Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
~.~6~ 5
This invention rolates to novel smoking compositions and to products
derived thererom.
According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a smoking
material which contains a comminuted expanded cereal grain in combination with
tobacco or a flavourant additive, said cereal grain being in a form resembling
cut cigarette filler tobacco or cut pipe tobacco.
According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a
cigarette whose filler contains a comminuted expanded cereal grain in combi~
nation with tobacco or a flavourant additive~ said cereal grain being in a
form resembling cut cigarette iller tobacco.
According to yet a further aspect o the invention there is provided
a process of preparing a cigarette which comprises wrapping with a cigarette
paper a filler material containing a comminuted expanded cereal grain in com-
bination with tobacco or a 1avourant additive, said cereal grain being in a
form resembling cut cigarette filler tobacco.
The present invention involves the discovery that cereal grains
which are in an expanded condition and of relatively low density are-eminently
suitable for use as smoking materials.
The cereal grains used according to this invention are the seeds of
various members o the grass family ~Gramin ~ which are cultivated for their
food value. Exemplary o the cereal grains are expanded or puffed rice
zeae), wheat ~Hordeae), barley ~~lordeae), rye (Hordeae), oats ~Aveneae),
millet ~Paniceae), milo CAndropogoneae) and corn ~Maydeae).
In one embodiment, the invention provides smokable compositions
comp~ising a ~ixture of tobacco and an expanded or puffed cereal grain. The
said expanded grains serve as tobacco extenders without significant efect on
the organoleptic properties of tobacco products in which they are present.
In a second embodiment of the invention, an expanded cereal grain is used
alone or with other non-tobacco materials to form smoking materials.
The rice which is utilized as a smoking material in accordance with
this invention ls rice ~Oryza sativa) which has been processed ~o expand its
.` volume and decrease its
,, . . , :
, . . .
6~:~95
density whereby it is in an expanded condition supportive of
combustion. Processing of the rice to ~xpand its volume
involves pufing so as to produce a puffed rice of relatively -
~
.~ , . ,
low density. In general, the bulk density of the puffed rice
employed herein is not greater than about 0.40 gram per cubic
; ~
; centimeter and preferably not greater than about 0.20 gram `~
per cubic centimeter. The expression "puffed rice" as used -
herein means rice kernels which have been expanded to such
extent that the bulk density is not greater than 0.40 gram
per cubic centimeter when determined on a 12-mesh sample. For
this determination of bulk density the rice is ground in a
suitable mill and sieved to recover the 12-mesh (U.S. Sieve
Series) portion thereof with a uniformly packed sample of
known volume then being weighed,
lS The wheat which ls utilized as a smoking material
in accordance with this invention is wheat which has been
:.
processed to expand its volume and decrease its density where-
by it is in an expanded condition supportive of combastion.;
~arious wheat species can be used including Triticum vulgare,
Triticum durum, Triticum compactum, Triticum pers cum and
Triticum spelta. Processing of the wheat to expand its volume `
involves puffing so as to produce a puffed wheat of relatively ~ ;~
low density. In general, the bulk denslty of the puffed wheat
employed herein is not greater than about 0.40 gram per cubic
, j . ~ . ~ .,
- 25centimeter and preferably not greater than about 0.20 gram -~
per cubic centimeter. The expression "puffed wheat" as used
:, ~
h~rein means wheat kernels which have been expanded to such
extent that the bulk density is not greater ~han 0.40 gram
per cubic centimeter when determined on a 12-mesh sample. For `~
this determination of bulk density the w~eat is ground in a
.
. :
,; , .
- 2 ~
~6~5
sultable mill and sieved to recover the 12-mesh (U.S. Sieve ;
Series) portion thereof with a uniformly packed sample of
known volume then being weighed.
~. .- . .
The millet which is utilized as a smoklng material
in accordance with this invention is millet which has been `
processed to expand its volume and decrease its density where-
by it is in an expanded condition supportive of combustion.
Various millet species can be used including Proso or broom
; corn millet (Panicum miliaceum), Foxtail millet (Setaria
. .
italica), Japanese millet (Echinochloa ~rumentacea, Echinoch~Ioa
.. .. ~:
crus~alli), Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), Ditch millet
(Paspalum scrobiculatum), Pearl millet (Pennisetum ame~icanum),
Cattail millet (Pennisetum glaucum), African millet (Holcus
. :
sor~hum) and Browntop millet (Panicum ramosum~. Proce9sing
of the millet to expand its volume involves puffing so as to
; produce a puffed millet of relatively low density. In general,
i~ the bulk density of the puffed millet employed~herein is not~
greater than about 0.40 gram per cubic centimeter and preferably~
- : .
not greater than about 0.20 gram per cubic centimeter. The
axpression "puffed millet" as used herein means millet kernels
which have been expanded to such extent that the bulk density
i8 not greater than 0.40 gram per cubic centimeter when deter-
mined on a 12-mesh sample. For this determination of bulk
density the millet is ground in a suitable mill and sieved to
recover the 12-mesh (U.S. Sieve Series3 portion thereof with
a uniformly packed sample of known volume then being weighed.
~ The miIo which is utilized as a smoking material
i in accordance with this invention is milo (Sorghum vulgare~ ~ ;
which has been processed to expand its volume and decrease
its density whereby it is in an expanded conditian suppor~ive
;
: :
.. . . .
- : ..
~ 6~195
of combustion. Processing of the milo to expand its volume
involves puffing so as to produce a puffed mllo o~ relati~ely
low density. In general, the bulk density of the puffed milo
employed herein is not greater than about 0.40 gram per cubic
S centimeter and preferably not greater than about 0.20 gram
per cubic centimeter. The expression "puffed milo" as used
herein means milo kernels which have been expanded to such
extent that the bulk density is not greater than 0.40 gram
per cubic centimeter when determined on a 12-mesh sample. For
this determination of bulk density the milo is ground in a ~; ;
suitable mill and sieved to recover the 12-mesh (U S. Sieve
Series) portion thereof with a uniformly packed sample of
known volume then being weighed.
The corn (maize) which is utilized as a smoking
material in accordance with this invention is corn ~ mays)
which has been processed to expand its volume and decrease its ~
,~ .~ , .
density whereby it is in an expanded condition supportive of ~ ~ ;
combustion. The ability to pop (volume expansion) varies among
types of corn with popcorn (Zea mays everta (Sturt.)) being -.
the type exhibiting the greatest ability to pop. For example, ~ -
the popping ability of flint corns is generally less than ;
popcorn and still less for dent corns. Even among ~he popcorns
. :
there is a wide variation in the degree and completeness of
popping which some believe to be dependent upon the proportion
o~ hard starch present. Because of its popping ability, the
~ , , .
preferred type of corn to employ in accordance with this inven- -
tion is popcorn (Zea mays everta (Sturt.)); however, any type
o corn which can be expanded so as to produce a material
ha~ing a relatively low density can be used. Thu5, in its
broad aspects, the presen~ inven~ion involves the use of any
:' :
".,
_ 4 _ ~
, .
~IL06~195 ~ ::
species or botanical variety of corn, including hybrids, pro-
vided that the popped corn exhibits the desired low density.
In general, the bulk density of the popped corn employed herein
is not greater than about 0.40 gram per cubic centimeter and ;~
preferably not greater than about 0.20 gram per cubic centimeter.
The expression "popped corn" as used herein means the kernels .: .
of any type of Zea mays which have been expanded to such extent
that the bulk density is not greater than 0.40 gram per cubic
.: .centimeter when determined on a 12-mesh sample. For this
determination of bulk density the corn is ground in a suitable i. .~ ~
., - . ~ ,.
; . mill and sieved to recover the 12-mesh (U.S. Sieve Series)
portion thereof with a uniformly packed sample of known volume ~ :
then being weighed.
: The volume expansion of rice, wheat, millet, milo,
barley, rye and oats can be accomplished by puffing procedures
well known to the art. As is known, puffing of these materials
. is accomplished by gun puffing which is the release of cereal
from a pressurized chamber or oven puffing where the cereal ~;
. dough pieces are exposed suddenly to high temperatures. The
oven method ma~ involve exposure to radiant hea~ on a belt,
tumbling in a heated rotating cylinder, exposure to heated
.; .
rolls, or extrusion at high pressure and elevated temperature.
Puffing of rice, wheat, millet or milo and other sim~lar
materials is a well developed art and there exist a number of
patents relating~to puffing processes and apparatus. Puffing
of rice, wheat, millet or milo for use in accordance with this
: invention can be.accomplished using known procedures and . :
~; apparatus such as described in U.S. patents Nos. 3,~56,575,
.2,701,200, 2,231,387, 3,656,~65, 3,703,379, 3,556,~02,
.3,392,660, 3,201,032, 3,660,110 and 3,682,651. Ater puffing,
. ' ' . ;
:i~ ' :
i ~
.,. !.~.~. . ., '
:.,,,." ' ' :
, .:-.,.~ . . . , ': . '. ,. :
j ; ~ . ., , '~ , . . :
1~6~)195
the puffed materlals are separated from non-puffed kernels by
conventional procedures such as screening, air classificaion ``
and the like.
The volume expansion of corn can be accomplished
by conventional procedures, such as by rapidLy heatlng corn
kernels to cause them to pop. It is believed that the mois-
ture content of corn determines the popping ability of corn.
Heating popcorn having a moisture content of abou~ 11 to 15% -
by weight to temperatures on the order of about 350 to 550~F~
generally results in good volume expansion (reduction in
density) with the popped material being combustible. It is,
of course, desirable from an economy standpoint to use popping
techniques which provide the maximum amount of expansion.
A~ter popping, the popped corn is separated from u~popped
kernels by conventlonal procedures such as screening, air
classification and the like. The size and shape o~ the popped ~i
corn which is used to form smoking materials is primarily
dependent upon its intended use. It is generally preferred
~,r~-~ o~ o~e~/~e ~o~mf~f~e
to grind, or more preferably shred1, the popped corn to a size
and shape approximating that of the tobacco with which it is i ~
employed Removal of the hull from the popped corn to the ; ~`
extent possible is also desirable. Thus, when employed with -
tobacco to form cigarettes, the popped corn is cut, sliced
or shredded to a size and shape similar to the filler tobacco
employed therewith. It is preferred to do likewise when the
popped corn is used with tobacco to form cigars or pipe smoking
compositions.
The size and shape of the expanded cereal grains
used to form smoking materials is primarily dependent upon its
! 30 intended use. It is generally preferred to grind, or more
'i `' '' ' : "~ ~
:
i - 6 -
. . : ~ .
.:. . .... . . . . -
~ ~ 6~ ~ 9 5
preferabLy shred, the expanded matPrials to a size and shape
approximating that of the tobacco with which they are employed.
Thus, when employed with tobacco to form clgarettes, the ex- ;
panded materials are cut, sliced or shredded to a size and `~
shape similar to the filler tobacco employed therewith. It
is preferred to do likewise when the expanded materials are -
used with tobacco to form cigars or pipe smoking compositions.
When used with tobacco, the expanded cereal grains
are blended with tobacco and the blend is then processed in
conventional manner to form tobacco products. For example,
puffed rice is shredded to a size approximating that of cut
filler tobacco with which it is blended in desired proportion.
The blend is then processed in conventional cigarette making
machines to form cigarettes which can be either of the filter
or non-filter type. Additive materials such as flavorants,
humectants, ash improvers, combustion modifiers, fillers and
the like can be inco~porated with the tobacco/puffed material
blends. Pipe or smoking tobacco products can be readily
produced by simply blending the puffed materials with tobacco
and flavorants, if any.
It will be appreciated that the use of an expanded
cereal grain with tobacco serves to extend the tobacco or
reduce the amount of tobacco employed in a product with a
concommitant decrease in the amount of nicotine therein. This
is achieved without adverse effect on the ~aste or aroma o~
the final product. The amount of the expanded material which
; is blended with tobacco can vary widely up to about 50% or
; more by volume of the tobacco. ~;~
According to a second embodiment of the invention,
the expanded cereal grains are employed as tobacco substitutes
:`' , , ~;~,
.
!;~; , .
~ - 7 - ~
.
, . ~ . , .
,.,`,: , , ~: ' .~ '
s
by themselves or with other non-tobacco mater~als to form
smoking products such as clgarettes, cigars a~d pipe smoking
products. When so used, it is prese~tly preferred that the ;~
expanded materials simulate tobacco and accordingly appropriate
procedures can be employed to provide the expanded materials
in desired size and shape. The burning rate, flavor and other
properties of non-tobacco smoking products can be altered by
incorporating with the expanded materials suitable addItives
-such as flavorants, tobacco extracts, nicotine, humectants,
ash improving additives, etc. The burning rate of the expanded
materials may be somewhat faster than most natural tobaccos and
accordingly, to decrease the burning rate of non-tobacco smoking
products, suitable filler materials or combustion modifiers
such as magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, potassium
carbonate, sodium carbonate, magnesium nitrate, calcium nitrate
and the like can be incorporated with the expanded materials.
The materials which are used with the expanded cereal grains
to form smoking products are employed in amounts depending upon
the efects deslred.
When used with or without tobacco to form smoking
,
materials, the expanded grain materials are preferably condi- ~ ;
tioned to a moisture content of say from 6 to 15% at which
moisture content the materials are well adapted for processing
to form smoking products.
, 25 The following examples illustrate the advantages
of the present invention. In the examples the bulk density
:. . -
i of the tobacco extenders of this invention was determined by
; weighing a known volume o the expanded materials as indicated.
However, in alI cases the bulk density of the materials is `
less than 0.40 gram per cubic centimeter when determined on
- 8 -
. .
.. . .: . .
. .. . ... . : . .
~o~ s
a 12-mesh sample thereof. ~ ~
''' :
EXAMPLE 1
Qnto l9 grams o shredded puf~Eed rice was sprayed
5 milliliters (20 percent by weight) of an aqueous calcium
nitrate solution and 2.5 milliliters (20 percent by weight) of
an aqueous potassium carbonate solution. The treated material ~ ~
was allowed to air-dry and was then made into 70-millimeter ~ ~-
cigarettes using a small Hauni cigarette making machine and
Ecusta 853 paper. The average weight of the cigarette was
0.34 gram and the average pressure drop across the 70-millimeter
.
rod was 1.79 inches of water. The average number o~ puffs ~ `
~ obtained from each cigarette when machine smoked under standard
;, FTC conditions was 3.5.
;,
EXAMPLE 2
Bulk density measurements were made on whole puffed
rice which had been previously stored at 50 to 60% relative
humidity until an equilibrium moisture content of 8 to 10~/o
was reached. The puffed rice was then ground in a Waring `
; blender and sieved. Various particle sizes were collected
and the bulk densities thereof were determined by weighing
a 50 cubic centimeter volume of uniformly packed material.
The packing was accomplished by rapping the bottom of the
container frequently during the packing operation so that the ~;
.;
'' particles se~tled evenly. No exte~nal pressure was applied
to the mass of particles in making this measurement. The
densities of the materials retained on various mesh screens
are shown in Table I. For comparison purposes, the densities -~
of selected tobacco materials are shown in Table II.
~ , ,
' _ g~
~, . ~ .: , . . . .
~L36~)~L95 ~ ~
TABLE I
Materlal Retained on U.S.
Standard Sieve Series Bulk Density
No. 8 0.0593 g/cc -
No. 12 0.0554 g/cc
No. 14 0.0534 g/cc
No. 16 Q.0536 g/cc
No. 20 0.0558 g/cc ~ ~;
No. 30 0.0615 g/cc
TABLE II
.i .
Sample ulk Density
,: ~
Puffed Elue-Cured Tobacco~ 0.07 g/cc
Reconstituted Tobacco 0.19 g/cc
Commercial cigarette blend without
l 15 casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc
i' *Pufed in accordance with U.S.
patent No. 3 524,451
These tests demonstrate that the puffed rice smoking
.~ .
material is highly expanded and low in bulk density when com- -
pared to ~obacco commonly used for filling cigarettes.
.,~; -
: ~
: ,,
~ EXAMPLE 3
'I , ..................................................... .
The filling capacity of puf~ed rice was determined.
The shredded puffed rice was cut in 32 shreds per inch and was
very much like tobacco shreds.
.: i .
In order to measure the filling capacity of a
cigare~te filler material, a measuring device is used which
~i8 esse~tially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated c~l~nder ~ `
h,aving an internal diameter o~ about 25 millimeters and a
piston ha~ing a diameter of about 24 millimeters and weighing
' ,
:
..... . . ., . , - -
, , .; . ~ .. , : . ~ ,
~ ` ~0601g5 ~ ` ~
about 802.5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder. A 3- ;
gram sample of the materia~ is placed in the cylinder and the
piston positioned on it. The gravitationai force exerted by
; the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2,3 pounds per ; ~'
square inch~ The filling value of the sarnple is the volume
to which the 3-gram sample of the materia:L in the cylinder i9
compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for ;
a period of 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds closely to
the pressure normally applied by the wrapping paper to the ~`~
tobacco in cigarettes. By this procedure the filling capacity
of the puffed rice was found to be 40.3 milliliters per 3-gram
sample at a moisture content of 9.22%,
EXAMPLE 4
Cigarettes were prepared from shredded puffed rice
by blending either 20% or 50% by volume of the shredded rice
with 80% or 50% by volume of a commercial cigarette tobacco.
The tobacco-puffed rice blend was then manufactured into
cigarettes using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting 65-
millimeter tobacco rods were combined with 20 millimeters of
a 3.3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and the inished filter
cigarettes were smoked under standard FTC conditions to gi~e
the following results:
Rod Weight TPM* Nico~ine FTC** Tar
Rod Composition (~.) (mg.) _ (m~.) (mg-~
All Tobacco 0.86 22.8 1.23 I7.3
, ~
20% (vol.~ Extender~ 0 78 20 4 1 03 15.8 `~
80% ~vol.) Tobacco ]
50% (vol ) Tobacco ] 0.58 17.5 0.66~ 13.1
*Total Particula~e Matter
**As determined by standard procedure~ of Federal Trade
Commission.
:~ , ,
,,, :
.j , . .
, ~ .,, : . . . . . .
.
1C~6~1~S
In addition to machine smoking under standard FTC conditions,'
cigarettes containing 20% by volume of the shredded puffed rice
were also smoked by expert panelists in comparison with an all
tobacco control cigarette, The ma~ority of the pcmelists
detected no difference in harshness~ oftaste or sldestream '~
aroma. ~'
`'` '.
EXAMPLE 5 '
Onto 19 grams of shredded puffed wheat was sprayed
' 3 milliliters (20 percent by weight) of an aqueous calcium
'~ 10 nitrate solution and 2.5 milliliters (20 percent by weight) of
an aqueous potassium carbonate solution. The treated material `
was allowed to air-dry and was then made into 70-millimeter
cigarettes using a small Hauni cigarette making machine and ~,
Ecusta 853 paper. The average weight o~ the cigarettes was' 0.36 ,''~
gram and the average pressure drop across ~he 70-milliliter ''~
rod was 2.52 inches of water. The average number o pufs~
obtained from each cigarette when machine smoked under standard
~i -
'~ FTC conditions was 4Ø
;;',', ~: ;.~ ~
;i ~ EXAMPLE 6 ,~
, 20 Bulk density measurements were made on whole,puffed -', ;,
wheat which had been previously stored at 50 to 60% relative ,'~
, ' humidity until an equilibrium moisture content of 8 to 10%
was reached. The puffed wheat was then ground in a Waring ~ '
blender and sieved. Various particle sizes were collected '',~
~, : ..:
,~ 25 ~nd the bulk densities thereof ~ere determined by weighinga 50 cubic centimeter volume of uniformly packed material. ''
", The packing was accomplished by rapping the bot~om of the '~
!
container frequently during the packing operation so that the ,~
"`, , ' "'~. ,~, '` ',
; ~
, , ~ , '
, , , _, .. .. , , . .. . . ... . _.. .. .. .
106~95
particles settled evenly. No external pressure was applied~
~ to the mas~ of particles in making this measurement. The
- densities of the materials retained on various mesh screens
are shown in Table III. For comparison purposes, the densities
of selected tobacco materials are shown in Table IV.
TABLE III
Material Retained on U.S.
Standard Sieve Series Bulk D~nsity
No. 8 0.0487 g/cc
No. 12 0.0491 g/cc
No. 14 0,0557 g/cc `~
No. 16 0.0603 g/cc
No. 20 0.0826 g/cc
No. 30 0,0737 g/cc
TABLE IV
~, ~
Sample Bulk Density
Puffed Flue-Cured Tobacco* 0.07 glcc `
Reconstituted Tobacco O.l9~g/cc :
Commercial cigarette blend without
casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc
*Puffed in accordance with U.S.
Patent No. 3,524,451
.. :~ :.,: :
.. 1 .. ,
These tests demonstrate that the pufed wheat smoking
material is highly expanded and low in ~ulk density when com-
, - :
pared to tobacco commonly used for filling cigarettes. ,
EXAMPLE 7
The filling capacity of puffed wheat was determined. ~`
The shredded puffed wheàt was cut in 32 shreds per inch and
, ' - ' ;:,
_ ~3 _ ~ ~
:;; ~ : , :.: .
A~. j ! ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' : , ,
'' ~"' ' ' `~ ' . ' ' ,' ' " , , ., , ' , ' , ' '
~L~6~195
was very much like tobacco shreds.
In order to measure the ~llling capacity of a
cigarette filler material, a measuring device is used which
is essentially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated cylinder
having an internal diameter of about 25 m:illimeters and a
piston having a diameter of about 24 millimeters and weighing
sbout 802.5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder. A 3-
gram sample of the material is pIaced in the cylinder and the `~
; piston positioned on it. The gravitationsl force--exerted by
the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2.3 pounds per . .
square inch. The filling value of the sample is the volume
to which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is
compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for ;
; a period of 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds closely to
the pressure normalLy applied by the wrapping paper to the
tobacco in cigarettes. By this procedure the filling capacity
of the puffed wheat was found to be 48.3 milliliters per 3- ;
gram sample at a moisture content of 9.13%. ~ ;
:.
,
EXAMPLE 8
Cigarettes were preparea from shredded puffed wheat
by blending either 20% or 50% by volume of ~he shredded wheat
with 80~/o or 50% by volume of a commercial cigarette tobacco,
The tobacco-puffed wheat blend was then manufactured into '
cigarettes using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting 65-
~, 25 m~llimeter tobacco rods were combined with 20 millîmeters of
I a 3.3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and the fin;shed filter ~ ;
¦ cigarettes were smoked under standard FTC conditions to give
~he following results:
' .
',~ ' :.
'
- 14 -
, . . ~ -
;~ . .: - . .
106V~95
Rod Weight TPM* Nico~ine FTC** Tar
Rod Composition(g.) _ ~m~.) (mg.) (mg,)
All Tobacco0.86 22.8 1.23 17.3
80/o (vol ) Tobacco ~ 19.8 0.97 15,2
50%% (Vl ) EXbender3 0.56 18.() 0.64 13.2
*Total Particulate Matter
**As determined by standard procedures of Federal Trade
Commission.
~n addition to machine smoking under standard FTC conditions,
cigarettes containing 20% by volume of the shredded puffed
wheat were also smoked by expert panelists in comparison with
; an all tobacco control cigarette, The majority of the panelists
detected no difference in harshness, offtaste or sidestream
aroma. `
,:
EXAMPLE 9
Bulk density measurements were made on whole puffed
millet which had been previously stored at 50 to 60% relative
humidity until an equilibrium moisture content of 8 to 10%
was reached. The puffed millet was then ground in a Waring
blender and sieved. Various particle sizes were collected
and the bulk densities thereof were determined by weighing ;~
a 50 cubic centimeter volume of uniformly packed material.
The packing was accomplished by rapping the bottom of the
container frequently during the packing operation so that the ~ `
particles settled evenly. No external pressure was applied
to the mass of particles in making this measurement. The
densities of the materials retained on various mesh screens
; 30 are shown in Table V. For comparison purposes, the densities
of selected tobacco materials are shown in Table VI.
.
:'' .
. , ,
- 15 -
.. . . . .: . .. , .. .. ., . .... ., . .. :
1~6~9S ` ~
TABLE V
Material Retained on U.S.
Standard Sieve Series Bulk Density ;;~
No. 8 0.049 g/cc
No. 12 0.050 g/cc
No. 14 0.052 g/cc
. , .. ,, " :- .
No. 16 0.049 g/cc `
No. 20 0.051 g/cc
No. 30 0.055 g/cc
.,~
. TABLE VI .
Sample Bulk Density :
. ~
Puffed Flue-Cured Tobacco* 0.07 g/cc : ~:
Reconstituted Tobacco 0.19 g/cc .:
Commercial cigarette bLend without : '
casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc
.
:. *Puffed in accordance with U.S.
patent No. 3,524,451
`~These tests demonstrate that the puffed millet
smoking material is highly expanded and low in bulk density ;~
when compared to tobacco commonly used for filling cigarettes. ; :~;
' ' ,',, ': ' .
, ,
~EXAMPLE 10 ~.
:'` The illing capacity of puffed millet was determined. ,:
.l I The shredded puffed mlllet was cut in 32 shreds per inch and
was very much like tobacco shreds.
2~ In order to measure the filling capacity of a
c~garette filler material, a measuring device is used which
~s essentially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated cylinder
hav~ng an internal diameter of about 25 millime~ers and a
., l
. , :
~6 ~ ~ :
.
; . . . . ..
106~)195 ~ ::
piston havlng a diameter of about 24 millimeters and weighing
about 802.5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder. A 3~
gram sample of the material is placed in the cylinder and the ~-
piston positioned on it. The gravitational force exerted by
the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2.3 pounds per
square inch. The filling value of ~he sample is the volume
to which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is
compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for ;
a period of 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds closely to
the pressure normally applied by the wrapping paper to the
- tobacco in cigarettes. By this procedure the filling capacity
of the puffed millet was found to be 39.4 milliliters per 3-
gram sample at a moisture content of 9.41%. ;~
'.:
, EXAMPLE 11
Cigarettes were prepared from shredded puffed millet
by blending either 20% or 50% by volume of the shredded millet
with 80% or 50% by volume of a commercial cigarette tobacco.
The tobacco-puffed millet blend was then manufactured into
cigarettes using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting 65-
millimeter tobacco rods were combined with 20 millimeters of
a 3.3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and the finished filter
cigarettes were smoked under standard FTC conditions to give
the following results:
' : ' ;~ ,'~
,
.. . .
.:
. . ~ .
- 17 -
. .. . ~ , ~
; ~:
Rod Weight TPM* Nicotine FTC** Tar
Rod_Composition ~g.) (m~,) (mg,) ~ L~
All Tobacco 0.86 22.S 1.23 17.3
80% Tobacco ~ 0 75 21.2 1.02 16.0
50% Extender~ 0 58 19 7 70 14 5
50% Tobacco ~
*Total Particulate Matter
**As determined by standard procedures of Federal Trade -
Commission
In addition to machine smoking under standard FTC conditions, ,
cigarettes containing 20% by volume of the shredded puffed `
millet were also smoked by expert panelists in comparison with `~
,; ;
an all tobacco control cigarette. The panelists found no ~ ~
difference in harshness but at least half of the panelists ~;
., j, i
did detect some difference in taste of the mainstream smoke ~ ~
and in the sidestream aroma. `~ ;
., `,
EXAMPLE 12
, Bulk density measurements were made on whole puffed
.; ~ . , .
,20 milo which had been previously stored at 50 to 60% relative ;~
:, .
humidity until an equilibrium moisture content of 8 to 10% ;~ ~ .
was reached. The puffed milo was then ground in a Waring
blender and sie~ed. Various particle sizes were collected ~ ~ ;
; and the bulk densities thereof were determined by weighing `~l 25 a 50 cubic centime~er volume of uniformly packed material.
'l The packing was accomplished by rapping the bottom of the ~ ;
container frequently during the packing operation so ~hat the
;~l particles settled evenly. No external pressure was applied
to the mass of particles in making this measurement. The
30 densities of the materials retained on various mesh screens
- are show~t in Table VII. For comparison purposes 9 the densities
-, ~
,~ ,
';".
:.~ . . - -. . :
. ......... .. - . . .
.. , ~ . .
, ~ :. . - . . . . .
. . .
. . . . . - .
.. . . . . .
~ 60il95
! ~
of selected tobacco materials are shown in Table VIII.
:
~ :
TABLE VII 1~ ~
.~
Material Retained on U.S. : ~
. _ Standard Sieve Series Bulk Density ~ ;
; 5 No. 8 0.0417 g/cc
.-~ No. 12 0.0399 g/cc ..
No. 14 0.. 0408 g/cc
. No. 16 0.0418 g/cc
~ ~ .
No. 20 0.0448 g/cc .
. 10 No. 30 0.05L9 g/cc
,.;
.
TABLE VIII :
~E~ Bulk Densi~y
Pu~fed Flue-Cured Tobacco* 0.07 g/cc
, ~ .
~ Reconstituted Tobacco 0~19 g/cc : ;
. ~ ,
Commercial cigarette blend without ;:: :
casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc
:1 , ::
' *Puffed in accordance with U.S. ~ ~-
:~l patent No. 3,524,451 ~
: ,;: .~ ,
These tests demonstrate that the puffed milo smoking
.. ;':~ ;
material is highly expanded and low in bulk density when com~
`~ pared to tobacco commonly used for fllling cigarettes.
. EXAMPLE 13
.. The filling capacity of puffed milo was determined.
.: .
~ Puffed milo was~cut in 32 shreds per inch and was very much
... ~ . . .
i 25 like tobacco shreds with fines being first removed ~hrough the
.1 - , .. .
.i use of a No. 14 U.S. Standard Sieve.
, ~ .
l In order to measure the filling capacity o a
- 'i' ' .
,.~, .. .
.. , ~
. . ..
1~60~95 : ~
cigarette filler material, a measuring device is used which
i5 essentially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated cylinder ~;
having an internal diameter of about 25 millimeters and a ;
piston having a diameter of about 24 milLimeters and weighing
about 802.5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder. A 3-
gram sample of the material is placed in the cylinder and the
piston positioned on it. The gravitational force exerted by ~`
the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2.3 pounds per
square inch, The filling value of the sample is the volume ;
~o which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is
compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for
a period of 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds closely to
the pressure normally applied by the wrapping paper to the
tobacco in cigarettes. By this procedure the filling capacity
of the puffed milo was found to be 59 milliliters per 3-gram
sample at a moisture content of 8.64%.
EXAMPLE 14 `~
Cigarettes were prepared from shredded puffed milo
by blending either 20% or 50% by volume of the shredded milo
with 80% or 50% by volume of a commercial cigarette tobacco.
j..
The tobacco-puffed milo blend was then manufactured into
cigarettes using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting 65-
millimeter tobacco rods were combined with 20 millimeters of
, a 3.3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and the fînished filter
- 25 cîgarettes were smoked under standard FTC condîtions to give
the following results:
.... . .
- 20 -
, : , -,. : : :; , :
, ~6~1gS
Rod Weight TPM* Nlcotine FTC** Tar
Rod Composition , (g~) (mg.~ (m~.~_ (m~
All Tobacco 0.83 23.1 1.32 17.8
20% (vol.) Extender}
80% (vol.) Tobacco ~ 0.71 21.0 1.05 15.8
50% (vol.) Extender~
50% (vol,) Tobacco ] 0.52 19.6 0.76 14.1 ;~ ;~
.-:; ... .
*Total Particulate Matter -~
**As determined by standard procedures of Federal Trade
Commission. -~
In addition to machine smoking under standard FTC canditions,
cigarettes containing 20% by volume of the shredded puffed milo -
were also smoked by expert panelists in comparison with an all ;~
tobacco control cigarette. The majority of the panelists
detected no difference in harshness, offtaste or sidestream
aroma.
,. . .
EXAMP~E 15 ;
A solution of 1.73 grams of magnesium nitrate hexa~
hydrate in 5 milliliters of water was sprayed onto 19 grams of
i
shredded puffed milo. The puffed milo was then treated in a `
similar manner with a solution of 0.5 gram potassium carbonate
in 4 milliliters of water. The treated puffed milo was allowed
to air-dry and was then made into 70-millimeter cigarettes
using a small Hauni cigarette making machine and Ecusta 853
paper. The average weight of the cigarettes was 0.28 gram and
~1 the average pressure drop across the 70-millimeter rod was
0.94 inch of water, The average number of puffs obtained
1 from each cigarettP when machine smoked under standard FTC~
``~ conditions (~.e., one 35-milliliter puff of 2-second duration
~1 30 every 60 seconds until a butt length of 23 millimeters is
.~ :
; ~ . .,
. .
:
. . - ~ .. . ,
~ 6~95
reached) was 2.5.
EXAMPLE 16
Popped corn was ground on a Wiley mill with a 20
mesh screen in place. The ground popped corn which passed
through the 20-mesh screen was collected and found to have
a bulk density of 0.12 gram per cubic centimeter. It was
observed that when unground or ground popped corn was ignited . ;~
. ~ . . . .
with a match, the resulting combustion was with flame and
. .
no visible smoke. The ground, popped corn was mixed with a
commercial cigarette tobacco blend in a 50-50 by volume pro-
portion. This mixture was hand rolled into cigarettes These
cigarettes were smoked and evaluated as del~vering Less smoke ~ `
and sting than similar all tobacco cigare~tes.
EXAMPLE 17
A hexane-extract of flue oured tobacco was obtained.
Following concentration of the extract by removal of the hexane,
the extract was dissolved in ethanol and was applied to shredded ~
popcorn having a bulk density of 0.05 gram per cubic centimeter ``
The ethanol was then allowed to evaporate from the treated 20 popcorn The amount of extract obtained from 1 gram of tobacco
was sprayed on 1 gram of shredded popcorn. The treated popcorn
was blended with reconstituted tobacco made from tobacco fines.
The blend composition was 75% shredded popcorn and 25%, by
volume, tobacco. Using this blend, cigarettes were made on a
Haunibaby cigarette machine using Ecusta Ref 856 rod~paper.
Upon evaluation, smokers commented that the test cigarettes
burned satisfactorily and were definitely smokable with a
lower level of irritation ~han cigarettes composed entirely
' .
~ ~ 22 -
.1 ~
1~6~)19S
of the reconstituted tobacco.
'. ~
EXAMPLE 18
Shredded popcorn having a bulk density of 0,05
gram per cubic centimeter was blended with a commercial pipe
tobacco, One blend contained 12.5% shredded popcorn by volume
and the other blend contained 25% (by volume~ shredded popcorn,
Expert pipe smokers evaluated the blends with the ollowLng i`~
; comments~
No difference between the commercial pipe
tobacco and the blend containing 12.5%
popcorn.
The blend with 25% popcorn seemed slightly
milder but had no off-taste.
Both blends had less bite than the commercial ~`
pipe tobacco.
,
EXAMPLE 19
.
Commercial cigarettes were cut open and ~he tobacco ;
was removed, A quantity of this tobacco, 171.4 grams, was ``-;~
extracted with ethyl alcohol with the alcohol being subsequently
removed to yield 46.8 grams of extract. This extract was then
,~ put into solution with 500 milliliters of ethyl alcohol. Ap-
proximately 55 milliliters of this extract in alcohol solution
was mixed with 265 milliliters of ground popped corn. The
5i2e 0~ the gr~und popped corn was that which passed through
a 10-mesh screen but was retained on a 20-mesh screen and its
~¦ measured bulk density was 0.065 gram per cubic centimeter.
, ., : : '~ `
I ~he alcohol was allowed to evaporate from the mixture over a
~, period o~ several days. This left a brown coating of tobacco
~' extract` on the ground popped corn.
~ 30 The coated popped corn was then mixed in a 50-50 by
,
; ' ' '
_ 23 -
... .
'`: `t '
106~195 : :~ ~
';; . ~ :
volume proportion with the same commercial cigarette tobacco ~`
from which the extract was obtained. This mixture was rolled
. . ; ~ .
into cigarettes on a Top hand-op~rated device, using Top ~ ~
;.~.
cigarette paper These cigarette rods were placed on cellulose
acetate fiber filters. The completed cigarettes were panel
tested and were found to be very smooth, non-irrita~ing, free
from nasal sting and very flavorful.
'' ' ' ": ~;
"
EXAMPLE 20 `
Bulk density measurements were made on whole popped
` 10 corn which had been previously stored at 50 to 60% relative
-~ humidity until an equilibrium moisture content of 8 to 10% `;~
' was reached. The popped corn was then ground in a Waring
blender and sieved. Various particle sizes were collected
and the bulk densities thereof were determined by weighing
a 50 cubic centimeter volume of uniformly packed material.
The; packing was accomplished by rapping the bottom of the
. ~,.
container frequently during the packing operation so that~the
particles settled evenly. No external pressure was applied
to the mass of particles in making this measurement. The -
densities of the materials retained on various mesh screens ^
; ~ ., .
are shown in Table IX. For comparison purposes~ the densities
.. , ~, .
of whole popped corn and selected tobacco materials are shown .
, in Table X.
. i ,. -:
,,
.-.~, . ~
.'~ , '
. j
.
.. ; ~ ,
~ . . . .
,
6~1g5
T~BLE IX
Material Retained on U.S.
Standard Sieve Series Bulk Density ~ -
,.
No. 8 0.0506 g/cc
No. 12 0.0552 g/cc
; No. 14 0.0638 g/cc
No. 16 0.0707 g/cc
No. 20 0.0824 g/cc
No. 30 O.lL81 g/cc ~ ~;
.
- TABLE X
' Sample - Bulk _ensity -~
~. . ':1 .
; Whole Popped Corn* 0.025 g/cc
Puffed Flue-Cured Tobacco** 0.07 g/cc
Reconstituted Tobacco 0.19 g/cc
. .. .
Commercial cigarette blend without
casing or top dressing 0.11 gtcC
.. 1 .
, *Determined on 4,000 cu~ic
centimeter sample
**Puffed in accordance with U.S.
patent No. 3,524,451
These tests demonstrate that the popcorn smoking
material is highly expanded and low in bulk density when
compared to tobacco commonly used for filling cigarettes,
EXAMPLE 21
The filling capacity of two samples of popped corn
was determined. One sample constituted 12-mesh particles and
the other sample was shredded popped poycorn. The shredded `-
-~ popped popcorn was cut in 32 shreds per inch and was very much
like tobacco shreds.
'~.
'''' ' ,
.~ , . .: .
- 25 -
. ' - .
~. . - . . . .
19S
. ' ~ ..
, .~ .
In order to measure the filllng capacity of a
~, cigarette filler material, a measuring device is used which
is essentially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated cylinder
having an internal diameter of about 25 millimeters and a ~-~
S piston having a diameter of about 24 millimeters and weighing
about 802.5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder, A 3-
gram sample of the material is placed in the cylinder and the
piston positioned on it. The gravitational force exerted by
the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2.3 pounds per
square inch. The filling value of the sample is the volume
to which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is
compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for
a period of 3 minutes, This pressure corresponds closely to
the pressure normally applied by the wrapping paper to the
, 15 tobacco in cigarettes. The moisture content o~ the tobacco
, affects the filling capacities determined by this method.
Therefore, comparative filling capacities were obeained~ at
similar moisture contents, By this procedure the filling " ~-~
;! ;
capacity of the two samples of popped corn is shown in Table
i 20 XI.
.
, TABLE XI ~ ~-
2-Mesh Sample Shredded Sample
Days Condi-
3 tioned at Filling Filling
65% Relative capacity capacity ~ -
umidity % Moisture ml/3~ ~/O Moisture ml/3g
,, .
~ o 6.56 43.3 90~6 45.5
~, 1 . .s,~
:30 3 8 . 64 46. 5 9. 85 44. 8
`~ 4 :9:. 75 45 . o 1~ . 76 44 . 3; 5
., ~ ,.
1,
, 7
. 3s 8 lo. 05 43 . 3 12 . 64 44. o
:
.
,
_ 26 -
.` ..
.. . .
1~6`~
.
The results show that ~lthough percent moisture did
increase over a period of 8 days, the filling capacity of the
popped corn tobacco extender remained almost unchanged, Using
the same test procedure, flue-cured tobacco o~ 12,6% moisture
content which had been puffed (filling capacity increased) in
accordance with U.S. patent No. 3,524,451 was found to have a
. . .
filling capacity of about 29 ml/3g.
~XAMPLE 22
. .
Whole popped popcorn was shredded. The approximate ~ ;
size of the popcorn shreds obtained was as follows: Width - ;
.03 inch to .04 inch, thickness - .03 inch to .07 inch,
length - .08 inch to ~70 inch. Bulk density of the shreds
was 0,05 gram per cubic centimeter,
The popcorn shreds were blended with a commercial
cigarette tobacco in various proportions, Cigarettes were
made on a Ha~nibaby cigarette making machine. The cigarette
rod paper used was Ecusta Ref. 856. T~e rods were tipped
~, with a 20 millimeter length of 3.3/39,000 cellulose acetate
- fiber filter. The completed cigarettes were 85 millimeters
long and 25 millimeters in circumference. The following tablè -
shows the blend composition and rod weight.
.
TABLE XII ;
% By Volume % By Volume
~` Sam~ POPCORN TOBAC~O Rod Wt. grams
'' '' -'~ 1 0 100 .83-.87
2 6 94 .79-.83 ~'~
~ .
3 12.5 87.5 .74-.78
4 25 75 .66-.70
'l 5 50 5~ ~48-.5~
. .
.
:
27
.
., .......... -, ,~ .
-`:~, . ' .. , ~:
! ~ :
~6~L95 ~ 1?' ~
Taste tests were conducted on the blend containing
all tobacco and on the blend conta~ning 12.5% ~by volume)
popcorn. Smokers commented that there was no difference in
j.
taste and that the popcorn blend was slightly milder.
E~AMPLE 23
Popped popcorn was obtained arld conditioned to ~ -~
!, . :
approximately 8.5% moisture and shredded. The shreds were ~ ;
approximately .05 inch x .45 inch with a bulk density of
0.05 gram per cubic centimeter. These shreds were blended
with a commercial cigarette tobacco at various extender levels. -
The rod paper was Ecusta Ref. 556. The rods were made to a
.,, :::
;' length of 65 millimeters on the Haunibaby cigarette making
machine. The rods were later tipped with 20 millimeters of
3,3/39,000 cellulose acetate filters.
Rod Specifications
Volume % Extender *Rbd Weight (grams)
0 (All Tobacco) .83-.87 ;`~
~, 6.0 ~79~ ~3 `~ `
12.5 .74-.78 ~
25.0 .66-.70 `;
~.
50.0 .48-.52
`
`~ * 65 millimeter rod without filter
- :
; . ,
. ~ :
.~ .
; . , .
~ - 28 - ~
; ~
:"~ :
. , .
,
~6(3~5 ~:
Smoke Analysis ~;
Nicotine** TPM* Water FTC** Tar
Sample ~ m~ ~mg) (mg)
All Tobacco 25.71.46 4.9 19.3
~; 5 6% Extender 23.01.27 3.4 18.3 -
, .,
12.5% Extender 21.51.08 3.8 16.7
25.0% Extender 20.6.92 3.9 15.8
50.0% Extender 18.2.55 3.7 13.9
*Total Particulate Matter
**As determined by standard procedures of Federal
; Trade Commission.
EXAMPLE 24
A solution of 1.73 grams of magnesium nitrate hexa-
hydrate in 5 milliliters of water was sprayed onto 19 grams of
shredded popped popcorn. The popcorn was then treated in a
similar manner with a solution of 0.5 gram potassium carbonate `
in 4 milliliters of water. The treated popconl was allowed to
air-dry and was then made into 70-millimeter cigarettes using
a small Hauni cigarette making machine and Ecusta 853 paper.
The average weight of the cigarettes was 0.38 gram and the ~`
average pressure drop across the 70-millimeter rod was 3.25
lnches of water. The average number of puffs obtained from
,
each cigarette when machine smoked under standard FTC condi-
tions C~.e., one 35-milliliter puff of 2-second duration every
60 seconds until a butt length of 23 millimeters is reachedj
~i, was 4.2.
EXAMPLE 25 ;~
.
Bulk density measurements were made on puffed rye
~, which had been previously stored at 60% relative humidity
.~ .
',:. ~ .
- 29
: ,:
.... , :
.~ , - . : ~ . . . :
.... . . . . . . .. .
h~i()l95 ~ ~
until an equilibrium moisture content of about 7% was reached.
The puffed rye was then ground in a Waring blender and sieved.
Various par icle sizes were collected and the bulk densities
thereof were determined by weighing a 50 cubic centimeter `
: j, :
volume of uniformly packed material. The packing was accom-
plished by rapping the bottom of the container frequently
during the packing operation so that the particles settled ~-~
evenly. No external pressure was applied to the mass of
particles in making this measurement. The densities o the
materials retained on various mesh screens are shown in Table~
XIII. For comparison purposes, the densities of selected
tobacco materials are shown in Table XIV. ; ;
~'
TABLE XIII
Material Retained on U.S~
, 15 Standard Sieve Series Bulk Density
No. 8 0.1050 g/cc
No. 12 0.1108 g/cc
No. 14 0.1057 g/cc
No. 16 0.1237 g/cc
No. 20 0,1322 g/cc
No. 30 0.1315 g/cc ~ ~-
TABLE XIV
Sample Bulk Density
,
i Puffed Flue-Cured Tobacco* 0.07 g/cc
Reconstituted Tobacco 0.19 g/cc
Commercial cigarette blend withou~
casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc
*Puffed in accordance with U.S.
; Patent No. 3,524,451
.
:
~ 30 -
9S i;~ ;-
~,` "~, ,
:, ~ ",,j.:
.j ,
`~
EXAMPLE 26
The filling capacity o puffed rye was determined,
The shredded puffed rye was cut in 32 shreds per inch and was
. ~ :
very much like tobacco shreds.
In order to measure the filling capacity of a `
, cigarette filler material, a measuring device is used which ,~
-, is essentially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated cylinder
having an internal diameter of about 25 millimeters and a
piston having a diameter of about 24 millimeters and weighing
about 802~5 grams slidably positioned in the cyllnder, ~3-
gram sample of the material is placed in the cylinder and the
piston positioned on it, The gravitational force exerted by
the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2,3 pounds per ` ~ ;
~ square inch. The filling value of the sample is the vo;lume ~
i 15 to which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is
~ ~ compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for
;3 ~ a perLod of 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds closely to
the pressure normally applied by the wrapping paper to the ~,
~ tobacco in cigarettes, By this procedure the filling capacity "
'~ ~0 of the puffed rye was found to be 31.5 milliliters per 3-gram ~ `
~j~ sample at a moisturP content of 7~ 58~/o~
;EXAMPLE 27
Cigarettes were prepared from shredded puffed rye~
by blending either 20% or 50% by volume of the shredded rye
!~ 25 with 80% or 50~/O by volume of a commercial cigarette~tobacco, ;
: :
., . ~.
.. . .
.,
~ 31 ~ ~
~06~95
,
The tobacco-puffed rye blend was then manufactured into
cigarettes using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting 65- `~
- millimeter tobacco rods were combined with 20 millimeters ofa 3.3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and the finished filter -;
cigarettes were smoked under standard FTC conditions to give -
the following results~
Rod Composition Rod Weight TPM* Nicotine FTC** Tar
(Rod length: 65 mm) in grams (mg~) (mg.3 (mg.)
,
All Tobacco 0.89 25.1 1.33 l8.9
20% (vol.) Puffed Rye~0 79 23.2 1.11 17.8
80% (vol.) Tobacco ]
;~ 50~/O (vol,) Puffed Rye] 0.63 21.8 .79 16~0
~ 50/O ~vol.) Tobacco
,'
*Total Particulate Matter
**As determined by standard procedures of Federal Trade
Commission,
-l Cigarettes containing 20% by ~olume of the shredded
~l puffed rye were smoked by expert panelists in comparison with
i an all tobacco control cigarette. Forty percent o the panel-
ists indicated a preference for the rye-containing cigarettes
while 35% expressed the opinion that the rye-containing
cigarettes were milder and had better over-all flavor.
:'
'1 EXAMPLE 28
Bulk density measurements were made on puffed oats
which had been previously stored at 60% relative humidity
until an equilibrium moisture content of about 6.5% was reached.
~` The puffed oats were then ground in a Waring blender and
sieved. Various particle sizes were collected and the bulk
~, densities thereof were determined by weighing a 50 cubic
` 30 centimeter volume of uniformly packed material. The packing
;~ .
,
- 32 -
'
. . . ~ .
. . .
.~ ~........................... " , , , . ~
106~L~S
was accomplished by rapping the bottom of the container
frequently during the packing operation so that the particles
settled evenly. No external pressure was applied to the mass . :~
of particles in making this measurement. The densities of
the materials retained on various mesh screens are shown in
Table XV. For comparison purposes, the densities of selected ;
tobacco mater;als are shown in Table XVI. ~;
TABLE XV
~aterial Retained on U.S. --
Standard Sieve Series ~ y ~ :
No. 8 0.1197 g/cc .
No. 12 0.1258 g/cc
No. 14 0,1292 g/cc
No. 16 0,1286 g/cc ;:
No. 20 . 0.1388 g/cc i ~:
No. 30 0~1388 g/cc ~
TAB~E XVI . ~;-
Sam le Bulk Density `i:
P '~ ,
Puffed Flue-Cured Tobacco* 0.07 gtcc ;:::
Reconstituted Tobacco 0.19 g/cc
Commercial cigarette blend without :
casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc
':, ' :
I *Puffed in accordance with U.S.
:~ patent No. 3,524,451 :
,';`. - ','
. . - .
.,
.. ,. . '~
:, . .
,
.
:.... ~ . :
: 33 ~ ~:
:'`',, ' ~.
... .
. . . ... .
. ~ . , . . . . iC: ' .'
:. - : . : .
.. . .
. :.. : -: - :: .. . -. ... :
,, IE 9
The filling capacity of pufed oats was determined.
~. -
The shredded puffed oats were cut in 32 shreds per inch and ~
,. ~
.
were very much like tobacco shreds. ` ;,
In order to measure the filling capacity of a
cigarette filler material, a measuring device is used which
is essentially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated cylinder
- having an internal diameter of about 25 millimeters and a
. ~ :
piston having a diameter of about 24 millimeters and weighing `
about 802.5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder. A 3-
gram sample of the material is placed i~ the cylinder and the
piston positioned on it, The gravitational force exerted by ~ :
the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2.3 pounds per
square inch, The filling value of the sample is the volume
to which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is
, compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for
1 a period of 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds closely to ;~
..
. the pressure normally applied by the wrapping paper~to the
tobacco in cigarettes. By this procedure the illing capacity
. -
of the puffed oats was found to be 26.5 milliliters per 3-gram
', sample at a moisture content of 7.52%, `;
I . ~
EXAMPLE 30
Cigsrettes were prepared from shredded puffed oats
:.:
by blending either 20% or: 50% by volume of the shreddéd oats
with 80% or S0% by volume of a commercial cigarette tobacco,
The tobacco-puffed oats blend was then ma~uactured into
cigarettes using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper, The resulting 65-
~, millimeter tobacco rods were combined with 20 millimeters of
.
,.~ a 3,3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and the finished filter ~`
i: :
1 - - 34 - ~
::
:i .
... . . , . - .
1060~95 ~
`
cigarettes were smoked under standard FTC conditions to give
the following results~
,- :
Rod CompositionRod Weight TPM* Nicotine FTC** Tar
(Rod length: 65 mm~ in grams (mg-) (m,~ (mg-~
All Tobacco 0.89 25.1 1.33 18.9
80%% (Vool ) TUobfacecdooats] 0.80 23.~ 1.17 1~ 5 '`i'
50% (vol ) TUobfaceco ~, 0,6 24,,',5 0.98 19.0
*I'otal Particulate Matter
*~As determined by standard procedures of Federal Trade ~;
~Commission. -~
Cigarettes containing 20% by volume of the shredded ~ ;~
' puffed oats were smoked by expert panelists in comparison with -
1.5 an all tobacco control cigarette. Although a majorlty of the
panelists regarded the all tobacco cigarette as having better
over-all flavor, the oats-containing cigarettes were adjudged
.~ :
~, to be milder by 40% of the panelists while 25% detected no ~ ~
~. .
~;, difference in mildness. Thirty-five percent of the panelists
, 20 indicated either a preference for the test cigarette or no
difference betwaen the test and control as to which was pre-
ferred. -~
~:
'
EXAMPLE,, 31
~ . , ,";
, Bulk density measurements were made on puffed barley
`s 25 which had been previously stored at 60% relative humidity until ~-
'~ an equilibrium moisture content of about 5% was reached. The
puffed barley was then ground in a Waring blender and sieved.
~ Various particle sizes were collected and the bulk densLties
3 thereof were determined by weighing a 50 cubic centimeter
~, 30 volume of uniformly packed material. The packing was
I :
. . .
, :
_ 35
': ' '
lO~iO~9S
accomplished by rapping the bottom of the container frequently
during the paclcing operation so that the particles settled
evenly. No external pressure was applied to the mass of
particles in making this measurement. The densities of the
materials retained on various mesh screens are shown in Table .
XVII. For comparison purposes, the densities of selected ~;
tobacco materials are shown in Table XVIII.
,
TABLE XVII
Material Retained on U.S. ~ :~
Standard Sieve Series Bulk Density
No. 8 0.1360 g/cc
No. 12 . 0.1357 g/cc
No. 14 0.1366 g/cc
No. 16 0.1420 g/cc . `.
No. 20 0.1479 g/cc ',
No. 30 0.1723 g/cc
TABLE XVIII
" ~ . .:
Sample Bulk Density
Puffed Flue-Cured Tobacco* 0.07 g/cc ~ ~ :
Reconstituted Tobacco 0.19 g~cc
Commercial cigarette blend without
, casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc
., , '
*Puffed in accordance with U.S. ~:
~, patent No. 3,524,451
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EXAMPLE 32 ~`
The filling capacity of puffed barley was determined. i`
The shredded puffed barley was cut in 32 shreds per inch and `
was very much like tobacco shreds.
In ordcr to measure the filling capacity of a
cigarette filler material, a measuring device is used which `
is essentially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated cylinder
having an internal diameter of about 25 millimeters and a
piston having a diameter of about 24 milLimeters and weighing `
about 802.5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder. A 3~
, .
gram sample of the material is placed in the cylinder and the
piston positioned on it. The gravltational force exerted by
the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2.3 pounds per
square inch. The filling value of the sample is the volume
to which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is
' compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for
a period of 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds closely to
the pressure ~ormally applied by the wrapping paper to the
tobacco in cigarettes. By this procedure the filling capacity
of the puffed barley was found to be 22.8 milliliters per 3- -
gram sample at a moisture content of 6.26%.
. . ~
EXAMPLEt 33
~, Cigarettes were prepared from shredded puffed barley
by blending either 20% or 50% by volume of the shredded~barley ~
1 25 with 80% or 50% by volume of a eommercial cigarette tobacco. ~i
-~itt -
~ The tobacco-puffed barley bIend was then manufactured~into `--
;~ cigarettes using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper, The resulting 65-
, millimeter tobacco rods were combined with 20 mill~imeters of "`~
.~ a 3,3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and the finished~filter
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cigarettes were smoked under standard FTC conditions to give
the following results:
Rod Composition Rod Weight TPM* Nicotine FTC~'~ Tar
(Rod length: 65 mm) in grams (mg~ ~2~
All Tobacco 0.88 23.5 1.29 18.2
20% (vol.)
Puffed Barley ~ 0.80 22.9 1.10 18.1
,
50% (vol.)
50% (vol.) Tobacco 3 o 68 23.5 0.86 1~.0
*Total Particulate matter
**As determined by standard procedures of Federal Trade
Commission,
Cigarettes containing 20% by volume of the shredded
pufed barley were smoked by expert panelists in comparison
with an all tobacco control cigarette. Forty percent of the
panelists expressed a preference for the barley-containing
cigarette and half of the panelists stated that the barley- ;~
,, .
containing cigarette was milder while 15% of the panelists
detected no difference in mildness.
;~
, Triticale is a known hybrid derived by combining
wheat (genus Triticum) and rye ~genus Secale).
,.
., ~.
EXAMPLE 34
Bulk density measurements were made on puffed
~ triticale which had been previously stored at 60% rela~ive
v humidity until an equilibrium moisture content of about 8%
:: :
was reached, The pufed triticale was then ground in a Waring
blender and sieved. Various particle sizes were collected
., .
and the bulk densities thereof were determined by weighing
. :
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a 50 cubic centimeter volume of uniformly packed material.
The packing was accomplished by rapping the bottom of the ``
container frequently during the packing operation so that the
particles settled evenly. No external pressure was applied
to the mass of particles in making this measurement. The
dens;ties of the materials retained on various mesh screens
are shown in Table XIX. For comparison purposes, the densities
; of selected tobacco materials are showr in Table XX.
.' `~. '
TABLE XIX -
Material Retained on U.S.
Standard Sieve Series Bulk Density
: No. 8 0.0673 g/cc -~
No. 12 0.0579 g/cc
No. 14 0.0769 g/cc ;
No. 16 0.0791 g/cc
No. 20 0.0842 g/cc
No. 30 0.0871 g/cc ~;~
~ TABLE XX `~
.-J Sample Bulk Densit~y
Puffed Flue-Cured Tobacco* 0.07 g/cc
Reconstituted Tobacco 0.19 g/cc
Commercial cigarette blend without
' casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc
'', .
J *Puffed in accordance with U.S.
patent No, 3,524,451
3~ These tests demonstra~e that the puffed triticale ~ ;~
'l smoking material is~highly expanded and low in bulk density - -
;1 when compared to tobacco commonly used for filling cigarettes.
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EXAMPLE_35
The filling capacity of puffed triticale was deter- `
mined, The shredded puffed triticale was cut in 32 shreds per
inch and was ~ery much like tobacco shrecls.
In order to measure the filli~lg capacity of a
cigarette filler material, a measuring device is used which
is essentially composed of a lO0 milliliter graduated cylinder
having an internal diameter of about 25 millimeters and a
piston having a diameter of about 24 millimeters and weighing
about 802,5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder, A 3~
gram sample of the material is placed in the cylinder and the
piston positioned on it, The gravitational force e~erted by
the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2.3 pounds per ;
square inch, The filling value of the sample is the volume
to which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is
compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for
~, a period of 3 minutes, This pressure correspor.ds closely to
the pressure normally applied by the wrapping paper to the
' tobacco in cigarettes, By this procedure the filling capacity
o~ the puffed triticale was found to be ~2,4 milliliters per
3-gram sample at a moisture content of 8,30%,
. . ;' ~
ii EXAMPLE 36 ~
.
Cigarettes were prepared rom shredded pued ~`-
..
triticale by blending either 20% or 50% by volume of the
shredded triticale with 80% or 50% by volume of a commercial
cigarette tobacco, The tobacco-puffed triticale blend was
then manufactured into cigarettes using Ecusta Ref, 853 paper,
~, The resulting 65-millimeter tobacco rods were combined with
20 millimeters of a 3,3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and
..
- 40 - ~
. ~
1060~5
the finished filter cigarettes were smoked under standard FTC
conditions to give the following results~
Rod Composition Rod Weight TPM* Nicotine FTC** Tar
(Rod length: 65 mm~in grams ~ g,) ~m~.)
All Tobacco 0.89 23.4 1.29 17.7
20% (vol.)
; 80~/PU(vold)TToblccale] 0 77 21.7 1.09 16.8
50% (vol.)
Puffed Triticale~
50% (vol.) Tobacco ~ 0 59 20.2 0.76 15.2
*Total Particulate Matter
**As determined by standard procedures of Federal Trade
Commission ~-~
., ' : '
Cigarettes containing 20~/o by volume of the shredded
puffed triticale were smoked by expert panelists in comparison
with an all tobacco control cigarette, Forty-five percent of
the panelists indicated either a preference for the triticale~
containing cigarette or no difference between the test and
~ 20 control cigarettes as far as preference was concerned. Thirty~
-, five percent of the panelists declared that the test cigarette ;
was milder while 25% detected no difference in mildness.
Better over-all flavor was attributed to the test cigarettes
by 30~/0 of the panelists.
:', .. :
The use of the expanded materials disclosed herein
with tobacco to produce useful products possesses numerous
' advantages. Thus, use thereof permits a significant reduction -~
i~ in the utilization of tobacco. Not only is the use of less
tobacco in a ~obacco product obviously advantageous from an
economic standpoint~ but the reduction of nicotine in such ;~
products may be highly desirable. The reduction o so-called
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"tars" may also be realized through the use of the expanded
grain materials in smoking products since particulate matter
produced per unit volume of expanded material is generally
less than that for tobacco. The nicotine-free expanded grain
materials, when blended with tobacco, do not cause adverse
effects on the quality of the final product. The expanded
grains are easily processed, readily available at relatively
low cost and do not detract from the taste or aroma of`the ;
tobacco product. The expanded grain materials are non-friable
in nature, do not collapse as a cigarette is smoked nor do
they hinder combustion or puffing of cigarettes in which they
; - are employed.
. .
- Those modifications and equivalents which fall
' within the spirit of the invention are to be considered a
:~ .
part thereof.
.~ WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
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