Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
lOS5940
~ METIIOD OF PREPARING MELAMINE
. _
FROM CYANAMIDE AND/OR DICYANDIAMIDE
The invention relates to a process for the preparation
of melamine from cyanamide and/or dicyandiamide at approx-
- 5 imately atmospheric pressure.
Processes for the preparation of melamine on the basis
of lime, charcoal and electrical energy with calcium carbide
and calcium cyanamide as intermediates are again acquiring
importance as a result of changes in the raw materials
situation.
'!
The process heretofore performed on a large technical
scale for the preparation of melamine from calcium cyanamide
is a multi-step process: by the hydrolysis of the calcium
cyanamide, first cyanamide is formed, which is transformed
to dicyandiamide and isolated. After drying in high-pres-
sure autoclaves at 200 atmospheres and about 300C, the
dicyandiamide is reacted to form melamine in an approx-
imately 95~ yield. A recrystallization of the crude mela-
mine from water is then necessary. Since the solubility
of the melamine at 90C is only about 4%, large amounts
of water and therefore large amounts of energy are required
for the purification of the melamine.
To avoid the high pressures of the known process,
attempts have been made to perform the reaction of the
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dicyandiamide to melamine in appropriate solvents. In
'particular, methanol and isobutanol have been proposed
for this purpose (Ullmann, Vol. 12, pp. 281-282 (1960)).
Due to the necessary presence of ammonia and a minimum
temperature of 160C, relatively high pressures are still
necessary, but the melamine yield has amounted to no more
than 80%.
In U.S. Pat. 2,206,005 the pressure-less production
of melamine from dicyandiamide in benzyl alcohol as sol-
vent is described. By this process, again, melamine yields
of less than 80% are obtained, since large amounts of
ammeline and ammelide are formed as by-products.
In the process of German Pat. 933,866, cyanamide and/
or dicyandiamide, in crystalline form or dissolved in an
organici solvent, are placed in relatively large amounts
of an indifferent liquid such as tetrahydronaphthaline,
diphenyl ether, or higher saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons,
preferably at 190 to 250C, under normal pressure. The
melamine produced in this case is no more than 95% pure,
since it is contaminated by deamination products which
have also formed with a yielding of ammonia, and this
necessitates recrystallization.
The process proposed in German Pat. 955,952 for the
preparation of melamine by the atomization of an aqueous
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solution of cyanamide and/or dicyandiamide in a hot gas
stream serving as a heat carrier and heat buffer, at tem-
peratures between 275 and 300C, requires.such great amounts
of energy for the evaporation of all of the water that this
fact alone makes the process very uneconomical; in addi-
~ ~ tion, the product that results contains greater contents of
impurities,.which again requires recrystallization.
All of the processes described in the liter.ature, which
were aimed at an improvement of the preparation of melamine
from calcium cyanamide, have failed to supplant the traditional
high-pressure processes, especially for economical reasons,
and consequently they have not found acceptance in the art.
The invention is therefore addressed to the problem of
developing a process for the preparation of melamine, which,
setting out from crystalline or water-dissolved cyanamide
and/or dicyandiamide, and operating at approximately atmos-
pheric pressure in a suitable solvent, will directly yield
melamine of high purity in a high yield.
This problem is solved by the invention in that the
reaction of dicyandiamide and/or cyanamide in at least one
solvent of the general formula
--4--
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\ S = O or \ S~' ~
,. . R2 R2 ~
; wherein Rl and R2 represent alkyl groups, which can be
identical or different and together can also form a ring
is performed in the simultaneous presence of alkali hyd-
roxide or alkaline earth hydroxide. Dimethylsulfoxide
is preferred as the organic solvent, and potassium hyd-
roxide or sodium hydroxide is preferred as the alkali hyd-
roxide. The yields which can be achieved in the trans-
formation of cyanamide and/or dicyandiamide in the above-
specified system of organic solvent plus alkali hydroxide
or alkaline earth hydroxidç amount to as much as 97% of
a melamine of a purity exceeding 99.5%. The melamine thus
obtained can, after separation of the solvent, be used
without further purifying operations for such processes
as the condensation reaction with formaldehyde. The total
melamine yield amounts, in the continuously performed method,
to more than 98~ with respect to the cyanamide or dicyan-
diamide starting substances.
The moieties Rl and R2 in the compounds of the General
Formula
Rl Rl O
\ S = O or \ S ~
R2 R / ~ O
can best contain from 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 4, carbon
--5--
, ... _ . , _ . . . _ _ _ . . .. ..
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atoms, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl groups, Rl andR2 being able to be identical or different or also to form
a ring with one another. Typical representatives of these
suitable solvents are comyounds such as dimethyl sulfoxide,
diethylsulfoxide, dimethylsulfone, diethylsulfone or sul-
folan. Especially suitable as reaction media are those
compounds which are liquid at room temperature and have
a boiling point of about 150 to 250C. For the adjustment
of the appropriate melting and boiling points, mixtures
of the above-named solvents can also be used, or the re-
action is performed at reduced or elevated pressure-.
In order for the reaction to produce an especially
pure melamine in a high yield, the presence of alkali
hydroxide or alkaline earth hydroxide is required. Any of
the alkali hydroxides can be used, such as lithium, sodium,
potassium or cesium hydroxide, or any sufficiently basic
alkaline earth hydroxide, such as calcium, strontium or
barium hydroxide, as pure compounds, or in a mixture of
the alkali or alkaline earth hydroxides together. Without
these compounds to act as catalysts, either no melamine
or only traces of melamine are formed. For the achieve-
ment of an optimum yield and purity in the melamine, cer-
tain amounts of the named alkali or alkaline earth hydrox-
ides must be used, less catalytically active base beingrequired for the reaction of cyanamide to melamine than
in the reaction of dicyandiamide to melamine. For example,
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~` if dicyandiamide is to be used with potassium hydroxide,
0.1 to 0.2 mole of potassium hydroxide is used per mole
of dlcyandiamide, whereas if cyanamide is used as the start-
ing product, only 0.02 to 0.05 mole of potassium hydroxide
is used per mole of cyanamide. Slightly higher amounts
of catalytically acting base are desirable, namely 0.05 to
0.5 mole, if, instead of alkali hydroxide, alkaline earth
hydroxides, preferably calcium or barium hydroxide, are used.
10The transformation of dicyandiamide or cyanamide to
melamine begins in the above-described system at a tempera-
ture as low as about 100C. Higher temperatures are nec-
essary for a rapid reaction. ~t temperatures of about 180C
the reaction is completed in 10 to 30 minutes. Under such
reaction conditions the pressure in the apparatus can in-
crease also to higher values of atmospheric pressure, such
as, for example, to from 3 to 5 atmospheres absolute. On
the other hand, operation in a slight vacuum of, for example,
up to 100 Torr , will produce melamine in a high yield.
Instead of dicyandiamide, the reaction can be performed with
cyanamide or mixtures of dicyandiamide and cyanamide. The
transformation of cyanamide to melamine has proven especially
advantageous. The consumption of alkali is lower than when
dicyandiamide is used as the starting substance. It is
furthermore possible to work with an aqueous cyanamide so-
lution and thus to arrive directly at the crystalline mel-
amine from the aqueous cyanamide solution produced by the
--7--
~055940
hydrolysis of the calcium cyanamide, after concentrating the
said solution to a content of 50 to 80% cyanamide, without
the isolation of a solid intermediate product. The highly
exothermic reaction of the trimerization of the cyanamide to
melamine suffices to vaporize the water from the cyanamide
solution and to maintain the desired reaction temperature.
Surprisingly, in spite of the presence of water, neither
ammeline nor ammelide are formed under the above-described
reaction conditions. The melamine produced primarily from
the solution is so pure that it does not need to be re-
crystallized for further processing.
When crystalline cyanamide or dicyandiamide are used,
the following procedure is recommendable: the cyanamide or
dicyandiamide are dissolved cold in the solvent in question,
or made into a mash therein, and placed into a mixture,
heated to the reaction temperature, of alkali or alkaline
earth hydroxide in the same solvent, containing a trace of
cyanamide or dicyandiamide. Then the mixture is allowed to
react for 10 to 30 minutes thereafter, at the chosen reaction
temperature. The small amount of cyanamide or dicyandiamide
previously present brings about a thermal stabilization of
the solvent.
When operating with aqueous cyanamide solution, we
poured this solution preferably into the mixture of alkali
hydroxide or alkaline earth hydroxide and solvent, which
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had a temperature of about 180C and which likewise con-
tained a small amount of cyanamide or dicyandiamide for
stabilization, at such a rate that the reaction temperature
was maintained. The water escaping in vapor form was
withdrawn.
The melamine forming under the conditions of the re-
action precipitates in crystalline form upon cooling. It is
separated, e.g., by filtration or centrifugation, and then
either suspended in water and again filtered, or washed with
water in the centrifuge. The product thus obtained is
entirely colorless and has a melamine content of over 99.5~;
it is not only free of hydrolysis products such as ammeline
and ammelide, but also of colored deamination products such
as melem, melam or melon, and it is an immediately salable
product, since it can be used without further refining
operations for condensation reactions and hence for the
production of melamine resin.
In the continuous procedure, the small amount of mel-
amine remaining in the mother liquor (about 3 to 5%) is not
isolated, but is added to the next mixture. Since no con-
centration of impurities takes place, yields of over 97~ of
high-purity melamine are obtained in a plurality of suc-
cessive batches; furthermore, the amount of alkali base or
alkaline earth base required as catalyst is reduced.
_9_
... . . _ _ . _ _ . .. . .
~QSS940
The method of the invention for the preparation of
melamine from calcium cyanamide or aqueous cyanamide solu-
tion represents an important technical advance in com-
parison with the methods formerly practiced and described,5 because
1. the preparation of the melamine is performed in a
single-step reaction from cyanamide,
2. the isolation of solids as intermediates is unnec-
cessary,
0 3. substantially lower temperatures are required, and
in general it is sufficient to operate under approx-
imately atmospheric pressure,
4. capital, labor and overhead costs are considerably
reduced as a result of the single-step procedure it
involves, and
5. high-purity melamine is obtained as the reaction
product without recrystallization.
~5
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.
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E X A M P L E S
~ he following examples are intended to explain the
process:
Example 1
To a mixture heated rapidly to 180C and composed of 80
g of dimethylsulfoxide, 6 g of powdered potassium hydroxide
and 4 g of dicyandiamide, a solution of 60 g of dicyandiamide
in 120 g of dimethylsulfoxide is added drop by drop over a
period of 22 minutes, the reaction temperature being main-
.,
tained at about 180C. After the end of the reaction, themixture is allowed to after-react for 5 more minutes at
180C, and then it is cooled. While it is cooling, most of
the melamlne separates in crystalline form. The melamine is
suction filtered, stirred up with water and again filtered.
50.8 g is obtained of pure, colorless melamine, corresponding
to a yield-of 79.4%. 8.25 g of melamine, or 12.8%, are
- 20 still to be found in the filtrate. The overall yield of
melamine thus amounts to 92.2~. 1.37 grams, or 2.1%, of
unreacted dicyandiamide remains in the filtrate.
Example 2
A solution of 63 g of solid cyanamide in 40 g of di-
methylsulfoxide is added drop by drop over a period of 8
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~055940
minutes to a mixture, heated at 180C, of 100 g of di-
methylsulfoxide, 4 g of potassium hydroxide and 1 g of
cyanamide. After an additional 12 minutes of reaction
time at 180C, the mixture is cooled. The precipitated
melamine is removed by filtration, suspended in water,
and suction filtered. After drying, 56 g of melamine
crystals are obtained, which corresponds to a yield of
- 87.7%. 2.5 grams, or 3.9%, of melamine still remain in
the filtrate and wash water. The total yield, therefore,
comes to 91.4%. 3.9% of diamide can furthermore still be
detected in the filtrate.
, . .
Example 3
A solution of 63 g of solid cyanamide in 40 g of
sulfolan is added drop by drop over a period of 12 minutes
to a mixture of 100 g of sulfolan and 4 g of potassium
hydroxide, which is heated at 180C. After a reaction
time of 30 minutes at about 180C, the mixture is cooled.
The melamine that has crystallized is removed by filtra-
tion, stirred up in water, and suc-tion filtered. After
-drying, 50 g of melamine is obtained, corresponding to a
- yield of 79.4%. 2.4 g, or 3.8%, of melamine still remains
dissolved in the filtrate and wash water. The total yield
- 25 thus amounts to 83.2% of melamine. 9.3% of unreacted di-
cyandiamide still remains in che filtrate.
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1055940
Example 4
A solution of 30 g of dicyandiamide and 30 g of solid
cyanamide in 120 g of dimethylsulfoxide is added over a
period of 11 minutes to a mixture, heated to 180C, of 4.0
g of potassium hydroxide and 4.0 g of dicyandiamide in 80 g
of dimethylsulfoxide. After an additional 5 minutes of
reaction time at 180C the mixture is cooled. The pre-
cipitated melamine is removed by filtration, stirred up in
water, and again filtered. The first yield amounts to 53.8
g of melamine or 84.1%. As a second yield, an additional
5.7 g of 8.9% of melamine was found in the filtrate and wash
water, so that the total yield amounted to 93.0%. An ad-
ditional 1.43 g of 2.24% of unreacted dicyandiamide was
detected.
Example 5
.
113 g of dimethylsulfone is melted and heated to 100C.
63 g of dicyandiamide and 5.6 g of powdered potassium
hydroxide are added to the melt. The exothermic reaction
raises the temperature of the mixture quickly to 210C.
After cooling to 60C, the reaction mass is stirred up in
water, suction filtered, and freed of dimethylsulfone by
washing with water. After drying, 44 g of melamine is ob-
tained, corresponding to 70% of the theoretically possible
amount. An additional 8.31 g of 13% of melamine is still
-13-
1055~0
present in the filtrate, so that the total yield amounts to
83%. Dicyandiamide is no longer detectable in the filtrate.
Example 6
84 g of a 50~ aqueous cyanamide solu~ion is added drop
by drop to a mixture, heated at 180C, of 140 g of dimethyl-
sulfoxide, 2.0 g of potassium hydroxide and 1 g of solid
cyanamide at such a rate that the reaction te~perature of
10 180C is maintained. During the 25 minutes of drop by drop
addition, water and a small amount of dimethyl sulfoxide
distilled out. The mixture was allowed to after-react for
10 minutes at 180C, and then cooled. After dilution with a
little water, the melamine crystals are filtered out, washed
and dried. 36.4 g of melamine is obtained corresponding to
a yield of 84.6%. 3.82 g or 8.8% of melamine is still
contained in the filtrate, so that the total yield amounts
to 93.4%. In the filtrate an amount of 0.77 g or 1O8% of
dicyandiamide could still be found.
Example 7
105 g of an 80% aqueous cyanamide solution is added drop by
drop to a mixture, heated at 180C, of 280 g of dimethyl-
sulfoxide, 3 g of potassium hydroxide and 1 g of solidcyanamide, at such a rate that the reaction temperature of
180C is maintained. During the drop by drop addition time
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1055940
of approximately 30 minutes, the water distilled out along
with some dimethylsulfoxide. After-reaction at 180C is
allowed for 10 minutes and the mixture is cooled. After
it has been cooled to 60C, it is diluted with water and
further cooled to 20C. After filtration and drying, 78.1
g of melamine is obtained, which corresponds to a 92% yield.
In the filtrate there are still 3.15 grams of melamine or
3.7%, so that the total yield amounts to 95.7%. Further-
more, 0.8 g of dicyandiamide, or 0.95%, is still dissolved
in the filtrate.
Example 8
A solution of 63 g of solid cyanamide in 40 g of di-
methylsulfoxide is added drop by drop to a mixture, heated
at 180C, of 100 g of dimethylsulfoxide and 5 g of calcium
hydroxi~e, over a period of 12 minutes. After a post-reac-
tion period of 10 minutes at about 180C, the mixture is
cooled. The precipitated melamine is removed by filtration,
stirred up in water, and again filtered. After drying, 24.2
g or 38.4% of melamine is obtained. In the filtrate are
still 6.64 grams or 10.5% of melamine. The total yield is
thus 48.9%. In the filtrate there is still 43.6% (27.5 g)
of dicyandiamide.
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1055940
Example 9
105 g of an 80% aqueous cyanamide solution is added
drop by drop to a mixture, heated at 180PC, of 280 g of
dimethylsulfoxide, 4 g of sodium hydroxide and 1 g or solid
cyanamide at such a rate as to maintain the reaction tem-
perature of 180PC. During the 30 minutes of drop by drop
addition, the water distills out of the cyanamide solution
together with a small amount of dimethyl sulfoxide. After
cooling to 60C, the solution is diluted with water and
cooled down to 20C. After filtration and drying, 73.8 g
of melamine lS obtained. Another 8 g of melamine is still
dissolved in the filtrate. The total yield of melamine thus
amounts to 93.2%. 0.5 g of dicyandiamide is still contained
in the filtrate.
Example 10
A solution of 83 g of solid cyanamide in 57 g of dimeth-
ylsulfoxide is added drop by drop to a mixture, heated at160C, of 130 g of dimethylsulfoxide, 5.2 g of potassium
hydroxide and 1 g of cyanamide, over a period of 45 min-
utes. After another 15 minutes of reaction time at 160C,
the mixture is cooled. The precipitated melamine is fil-
tered out, stirred up in water, and again filtered. Afterdrying, 59 g of melamine is obtained, corresponding to 70.2%.
Four grams of melamine, or 4.8%, are still dissolved in the
filtrate and wash water. The total yield accordingly
-16-
~, . .. . . ... _ .. , . _ . .
10559~0
amounts to 75~.
Example 11
43 g of diamide is added over a period of 40 minutes to
a mixture of 187 g of dimethylsulfoxide, 10.6 g of potassium
hydroxide and 1 g of dicyandiamide. After another 5 minutes
of reaction time at 135C, the mixture is cooled. The pre-
cipitated melamine is suction filtered, s-tirred up in water,
and again filtered. After drying 48.3 g of melamine is
obtained, corresponding to 57.5%. In the filtrate and wash
water is another 6.45 g or 7.7% of melamine in solution. The
total yield is thus 65.2%.
Example 12
A solution consisting of 3.5 g of potassium hydroxide,
1 g of crystalline cyanamide and 300 g of dimethylsulfoxide
is maintained at ebullition at about 150C by the appiica-
tion of a slight vacuum. 84 g of cyanamide in the form ofits 80% aqueous solution is added to this mixture such that
-the reaction temperature of 150C is maintained and the
water is immediately distilled out, along with a small
amount of dimethylsulfoxide. After the addition of the
cyanamide solution is completed, the reaction mixture is
maintained for another 60 minutes at 150C, then cooled
to 60C, diluted with 200 ml of cold water, and centri-
-17-
_
1055940
fuged at 20C. 79.7 g of very pure melamine is obtained.
Another 3.7 g of melamine is still in the filtrate, so that
the total yield is thus 98.2~; furthermore, the filtrate
still contains 0.3 g of dicyandiamide in solution.
Example 13
In the following series experiments the reaction was
performed with aqueous 80% cyanamide solution, dimethyl-
sulfoxide as solvent, and potassium hydroxide as catalyst.The reaction temperature was 180C. In the first experiment
the cyanamide solution was poured into the mixture of po-
tassium hydroxide and dimethylsulfoxide, heated at 180C.
The amounts and the conditions of the reaction are stated in
the following table. In the following reactions, the
filtrate from the preceding experiment was reused. After
adding solvent to replace losses (dimethylsulfoxide is
recovered virtually without loss after distillation), the
same amount of cyanamide was put in as in the first reac-
tion, and the loss of potash lye was replaced. After eachexperiment the precipitated melamine was removed by cen-
trifugation and the filtrate was reused. This primarily
recovered melamine was suspended in water, filtered and
dried. It is designated as "Melamine I". The melamine
contained in the filtrates is designated "Melamine II".
-18-
~ _ _ .. .
105S940
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--19--
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