processing unit (CPU) 202,
input/output interfaces 206, support circuits 208, and one or more network
interfaces
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210. CPU 202 is configured to fetch and execute instructions, stored in
memory, to
implement a DRSAS control module 220. DRSAS control module 220 comprises a
sort designation assigner 230 for specifying the sort area destination(s) to
which
each item that is the subject of at least one order and/or RMA replenishment
procedure is to be delivered. A
frequently ordered item may, for example, be
needed at more than one sort destination area of a DRSAS. For each order, an
item
aggregation queue builder 232 designates a list of one or more items which
will form
a group destined for one or more dynamically assignable sort destination
areas.
[042] In some embodiments, the queue builder may assign a first subset of
the items of a group to a first sort destination area and a second subset of
the items
of a group to a second sort destination area. Allocating the items among a
plurality
of sort destinations may be appropriate, for example, when the volume occupied
by
all of the items required for a grouping would be too large to be accommodated
by a
single. Identification of the items, in some embodiments, is facilitated by an
item
indicium database 236 such as a library of UPC codes which may further
include, or
be supplemented by, a database of such item characteristics as weight, length,
width
and height of each item in inventory. In some embodiments, the item
characteristics
database 238 is constructed by accumulating data reported by induct event
monitor
234. By way of illustrative example, in some embodiments, the induct events
reported to induct event monitor 234 of WMS 200 may include weight data
gathered
by weight sensors associated with each induct module 130.
Likewise, an
appropriately positioned light plane generator, the leading and trailing edges
of each
item may be detected as they are carried by a feed conveyor of the induct
module
130. As such, with knowledge of the conveyor speed, the length of the item
might be
detected at the induct module and reported as an event to induct event monitor
234.
[043] It will thus be seen that by accumulating and/or analyzing stored
information about each item, it is possible for sort destination assigner 230
to
determine the number and/or height of the destination sort areas needed for a
particular item group. Indeed, such accumulated item characteristic data may
be
used to enhance the operation of the DRSAS in other ways. For example, in the
interest of ergonomic efficiency and the avoidance of back injuries, it may be
beneficial for sort destination assigner 230 to assign heavier items or item
groups to
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a height above the floor no higher than 1 to 1.5 meters. Such an assignment
may be
initiated by execution of instructions stored in memory to form destination
availability
monitor 239, which tracks which sort destination areas are empty/available at
a given
instant in time, or it may be initiated merely by selecting one or more sort
destination
areas meeting the applicable filter criteria - which may include, for example,
height
above the floor and/or distance to a packaging area -- and reserving those
destination areas so that they are assigned when they become available.
[044] In addition to sort destination assigner 230, the DRSAS control
module
of WMS 200 optionally includes, in some embodiments, an alert/annunciation
specifier 240 which includes a DRSAS event monitor 242, a macro event monitor,
and a data store containing event annunciator rules. In
addition, or by way of
alternative example, the alert/annunciation specifier may be implemented as
part of
the DRSAS itself (as will be discussed in connection with Figure 3, shortly).
In any
event, and with continued reference to Figure 2, events monitored by the DRSAS
event monitor 242 may include such events as a delivery vehicle jam or
stoppage, a
full destination sort area, the removal of a bin, carton, or bag from a
destination sort
area, assignment of one or more sort destination areas to a priority zone, or
assignment of one or more sort destination areas to a particular operator or
group of
operators.
[045] Events monitored by the macro event monitor 244, on the other hand,
may include such events as an emergency affecting the entire facility and/or a
direction to take a lunch break, coffee break, or other activity of interest
not only to
the operator(s) and user(s) of the DRSAS, but to others in the vicinity.
[046] Figure 3 is a block diagram depicting, in greater detail, a
dynamically
configurable sorting array system 300 constructed in accordance with an
embodiment of the present disclosure consistent with the one depicted in
Figure 2
and configured to operate in coordination with WMS 200. As seen in Figure 3,
DRSAS 300 includes a central processing unit (CPU) 302, memory 304,
input/output
interfaces 306, support circuits 308, and one or more network interfaces 310.
CPU
302 is configured to fetch and execute instructions, stored in memory, to
implement
a DRSAS control module 325. Memory 304 also contains operating system 320.
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[047] According to the illustrative embodiment of Figure 3, DRSAS control
module 325 comprises a WMS interface module 330, an induct control module 350,
an aisle control module 340, and an annunciator/alert module 360.
[048] WMS interface module 330 facilitates coordination of sort destination
assignment, relay of event notifications, and implementation of any alert or
annunciation requests initiated by the WMS 200. To this end, the WMS interface
module 330 includes a sort destination scheduler 332 which, in some
embodiments,
implements the sort destination reservations and queuing requests made by the
WMS 200. WMS interface module 330 further includes a DRSAS event reporter
334, which reports such events as last item of a group to arrive at a sort
destination
area, dwell time exceeded (i.e., incomplete groupings of items lingering at a
sort
destination area beyond a specified time window or threshold), vehicle jams or
stoppages, destination sort areas available, etc. Optionally, WMS interface
330
includes an alert scheduler 336 by which, for example, operation of the
annunciator
system 160 is initiated to enforce the event annunciation rules 246 (Figure 2)
residing in the memory 204 of WMS 200.
[049] With continuing reference to Figure 3, it will be see that DRSAS 100
further includes an induct control module 350, an aisle control module 340,
and an
annunciator module 360. Induct control module includes a feed conveyor control
module 352, an image/indicium acquisition module 353, weight characterization
sensors 354, a transfer control module 355, an induct event monitor 356, and
an
induct event reporter 357. In embodiments, the induct module 130 one or more
feed conveyors and a transfer conveyor for feeding items one at a time, onto a
corresponding delivery vehicle. In an embodiment, a feed conveyor control
module
352 controls the starting, stopping and speed of the feed conveyor(s) of item
induct
module 130. In some embodiments, the speed of the feed conveyors is determined
based on the weight of the item being conveyed. The inventors herein have
observed that an item on the order of 5-8 kilograms, if allowed to travel fast
enough
upon a feed conveyor or transfer conveyor, will often overshoot the support
surface
of the delivery vehicle onto which it is to be transferred.
[050] In some embodiments, each delivery vehicle includes an item
supporting belt which can be advanced in at least one direction to discharge
the item
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into a sort destination area. Unless an item is slowed to a point that its
center of
gravity does not shift beyond the edge of the belt surface, it may end up in a
reject
bin. To avoid this, one or more weight characterization sensors 354 may be
positioned underneath the belt of a feed conveyor of the induct module so that
a real
time determination can be made as to whether an item is heavy enough to
warrant
retarding the feed rate of the feed conveyor, via feed conveyor control module
352,
and/or the feed rate of the transfer conveyor, via transfer control module
355. Induct
event monitor 356 monitors such events as successful scanning of an item,
failure to
scan an item, rejection of two or more items due to them being fed too close
together, and successful transfer onto a delivery vehicle, and induct event
report
reporter 356 reports the event, and any acquired image data, to WMS 200.
[051] Aisle control module 340, in exemplary embodiments consistent with
the present disclosure, includes an instruction generator module 342, for
formulating
instructions to be transmitted (e.g., over a wireless data transmission path)
to the
delivery vehicles 140. Events
detected and/or affecting the vehicles 140 are
monitored by vehicle event monitor 343 and, as appropriate, these events are
reported to the WMS 200 and/or used to determine when a particular command
(e.g., stop) is to be transmitted to the delivery vehicles 140 via network
interface(s)
310. A vehicle position monitor 345 of aisle control module 340, in
conjunction with
traffic control module 346, enables controller 300 to ensure that collisions
between
delivery vehicles are avoided.
Optionally, aisle control module of controller 300
further includes a gate/path control module for opening and closing gates
along the
tracks which guide each delivery vehicle to an intended sort destination area.
Finally, annunciator module 360 includes an event state monitor and visual
indicator
control for selectively energizing one or more layers of light emitting diodes
or other
light emitting elements in accordance with a set of event annunciation rules
such as
the rules 246 stored and enforced by WMS controller 200.
[052] Figure 4A is a block diagram depicting the functional components of
an
exemplary item induct module 400, which may form part of the dynamically
configurable sorting array system 300 of Figure 3, according to one or more
embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. The arrangement of Figure
4A
contemplates the use of local controllers for performing at least some induct
module,
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aisle, and alert/annunciating control functions. As such, and as seen in
Figure 4,
induct module 400 includes a local controller 402, a CPU 404, a memory 406,
I/O
interfaces 408, support circuits 410, network interfaces 412.
[053] Referring now to Figure 4A together with Figure 4B, which is a top
plan
view depicting components of the exemplary item induct module 400 of Figure
4A, it
will be seen that induct module 400 includes three conveyor stages. A first
feed
conveyor stage 442, a second conveyor stage 444, and a transfer conveyor stage
446. An item dropped onto the item carrying surface of conveyor stage 442 is
advanced in the direction of the arrow D toward the scanning zone of a "tunnel
frame" 452. The tunnel frame supports a network of image and/or line scanners
450.
In the embodiment of Figure 4B, an exemplary network of image acquisition
scanners includes first and second lateral pairs of scanners indicated at
450A, 450B
and 450C, 450D, respectively, whose fields converge at the scanning zone, a
downwardly directed scanner 450E above the scanning zone, and in some
embodiments, elevated scanners (not shown) whose fields converge at the
scanning
zone from positions upstream and downstream of the scanning zone.
[054] Figure 4C is a partial side elevation view depicting the arrangement
of
an exemplary scanning element dimensioned and arranged to acquire an image of
an item characterizing indicium as it becomes visible through a gap between
conveyor stages of the induct modules, according to some embodiments of the
present disclosure. As best seen in Figure 4C, a gap G is defined between the
feed
conveyor 444 and the transfer conveyor 446. Through this gap, an additional
scanning unit, indicated generally at 450F, which in the illustrative
embodiment
includes a line projector 454 and an image acquisition lens 456. The gap G is
preferably as small as possible to enable items having a relative small
dimensional
profile to be processed by a DRSAS. In embodiments, a gap on the order of
0.375"
(approximately 1 cm) has been observed by the inventors herein to provide
acceptable results over commercially acceptable item feed rates (typically on
the
order of one thousand to two thousand or more items per hour).
[055] It has been observed by the inventors herein that at commercially
acceptable feed rates, it is desirable to maintain adequate spacing (typically
0.25
inches or about 64 mm) between items as they are fed into the scanning zone of
the
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induct module 400. Such spacing ensures that the items can be singulated
before
advancing to a loading station 470 (Figure 4B), where items are transferred
onto a
surface of a waiting delivery vehicle 140 (Figure 3).
[056] Figure 5A is a top plan view of an exemplary autonomous delivery
vehicle 500 configured to accept an item transferred from the item
characterizing
induct module 400 (Figures 4A-C), to transport the item to a sort destination
area,
and to discharge the item into that destination area (or to a bin, a carton, a
bag or
other container maintained at the sort destination area.
[057] Each delivery vehicle 500 is a semi-autonomous vehicle that may have
an onboard power source as ultra capacitors 582 (Figure 5D) and an onboard
motor
as motor 580 (Figure 5B) to drive the vehicle to the destination areas. In
some
embodiments, the vehicles include toothed wheels as wheels 502, 504, 506 and
508,
which engage with correspondingly dimensioned teeth of tracks which, as will
be
described in greater detail shortly, are aligned with the vertical columns of
sort
destination areas and guide each vehicle from the loading station 470 to any
destination within the array. Each
vehicle may include a loading/unloading
mechanism 510, such as a conveyor, for loading pieces onto the vehicles and
discharging the pieces from the vehicle.
[058] In some embodiments, a pair of light planes 517 and 519 are
generated during motion of the delivery vehicle 500, or during transfer of an
item
onto the surface of the loading/unloading mechanism 510. In the embodiment of
Figures 5A-5E, these light planes are generated by a laser 513 (Figure 5E) of
a
sensor assembly 514, which also includes a 1 x K array of photo sensors 515.
The
output of laser 513 is collimated by a lens (not shown) into a thin laser line
so as to
project a first portion of plane 517 or 519 in the direction of a reflector
518 disposed
proximate the opposite sidewall (sidewall 524) of vehicle 500. This line is
reflected
back across the discharge path of vehicle 500 and onto the photo sensor array
515
to thereby form a second portion of the plane 517 or 519. In embodiments, the
height of the projected planes 517 and 519 may be on the order of 10 cm. Such
dimension has been found by the inventors herein to be sufficient to detect
transfer
of items having a wide range of geometries, with requiring the inter-vehicle
spacing
to increase so much as to interfere with storage and/or recharging along a
common
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vertical charging rail (not shown).
[059] Figure 5B is a side elevation view of the autonomous delivery vehicle
of Figure 5A, depicting the arrangement of a first item-confining side wall
520
according to one or more embodiments consistent with the present disclosure,
while
Figure 50 is a further side elevation view of the autonomous delivery vehicle
of
Figure 5A, depicting the arrangement of a second item-confining side wall 524
according to one or more embodiments consistent with the present disclosure.
The
inventors herein have found that certain items, particular those having a
circular
cross sectional profile and/or an arcuate external profile such that the items
have an
axis allowing complete or partial rotation during processing by a DRSAS
constructed
in accordance with the present invention. An exemplary item indicated
generally at
P in Figure 5D, is shown having an axis of rotation A and a tendency to roll
in the
direction of the arrows toward or away from either lateral edge of the
conveyor
surface 512. To some extent, the tendency of such items as item P to roll
during
processing can be minimized by orienting them on the feed conveyor 444 such
that
the axis of rotation is parallel to the feed direction of the conveyor.
However, even if
such ideal orientation is achieved (and the inventors herein have observed
that at
higher feed rates this is not always the case, the delivery vehicles
themselves move
along an aisle which extends in a direction that is transverse (e.g.,
orthogonal) to the
feed direction of the input module. The sidewalls 520 and 524 prevent items
having
a tendency to roll, or even to slide, from rolling or sliding off the item
carrying surface
512. In an embodiment, the sidewalls 520 and 524 extend by a height h from the
item supporting surface 512, which may be on the order of 3 to 5 cm for
purposes of
illustrative example.
[060] Figure 5D is yet another elevation view of the autonomous delivery
vehicle 500 of Figures 5A-5C, taken from a discharge end of the vehicle and
showing the arrangement of an item supporting surface 512 of conveyor 510
bounded by the first and second item-confining side walls, according to one or
more
embodiments consistent with the present disclosure.
[061] Referring now to Figs. 6A to 6E, a DRSAS configured to sort items is
designated generally 600. Figure 6A is a perspective view depicting a
dynamically
reconfigurable sorting array system incorporating an induction module such as
the
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induct module 400 depicted in Figures 4A-40, one or more vertical array(s) of
sort
destinations, and a plurality of autonomous delivery vehicle such as vehicles
500
depicted in Figures 5A-5D, according to one or more embodiments consistent
with
the present disclosure. Figure 6B is a top plan view of the reconfigurable
sorting
array system of Figure 6A, according to one or more embodiments consistent
with
the present disclosure. Figure 60 is a side elevation view depicting the
internal
construction of an exemplary vertical sorting array structure, the array
structure
being characterized by a network of tracks for guiding the autonomous delivery
vehicles along paths arranged to bring each vehicle into alignment with any
sort
location of the array structure, according to one or more embodiments. Figure
6D is
a partial side elevation view depicting the exterior arrangement of an
exemplary
vertical sorting array structure, the array structure defining sort
destinations arranged
in vertical columns, according to one or more embodiments. Figure 6E is an
enlarged view of the region of Figure 6D circumscribed by the line VI-D, and
showing
both the arrangement of individually addressable, multiple-layer LEDs relative
to
each column of sort destinations and the alignment of machine readable
indicia,
each of which being adapted to facilitate the reporting and/or annunciation of
certain
events relating to use and/or operation of dynamically configurable sort array
systems in accordance with one or more embodiments;
[062] The apparatus 600 includes a plurality of delivery vehicles 500 that
travel along a network of tracks 608 to deliver items to a plurality of
destinations or
sort locations, such as output bins 606. Items are loaded onto the vehicles at
a
loading station 603 so that each vehicle receives an item to be delivered to a
sort
location. An induct station 602 serially feeds items to the loading station
603. One
or more characteristic of each item can be used to control the processing of
the
items as the vehicles move along the tracks 608 (Figure 60) to the output
bins. The
characteristic(s) of each item may be known from each item or the
characteristic(s)
may be acquired by the system as the system processes the item.. For instance,
the
induct station 602 may include one or more scanning elements for detecting one
or
more characteristic of the item.
[063] From the loading station 603, the vehicles 500 travel along tracks
608
(Figurer 60) to the destinations. The track may include a horizontal upper
rail such
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as rail 610-1 of Figure 60 and a horizontal lower rail 610-2, which operates
as a
return leg. A number of parallel vertical track legs indicated generally at
608-1 to
608-4 may extend between the upper rail and the lower return leg. The bins 606
may be arranged in columns between the vertical track legs 610.
[064] Since the DRSAS system 600 includes a number of vehicles 500, the
positioning of the vehicles is controlled to ensure that the different
vehicles do not
crash into each other. In embodiments of a DRSAS consistent with Figures 3,
DRSAS 600 uses a central controller that tracks the position of each vehicle
500 and
provides control signals to each vehicle to control the progress of the
vehicles along
the track. The central controller may also control operation of the various
elements
along the track, such as the gates.
[065] The following description provides details of the various elements of
the system, including the induction station 602, the track system comprising
tracks
608 and 610, and the vehicles 500. The manner in which the system operates
will
then be described. In particular, the manner in which the items are delivered
may be
controlled based on the characteristics of the items.
INDUCTION STATION
[066] At the induction station 602, items are inducted into the system by
serially loading items onto the vehicles 500. Since characteristics of the
items may
be used to control the operation of the vehicles, the system may need to know
the
characteristics. In one instance, the characteristics may be stored in a
central
database so that the characteristics are known and the system tracks the
progress of
the items so that the identification of the item is known as the item reaches
the
induction station 602. In this way, since the identification of the item is
known the
DRSAS 600 can retrieve data regarding the characteristics of the item, which
are
stored in the database. Alternatively, the items are scanned and/or weighed at
the
induction station 602 to identify one or more characteristic of each item.
[067] In one embodiment, each item is manually scanned at the induction
station to detect one or more features of the item. Those features are used to
ascertain the identification of the item. Once the
item is identified, various
characteristics of the item may be retrieved from a central database and the
item
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may be subsequently processed based on the known characteristics of the item.
For
instance, the induction station 602 may include a scanning station that scans
for a
product code, such as a bar code. Once the product code is determined, the
system
retrieves information regarding the product from a central database. This
information
is then used to control the further processing of the item as discussed
further below.
[068] In a second embodiment, the items are scanned at the induction
station 602 to detect various physical characteristics of the items. For
instance, the
induction station 602 may measure characteristics such as the length, height
and/or
width of an item. Similarly, the weight or shape of the item may be detected.
These
characteristics may be manually or automatically detected at the induction
station.
For instance, a series of sensors may be used to detect the length of an item
and a
scale can be used to automatically weigh an item. Alternatively, an operator
may
analyze each item and enter information regarding each item via an input
mechanism, such as a mouse, keyboard or touch screen. For instance, the system
may include a touch screen that includes one or more questions or options. One
example would be the packaging: is the item in a plastic bag, a blister pack
or loose?
Is the item flat, cylindrical or round? The system may include default
characteristics
so that the operator only needs to identify the characteristics for an element
if the
element has characteristics that vary from the default values. For instance,
the
default characteristic for items may be flat or rectangular. If an item is
rounded (e.g.
spherical or cylindrical) the operator inputs information indicating that the
item is
rounded and the item is subsequently processed accordingly. Based on the
detected information the item is processed accordingly.
[069] As noted above, a variety of configurations may be used for the input
station, including manual or automatic configurations or a combination of
manual and
automated features. In a manual system, the operator enters information for
each
item and the system delivers the item accordingly. In an automatic system, the
input
system includes elements that scan each item and detect information regarding
each
item. The system then delivers the item according to the scanned information.
[070] In an exemplary manual configuration, the input system includes a
work station having a conveyor, an input device, such as a keyboard, and a
monitor.
The operator reads information on the item, such as an ID tag, inputs
information
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from the tag into the system using the keyboard or other input device and then
drops
in onto a conveyor. The conveyor then conveys the piece to the loading station
603.
For instance, the operator may visually read information marked on the item or
the
operator may use an electronic scanner, such as a bar code reader, to read a
bar
code or other marking on the item. Sensors positioned along the conveyor may
track
the piece as the conveyor transports the item toward the loading station.
[071] Alternatively, as shown in Figs. 4A-40, the induction station 602 may
include a scanning station 80 for automatically detecting characteristics of
the items.
Specifically, the induction station 602 may include feed conveyors for
receiving items
and conveying the items to a scanning station operable to detect one or more
physical characteristics of an item. From the scanning station, a transfer
conveyor
446 of Figure 4B conveys the item to the loading station 603 where the item is
either
loaded onto one of the vehicles 500 or passed through to a reject bin.
[072] The input feed conveyor may be any of a variety of conveying devices
designed to convey items. In particular, the input conveyor may be designed to
receive items dropped onto the conveyor. For instance, the input feed conveyor
may
be a horizontal conveyor belt or a horizontal roller bed formed of a plurality
of
generally horizontal rollers that are driven, thereby advancing items along
the
conveyor away from the roller.
[073] The input feed conveyor may be configured so that an operator can
select an item from a supply of items located adjacent the input conveyor. For
example, a separate supply conveyor may convey a steady stream of items to the
induction station 602. The operator may continuously select an item from the
supply
conveyor and drop the items onto the input conveyor 602. Alternatively, a
large
container of items may be placed adjacent the input feed conveyor, such as a
bin or
other container. The operator may select items one at the time from the supply
bin
and place each item onto the input conveyor. Still further, the input conveyor
602
may cooperate with a supply assembly that serially feeds items onto the input
conveyor. For example, a supply conveyor may convey a continuous stream of
items toward the input conveyor 602. The input conveyor may include a sensor
for
sensing when an item is conveyed away from the input conveyor. In response,
the
system may control the operation of both the supply conveyor and the input
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conveyor 602 to drive an item forwardly from the supply conveyor onto the
input
conveyor. In this way, items may be fed onto the input conveyor either
manually by
the operator or automatically by a separate feed mechanism operable to feed
items
to the input conveyor.
[074] Various factors may be detected to evaluate how an item is to be
processed. For instance, an item typically is identified so that the system
can
determine the location or bin to which the item is to be delivered. This is
normally
done by determining the unique product code for the item. Therefore, the
system
may electronically tag an item as being qualified for sorting if the system is
able to
identify the item using a product marking or other indicator. For example, the
operator may read a product identification code on an item and enter the
product
code into the system using an input mechanism, such as a keyboard. If the
product
code entered by the operator corresponds to a proper product code, then the
item
may be qualified for sorting. Alternatively, if the operator enters the
product code
incorrectly or if the product code does not correspond to a recognized item,
the
system may electronically tag the item as unqualified.
[075] Similarly, the system may include a scanning element for scanning a
product identification marking on the product. By way of example, the items
may be
marked with one or more of a variety of markings, including, but not limited
to,
machine-readable optical labels, such as bar codes (e.g. OR or UPC codes),
printed
alphanumeric characters or a unique graphic identifier. The scanning station
may
include a scanner or reader for reading such a marking. For instance, a bar
code
reader, optical reader or RFID reader may be provided to scan the item to read
the
identification marking.
[076] The reader may be a hand held device manually manipulatable by the
operator, such as a handheld laser scanner, CCD reader, bar code wand or
camera-
based detector that scans an image of the item and analyzes the image data to
attempt to identify the product identification marking. In this way, the
operator can
manipulate the item and/or the detection device to scan the identification
marking on
the item. Alternatively, the scanner or reader may be a built-in scanner, such
as any
of the above-mentioned devices that are built into the induction station so
that the
item is simply conveyed over, across or past the built-in reader, which reads
the
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product identification marking. With such a device, the operator may pass the
item
over the scanner or the item may be conveyed past the scanner automatically.
[077] Once the product identification marking is determined (either
manually
or automatically), the system retrieves information regarding the product and
then
controls the further processing of the item based on the information stored in
the
central database.
[078] From the foregoing, it can be seen that a variety of different input
mechanisms may be utilized to attempt to determine a product identification
marking
on an item. In the present instance, the scanning system includes one or more
optical readers operable to scan items to obtain optical image data of the
item. The
system then processes the optical image data to detect the presence of a
product
identification marking. If a product identification marking is detected, the
system
analyzes the marking to determine the product identification number or code.
[079] For example, as indicated in Figures 4A-40, a scanning station
according to some embodiments may include a plurality of optical imaging
elements
such as digital cameras, positioned along the feed conveyor. The imaging
elements
are spaced apart from one another and disposed around the feed conveyor so
that
the imaging elements can scan various sides of the item as the item is
conveyed
toward the loading station. Specifically, the scanning station includes one or
more
cameras 450 directed along a horizontal axis to scan the front and back sides
of the
item. In particular, the scanning station may include a plurality of imaging
elements
positioned along a front edge of the feed conveyor and a plurality of imaging
elements positioned along a rearward edge of the feed conveyor. Additionally,
the
scanning station may include one or more cameras directed along a vertical
axis to
scan the top of the item as the item is conveyed along the feed conveyor.
Further
still, additional imaging elements may be provided to scan the leading and
trailing
faces of an item as the feed conveyor conveys the item. Additionally, the feed
conveyor may include a transparent surface that the items are conveyed over so
that
the bottom surface of the items can be scanned by the detection station. In
this way,
the scanning station may include an array of sensors, reading elements,
scanning
elements or detectors positioned around a path of movement so that the
scanning
station can automatically scan an item for an identification mark while the
item is
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conveyed along the path.
[080] As described above, the scanning station may analyze each item to
attempt to find a product identification marking to identify the item based on
the
marking. If the product identifier is determined the system may then determine
the
destination for the item and the item may be electronically tagged as
qualified for
sorting. Similarly, parameters for how the item should be handled by the
vehicle
may also be determined based information for the product code stored in a
database. Conversely, if the product identifier is not determined for an item,
then the
item may be electronically tagged as not qualified for sorting.
[081] In addition to analyzing the items to find a product marking, the
scanning station may incorporate one or more elements operable to evaluate,
analyze or measure a physical characteristic of the item to determine how the
item is
to be processed. For instance, the scanning station may include a scale for
weighing items. If the detected weight is greater than a threshold, then the
system
may electronically tag the item as requiring certain handling during
subsequent
processing. For instance, if the weight exceeds a threshold, the system may
control
the subsequent processing to ensure that the item is not discharged into a
destination bin into which a fragile item has been placed. Alternatively, if
the weight
exceeds a threshold (that may be different from the threshold noted above) the
item
may be tagged as not being qualified for sorting. Similarly, the scanning
station may
include one or more detectors for measuring a linear measurement for each
item.
For instance, the scanning station may measure the length, width and/or height
of
each item. If one of the measurements exceeds a predetermined threshold, then
the
system may electronically tag the item as requiring special handling during
subsequent processing. The system may use any of a variety of elements to
measure one or more linear dimension(s) of an item in the scanning station.
For
instance, the system may use beam sensors (such as an I/R emitter and an
opposing I/R detector) to detect the leading and trailing edges of the item.
Based on
the known speed of the feed conveyor, the length of the item can be
determined.
Similarly, beam sensors can be oriented in a generally horizontal orientation
spaced
above the feed conveyor a pre-determined height. In this way, if the item
breaks the
beam sensors then the height of the items exceeds a pre-determined threshold
so
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that the system electronically tags the item as not being qualified for
sorting.
[082] Further still, the operator may use an input mechanism to identify an
item as being unqualified for sorting due to a physical characteristic
exceeding a pre-
determined threshold. For instance, a scale may be marked on the input
conveyor
and if the operator sees that an item is too long or too wide or too high, the
operator
may push a button indicating that the item has a physical characteristic that
exceeds
an acceptable threshold so that the item is electronically tagged as not being
qualified for sorting. Similarly, a measuring gauge can be used to assess a
physical
characteristic of the item. One type of measuring gauge is a tunnel or chute
having
spaced apart sides. If the item does not fit between the walls of the chute
the item
exceeds the allowable height, length or width and is electronically tagged as
not
being qualified for sorting.
[083] As described above, the scanning station may be configured to analyze
each item to detect various characteristics of the items as the items are
passed
through the induction station. The system may make a qualification decision
based
on one or more of the characteristics detected or determined by the system. If
the
item is not qualified for sorting, then the item may be directed to the reject
area 325
to await further processing.
[084] Typically, items that are directed to the reject area 325 are
subsequently processed manually. An operator takes each piece, identifies the
piece and transports the item to the appropriate destination. Since the manual
processing of rejected items is time-consuming and labor intensive, it is
desirable to
reduce the number of items directed to the reject area. Many of the items
directed to
the reject area 325 may simply have been mis-scanned. Although the items
cannot
be sorted without sufficient identification information, it may be possible to
read the
necessary information during a subsequent scan.
[085] Since it may be desirable to re-process some non-qualified items, the
information detected during the qualification can be used to identify
different
categories of non-qualified items. A first type of non-qualified item is a
reject item
that is directed to the reject area. In the following discussion, these items
will be
referred to as rejected items. A second type of non-qualified item is one that
is not
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qualified for sorting but is qualified to be re-processed. In the following
discussion,
these items will be referred to as reprocess items.
[086] The decision on whether an item is tagged as reject, reprocess or
sort
can be made based on a variety of characteristics. In the present instance,
the
decision to tag an item as a reject is based on a physical characteristic of
the item.
Specifically, if an item fails to qualify due to a physical characteristic
(e.g. has a
linear dimension such as height, width or length that exceeds a threshold),
the
system electronically tags the item as rejected and the item is directed to
the reject
area 625 for manual processing. Similarly, if the scanning station includes a
scale,
an item is tagged as rejected if the weight exceeds a weight threshold.
Alternatively,
to accommodate special handling, the speed of the transfer conveyors may be
retarded to prevent the item from inadvertently traversing the surface of a
vehicle
and entering the reject bin. On the other hand, if an item passes
qualification based
on the physical characteristics, but fails due to an inability to identify a
product
identification element, then the element is electronically tagged as reprocess
so that
the item can be reprocessed to attempt to read the product identification
information.
For instance, depending on the orientation of the product, the imaging
elements 450
may have been unable to properly read a bar code or other identifying mark.
However, since the scanning station has determined that the item meets the
physical
parameters for processing the item, the system may transport the item through
the
system to a re-induction assembly that returns the item to the entry conveyor
of the
induction station.
[087] In this way, the DRSAS system 600 is operable to analyze an item to
determine one or more of characteristics of the item and determine whether the
item
is qualified for transportation or if the item needs to be shunted away to
ensure that
the item is not conveyed through the system by a vehicle. By doing so, the
system is
able to minimize damage to the items or the system that can occur if oversized
or
overweight items are transported or attempted to be transported along the
tracks by
one of the vehicles 500. Further still, if an item is qualified for
transportation, but fails
to be qualified for sorting, the item can be transported to a re-induction
station to
attempt to re-process the item as discussed further below.
[088] As can be seen from the foregoing, the induction station may be
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configured in a wide range of options. The options are not limited to those
configurations described above, and may include additional features.
[089] Additionally, in the foregoing description, the system is described
as
having a single induction station. However, it may be desirable to incorporate
a
plurality of induction stations positioned along the system 600. By using a
plurality of
induction stations, the feed rate of pieces may be increased. In addition, the
induction stations may be configured to process different types of items. By
way of
still further example, a single induct station may be used to feed multiple
sorting
array structures. Thus, rather than immediately direct a vehicle movable
within the
aisle 623 (Figure 6B) of a first array of sort destinations to proceed to one
of those
destinations, the discharge system of such vehicle may receive instructions to
transfer the item to an another transfer conveyor dimensioned and arranged to
transfer the item to a vehicle of a second plurality of vehicles moveable
within the
aisle of a second array of sort destinations. This process of transfer and re-
transfer
may be performed to any number of cascaded DRSAS modules without departing
from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
[090] The reject bin 625 is positioned so that it opposes the feed conveyor
of
the induction station. Additionally, the reject bin 625 is aligned with the
vehicle 500
waiting at the loading station 603. In this way, a clear pathway is provided
from the
induction station to the reject bin 625 without requiring movement of the
vehicle
along the track.
RE-INDUCTION ASSEMBLY
[091] The system may also include a re-induction system for items that were
qualified for transport but not qualified for sorting. Alternatively, items
that are not
qualified for sorting can simply be directed to the reject bin 625 and handled
separately. Items that are qualified for transport may be transported away
from the
loading station to either a re-induction station or to the sorting station.
Specifically, a
vehicle carrying an item qualified for transport moves upwardly along the
track 608-1
to the upper rail 610-1. If the item on the vehicle is tagged as re-assess,
then the
vehicle drives along the track to the re-induction assembly 641. The vehicle
500
then discharges the item onto the re-induction assembly 641, which conveys the
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item back toward the induction conveyor so that the item can be re-processed
through the induction assembly in an attempt to qualify the item for sorting.
[092] The re-induction assembly 641 comprises a pathway between the track
and the induction station (induct module) to facilitate return of re-assess
items to the
induction station. The re-induction assembly 641 my comprise any of a number
of
conveyance mechanisms. The mechanisms can be driven or static, motorized or un-
motorized. However, in the present instance, the re-induction assembly 641
comprises a roller bed that is angled downwardly so that items tend to roll
along the
roller bed. Specifically, the roller bed has an upper end at the re-induction
station.
The re-induction station is positioned vertically higher than the lower end of
the roller
bed so that gravity tends to force the item along the roller bed when the item
is
discharged at the upper end of the roller bed at the re-induction station.
SORTING STATION
[093] Items that are qualified for sorting by the induction station are
conveyed by vehicles to the sorting array. Referring to Figs. 6A-6E, the
system
includes an array of sort destinations for receiving the items. These
destinations
which may include shelve areas, bins as bins 606, cartons, bags, or other
containers
defining an interior volume for receiving groups of one or more items.
[094] As shown in Figure 6B, the track 610 includes a horizontal upper rail
610-1 and a horizontal lower rail 610-2. A plurality of vertical legs 608-1 to
608-4
extend between the upper horizontal leg and the lower horizontal leg 610-2.
During
transport, the vehicles travel up a pair of vertical legs from the loading
station to the
upper rail 610-2. The vehicle then travels along the upper rail until reaching
the
column having the appropriate bin or destination. The
vehicle then travels
downwardly along two front vertical posts and two parallel rear posts until
reaching
the appropriate bin or destination, and then discharges the item into the bin
or
destination area. The vehicle then continues down the vertical legs until
reaching
the lower horizontal leg 610-2. The vehicle then follows the lower rail back
toward
the loading station.
[095] In embodiments, the track network includes a front track arrangement
as shown in Figure 60, and a rear track arrangement as can be seen in Fig. 6B.
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The front and rear tracks are parallel tracks that cooperate to guide the
vehicles
around the track. Returning briefly to Figures 5A-5E, each of the vehicles
includes
four wheels: two forward wheel and two rearward wheels. The forward wheels
ride
in the front track, while the rearward wheels ride in the rear track. It
should be
understood that in the discussion of the track network, the front and rear
track
arrangements are similarly configured opposing tracks that support the forward
and
rearward wheels of the vehicles. Accordingly, a description of a portion of
either the
front or rear track also applies to the opposing front or rear track.
[096] Referring now to Fig. 60, a loading column is formed adjacent the
output end of the induction station. The loading column is formed of a front
pair of
vertical rails 608-1 and 608-2, and a corresponding rearward set of vertical
rails.
The loading station is positioned along the loading column. The loading
station is
the position along the track in which the vehicle, as vehicle 500-4, is
aligned with the
discharge end of the feed conveyor of the induction station. In this way, an
item from
the induction station may be loaded onto the vehicle as it is conveyed toward
the
vehicle from the input station.
[097] The details of the track are substantially similar to the track
described
in U.S. Pat. No. 7,861,844. The entire disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 7,861,844
is
hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[098] As described above, the track includes a plurality of vertical legs
extending between the horizontal upper and lower rails 610-1, 610-2. An
intersection 613 is formed at each section of the track at which one of the
vertical
legs intersects one of the horizontal legs. Each intersection, such as
intersection
613, may include a pivotable gate that has a smooth curved inner race and a
flat
outer race that has teeth that correspond to the teeth of the drive surface
for the
track. The gate pivots between a first position and a second position. In the
first
position, the gate is closed so that the straight outer race of the gate is
aligned with
the straight outer branch of the intersection. In the second position, the
gate is open
so that the curved inner race of the gate is aligned with the curved branch of
the
intersection.
[099] In the foregoing description, the sorting array is described as a
plurality
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of output bins 606. However, it should be understood that the system may
include a
variety of types of destinations, not simply output bins. For instance, in
certain
applications it may be desirable to sort items to a storage area, such as an
area on a
storage shelf. Alternatively, the destination may be an output device that
conveys
items to other locations, or it may be a carton or bag ready to be sealed and
shipped
when the last of item of a group as been accumulated.
[0100] The
output bins 606 may be generally rectilinear containers having a
bottom, two opposing sides connected to the bottom, a front wall connected to
the
bottom and spanning between the two sides. The bin may also have a rear wall
opposing the front wall and connected to the bottom and spanning the two
sides. In
this way, the bin may be shaped similar to a rectangular drawer that can be
pulled
out from the sorting station to remove the items from the bin.
[0101] The bins
in a column are vertically spaced apart from one another to
provide a gap between adjacent bins. A larger gap provides more clearance
space
for the vehicles to discharge items into a lower bin without the bin above it
interfering
with the item. However, a larger gap also decreases the number of bins or the
size
of bins (i.e. the bin density). Therefore, there may be a compromise between
the
size of the gap and the bin density.
[0102] The
vehicles 500 discharge items into the bins through the rearward
end of the bin. Therefore, if the backside of the bin is open the vehicle can
readily
discharge an item into the bin through the rearward open end of the bin.
However, if
the bin does not have a rearward end the items may tend to fall out of the bin
when
the bin is withdrawn from the sort rack. Accordingly, depending on the
application,
the bin may have an open rearward end or a closed rearward end. If the
rearward
end is closed, the rear wall may be the same height as the forward wall.
Alternatively, the rear wall may be shorter than the forward wall to provide
an
increased gap through which the items may be discharged into the bin. For
instance, the rear wall may only be half the height of the forward wall.
Optionally, the
rear wall may be between one quarter and three quarter the height of the
forward
wall. For instance, the rear wall may be between one half and three quarters
the
height of the forward wall. Alternatively, the rear wall may be between one
quarter
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and three quarter the height of the forward wall.
[0103]
Alternatively, rather than having a fixed rear wall, the bins 606 may
have moveable or collapsible rear walls. For instance, the rear wall of the
bin may
be displaceable vertically relative to the bottom of the bin. In particular,
the rear wall
may be displaceable by pressing the wall downwardly. The rear wall may be
displaceable within grooves or slots formed in the side walls of the bin so
that
pressing the rear wall downwardly causes the rear wall to be displaced
downwardly
so that a portion of the rear wall projects below the bottom of the bin. In
such an
embodiment, the rear wall may be biased upwardly by a biasing element, such as
a
spring, so that the rear wall tends to remain in an upward position with the
bottom
edge of the rear wall above the bottom edge of the bin. The rear wall only
moves
downwardly in response to a force on the rear wall that exceeds the upward
biasing
force.
[0104] Yet
another alternative bin incorporates a collapsible rear wall. Like
the displaceable wall, the collapsible wall moves downwardly by pressing
downwardly against the collapsible wall. The collapsible wall may be formed in
a
variety of configurations, such as an accordion or pleated configuration so
that the
wall folds downwardly when the wall is pressed downward. The collapsible wall
may
include a biasing element biasing the wall upwardly to an extended position.
For
instance, the biasing element may include one or more springs or elastomeric
elements biasing the wall upwardly to the extended position.
[0105] As
discussed above, the system is operable to sort a variety of items to
a plurality of destinations. One type of destination is a bin; a second type
is a shelf
or other location on which the item is to be stored; and a third type of
destination is
an output device that may be used to convey the item to a different location.
The
system may include one or more of each of these types or other types of
destinations.
Delivery Vehicles
[0106] Each
delivery vehicle 500 is a semi-autonomous vehicle having an
onboard drive system, including an onboard power supply. Each vehicle includes
a
mechanism for loading and unloading items for delivery. An embodiment of a
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vehicle that may operate with the system 600 is illustrated and described in
U.S. Pat.
No. 7,861,844, which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0107] The vehicle 500
may incorporate any of a variety of mechanisms for
loading an item onto the vehicle and discharging the item from the vehicle
into one of
the bins. Returning to
Figure 5, which depicts an exemplary vehicle, the
loading/unloading mechanism 510 may be specifically tailored for a particular
application. However, in the present instance, the loading/unloading mechanism
510
is one or more conveyor belt(s) that extend along the top surface of the
vehicle, as
depicted in Figure 5. The conveyor belt(s) is/are reversible. Driving the
belt(s) in a
first direction displaces the item toward the rearward end of the vehicle;
driving the
belt(s) in a second direction displaces the item toward the forward end of the
vehicle.
[0108] A conveyor
motor mounted on the underside of the vehicle drives the
conveyor belt(s). Specifically, the conveyor belts 510 of FIGS 5A-5D are
entrained
around a forward roller at the forward edge of the vehicle, and a rearward
roller at
the rearward edge of the vehicle. The conveyor motor is connected with the
forward
roller to drive the forward roller, thereby operating the conveyor belts.
[0109] The vehicle 500
includes four wheels that are used to transport the
vehicle along the track arrangement. The wheels are mounted onto two parallel
spaced apart axles, so that two or the wheels are disposed along the forward
edge
of the vehicle and two of the wheels are disposed along the rearward edge of
the
vehicle.
[0110] Each wheel as
wheels 502 through 508 of Figures 5A-5D, comprise an
outer gear that cooperates with the drive surface of the track. The outer gear
is fixed
relative to the axle onto which it is mounted. In this way, rotating the axle
operates
to rotate the gear. Accordingly, when the vehicle is moving vertically the
gears
cooperate with the drive surface of the track to drive the vehicle along the
track.
[0111] The vehicle
includes an onboard motor for driving the wheels. More
specifically, the drive motor is operatively connected with the axles to
rotate the
axles, which in turn rotates the gears of the wheels.
[0112] As the vehicle
travels along the track, an item on top of the vehicle may
tend to fall off the vehicle, especially as the vehicle accelerates and
decelerates. In
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some embodiments, the vehicles, or a subset thereof, may include a retainer
(not
shown) to retain the element on the vehicle during delivery. The retainer may
be a
hold down that clamps the item against the top surface of the vehicle. For
instance,
the retainer may include an elongated pivotable arm. A biasing element, such
as a
spring, may bias the arm downwardly against the top surface of the retainer.
[0113]
Alternatively, rather than using a retainer, the system may retain the
item on the vehicle by controlling the operation of the vehicle. For instance,
the
vehicle may include a plurality of sensors (not shown) spaced apart from one
another across the width of the vehicle. The sensors may be any of a variety
of
sensors, including, but not limited to photoelectric sensors (such as opposed
through
beam sensors or retroreflective sensors) or proximity sensor (such as
capacitive,
photoelectric or inductive proximity sensors.). The sensors can be used to
detect the
location of the item across the width of the vehicle. Specifically, the
sensors can
detect how close the item is to the front side or the rear side of the
vehicle. Similarly,
if the sensors are proximity sensors, the sensors can detect how close the
item is to
the leading edge of the vehicle and/or the trailing edge of the vehicle.
Further still,
the sensors can detect movement of the item on the vehicle so that the system
can
detect the direction that the item is moving if the item is moving on the
vehicle.
[0114] Based on
signals from the sensors regarding the position or movement
of the item on the vehicle 500, the system can control the vehicle to re-
position the
item to attempt to maintain the item within a desired location on the vehicle.
For
instance, it may be desirable to maintain the item generally centered on the
top of
the vehicle. The system can control the position of the item on the vehicle
using any
of a variety of controls. For instance, in some embodiments, the vehicles 500
include one or more conveyor belts for loading and discharging items. The
items
rest on the belts, so the belts are operable to drive the items toward the
forward
edge or the rearward edge depending on signals received from the sensors. In
one
example, if the signals from the sensors indicate that the item is shifted
closer to the
rearward edge than the forward edge, the controller can send a signal to the
motor
driving the belt so that the belt drives in a first direction to drive the
item toward the
forward edge. Similarly, if the signals from the sensors indicate that the
item is
shifted closer to the forward edge than the rearward edge, the controller can
send a
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signal to the motor driving the belt so that the belt drives in a second
direction to
drive the item in the opposite direction to drive the item toward the rearward
edge.
The sensors provide continuous feedback so that the position of the item can
be
continuously monitored and adjusted toward the forward edge or toward the
rearward edge as the item shifts. In this way, the system provides a feedback
loop
for providing real-time adjustment of the position of the item to retain the
item within
a desired area on the top of the vehicle.
[0115]
Additionally, the system can monitor the location of the item relative to
the leading and trailing edges of the vehicle. In response to the detected
location of
the element, the system can control the operation of the vehicle if the item
is too
close to the leading edge or too close to the trailing edge. Specifically, the
system
may control the acceleration and braking of the vehicle to attempt to shift
the item
toward the leading or trailing edge depending on the detected position. If the
sensors detect that the item is positioned closer to the leading edge than the
trailing
edge, the vehicle may be accelerated (or the acceleration may be increased),
thereby urging the item toward the trailing edge. Alternatively, the vehicle
may be
decelerated to urge the item toward the leading edge.
[0116] In
addition to verifying or monitoring the position of an item on the
vehicle, the sensors can be used to detect one or more characteristic of the
item.
For instance, the sensors can be used to detect the length of width of the
item. The
sensors may also be used to detect the general shape of the item. This
information
can be used during further processing of the item as discussed further below.
[0117] As
discussed above, the bins 606 may include a rearward wall that is
displaceable or collapsible. Accordingly, the vehicles may include a mechanism
for
applying a downward force on the rearward wall sufficient to overcome a
biasing
force retaining the wall in an upper or upright position. For instance, the
vehicle may
include an extendable element such as a pin or rod. When the vehicle
approaches
the target delivery bin the pin may be extended transversely, away from the
vehicle
so that the pin extends over the rearward wall of the target bin. As the
vehicle nears
the bin the extended pin engages the upper edge of the rear wall of the bin.
Driving
the vehicle downwardly drives the pin downwardly against the rearward wall.
The
system may control the vertical position of the vehicle to control how far the
vehicle
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pushes down or collapses the rear wall. After the vehicle discharges the item
into the
bin, the extendable element may be retracted, thereby releasing the rear wall
so that
the biasing element displaces the rear wall upwardly into the upper position.
[0118] The
vehicle 500 may be powered by an external power supply, such as
a contact along the rail that provides the electric power needed to drive the
vehicle.
However, in the present instance, the vehicle includes an onboard power source
that
provides the requisite power for both the drive motor and the conveyor motor.
Additionally, in the present instance, the power supply is rechargeable.
Although the
power supply may include a power source, such as a rechargeable battery, in
the
present instance, the power supply is made up of one or more ultra capacitors.
[0119] As
discussed further below, the vehicle further includes a processor for
controlling the operation of the vehicle in response to signals received from
the
central processor. Additionally, the vehicle includes a wireless transceiver
so that
the vehicle can continuously communicate with the central processor as it
travels
along the track. Alternatively, in some applications, it may be desirable to
incorporate a plurality of sensors or indicators positioned along the track.
The
vehicle may include a reader for sensing the sensor signals and/or the
indicators, as
well as a central processor for controlling the operation of the vehicle in
response to
the sensors or indicators.
OPERATION
[0120] Figure
7A is a flow diagram depicting a process 700 for sorting items
utilizing a dynamically reconfigurable sorting array system such as any of the
systems depicted in Figs 1-6E, according to one or more embodiments. The
process 700 is entered at 702, and proceeds to 704 where one or more items
comprising a relevant grouping are associated with a sort destination area of
a sort
array structure. The sort destination areas may comprise a shelf or a
container such
as a bin, carton, or bag. The association of groupings of items to individual
sort
locations may be performed on an ongoing basis (i.e., even after all available
sort
destinations have been associated with an item grouping. In such case, each
sort
destination may have a virtual queue of groupings associated therewith, such
that an
a priori association of multiple item groupings may be established for each
sort
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destination. The groupings within a queue may have a default priority (e.g., a
FIFO
scheme) or in some embodiments, each grouping assigned to a sort destination
queue may be assigned a priority class such that transfer of items belonging
to a
lower priority queue may be deferred until all of the higher priority
groupings within
the queue have been handled first. Moreover, the array is dynamically
configurable
in that a waiting high priority grouping may be re-assigned to a different
queue.
[0121] By way
of alternate example, zones of sort destinations may be
reserved for higher priority groupings, with groupings of items being assigned
to sort
destinations, on a round-robin basis as they become available. In any event,
it
suffices to say that a variety of methodologies - whether based on fairness or
a
premium delivery fee regime, may be employed to assign respective groupings of
items to corresponding sort destination areas without departing from the
spirit and
scope of the present disclosure. The method 700 proceeds from 704 to 706,
where
the method 700 detects arrival of an item at an induct station of a sorter.
The
method proceeds to 708, where the method 700 identifies the item based, for
example, on recognition of a visible indicium such as a UPC code or the like.
[0122] In some
embodiments, method 700 proceeds from 708 to an optional
decision process 710 where method 700 determines whether an identified item
has
been associated with at least one sort destination of an array of sort
destinations
(sort locations). If not, method 700 may query a WMS system to verify whether
the
item is associated with an order. Alternatively, the item may be processed, at
712,
by default to either a reject bin or a bin designated for replenishment of
erroneously
retrieved inventory items. In still further embodiments, method 700 may assign
the
item to an available bin and direct further items bearing the same indicium or
indicia
(e.g. UPC code or SKU#) to the same location thereafter each time 710 is re-
entered
during execution of 700.
[0123] Where
710 and/or 712 are not executed, embodiments of method 700
proceeds directly from 708 to 714, where method 700 transports the item to an
assigned sort destination via a semi-autonomous delivery vehicle. In
embodiments
of method 700 employing a DRSAS having an automated annunciator system,
method 700 may proceed from 714 to an optional event handling process which
responds to reporting of such events, for example, as a system failure or
service
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disruption, a sort location unable to accept an item, a facility-wide
emergency, or a
failure to construct an item grouping at a sort destination within a
predefined or
configurable time window (referred to by the inventors herein as a "dwell time
exceeded" event). In 716 the method 700 determines that one or more such
events
has occurred, the method activates, at 718 one or more visual indicator(s)
according
to a first annunciating and/or alerting mode. From 718, the method 700
proceeds to
720 and, if appropriate for the type of event, interrupts or suspends the
transfer
and/or transport of all items until the event is resolved. Upon resolution of
the event,
method 700 responds by discontinuing at least one event annunciating process.
[0124]
Annunciation of other alerts and/or events at 718, which may
correspond to information useful to operator(s) or user(s) of a DRSAS, may
persist
until such time as a command is received and/or the event state no longer
exists.
For example, a zone associated with a particular shipment to be loaded onto a
truck
on an expedited basis, may be delineated by energizing light emitting elements
in a
pattern which circumscribes the zone and/or a collection of non-contiguous
sort
destinations which comprise the zone. Following packaging and shipping of the
item
groups which had been stored at these delineated sort destinations, method 700
may proceed to 722 and discontinue the delineation.
[0125]
Alternatively method 700 may proceed directly to 724 whereupon the
item is transferred to a sort location. If the item so transferred completes a
grouping
process according to 726, method 700 may operate an annunciator module to
provide visual indication of the completion event and, upon confirmation that
the sort
destination is ready to be placed back into service, the annunciator may
either
deactivate the visual indication as at 730 or it may alter the visual
indication such
that it continues convey other information via a different visual indication.
The
method 700 proceeds to 732 where, responsive to detection of a new item at the
DRSAS, the system re-enters method 700 at 732.
[0126] Since
there may be weight, dimensional, and/or fragility considerations
which prevent one or more items from being transported by an automated
delivery
mechanism such as been heretofore been described in connection with the
process
of Figure 7A, embodiments consistent with the present disclosure facilitate
implementation of both automatic and manual sortation in a single sortation
array.
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A method 740 for implementing both manually and automatic sortation of items
using
a dynamically reconfigurable sorting array such as any of the systems depicted
in
Figs 1-6E is depicted in Figure 7B.
[0127] One or
more items comprising a relevant grouping are associated with
a sort destination area of a sort array structure. Any such grouping may
comprise
one or more items to be placed in the sort destination manually, one or more
items to
be transferred to the sort destination by an automated delivery mechanism, or
some
combination of the two. As described earlier, the sort destination areas may
comprise a shelf or a container such as a bin, carton, or bag, and the
association of
groupings of items to individual sort locations may be performed on an ongoing
basis
(i.e., even after all available sort destinations have been associated with an
item
grouping). In such case, each sort destination may have a virtual queue of
groupings associated therewith, such that an a priori association of multiple
item
groupings may be established for each sort destination.
[0128] The
process 740 is entered at 742, and proceeds to 744 where a scan
event is detected. For ease
of explanation, it is presumed that an a priori
association has already made between each item and the manner in which such
item is to be handled. According to one embodiment, items are by default
classified
as eligible for automatic sortation and are designated for manual handling on
a by-
exception basis. For example, an item that is too long, tall, heavy, or
unstable to be
transported by an automated delivery mechanism (e.g., a delivery vehicle) of a
DRSAS may nonetheless have dimensions which permit the item to be manually
inserted into an empty box, bag, or bin at a sort destination area (or to be
combined
with other items already present at such a location). An exemplary scan event
of an
item requiring manual sortation, at 744, would be registered by a handheld
scanner
having a wireless transceiver for transmitting data representative of an
indicium read
from a surface of an item. An
exemplary scan event of an item eligible for
automated transfer, on the other hand, might alternatively be registered as
the item
passes through the scanning zone of the tunnel frame 452 of the first conveyor
stage
442 depicted in Figures 4A and 4B.
[0129] From
744, the method proceeds to 746 where an identification of the
item is performed, and to 748, where a sort destination is assigned to the
item. In a
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typical warehouse automation application, a warehouse management system such
as WMS 20 (Figure 1) associates each item with a particular sort destination
based
on information available from order entry and scheduling system 40 (Figure 1).
To
enable the identification, the scan event may be reported directly to a WMS
such as
WMS 200, as by transmitting data representative of the item indicium from the
scanner directly to a network interface 210 of WMS 200 (each, as shown in
Figure
2).
Alternatively, the scan event may be reported to the controller 110 of the
DRSAS, as DRSAS 100-1 of Figure 2. In such embodiments, the controller of the
DRSAS may relay the indicium data to the WMS and wait to receive an
instruction
from the WMS designating the appropriate destination area for the identified
item. In
other embodiments, an association between the identified item and the
appropriate
destination area may be provided to the controller of the DRSAS in advance.
[0130] From
748, the process proceeds to 750, where method 740 determines
whether manual or automated sorting is to proceed. If automated sorting is to
proceed, the method 740 advances to 752 and the processor of the DRSAS
controller executes an instruction stored in memory to instruct an automated
delivery
mechanism (e.g., a delivery vehicle) to transport the identified item to the
assigned
sort destination. In exemplary embodiments, the instruction to the automated
delivery mechanism is transmitted wirelessly from an interface of the DRSAS
controller to an interface of a semi-autonomous delivery vehicle. From 752,
the
method 740 proceeds to 754, where method 740 receives confirmation that the
item
has been transferred to the sort destination. In
exemplary embodiments, the
confirmation is registered by operation of a sensor of an automated delivery
vehicle.
For example, the automated delivery vehicle may include one or more emitters
and
one or more detectors for determining whether a beam or plane has been
traversed
by the item during the item transfer operation.
[0131] If, on
the other hand, method 740 determines at 750 that manual
sorting is to proceed, then the method 740 advances instead to 756. At 756,
method
740 initiates activation of a first visual alert indication (which may
comprise one or
more LEDs aligned with the assigned sort destination area). In an embodiment,
the
processor of the DRSAS controller executes instructions stored in memory to
initiate
activation of the first visual alert, which may be, for example, responsive to
an
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instruction transmitted by and received from the WMS controller or based upon
data
previously supplied to, and stored in a memory of, the DRSAS controller. From
756,
method 740 proceeds to 758.
[0132] At 758,
method 740 receives confirmation that an item has been
manually transferred to the assigned sort destination area. In an
illustrative
embodiment, an operator seeing the first visual indicator approaches a storage
bin
located at the assigned storage area, withdraws the storage bin, places the
item
within the storage bin, and returns the storage bin to its initial position.
To confirm
that this has been done, the same handheld scanner may be used to scan an
indicium associated with the bin and/or assigned storage location and transmit
data
representative of that scanned indicium to the DRSAS controller and/or WMS
controller. Once the confirmation has been registered at 754 or 758, method
740
proceeds to 760, where method 740 initiates de-activation (extinguishing) of
the first
visual alert. By way of illustrative example, the processor of the DRSAS
controller
may execute instructions stored in memory to de-energize one or more LEDs or
other light sources comprising the first visual alert.
[0133] From
760, the method 740 proceeds to 762, where the method 740
determines whether the item just transferred to the sort destination area,
whether
manually or automatically, is the last item needed to complete an order. If
so,
method 740 proceeds to 764 and initiates activation of a second visual alert
which is
visually distinguishable from the first visual alert. In an exemplary
embodiment, the
processor of the DRSAS controller executes instructions stored in memory for
causing LEDs having a different color than those associated with the first
visual alert
to be illuminated. Alternatively, or in addition, the second visual alert may
have a
flashing pattern to distinguish the second alert from a solid illumination
pattern for the
first visual alert.
[0134] In an
illustrative embodiment, a person seeing the second visual
indicator approaches the corresponding storage bin, withdraws the storage bin
containing the complement of items corresponding to a complete order, replaces
the
withdrawn storage bin with an empty storage bin (or transfers the items to a
final
shipping container and returns the emptied storage bin to its initial
position). To
confirm that this has been done, a handheld scanner may be used to scan the
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indicium associated with the bin and/or assigned storage location and transmit
data
representative of that scanned indicium to the DRSAS controller and/or WMS
controller. Having received this confirmation that the sort destination area
is again
available, the WMS controller and/or DRSAS controller may assign the next
grouping
of items in the queue to that destination. Method 740 proceeds to 766, where
method 740 initiates de-activation (extinguishing) of the second visual alert.
By way
of illustrative example, the processor of the DRSAS controller may execute
instructions stored in memory to de-energize one or more LEDs or other light
sources comprising the second visual alert. If at 762 method determines that
the
item did not complete an order, or following completion of 766, method 740
proceeds
to 768, where method 740 determines whether a new item is detected at the
sorter.
If a new item is not detected at the sorter then the process terminates at
770; if a
new item is detected, the method returns to 746.
[0135] Figure 8
is a flow diagram depicting discrete steps of a process 800
applicable to the assignment of items for accumulation at respective sort
destinations, which may be performed as a sub-process of the technique 700 of
Figure 7A in accordance with one or more embodiments. In an embodiment, method
800 proceeds from 702 of method 700 to 802, where a request is received to
assign
at least one sort location to item group j. In some embodiments, items
associated
with a single transaction may be allocated to more than one sort destination -
particularly if the volume required to accommodate all items of a group
exceeds that
available, or ergonomically advisable, at any one sort destination.
[0136] In some
embodiments, method 800 proceeds from 802 to optional
block 804, where one or more attributes of an item are determined. The
determination at 804 may be aided by real-time acquisition of data by sensors
of a
DRSAS and/or it may rely upon the retrieval of previously stored item
characterization data accessible based on reading of an indicium present on or
otherwise associated with an item. From 804, method 800 may optionally proceed
to
806, where method 800 determines one or more sort locations based on the one
or
more acquired or retrieved item attributes (e.g, weight, height, length,
chemical
composition, thermal storage requirements, etc). From 802 (or 804 or 806),
method
800 proceeds to 808 and determines if any sort location(s) possessing the
required
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attributes (dimensions, height above the working surface, ambient temperature
requirements, or the like). If not, method 800 proceeds to 808 and continues
to
monitor available DRSAS sort destinations (which may be distributed among
multiple
DRSAS systems) and revisit 808 until such a destination becomes available.
[0137] If the
outcome of the determination at 808 is positive, method 800
proceeds to 812 and associates at least a subset of items of a grouping with
an
available sort location. From 812, method 800 may optionally proceed to 814,
where
one or more additional subsets of items of the grouping are associated with
other
sort locations. From 812 or 814, method 800 re-enters method 700 at 706.
[0138] Figure 9
is a flow diagram depicting discrete steps of a process 900
applicable to the characterization of items at a sort station, which may be
performed
as a sub-process of the technique 700 of Figure 7 in accordance with one or
more
embodiments. In some embodiments, method 900 is entered from step 704 of
method 700 and may actually be performed as an implementation of process block
706 of process 700. In an embodiment method 900 is entered at 902, where an
item
is scanned form multiple sides to detect at least one item characterizing
indicium
such, for example, as a UPC code or SKU number sequence.
[0139] From
902, method 900 proceeds to a scan attempt initializing process
904 which sets a counter j to zero. The method 900 proceeds to 906 and
increments
by one. If the indicium is recognized at 908, method 700 is re-entered at 708.
If not,
a check is made at 910 to confirm that j is less than Si, which corresponds to
an
integer value set at the maximum number of scan attempts. If so, the item is
recirculated for rescanning as method 900 advances to 912 and the counter is
incremented by one at 906. This attempt process is repeated until either a
positive
scan outcome or the number of scan attempts is exceeded. In the case of
threshold
Si being exceeded, method advances to 914 and the item is transferred to an
exception bin. The method proceeds to 916 where an attempt to read the code
with
a manual scanner is attempted and/or the data for characterizing the item is
entered
by manually by an operator.
[0140] Figure
10 is a flow diagram depicting discrete steps of a process 1000
applicable to the transport of items, individually, by delivery vehicles
movable along
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an array of sort locations, which may be performed as a sub-process of the
technique 700 of Figure 7 in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0141] In some
embodiments, method 1000 is entered from step 710 of
method 700. The
method comprises advancing the next available semi-
autonomous vehicle to a position for accepting an item (step 1002). The item
support surface of the vehicle is aligned with the item support surface of the
item
transfer conveyor of an induct module (step 1004). The item transfer conveyor
is
operated at a predefined (e.g., default) feed rate (step 1006). If transfer to
the
vehicle is confirmed (e.g., by sensors on the vehicle) (step 1008) the method
1000
transmits instructions to the vehicle identifying the sort location applicable
to the
item. The autonomous vehicle advances to the sort location (step 1012) and if
no
instruction to suspend movement of the vehicle is received by the vehicle
(step
1014), it proceeds to the sort location until its arrival is detected (step
1018).
Otherwise movement of the vehicle is suspended (step 1016) and the method
returns to 1012 for further instructions. The further instructions may include
a
direction to convey the item to an alternate location where a group requiring
that item
has also been assigned. Alternatively, the vehicle may respond to detection of
an
event affecting the sort destination by proceeding directly to a pre-
communicated
"backup" sort destination. From 1018 the method determines whether the sort
location is configured to receive the item (step 1020)) and if not, a
notification may
be transmitted to a controller (step 1020) to request a new sort location
which may
be received at step 2014 or, if no such location is identified, then the item
may be
sent to a reject bin. If the sort destination is ready, then the item is
transferred and
the vehicle exists method 1000 and enters, for example, step 726 of process
700.
[0142] Figure
11 is a flow diagram depicting a sequence of steps applicable to
a process 1100 for the characterization of one or more features of an item
prior to a
sorting operation, which may be performed as a sub-process of the technique
700 of
Figure 7 according to one or more embodiments consistent with the present
disclosure. The process 1100 may, for example, be entered prior to, during or
after
the performance of block 706 of process 700. From 706, the method 1100 is
entered at 1102 where the item is weighed. The method proceeds, optionally, to
1104 where a determination is made as to whether the item is within an
expected
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range. If not, the method proceeds to 1106, where an alert is generated and an
instruction to stop the feed/transfer conveyor is generated. If so,
the method
proceeds to 1108, the weighed item is transferred to a discharge end of the
transfer
conveyor and availability of an item delivery mechanism (delivery vehicle) is
confirmed at 1110. From 1110, the process proceeds to 1112, which performs a
determination on whether a feed rate modification is needed to prevent excess
momentum from causing the item to overshoot the support surface of the
corresponding delivery vehicle. The determination at 1112 is below the
threshold for
special handling, the process 1100 advances to 1114 and a higher feed rate is
maintained for the conveyor so as to handle a higher volume of items per unit
of
time. If however, the determination is that the item is above the threshold,
the feed
rate is adjusted at 1116 by retarding the speed sufficiently to avoid the
overshoot
condition. From 1114 or 1116, method 1100 proceeds to 1118, where method 1100
confirms transfer of the item to an available delivery vehicle. In an
embodiment, the
process 1100 returns to method 700 at 708.
[0143]
Returning to Figures 5A to 6E, to prepare to receive an item, a vehicle
such as vehicle 500 of Figures 5A to 50 moves along the track toward the
loading
station in the loading column shown in Figure 60. When the vehicle 500 (Figure
60)
moves into position at the loading station the home sensor detects the
presence of
the vehicle and sends a signal to a central processor indicating that the
vehicle is
positioned at the loading station.
[0144] Once the
vehicle is positioned at the loading station, the input station
conveys an item onto the vehicle. As the item is being conveyed onto the
vehicle
500, the loading mechanism 510 on the vehicle loads the item onto the vehicle.
Specifically, the input station conveys the item into contact with the
conveyor belt on
the vehicle. The conveyor belt rotates toward the rearward side of the
vehicle,
thereby driving the item rearwardly on the vehicle.
[0145] The
operation of the conveyor belts is controlled by loading sensors.
The forward loading sensor detects the leading edge of the item as the item is
loaded onto the vehicle. Once the forward loading sensor detects the trailing
edge of
the item, a controller onboard the vehicle determines that the item is loaded
on the
vehicle and stops the conveyor motor. Additionally, the onboard controller may
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control the operation of the conveyor in response to signals received from the
rearward sensor. Specifically, if the rearward sensor detects the leading edge
of the
item, then the leading edge of the item is adjacent the rearward edge of the
vehicle.
To ensure that the item does not overhang from the rearward edge of the
vehicle,
the controller may stop the conveyor once the rearward sensor detects the
leading
edge of the item. However, if the rearward sensor detects the leading edge of
the
item before the forward sensor detects the trailing edge of the item, the
controller
may determine that there is a problem with the item (i.e. it is too long or
two
overlapping items were fed onto the vehicle. In such an instance, the system
may
tag the piece as a reject and discharge the item to the reject bin 625
positioned
behind the loading station. In this way, if there is an error loading an item
onto a
vehicle, the item can simply be ejected into the reject bin, and a subsequent
item can
be loaded onto the vehicle.
[0146] After an
item is loaded onto the vehicle, the vehicle moves away from
the loading station. Specifically, once the onboard controller detects that an
item is
properly loaded onto the vehicle, the onboard controller sends a signal to
start the
drive motor. The drive motor rotates the axles, which in turn rotates the
gears on the
wheel. The gears mesh with the drive surface of the vertical rails in the
loading
column to drive the vehicle upwardly. Specifically, the gears and the drive
surfaces
mesh and operate as a rack and pinion mechanism, translating the rotational
motion
of the wheels into linear motion along the tracks.
[0147] Since
the vehicles move up the loading column from the loading
station, the destination for the vehicle does not need to be determined until
after the
vehicle reaches the first gate along the upper rail 110-1. For instance, if an
automated system is used at the induction station to scan and determine the
characteristic used to sort the items, it may take some processing time to
determine
the relevant characteristic and/or communicate that information with a central
controller to receive destination information. The time that it takes to
convey the item
onto the vehicle and then convey the vehicle up the loading column will
typically be
sufficient time to determine the relevant characteristic for the item.
However, if the
characteristic is not determined by the time the vehicle reaches the upper
rail, the
system may declare that the item is not qualified for sorting and the vehicle
may be
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directed to the re-induction station.
[0148] Once the
item is qualified for sorting, the central controller determines
the appropriate bin 606 for the item. Based on the location of the bin for the
item,
the route for the vehicle is determined. Specifically, the central controller
determines
the route for the vehicle and communicates information to the vehicle
regarding the
bin into which the item is to be delivered. The central controller then
controls the
gates along the track to direct the vehicle to the appropriate column. Once
the
vehicle reaches the appropriate column the vehicle moves down the column to
the
appropriate bin. The vehicle stops at the appropriate bin 606 and the onboard
controller sends an appropriate signal to the conveyor motor to drive the
conveyor
belt, which drives the item forwardly to discharge the item into the bin.
Specifically,
the top of the vehicle aligns with the gap between the appropriate bin and the
bottom
edge of the bin that is immediately above the appropriate bin.
[0149] In the
present instance, the orientation of the vehicles does not
substantially change as the vehicles move from travelling horizontally (along
the
upper or lower rails) to vertically (down one of the columns). Specifically,
when a
vehicle is travelling horizontally, the two front geared wheels cooperate with
the
upper or lower horizontal rail 610-1 or 610-2 of the front track, and the two
rear
geared wheels cooperate with the corresponding upper or lower rail 610-1 or
610-2
of the rear track. As the vehicle passes through a gate and then into a
column, the
two front geared wheels engage a pair of vertical legs in the front track, and
the two
rear geared wheels engage the corresponding vertical legs in the rear track.
[0150] As the
vehicle travels from the horizontal rails to the vertical columns or
from vertical to horizontal, the tracks allow all four geared wheels to be
positioned at
the same height. In this way, as the vehicle travels along the track it does
not skew
or tilt as it changes between moving horizontally and vertically.
Traffic Control
[0151] Since
the system includes a number of vehicles 500, the system
controls the operation of the different vehicles to ensure the vehicles do not
collide
into one another. In the following discussion, this is referred to as traffic
control.
Exemplary methodologies for controlling the flow of traffic are described in
U.S. Pat.
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No. 7,861,844.
[0152] In the
present instance, some of the columns may have two vertical
rails that are independent from the adjacent columns. For instance, the
loading
column has two independent rails that are not shared with the adjacent column.
Therefore, vehicles can travel up the loading column without regard to the
position of
vehicles in the column next to the loading column. Furthermore, it may be
desirable
to configure the column next to the loading column so that it also has two
independent vertical rails. In this way, vehicles can more freely travel up
the loading
column and down the adjacent column.
[0153] In the
foregoing discussion, the sorting of items was described in
relation to an array of bins disposed on the front of the sorting station 600.
However,
as illustrated in Figs. 6A and 6B, the number of bins in the system can be
doubled by
attaching a rear array of bins on the back side of the sorting station. In
this way, the
vehicles can deliver items to bins on the front side of the sorting station by
traveling
to the bin and then rotating the conveyor on the vehicle forwardly to eject
the piece
into the front bin. Alternatively, the vehicles can deliver items to bins on
the rear side
of the sorting station by traveling to the bin and then rotating the conveyor
on the
vehicle rearwardly to eject the piece into the rear bin. Additionally, the
sorting station
600 is modular and can be readily expanded as necessary simply by attaching an
additional section to the left end of the sorting station.
[0154] It will
be recognized by those skilled in the art that changes or
modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments without departing
from the broad inventive concepts of the invention. For instance, in the
foregoing
discussion the system is described as a series of vehicles guided by a track.
However, it should be understood that the system need not include a track. For
example, the vehicles may travel along the ground rather than traveling along
a
track. The vehicles may be guided along the ground by one or more sensors
and/or
a controller. Optionally, the vehicles may be guided in response to signals
from
other vehicles and/or from a central controller, such as a computer that
monitors
each of the vehicles and controls movement of the vehicles to prevent the
vehicles
from colliding with one another. Additionally, the central controller may
provide
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signals to direct each vehicle along a path to a storage location or transfer
location.
[0155] In
addition to a system in which the vehicles move along the ground
without a track, the system may incorporate a guidance assembly that includes
one
or more rails or other physical guides that contact a mechanism on the vehicle
to
direct the vehicle along a path. For instance, the vehicles may each include
one or
more contact elements such as wheels, rollers, guide tabs, pins or other
elements
that may engage the guidance assembly. The guidance assembly mail be a linear
element such as a straight rail or it may be a curved element. The guidance
assembly may curve within a horizontal plane so that the rail stays within a
plane or
the guide may curve vertically so that the rail is within a single plane. The
guidance
assembly may include a plurality of guides or rails vertically spaced from one
another
so that the vehicles may move horizontally at a plurality of vertical levels.
The guide
may also include an elevator for moving the vehicles between the vertically
spaced
rails.
[0156] As can
be seen from the above, the system may be incorporated into a
variety of systems that use physical guide mechanisms or guide the vehicles
along
open areas by directing the path to guide the vehicles to storage locations or
transfer
locations. As discussed above, the movement of each vehicle may be controlled
in
response to a determination of one or more physical characteristics of the
item
carried by each respective vehicle.
[0157] The
embodiments of the present invention may be embodied as
methods, apparatus, electronic devices, and/or computer program products.
Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may be embodied in hardware
and/or
in software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, and the like),
which
may be generally referred to herein as a "circuit" or "module". Furthermore,
embodiments of the present invention may take the form of a computer program
product on a computer-usable or computer-readable storage medium having
computer-usable or computer-readable program code embodied in the medium for
use by or in connection with an instruction execution system. In the context
of this
document, a computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any medium
that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for
use by
or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
These
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computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-usable or
computer-readable memory that may direct a computer or other programmable data
processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the
instructions
stored in the computer usable or computer-readable memory produce an article
of
manufacture including instructions that implement the function specified in
the
flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
[0158] The computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be, for example
but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic,
infrared, or
semiconductor system, apparatus or device. More specific examples (a list) of
the
computer-readable medium include the following: hard disks, optical storage
devices, magnetic storage devices, an electrical connection having one or more
wires, a portable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only
memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash
memory), an optical fiber, and a compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM).
[0159] Computer program code for carrying out operations of embodiments of the
present invention may be written in an object oriented programming language,
such
as Java.RTM, Smalltalk or C++, and the like. However, the computer program
code
for carrying out operations of embodiments of the present invention may also
be
written in conventional procedural programming languages, such as the "C"
programming language and/or any other lower level assembler languages. It will
be
further appreciated that the functionality of any or all of the program
modules may
also be implemented using discrete hardware components, one or more
Application
Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), or programmed Digital Signal Processors
or
microcontrollers.
[0160] The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been
described
with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions
above
are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit embodiments of the invention to
the
precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in
view of
the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to
best
explain the principles of the present disclosure and its practical
applications, to
thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and
various
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embodiments with various modifications as may be suited to the particular use
contemplated.
[0161] Figure 12 is a detailed block diagram of a computer system, according
to
one or more embodiments, that can be utilized in various embodiments of the
present invention to implement the computer and/or the display devices,
according to
one or more embodiments.
[0162] Various embodiments of method and apparatus for organizing, enhancing
and presenting message content which incorporate one or more media files, as
described herein, may be executed on one or more computer systems, which may
interact with various other devices. One such computer system is computer
system
1200 illustrated by Figure 12, which may in various embodiments implement
elements or functionality illustrated in Figures 1-11. In
various embodiments,
computer system 1200 may be configured to implement methods described above.
The computer system 1200 may be used to implement any other system, device,
element, functionality or method of the above-described embodiments. In the
illustrated embodiments, computer system 1200 may be configured to implement
method 700 (Figure 7), method 800 (Figure 8), method 900 (Figure 9), method
1000
(Figure 10), and/or method 1100 (Figure 11) as processor-executable executable
program instructions 1222 (e.g., program instructions executable by
processor(s)
1210) in various embodiments.
[0163] In the illustrated embodiment, computer system 1200 includes one or
more processors 1210a-1210n coupled to a system memory 1220 via an
input/output (I/O) interface 1230. Computer system 1200 further includes a
network
interface 1240 coupled to I/O interface 1230, and one or more input/output
devices
1250, such as cursor control device 1260, keyboard 1270, and display(s) 1280.
In
various embodiments, any of the components may be utilized by the system to
receive user input described above. In various embodiments, a user interface
may
be generated and displayed on display 1280. In some cases, it is contemplated
that
embodiments may be implemented using a single instance of computer system
1200, while in other embodiments multiple such systems, or multiple nodes
making
up computer system 1200, may be configured to host different portions or
instances
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of various embodiments. For example, in one embodiment some elements may be
implemented via one or more nodes of computer system 1200 that are distinct
from
those nodes implementing other elements. In another example, multiple nodes
may
implement computer system 1200 in a distributed manner.
[0164] In different embodiments, computer system 1200 may be any of various
types of devices, including, but not limited to, a personal computer system,
desktop
computer, laptop, notebook, or netbook computer, mainframe computer system,
handheld computer, workstation, network computer, application server, storage
device, a peripheral device such as a switch, modem, router, or in general any
type
of computing or electronic device.
[0165] In various embodiments, computer system 1200 may be a uniprocessor
system including one processor 1210, or a multiprocessor system including
several
processors 1210 (e.g., two, four, eight, or another suitable number).
Processors
1210 may be any suitable processor capable of executing instructions. For
example,
in various embodiments processors 1210 may be general-purpose or embedded
processors implementing any of a variety of instruction set architectures
(ISAs). In
multiprocessor systems, each of processors 1210 may commonly, but not
necessarily, implement the same ISA.
[0166] System memory 1220 may be configured to store program instructions
1222 and/or data 1224 accessible by processor 1210. In various embodiments,
system memory 1220 may be implemented using any suitable memory technology,
such as static random access memory (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM
(SDRAM), nonvolatile/Flash-type memory, or any other type of memory. In the
illustrated embodiment, program instructions and data implementing any of the
elements of the embodiments described above may be stored within system memory
1220. In other embodiments, program instructions and/or data may be received,
sent or stored upon different types of computer-accessible media or on similar
media
separate from system memory 1220 or computer system 1200.
[0167] In one embodiment, I/O interface 1230 may be configured to coordinate
I/O traffic between processor 1210, system memory 1220, and any peripheral
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devices in the device, including network interface 1240 or other peripheral
interfaces,
such as input/output devices 1250. In some embodiments, I/O interface 1230 may
perform any necessary protocol, timing or other data transformations to
convert data
signals from one component (e.g., system memory 1220) into a format suitable
for
use by another component (e.g., processor 1210). In some embodiments, I/O
interface 1230 may include support for devices attached through various types
of
peripheral buses, such as a variant of the Peripheral Component Interconnect
(PCI)
bus standard or the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard, for example. In some
embodiments, the function of I/O interface 1230 may be split into two or more
separate components, such as a north bridge and a south bridge, for example.
Also,
in some embodiments some or all of the functionality of I/O interface 1230,
such as
an interface to system memory 920, may be incorporated directly into processor
1210.
[0168] Network interface 1240 may be configured to allow data to be exchanged
between computer system 1200 and other devices attached to a network (e.g.,
network 1290), such as one or more display devices (not shown), or one or more
external systems or between nodes of computer system 1200. In
various
embodiments, network 1290 may include one or more networks including but not
limited to Local Area Networks (LANs) (e.g., an Ethernet or corporate
network), Wide
Area Networks (WANs) (e.g., the Internet), wireless data networks, some other
electronic data network, or some combination thereof. In various embodiments,
network interface 1240 may support communication via wired or wireless general
data networks, such as any suitable type of Ethernet network, for example; via
telecommunications/telephony networks such as analog voice networks or digital
fiber communications networks; via storage area networks such as Fiber Channel
SANs, or via any other suitable type of network and/or protocol.
[0169] Input/output devices 1250 may, in some embodiments, include one or
more communication terminals, keyboards, keypads, touchpads, scanning devices,
voice or optical recognition devices, or any other devices suitable for
entering or
accessing data by one or more computer systems 1200. Multiple input/output
devices 1250 may be present in computer system 900 or may be distributed on
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various nodes of computer system 1200. In some embodiments, similar
input/output
devices may be separate from computer system 1200 and may interact with one or
more nodes of computer system 1200 through a wired or wireless connection,
such
as over network interface 1240.
[0170] In some embodiments, the illustrated computer system may implement
any of the methods described above, such as the methods illustrated by the
flowcharts of Figures 7-11. In other embodiments, different elements and data
may
be included.
[0171] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that computer system 1200 is
merely illustrative and is not intended to limit the scope of embodiments. In
particular, the computer system and devices may include any combination of
hardware or software that can perform the indicated functions of various
embodiments, including computers, network devices, and the like. Computer
system
1200 may also be connected to other devices that are not illustrated, or
instead may
operate as a stand-alone system. In addition, the functionality provided by
the
illustrated components may in some embodiments be combined in fewer
components or distributed in additional components.
Similarly, in some
embodiments, the functionality of some of the illustrated components may not
be
provided and/or other additional functionality may be available.
[0172] Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that, while various items
are
illustrated as being stored in memory or on storage while being used, these
items or
portions of them may be transferred between memory and other storage devices
for
purposes of memory management and data integrity. Alternatively, in other
embodiments some or all of the software components may execute in memory on
another device and communicate with the illustrated computer system via inter-
computer communication. Some or all of the system components or data
structures
may also be stored (e.g., as instructions or structured data) on a computer-
accessible medium or a portable article to be read by an appropriate drive,
various
examples of which are described above. In some embodiments, instructions
stored
on a computer-accessible medium separate from computer system 1200 may be
transmitted to computer system 1200 via transmission media or signals such as
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electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication
medium
such as a network and/or a wireless link. Various embodiments may further
include
receiving, sending or storing instructions and/or data implemented in
accordance
with the foregoing description upon a computer-accessible medium or via a
communication medium. In general, a computer-accessible medium may include a
storage medium or memory medium such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk
or
DVD/CD-ROM, volatile or non-volatile media such as RAM (e.g., SDRAM, DDR,
RDRAM, SRAM, and the like), ROM, and the like.
[0173] The methods described herein may be implemented in software,
hardware, or a combination thereof, in different embodiments. In addition, the
order
of methods may be changed, and various elements may be added, reordered,
combined, omitted or otherwise modified. All examples described herein are
presented in a non-limiting manner. Various modifications and changes may be
made as would be obvious to a person skilled in the art having benefit of this
disclosure. Realizations in accordance with embodiments have been described in
the context of particular embodiments. These embodiments are meant to be
illustrative and not limiting. Many
variations, modifications, additions, and
improvements are possible. Accordingly, plural instances may be provided for
components described herein as a single instance. Boundaries between various
components, operations and data stores are somewhat arbitrary, and particular
operations are illustrated in the context of specific illustrative
configurations. Other
allocations of functionality are envisioned and may fall within the scope of
claims that
follow. Finally, structures and functionality presented as discrete components
in the
example configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or
component.
These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements may
fall
within the scope of embodiments as defined in the claims that follow.
[0174] While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present
invention,
other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without
departing
from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the
claims that
follow.
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