Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
1058859
R.F. Sumption-C.H. Wallace 1-5
Back~round of the Invention
As is the case for most meats, pork grading also involves the principle
of identification of economically important differences in quality and quantity.
In general, the standards provide two levels of quality: one for carcasses
5 wlth acceptable lean quality and the other for carcasses with unacceptable
lean quallty. The quality of the lean can be evaluated by observing the cut
surface of a ma~or muscle, and when such a surface is available it can be used
as the basis for the quallty evaluation. The quality-indicating characteristics
lnclude such features as marbling, firmness and color. The degree of
~ r
10 external fatness, as such, is not considered in evaluating lean quality.
In evaluating quallty on a lean cut surface, some standards describe the
characteristics of the loin-eye muscle at the 10th rib. However, when this
.
surface ls not available, other exposed major muscle surfaces, such as the
ends of the loin, are used. Such evaluations are based on the normal
15 development of the quality-indicatlng characteristlcs in relation to their
development ln the loin-eye muscle at the 10th rib.
When a ma~or muscle cut surface is not available, the quality of the lean
,.~, ,,
ls evaluated indirectly, based on quality-indicating characteristics that are
i~ .
evident ln carcasses. These lnclude flrmness of the fat and lean, amount of
20 feathering between the ribs, and color of the lean.
Carcasses which have unacceptable lean quality or bellies too thin to be
suitable for bacon production are normally graded U.S. Utility. Soft and
oily carcasses are also normally graded U.S. Utility regardless of their
development of other quality-indicating characteristlcs.
Carcasses with acceptable lean quality and acceptable belly thickness
--2--
1058859
R.F. Sumption-C.H. Wallace 1-5
aregradedU.S. No. 1, U.S. No. 2, U.S. No. 3, orU.S. No. 4. These
grades are based almost entirely on the expected carcass ylelds of the four
lean cuts, l.e. ham, loln, picnlc shoulder, and Boston butt. The expected
ylelds of the four lean cuts for each of these four grades have been tabulated
5 as follows:
Expected Ylelds of the
Four Lean Cuts Based on
Chllled Carcass Welght
Grade Yleld
j U.S. No. 1 53 percent and over
U.S. No. 2 50 to 52.9 percent
U.S. No. 3 47 to 49.9 percent
U.S. No. 4 Less than 47 percent
It can be expected that these yields will be approxlmately 1 percent lower
15 lf based on hot carcass weight.
These ylelds are based on the normal cuttlng and trimming methods used
.;: .
by the USDA ln developing the standards. In general, thls lnvolves closer
lmmlng of the fat than ls usual in commercial practice. l:)lfferent yields
., . ~
may result from other methods of cuttlng and trlmmlng. However, lf these
20 methods are applled unlformly, dlfferences in yields between the grades wlll
remain relatlvely comparable.
Carcasses dlffer ln thelr ylelds of the four lean cuts because of differences
ln their degrees of fatness and in their degrees of muscling - thlckness of
muscllng ln relation to skeletal slze. Slnce the average thickness of backfat
25 in relation to either carcass weight or length has been found to be a good
indlcator of the yield of the four lean cuts, these factors, together with a
; ~ muscllng evaluation, are used as the basis for the numbered grades .
- 3--
'~ :
:: .
1058859
R . F . Sumption- C . H . Wallace 1- 5
Referring now to Figure 1, there is shown where some of the standard
measurements for average backfat thlckness and carcass length are made.
The average backfat thickness can be made perpendicular to the outside
surface of the carcass opposite the flrst and last ribs and the last lumbar
5 vertebrae. Carcass length is generally measured from the anterior point of
the altch bone to the anterlor edge of the first rib next to the backbone. Hot
carcass weight is based on an entire carcass dressed packer-style -- spllt
lnto two sides down the back, ~owles attached, and head, ham faclngs and
leaf fat removed.
In some carcasses the actual average thickness of backfat ls not
representatlve of their degree of fatness. ~n such cases, the standards provlde
that an approprlate ad~ustment shall be made in the average thickness of
backfat. In determlnlng whether or not an ad~ustment ls necessary, particular
measurements are made ln the backfat thlckness at polnts other than those
lS used ln determlnlng the average and the amount of fat ln such areas as over
the outslde of the hams, directly anterlor to the hip bone, over the edge of
the loln, and at the juncture of the belly with the shoulder. For a carcass
havlng a fat distributlon lndlcatlve of a greater degree of overall fatness than
that assoclated with lts actual average thickness of backfat, the average
20 thickness of backfat is then ad~usted upward or downward as required and
lndlcated by the measurements.
Figure 2 lllustrates the general relationships between average thickness of
backht, carcass length or weight, and grade for carcasses with muscling
typical of thelr degrees of fatness. Within each grade, as carcass length or
25 weight increases, average backfat thickness also lncreases. The rate of
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~ .F. Sumption-C.H. Wallace 1-5
increase ls typically one-tenth of an inch in average backfat thickness for a
3-inch lncrease ln carcass length or about a 4S-pound increase in carcass
weight. For example, at a carcass length of 30 inches or a carcass weight
of 165 pounds, the thickness of backfat at the ~uncture of the No. 1 and No. 2
5 grades ls 1.4 inahes. At the luncture of the No. 2 and No. 3 grades it is
1.7 inches and lt ls 2.0 inches at the juncture of the No. 3 and No. 4 grades.
Also, as shown in Flgure 2, "thlck" is the normal degree of muscling speclfied
for carcasses at the luncture of the No. 1 and No. 2 grades; "moderately
thlck" muscling is specified for carcasses at the ~uncture of the No. 2 and
10 No. 3 grades; and "sllghtly thln" muscling is considered normal for carcasses
at the ~uncture of the No. 3 and No. 4 grades.
In vlew of the numerous measurements presently required and contemplated
ln the future to accurately determlne the proper classlflcatlon of carcasses, a
means and method for making accurate and repetitive measurements on a carcass
15 durlng processing ls required. Bearing In mind that if one desires to grade
,,
and measure each hog durlng processing on a given day in a packlng plant
whlch can normally handle 4000 to 5000 carcasses per day, numerous measure-
ments must be made and a means for accomplishing the measurements and
; recording the results ln rapid order to properly classify individual carcasses
2 0 and groups of carcasses .
Summarv of the Invention
Accordlngly, an improved means and method is provided for measuring
carcasses in a continuous manner.
Another oblect of the invention is to be able to rapidly measure and record
25 the results of the measurement in a continuous manner.
-5-
1058859
A particular object is to provide an improved means and method of
measuring hog carcasses which is useful in grading the carcasses.
According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided
apparatus for measuring carcasses comprising: a handheld measuring tool for
sequentially making length and circumference measurements on a carcass and
producing a signal representative of each measurement, said tool including
a tool body and guide nozzle mounted to said body; a transducer mounted in
said body, a spring biased extendable output cable operatively connected to
said transducer on one end and extending through said body passing through
said nozzle and having a portion extending to the exterior of said body, said
transducer producing a signal proportional to the extension of said cable;
end means on said exterior portion of said cable having a cross sectional
dimension that is larger than said cable; means positioned at the outer end
portion of said nozzle for engaging and positioning said end means when said
cable ls extended around a portion of said carcass for determining a circum-
ference measurement; terminal means coupled to said ool for receiving each
said signal and storing a value representing each measurement; and said tool
having switch control means for controlling sequentially the storage of each
said signal in said terminal means when each measurement has been made.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a
method of measuring a length and a circumference on a carcass using a single
handheld measuring tool for both measurements including an extendable cable
operatively connected to a transducer, said transducer including means for
converting the relative extension of said cable into an electric signal and
two switch means associated with said tool for interconnecting said trans-
ducer with terminal means including signal receiving and storage means,
comprising: (a) making a length measurement by the steps of holding said
tool in one hand; placing with the other hand the terminal end of said
extension cable of said tool on the aitch bone of the carcass; pulling with
. -6-
--~ 1058859
R.F. Sumption-C.H. Wallace 1-5
said one hand said tool toward the first rib to extend the cable correspond-
ing to the length to be measured; producing in the measuring tool an analog
signal representing the length measurement; continuously receiving in a remote
terminal coupled to said tool said analog signal and converting said signal
to a digital signal corresponding to the length measurement; activating by
said one hand one of said two switch means when the cable has been extended
to the amount corresponding to the length measurement; storing in response
to said switch activation the digital signal corresponding to the measured
length; and (b) making a circumference measurement by the steps of extending
the cable of said tool with the other hand about a portion of the carcass to
be measured and placing the end of the cable in a retaining means on said
; tool; activating by said one hand the other of said switch means when the end
of said cable is in contact with said retaining means; receiving in the
remote terminal the signal corresponding to the circumference measurements;
storing in response to said other switch activation, the signal corresponding
to the measured circumference.
According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a
handheld measuring tool for making length and circumference measurements
comprising: a tool body having a cavity therein; a guide nozzle mounted to
said body with a passage into said cavity; a hand grip mounted to said body for
holding said tool in one hand; a transducer mounted within said cavity and
having a spring biased extendable output cable operatively connected to said
transducer on one end, said cable extending from said transducer through said
passage in said nozzle and terminating in an end means having a cross sectional
dimension that is larger than said cable outside said nozzle, said transducer
producing a signal proportionate to the extension of said cable; means positioned
at the outer end portion of said nozzle including an engagement member positioned
and adapted for engaging the end means when said tool is making the circumference
measurement; and switch control means operatively interconnecting said transducer
~ -7-
`` 1()58859
R.F. Sumption-C.H. Wallace 1-5
and an output terminal means, the switch control means being positioned on said
tool for activation by said one hand when the cable has been extended the amount
corresponding to the length or circumference measurement whereby said output
terminal means sequentially stores signals corresponding to the length or
circumference measurement.
Brief Description of the Drawings
The invention in both its apparatus and method will best be understood
if reference is made to the following Figures in conjunction with the
Description
-7a-
`` 1058~59
R.F. Sumption~.H. Wallace 1-5
of the Preferred Embodiments, in which:
Flgure 1 illustrates a typical half carcass and indicates some standard
measurements and features according to the prior art;
Figure 2 is a chart illustrating according to the prior art the relationships
between thlckness of backfat, carcass length or weight and grade for
carcasses wlth muscling typlcal of their degree of fatness;
Flgure 3a is a block dlagram illustrating apparatus for measuring and
recordlng accordlng to the invention;
Flgure 3b is a partial schematic drawing lllustrating certain features and
portions of the inventlon useful in understanding the operation and method
of use of the apparatus descrlbed ln connectlon with Figures 4 and 5;
Flgure 4 ls a plan view of a measuring tool according to the invention
useful ln measurlng lengths and circumferences of carcasses; and
Flgure 5 ls a plan view of a measuring tool useful in measuring fat
thlckness ln a carcass.
Descrlptlon of the Preferred Embodiments
As indlcated in the Background of the Invention, a method and means are
requlred in order to properly classlfy each hog being processed by a packer,
slnce the economlc lmportance ln such classlfication is qulte substantial. In
;~ 20 evaluatlng and properly classlfylng the carcasses of Figure 1 so as to determine
the classlflcatlon accordlng to the accepted standards illustrated in Figure 2,
it ls lmportant that as a minimum the carcass length measurement be made
and the backfat thickness be measured in one or two places. Should other
evaluation procedures be used, circumferential measurements about the ham
portion, for example, may also be made utilizing the teachings of the disclosure.
--8--
i~
1058859
R.F. Sumption-C.H. Wallace 1-5
In normal processlng in a packer plant the carcasses, including whole
carcasses and/or carcass halves, are moved on a conveyor arrangement by the
hind legs in a continuous manner and at an approximate rate of about 400 to
500 an hour. Therefore, in order to make a measurement on each carcass or
even every other carcass, it is necessary to have a means for rapidly making
the measurements of length, circumference, and backfat thlckness and recording
these measurements in an accurate and substantially automatic manner.
Referring now to Figure 3a, the arrangement and method for accomplishing
the measurlng and recording is shown in block form. The measuring tools 31
and 32 are coupled by leads to a data terminal generally indicated by dashed
llnes 33. The data terminal 33 includes at least a power supply 34, digital
volt meters 35, 36, respectlvely coupled to storage buffers 37, 37', 38, 38'
and to an interface lnput-output devlce 39. The input-output devlce 39 can
then be coupled by 39a to a central data store or other central computer
processlng apparatus. The central apparatus may store all the data and/or
further process the data according to the method of organizing the data for
gradlng of the carcasses. Although the leads are shown as single lines, it
should be understood that they represent multiple leads and are shown as
single leads only for purposes of the drawing representation.
Leads 31a from measuring tool 31 are coupled to control buffers 37, 37'
and the output from the buffers is coupled by leads 37a, 37a' to the input of
devlce 39. Measuring tool 31 is also coupled by leads 31b to the input of
digital volt meter 35, and the output of digital volt meter 35 is coupled by
leads 35a to other inputs of buffers 37, 37'.
In a similar manner, measurlng tool 32 ls coupled by leads 32a to digital
_g_
1058859
R.F. Sumption-C.H. Wallace 1-5
volt meter 36 and the output of digital volt meter 36 is coupled by leads 36a
to other inputs of buffer stores 38, 38'. The output of the buffers 38, 38' is
coupled by leads 38a, 38a' to device 39. The output leads 32b of measuring
tool 32 are coupled to control the buffer stores 38, 38'. The power supply
34 is coupled by leads 34a and 34b to the measuring tools, digital volt
meters, and buffers to supply the necessary voltage requirements of the terminal33.
Referring now to Figure 3b, a schematic drawing useful in understandlng
the method and apparatus of the invention is provlded, wherein the principal
features of a measuring tool are included within the dashed llnes indicated
at 131. The digital volt meter 135 is coupled to buffer store 137 which may be
ln the form of a sample and hold circuit by lead 135a and lts output coupled
by leads 137a to the input-output device 139. This circuit conflguration will
enable an analog signal on lead 131b of the measuring tool 131 to be coupled
to dlgital volt meter 135 which converts the analog input voltage to a digital
voltage in the form of a binary coded decimal output 135a which is continuously
coupled to buffer 137 which stores the signal for subsequent delivery by device
139 to the central processing arrangement.
The measuring tool 131 lncludes wlthin its conflguration a transducer
element comprlsing a spring biased potentiometer, symbolically represented
within dashed lines 131c, a trimmer potentiometer 131d, a push or pull
element 131e, and a switching or indlcating means 131f and a lead 131a
coupled to another input of buffer 137.
According to the practice of the invention, the trimpot 131d is coupled at
one terminal to a source of potential~V and its tapping point terminal to one
--10--
1058859
R.F. Sumption-C.H. Wallace 1-5
end of a variable potentiometer of transducer element 131c. The other end
of the variable potentiometer may be grounded. The tapping point of the
potentiometer is spring biased to a normal set position. Attached to the
tapping point is a push or pull element which is manually extendable or
5 retractable to change the analog voltage appearing on lead 131b. This voltage
ls continuously coupled to the digltal volt meter which converts the analog
slgnal to a dlgltal BCD signal which is continually fed to the buffer store.
The buffer store continuously samples the output 135a which changes continu-
ously as the element 131e is moved from the normal biased position set in
10 the transducer. The sampled signal is then held in the buffer by activating
switch or lndlcator means 131f which may be a microswitch having one terminal
at ground or other potentlal placed on the inhibit or store input of buffer 137.
The measuring tool 131 has established by vlrtue of the voltage reference
+V an analog signal value representing a predetermined measurement and by
15 extending or retracting the element 131c, the analog voltage level is altered.
- This provides an analog signal representative of a measured length which may
be related to the length or circumference of a carcass or to the fat thickness
measured. At the moment the measurement is made, switch 131f is activated
on the tool and the digital representation of the analog signal in a coded form
20 is stored. Subsequently, the stored read-out by the ln-out device is coupled
into a central store or processing arrangement to be utilized in grading. It
should also be evident that each tool may include more than one microswitch
and as shown in Figure 3a, would cause a second measurement to be stored.
For example, the first digital volt meter 35 output would be stored in the No.
25 1 buffer store by activating a first æwitch, and activating the second microswitch
--11--
1058859
R.F. Sumption-C.H. Wallace 1-5
would cause the storagein the No. 2 buffer store. In a similar manner, the
measuring tool 32 by activating flrst and second mlcroswitches would cause
the storage of the output of digital volt meter 36 to be sequentlally made in
buffer No. 3 and buffer No. 4.
In the manner in which Figure 3a is arranged, it is contemplated that the
carcasses travellng on a conveyor wlll pass Position I and measurlng tool 31
will be utlllzed as described in connection with Figures 3a and 3b, and to be
subsequently described in connection with Figure 4. The carcasses then con-
tlnue to posltion lI to measuring tool 32 wherein the desired fatback or
insertion measurements are made utilizing this tool and as more specifically
descrlbed in connection with Figure 5.
This invention lncorporates apparatus and methods of measuring using
handheld devices which are connected by leads to a termlnal device which may
or may not be remotely located from the hand measuring tools. The instan-
taneous measurements made by the tools comprlse analog signals which are
correlated to the measurements made on the carcasses and they are converted
in the terminal device to coded digital signals representing the measurement
and the digltal signals are stored when indicated by an activating switch on
the handheld measuring tool. These stored signals are then transferred to a
larger central processing or storage arrangement for utilization in classifying
and gradlng the carcasses. The method includes producing ln a first measuring
tool an analog signal representing a length or circumference measurement,
contlnuously recelvlng and converting the analog signal to a digltal signal
corresponding to the length or circumferential measurement, indicating when the
measurement is completed, and storlng the digital signal corresponding to the
--12--
lOS8859
R.F. Sumptlon-C.H. Wallace 1-5
measured length ln response to the indication produced. The method further
includes the steps of inserting a second measuring tool into the fat of the
carcasses to produce an analog signal representatlve of the fat thickness,
continuously receivlng and convertlng thls analog slgnal into a dlgital slgnal
S corresponding to the measured fat thickness, indicating on the second tool
when the fat thickness has been measured and storing ln response to the
indicatlon the dlgltal signal corresponding to the measured thickness. The
measurements are then utilized to grade the carcasses.
Referrlng now to Flgure 4, there ls shown a handheld measuring tool ln
10 a plan vlew whlch ls used for provldlng the length and any circumference
measurements on the carcasses. The tool has a general pistol shape comprising
a maln body portlon 40 having a cavlty 41, a cover 42 attached by means 43 to
enclose the contents contained wlthln the cavlty 41 of the body. A handle
grlp 44 has mounted thereon and positloned for actlvatlon swltch or slgnalllng
elements 44a and 44b`wlth thelr leads 44c and 44d belng coupled through the
body and out a terminal connector 45 to the data terminal 33. Fixedly mounted
within the cavlty 41 of the body 42 is the transducer element 46 with an
ad~ustment means 46a. Also mounted within the cavity ls a trimmer potentio-
meter 47 with adlustment means 47a mounted by bracket means 47b withln the
20 cavity. The transducer output extension 46b is coupled to an extension means
in cable 48 by coupling means 48a. The cable extenslon 48 which extends
through a nozzle 49 is mounted by means 49a to the body 40 of the tool.
Nozzle 49 includes an end portlon 49b and a retaining means 49c. The cable
extension 48 includes two spacer terminal means 48b and 48c. The coupling
25 means 48a' is shown in an extended positlon in dashed lines and the extenslon
--13--
:1058859
R.F. Sumption-C.H. Wallace 1-5
of cable spacer terminal 48c' is shown in dashed lines. Nozzle portlon 49d
provides a guide means for the coupling and cable during extension and
retraction. Means 48b indicates the return limit on the set normal position
of the cable 48 which is the normal set position of the transducer element
46. Transducer 46 has its output leads coupled to the connector 45 in a known
manner. The transducer 46 may be of the type identified as Displaceable
Transducer-Model 4046 and marketed by R. I. Controls, Minneapolis,
Mlnnesota. This element provides the analog signal as indicated in Flgure
3b, numbered as 131 c .
Use of the measuring tool for llnear measurement ls as follows. The tool
ls held in one hand by handle 44 with the thumb of the hand positioned to
activate the microswitches 44a, b. The terminal means 48c ls placed on the
altch bone of the carcasses and the tool is pulled downward to the first rib
which extends the cable 48 until the front-most nozzle portion 49b touches
the first rlb portion to make the cable extend the carcass length as indicated
in Figure 1. At this point, the thumb presses one of the switches 44a, b to
indicate to the terminal means 33 that the measurement has been made and the
signal representlng this length measurement should be stored.
In order to make a circumference measurement about a portion of the body
of the carcasses, the $pacer element 48c is pulled out and about the
circumference of the body and placed within the retaining means 49c and the
switch activated to make the circumference measurement. Since as lndlcated
in Flgure 2 the carcass length normally ranges within ten inches, it has been
found that an eigkt inch displaceable potentiometer ls satlsfactory with a
twenty-seven inch cable extension from 48b to 48c.
-14-
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R.F. Sumption-C.H. Wallace 1-5
The trim potentiometer 47 is utilized to finely adjust the analog control
signal to account for variations in the setting and elements comprising the
apparatus so that an accurate analog voltage to linear measurement correlation
can be made. The handheld measuring tool may also include a hanging ring
40a fixedly attached to the body 40 of the tool. The tool may be hung retained
in a predetermined position with sufficient slack for reasonable movement by
the operator.
Referring now to Figure 5, a handheld tool is illustrated for measuring the
backfat thickness by insertion of the tool point into surface 1, Figure 1, up
to the skin surface 2 without penetration of the skin. This tool also has a
general pistol shape comprising a body 50 with a cavity 51 and cover 52
enclosing the contents mounted wlthin the cavity by means 53. A hand grip 54
has switch or signalling elements 54a, 54b with their connecting leads 54c, d
mounted thereon. The leads are coupled to connector 55 through the body 50
of the tool. Fixedly mounted within the cavity 51 is a transducer 56 with
ad~ustment 56a, a trimmer potentiometer 57 with ad~ustment 57a mounted by
bracket 57b. Slide means 58 is connected to the extendable and retractable
transducer cable 56b. Mounted within the cavity is a spring means 60 which
may be a negator-type spring which is coupled by coupling means 59 to the
slide means 58. Fixedly mounted to the body 50 is a fat penetration knife 60,
fixed by means 61. The knife point is sufflciently sharp to pierce the fat at
surface 1, Figure 1, but not pierce the skin through surface 2. The slidable
element 58 slides within bearing means 50a and has a hand-ad~ustable portion
58a which is movable from the position shown to the dotted position indlcated
by 58a'. In a simllar manner, the coupling means 59 is movable and causes the
--15--
1058859
R . F . Sumptio~ C . H . Wallace 1-5
retraction of the cable element 56b to the position shown in dashed lines and
is lndicated by 59'. This tool may also be hung by means 50b mounted to the
body 50 so that the tool may be retained in a position two and according to the
arrangement of Figure 3a.
This type of measuring tool for measuring backfat thickness is utilized
as follows. The tool Is gripped by the handle 54 in one hand and the slide
means 58a is grlpped with the other hand and slid from the shown position
to the position 58a' shown in dashed lines. The point of knife 60 of the tool
Is then lnserted lnto the carcass backfat but does not puncture the skin of
the carcasses. When the skln stops the penetratlon, slide element 58a is
released, and the sprlng 60 returns the sllde element 58a to an intermediate
posltlon between solld and dashed lines, so that the surface 58b' rests against
the fat surface. Thls dlsplacement represents a dlfference between the knlfe
polnt and the thlckness of the fat. At this tlme, the switch or signalling
lS element 54a, b is actlvated by the thumb holding the tool by the handle.
, A second measurement may be made at another polnt in the fat thickness, so
i~
'~ that the two measurements may be averaged by repeating the process of
retracting the slide member, inserting the knife, releasing the slide, and
pressing the other switch element to indicate that the measurement is complete
and the signal representing the measurement is to be stored. The transducer
element 56, in view of the smaller range of variation of backfat thickness as
illustrated in Figure 2, need not be as large, although the same type may be
used having approximately a three and one-half inch cable to accomplish the
measurement utilizing the principles of the invention.
In the foregoing description, we have described apparatus and methods
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1058859
R.F. Sumption-C.H. Wallace 1-5
of continually measuring and recording these measurements to serve as a
particular basis for grading individual or groups of hog carcasses or carcass
halves. In addition, we have disclosed handheld meacuring tools to
automatically and continuously provide length, circumference, and thickness
5 measurements on animal carcasses in general so that the measurements may
be recorded, and then fed to a central device for utilization. Those skilled
in the art will no doubt realize the potential application in other than animal
carcass measurements.
While we have described above the principles of our invention in
10 connection with specific methodsand apparatus, it is to be clearly understood
that this description is made only by way of example and not as a limitatlon
to the scope of our invention as set forth in the ob~ects thereof and ln the
accompanying clalms.
MJL:rb
Maroh I, l974
:
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