Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
~;-
~ 5
The present invention relates to strong, absor-
bent, abrasion-resistan-t, bonded nonwoven ~abrics and ~ 1
to methods of making the same. More particularly, the ~ .
present inven-tion is concerned with strong, absorbent,
abrasion-resi.stant, bonded nonwoven fabrics suitable
for cleaning and wiping purposes and to methods o~ -
bonding the same whereby the strength, absorbency, and
abrasion-resistant properties are improved over those ~ .
o~ prior ar-t bonded nonwoven ~abrics. Even more par- ~-
10 ticularly, the present invention is concerned with -;
improved~ strong, absorbent, and abrasion-resistant ~ :~
wiping materials for absorbing and holding oleaginous
substances such as greases, oils and ~ats, and to novel
methods of making the same. ~. .
GENERAL BACKGROUND ~:
Bonded nonwoven fabrics have been used hitherto
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CHIC 521 -~
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in many use~, such as, ~or example, wiping and cleaning -
cloths, and have been ~ound to be genarally satL6~ac- -
tory and commerc1ally acceptable ln industry. However, :
.~, . .
: in general, there i~ always a deslre to improve the ;'~
propertles and characteristics o~ such bonded nonwoven :
, .. .. . .
~abr~c~ and, in this particular application, there has
. always been a desire to improve the strength, absor-
~, . .
bency, and ~brasion-resistant properties thereo~ wlthout
108s 0~ other desirable properties. ;~
Such desires are all the more needed and noted
in bonded nonwo~en ~abrics which contain relatively
-
short fibers such a~ wood pulp, cotton linters, and
i, .
the like, the uqe of which læ usually detrimental to
. strength and abra3lon-resistance due to low surface tie~
; 15 down of the short flber~, their tendency to slough o~
upon rubbing, and their general :Lack o~ strength due to
their short length.
ST~TEMENT OF TH:E INVENTION
.. ,-:,
. , ~ ;
It has been discovered that such desires may be `~
realized by providing a ~trong, absorbent, abrasion- : ;
20. resistant, bonded nonwoven ~abric coqnprising a ~lbrous
., . . ~ .
layer of: (l) from 0% by weight to about 75% by weight ~,
o~ textile length staple ~i~ers; and (2) ~rom 100% by
weight to about 25% by wei~ht of short fibers having a
length les~ than the textile length ~t~ple fibers, the
25 fibrous layer being bonded by: (l) primary~ intermit- ~
tently-spaced print pattern binder sites extending ~ .
. ~ r '
'
~L~58~8~
substantially from one surface of thc fibrous layer to the other
surface of the fibrou3 layer and, (2) secondary inkermittently-
spaced print pattern binder sites positioned predominantly on
the surface of the fibrous layer and located thereon between
the intermittently-spaced binder sites of the primary print
pattern binder~ .
According to a broad aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a strong, absorbent, abrasion-resistant, bonded
non-woven fabric which comprises a fibrous layer containing : :~
staple length textile fibers and short fibers having less than
textile staple length wherein the staple length fibers comprise ` ~ :
up to 75% by weight of the fiber weight of the fibrous layer .
and the balance of the ~fiber weight in the layer is provided by ~;
the less:.than textile staple length fibers. The fibrous layer .
is bonded by (1) primary, intermittently-spaced, print pattern
binder sites extending substantial.ly from one surface of the
fibrous layer to the other surface of the fibrous layer, the
primary bindersites being spaced apart a distance less than the
average length of staple length textile fibers but greater than
the average length of short textile fibers, and (2) secondary,
intermittently-spaced print pattern binder sites positioned . :
predominantly on the surface of the fibrous layer and located
- ~ .
-' between the intermittently-spaced binder sites of primary print
: pattern binder.
According to a further broad aspect of the present
invention, there is provided a method of making a strong,
absorbent, abrasion-resistant, bonded nonwoven fabric. ~ne
:
: method comprises forming a fibrous layer from staple length ``
. textile fibers and short fibers having less than textile staple
length to provide a fibrous layer wherein the staple length
fibers comprise up to 75% by weight of the fiber weight of the
~, ~.
1~589Z~S
~ibrous layer and the balance of fiber weight in the layer is
provided by the less than textile staple length fibers, The ..
fibrous layer is bonded with (1) primary, intermittently-spaced,
print pattern binder sites extending substantially from one
surface of the fibrous layer to the other surface of the fibrous
layer, the primary binder sites being spaced apart a distance
less than the average length of staple length textile fibers
but greater than the average length of short textile fibers,
and (2~ secondary, intermittently~spaced, print pattern binder
sites positioned predominantly on the surface o:E the fibrous
layer and located between the intermittently-spaced binder sites
of the primary print pattern binder. ~ :~
In the following specification and accompanying ~ ~:
drawings, there are described and illustrated preferred embodi- .
ments of the invention but it is to be understood that the
inventive concept is not to be considered limited to the
` preferred embodiments disclosed, except as determined by the .
scope of the appended claimsO
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
~ 20 Referring to the drawings,
' FIG. 1 is a simplified, diagrammatic, schematic flow
chart illustrating one method embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a simplified, diagrammatic, schematic flow
chart illustrating another method embodiment of the present
: invention, and
FIG. 3 is anidealized, fragmentary cross-section of a
- bonded nonwoven fabric as made by either of the methods illus-
trated in Figures 1 and 2, with the cross-section being taken
along the long or machine direction of the bonded nonwoven
fabric.
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With reference to Figure 1, there is shown fiber-
handling appara-tus 10 for forming a fibrous web of over-
lapping, intersec-ting fibers The par-ticular type of
such apparatus does not specifically relate to the essence
of the present invention and may comprise carding machines,
air-laying or wet-laying equipment such as garnetts,
double lickerins, rando-feeders and rando-webbers, paper
making machines, etc
THE FIBERS USED
The fibers used may comprise from 0% by weight
to about 75% by weight of tex-tile length staple fibers
having an average length of at least about one-half
inch up to about one and one-half inches or even longer,
say, up to three inches, as desired, Such fibers include
natural fibers, notably cotton, and synthetic or man-
. .~ , .
made fibers such as rayon, polyamide nylon 6 and 66,polyes-ter, polyolefinic, polyacrylic, modacrylic~
- cellulosic derivatives, polyvinyl alcohol, and like fibers.
.,~ ,, ,~
~he synthetic or man-made fibers have a denier of from
about 1 to about 5, although higher deniers up -to 10
or 15 are of use in special circumstances.
Short fibers such as wood pulp, cotton linters,
., .
and the like, or synthetic or man-made fibers in short
lengths less than about one half inch, or one quarter
.~ .
inch, may also be included in amounts of from about
25% by weight to 100% by weight. Such fibers have
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average lengths o~ le~s than about one~hal~ o~ an inch
and normally less than about one-quarter o~ an inch,
and may average as low as about one=sixty-Pourth o~ an:~
inch, or even less.
As used herein, the word "fiber" is used in its
normal tec~nical or dlctionary sense, such a~ i8 de~ined
in ASTM Designation D 123-72. A fiber is a generic te~m
~or the various types o~ matter (n~tural or man-made)
which form the basic elements of textile fabrics and ~5
other textile structures. More specifically, a fiber '~
is a unlt o~ matter characterized by h~ving a len~th ,.. :~
at least about 100 time~ its diameter or width, and quite
o~ten gre~ter than ab~ut 160 times its di~meter or width. ''
~ THE PRIM~RY BONDING ;~
', The fibrous web W, after being formed in the former ,~
` 15 10, is ~orwarded, i~ desired, to wetting-out or moisture-
~: .
control apparatus 12 to adjust the moisture content ''
thereof to a desired range. The fibrous web with the
molsture content controlled therein is then ~orwarded
to conventional nonwoven ~abric bonding apparatus 14 capable
of applying a primary, intermittently-~paced print pattern
binder B to the ~ibrous web W in the ~orm of discrete '
binder sites or areas 16 (see Figure 3). Examples of :
such primary,, intermittently-spaced print pattern binder '~
sites or are~s are cro~hatch patterns (U.S. Patent' . ''~
2,705,687), dot or annuli patterns (U.S. Patent 2,705,688), ~ '
dl=ond patterns (17igure 3, U.S. Patent 2,705,49~3), torpedo
' -6_
7.
CHIC 521
~S~39~35
patterns (UOS. Patent 3,009,823), etc. ~ ~ :
As noted in Fl~ure 3, the primary binder B is
so applied under controlled nip pressure and other print
roll conditions as well as from relatively deep engraved
recesses on the print roll whereby relatively larger
amounts of binder are picked up for application to the
fibrous web that it ideally penetrates directly and
completely through the ~ibrous web W ~rom one surface
to the other sur~ace and bQnds the longer textile length .:~
staple ~ibers together to provide coherency and strength ;~
to the finlshed nonwoven fabric without unde~irably
a~ecting the softness, hand or drape thereo~. The sur~ face coverage o~ such primary binders, as initially
applied3 is in the range of from about 5% to about 50~ : -
o~ the ~otal surface o~ the ~ibrous web with from about
10~ to about 35% being preferred. .
: . . : . .
THE BINDERS USED .
The binder resins used ~or the primary blnder
- .
and other binders to be disclosed hereinafter may be .
. selected from a relatively large group of resins, par~
. , . ~ ~ .
ticularly oY synthetic origin and are usually in the
~orm o~ aqueous dispersions, and m~y be polymers and
copolymers of polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl halides such .- ~
as plasticized and unplasticized polyvinyl chloride,~;
polyvinyl chloride and other plastisols, polyvinyl esters
such as plastlcized ~nd unplasticized polyvlnyl acetate,
polyacrylic resins such as polyethyl acrylate and poly- `:
butyl acrylate, polymethacrylic resins, polyole~inic.-~
-7
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CHIC 521
~OS8~8~5
resins~ such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and ethylene-
vinyl chlorideg polyamide re~ins, synthetlc rubber
re~ins such as styrene-butadiene, polyvinyl alcohol and
other aqueous solutions, etc. Of particular adv~n-
,r~ ~
tageous use are the migration control resin binders
having low migrati~n tendencies. Ex&mples o~ such
resins are noted in U,S~ P~tent 3,706,595.
The amount o~ primary binder add-on is in the
ran~e o~ from about 1 or 2% but normally about 6% by
weight to about 30% by weight ~nd preferably ~rom about
7% by weight to about 15% by weight on a dry weight
basis, based o~ the dry weight o~ the bonded nonwoven :~
~abric. .: .:
As noted in Figure 3, there are di~crete bonded
sites or areas 16, intermittently-spaced by areas 18
which are not contacted and bonded by the primary binder~
: .~
In these areas 18, there are relatively large numbers of
short fibers having a length less than the distance be~
tween adjacent bonded ~reas 16 which, i~ left unbonded .
:~ 20 and not tied down, tend to slough off and be lost
during use and particularly during rubbing or the appli~
cation Or abrasive forces. ;
THE SECONDARY BONDING
~,
The ~ibrous web with the primary bind~r thereon is
. forwarded to a conventional nonwoven fabric bonding appara~
tus 20 capable of applying a secondary intermittently-
, closely-spaced print pattern binder B' to the ~ibrou~ web. ~ :
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CHI~ 521
1~58~1~5
E:xamples of such secondary intermittently-closely- -~
spaced print pattern binder areas are diamond pat-
terns (Figure 3, U. S. Patent 2,705,49~) and diagonal
and wavy llne patte~ Figures 1-4, U.S. Patent
3,009,822). Fine or mlniature dot patterns as applied
by gravure shape cells are al o of u3e.
As noted in Figure 3, the secondary binder ~'
is so applied under controlled nip pressure and other -;
print roll conditions as well as ~rom shallow engra~ed
recesses on the print roll whereby relatively smaller ~;
amounts of binder are picked up for applic~t~on to the
fibrous web that it does not penetrate materially into
the fibrous web but basically lies primarily and pre-
dominantly on the surface thereof. In this way, it
ties down the surface fibers, and particularly the ;-
short fibers in the areas 18 which have not been con~
tacted by the primary binder.
Such tying-down of the surface fibers by the
secondary binder prevents sloughing of~ and loss of the - ;
surface fibe~s and increases the resistance to rubbing
and abrasion. Naturally, the secondary binder does ~`~
not add materially to the strength of the finished non- ~
woven fabric or detract materially from the softness, ~ -
hand or drape thereof. The total surface coverage of `~ -
; 25 such secondary binders as initially applied, is the
range of from about 40~ to about 90% of the total surface
of the fibrous web. The add-on of the secondary binder~
considering one side only, is in the very low range of `~
from about 0.2~ but normally about 2% to about 10~ by
_g~
,
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CHIC 521
l~5~S `
weight on a dry weight basis, as determined in the
~ini~hed dry nonwo~en ~abric. It i8 to be noted in
passing that the secondary binder is ~pplied not only
to the areas between the primary binder Bites~ but also
to the primary binder sites themselve~
The ~ibrous web wlth the primary binder and ~ ~
secondary binder on one side only may then be ~orwarded ~ -
to moisture control apparatus 22 such ~ ~heated oven
or heated drying cans and brought to a desired moisture ~-~
content, if desired or required.
The fibrous web is then guided around rotatable,
dlrectional guide rolls 24 and 26 and is passed through
conventional nonwoven fabric bonding apparatus 28 -` ;:--- . :
which is substantially identical to secondary nonwoven
~abric banding apparatus 20 except that a binder B'
i8 applied to the other side o~ the ~ibrous web. The
binder patterns, sur~ace coverage, dry add-on of binder, -
etc., are of the shape and ~orm and in the range des- ~-
cribed prevlously with respect to the econdary binder
B'.
The fibrous web is then pa~sed through conventional ;~
~:- - ,:
drying means 30 such as a heated oven or heated drying
,, cans at an el~vated temperature to dry the fibrous web ;
- and to dry and cure, i~ necessary, the applied binders. ;
; 25 The dried, bonded nonwoven ~abric i s then ~orwarded
, to rewind apparatus to be formed into a flnished roll 82.
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,~
A modl~ication o~ ~he inventive concept i8
illustrated in Figure 2, wherein reference characters
and legends o~ elements corresponding to elements o~
Figure 1 are given the ~&me reference number followed
by the letter "~". In Figure 2, there i~ ~hown ~1ber : .
:
handling apparatus lOa for forming a ~ibrous web Wa,
basically similar to that disclo3ed in Figure 1. --
The ~ibrous web Wa is then ~orwarded to wetting~
-- ,
out or moi~ture-control app~ratu~ 12a whereat the mois~
- 10 ture content is ad,~u~ted to a desired range. The wet
~ibrous web i8 then forwarded to cGnventional nonwov~n ;~
~abric bonding apparatu 14ag 20a~ c~pable o~ substan~
. tially simultane~u~ly applying~ a rela~ively deep .~ :
pr~mary intermittently-spaced print pattern binder to
.. ~
the ~ibrous web in the form o~ discrete binder sltes or i~: -
~: .
areas as well as (2) a relatively shallow secondary
intermittently-closely-spaced print pattern binder to the
areas located between the primary intermittently-spaced ~ ~
binder areas. These print pattern binders and binder ` ~;;; .
sites and area are as described previously with reference ' .~;
to Figure 1. ~: .
In Figure 2, the engraved prlnting roll which
.. ~
dips into the binder di~persion and picks up binder
and applieæ it to the bottom sur~ace o~ the fibrous web
. : . .,
possesses engravings thereon o~ a relatively deep n~ture .: :.
and of a relatively shallow nature ~uitable for recei-
ving larger and smaller amounts of blnder and ~or
` ',~
.. ~ '
$~
respectively applying deep penetrating primary binders
to the fibrous web as well as shallow, low-penetrating
binders to the fibrous web.
This single printing operation is to be compared
; to the two separate printing operations 14 and 20 of
~igure 1 and it is to be appreciated that the binder
applying apparatus 14a, 20a of Figure 2 substantially
simultaneously performs the two functions carried out
by the two individual binder applying devices 14 and 20 ;~
10 of Figure 1. -~
The fibrous web is then advanced over rotatable
: directional guide rolls 24a and 26a and is then passed
through conventional nonwoven fabric bonding apparatus ~-
28a which applies a secondary intermittently-closely-
spaced binder to the reverse side of the fibrous web.
The primary and the two secondary resin binders
; which are applied to the fibrous web are normally the
same, chemically. However, i-t is to be appreciated that
~ different resin binders may be used in special circum-
; 20 stances.
' Heating, drying and curing of the fibrous web
and binder thereon take place in conventional drying
means 30a and then the dried bonded nonwoven fabric is
forwarded to rewind apparatus and formed into a finished
; roll 32a
The invention will be further illustrated in `
greater detail by the following specific examples
- It should be understood, however, that although these
examples may describe in particular detail some of the `
30 more specific features of the invention, they are .
- 12 -
~5~5
given primarily for purposes o~ illus-tration and the
invention in its broader aspects is not to be construed
as limited -thereto.
EXAMPLE I
The apparatus illustrated in Figure 1 is used,
A random, air-laid, isotropic fibrous web is prepared
from 90% by weight of wood pulp fibers and 10% by
weight of polyester fibers, 12 denier, 12 inch staple
length, The fibrous web is passed through a fluid ;
fiber rearranging unit such as illustrated in Figure
7 of U.S. Patent 2,862,2~1. The fibrous web is treated
with water and is rearranged into fiber bundles and fabric
openings as described in that patent,
The wet fibrous web is -then passed through a ~ -
primary binder-applying unit, The binder is a 20% by
weight aqueous dispersion of a self-cross-linking
polyethyl acrylate, The primary intermittent print
pattern of binder (as applied) is a diamond pattern,
q~ 4 lines per inch, each line 0.024 inch wide,
The primary binder penetrates through the wet
~; fibrous web and ultimately provides coherency and
strength in the finished nonwoven fabric. Subsequent ;~
, study reveals that the primary binder extends sub-
., stantially completely through the fibrous web from one `
surface thereof to the other surface, The binder add-
on is 7,5% dry weight, based on the dry weight of the `
, finished bonded nonwoven fabric,
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The fibrous web is then passed throu~h a pair
of secondary binder-applying units which apply blnder
to both sides of the fibrous web in two separate steps.
The binder i a 20~ solids by welght aqueous dispersion ;~
of a sel~-cross-linking polyethyl acrylate. The se~
condary intermittent print pattern (as applled) is a
diagonal line pattern, 23 lines per lnch, each line
0.018 inch wide.
The secondary binder ties down the ~urface fibers
of the fibrous web and prevents sloughlng-o~f of fibers
upon rubbing or ~brasion. The binder add-on (e~ch side)
is 3.5~ dr~`weight based on the clry weight o~ the ~inished
bonded nonwoven fabric.
The fibrous web with the blnder thereon is then
pro essed, dried and cured and wound in a dried condi-
!, tion on a supply rollO It has a grain weight o~ 1415
grains/sq. yd. ~nd i5 commercialJ.y acceptable as a ;~
wiping cloth. ~`
EXAMPLE II
~; .
, . ,
m e procedures of Example I are followed sub~
stantially as set forth therein with the exception ;
~ that the primary print pattern is the "cross-hatch"
: intermittently-spaced print pattern such as illus-
: ~ :
trated in Figure 3 of U.S. Patent 2,705,687. ;~
The results are generally comparable to those
obtained in Example I. ~ -
.. , " - ` . ~ ~
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EXAMPLE III
The procedures of Example I are followed sub-
stantially as set for-th therein with -the exception that ~
the primary print pattern is the "cross-hatch" inter- -
mittently-spaced prin-t pattern such as illustrated in
; Figure 5 of U.S. Patent 2,705,687,
.. . .
. The results are generally comparable to those
obtained in Example I. :
EXAMPLE IV
The procedures of Example I are followed sub-
stantially as set forth therein with the exception tha-t the ~ ~
- primary print pattern is the annuli intermittently- ~ ;
spaced print pattern such as illustra-ted in Figure 1
^'l (code ll-C-l) of U.S. Patent 2,705,688, -~
, The results are generally comparable to those
obtained in Example I. ;
EXAMP~E V
` The procedures of Example I are followed sub-
' stantially as set forth therein with the exception that :~:
, 20 the primary print pattern is the "torpedo" intermit~
tently-spaced print pattern such as illustrated in Figure .~ -
6 of U.S. Patent, 3,009,823. ;
: The results are generally comparable to those
~ obtained in Example I.
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EXA~IPLE VI
- .
The procedures of Example I are ~ollo~red sub~
stantially as set forth therein with the exception that
the secondary intermittent prlnt pattern (as applied) -;
is a diagonal line pattern, 16 lines per inch, each
line 0.018 inch wide. ~
The results are generally comparable ~o the --
results noted in Example I. The resulting bonding
nonwoven fabric, however, is considered slightly softer
and has a better drape and hand. The abrasion resis~
tance, however, ls lowered slightly.
EXAMPLE VII `
The procedures o~ EXample I are ~ollowed sub~
stantially as set forth therein with the exception
that the secondary intermittent print pattern (as
applied) is a diagonal line pattern, 23 lines per
1~ inch, each line 0.018 inch wide. ;~
; The reeults are generally comparabLe to the
results noted in Example I. The resulting bonded non-
:. ~, .
woven fabric, however, is considered slightly less
, .
soft and has a slightly poorer drape and hand. The
abrasion resistance, however, is better.
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EXAMP-LE VIII
The procedures of Example I are followed sub~
stantially as se-t forth therein with -the exception that
-the fiber mix is changed to 25% by weigh-t of wood pulp
fibers and 75% by weight of rayon fibers, 1- denier, r :~
12 inch staple length,
The resul-ts are comparable to those obtained in ;
Example I,
EXAMP~E IX
~ ~ .
The procedures of Example I are followed sub-
stantially as set forth therein with the exception that
the fiber mix is changed to 7~% by weight of wood pulp
fibers and 25% by weight of rayon fibers, 1- denier,
12 inch staple length
The results are comparable to those obtained
in Example I, :
EXAMP~E X ~ ~
The procedures of Example I are followed sub- ~ .
stan-tially as set forth therein with the exception
that the fiber mix is changed to 85~o by weight of
wood pulp fibers and 15% by weight of rayon fibers, 1
denier5 12 inch staple length. ~:
The results are comparable to those obtained in
Example I,
.' ~ ` ~,
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;~
EXAMPLE XI
'~r .
The procedures of Example I are followed sub- `:
stantially as set forth therein with the exception that
the ~iber mix is changed to 85~ by weight o~ wood pulp
~ibers and 15~ by weight of polyamide nylon 6/6 ~ibers~ ~ .
11 denier~ 12- inch staple length.
The results are comparable to those obtained in ;
Example I.
EXAMPLE XII
_, :; : .
,'.
The apparatus illustrated in the modi~ication
of Figure 2 is used in this Example. The basic pro~
cedures of Example I are followed substantially as -
æet forth therein with the exception that the two
conventional binder applying devlces (14 and 20 ) are :~
:' ,:
replaced by a single double function dual print binder
applying device (14a and 20aj. As a result~ a primary
: 15 binder and a secondary binder are applied subst~ntially ..
simultaneou~ly from the one binder applying device.
The remaining portion o~ the method of this Example is :~
substantially as described in Example I.
The result~ are comparable to those obtained in :~
Ex~mple I and the resulting bonded nonwoven ~abric is
comparable to the bonded nonwoven ~abric obtained in
Example I. It is commercially acceptable as a wiping
: cloth. ~.
' ; .
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-18- ;
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^ CH~C 521
:1~589~35 ~ ~
ELA~PLE XIII
The procedures of Example I are followed sub-
stantially as set forth therein with the exception
that the secondary intermittent print pattern (as
applied) is a diagonal llne pattern 36 lines per inch, - ;
each line 0.018 inch wide.
The results are generally comparable to the
results noted in Example I. The re~ulting bonded ~-
nonwoven ~abric, however, is considered less soft and
has a poor~r drape and hand. The abrasion resistance,
however~ is improved.
EXAMPLE XIV -
~' .
The procedures of Example I are followed sub-
stantially as set forth thereln w~th the exception that
the resin binder used is a 55~ sol~ds aqueous latex
,
of a copolymer o~ ethylene and vinyl acetate.
The results are gener~lly c~mparable~to the
results noted in Example I. ~
.. .
; EXAMPLE XV ~ -
The procedures of Example I are followed sub-
stantially as set forth therein with the exception that ~
the resin binder is a 50~ solids aqueous latex of a ; -
terpolymer of butadiene (46%), styrene (51%j and a,b-
- unsaturated carb~xylic acid (2~). The results are
~,'! ;
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1al5~3~85
generally comparable to those obtained in Example I. : ::
Although ~everal speciPic examples of the inven-
tive concept have been described, the same should not be
construed as limited thereby nor to the specific fea~
tures mentioned therein but to include various other
: equivalent features as set forth in the claims appended . ~-
hereto. It i8 understood that any suikable changes,
modi~ications and variations may be made without de~
parting ~rom the ~pirit and scope of the invention. ~
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