Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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Brief Description of the Invention
This invention relates to a novel in-line process for
makin~ a highly improved flock product from tow, and relates
, . more particularly to a wet continuous tow-pxocessing opera-
, 5 tion wherein the filaments are scoured, rinsed and finished
while they are still in the form of a tow, and wherein the ' ,~
; processed tow is continuously cut, in the wet stage, into
flock and dried to a controlled moisture content.
In connection'with this invention the word "tow" is
intended to be interpreted broadly, including conventional
continuous filament tow, discontinuous filamentary materials .
. including garnetted waste, cotton yarn, sliver and va~ious
'' other aggregations or bundles of filamentary material. Tow
' . ' sometimes includes some'crimped filaments and surface lubri-
lS cant which are detrimental to the desired flock product, in
that the crimps interfere with the desired straightness of
the flock particles, and the lubricant interfered with the
flo~'and electrostatic handling properties of the flock dur- . ;
. ing the electrostatic flocking process.
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Discussion of the Prior Art
' Heretofore, it has been con~entional to cut t~e tow
initially, regardless of the presence of crimps and of
lubricant or other finishing materials (often referred to
as "spin finish"), and then to scour, rinse and dye the cut
~ flock, centrifuge the flock, tank treat the flock for
removal of spin finish or other lubricants, centrifuge the
' flock again, tank finish the centrifuged flock for the
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11)66493
application of a finish solution which improves the handling
properties of the flock during the electrostatic flocking pro-
cess, centrifuge the flock still again, and then dry the flock,
screen it in-line and bag it. Such a process is unduly time-
consuming and expensive, particularly in its requirement for at
least three separate and distinct, highly costly centrifuging
processes.
It has also been known to conduct the tow through a
dye bath, and then to scour and rinse the tow continuously,
followed by drying the tow, and then to apply a tank finish to
the tow, followed by still another drying operation, which
is then followed by cutting. Again, such a process is unduly
laborious, time-consuming and expensive, particularly in view
of the fact that it requires at least two separate and distinct
drying processes, which are extremely costly and require a
substantial use of drying heat and fuel.
Other prior art processes for the production of flock
are known, but all of these have substantial drawbacks of the
type referred to above.
Objects and Summary of the Invention
It is accordingly an object of this invention to pro-
vide a new, continuous in-line process for the production of
high quality flock from tow which is composed of a multiplicity
of crimped or non-crimped filaments, to which a normal "spin
finish" or lubricant has been applied, all in a continuous manner
and with extreme reliability and economy.
This object is achieved with the invention whic~ in a
broad aspect, resides in a process comprising the steps of con-
tinuously feeding the tow and said lubricant as a running tow,
continuously scouring said tow by contacting it with a liquid
1066493
scouring agent for removal of said lubricant from said tow,
squeezing excess scouring liquid from said tow, rinsing said tow
with water, appl~ing a predetermined pressure to squeeze excess
rinse water from said rinsed tow, applying a liquid finish to
said tow, applying another predetermined pressure to said tow
to remove a portion of the applied finish, continuously cutting
the resulting wet tow into flock, and drying the resulting wet
flock.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will
further become apparent hereinafter and in the drawings.
Drawings
The drawing, Figure la and lb is a flow diagram show-
ing a process for producing flock from tow in accordance with
one embodiment of this invention.
Detailed Descr'iption of the''Invention
It has been discovered that a highly excellent flock
product can be prepared continuously and economically by con-
tinuously feeding the tow as a running tow, optionally heat
treating the running tow while maintaining the tow under tension,
continuously scouring the tow by contacting it with a liquid
scouring agent for removal of the lubricant from the tow,
s~ueezing excess scouring liquid from the tow, rinsing the tow
with water, applying a predetermined pressure to squeeze excess
rinse water from the rinsed tow, applying a liquid finish to the
tow, applying another predetermined pressure to the tow to re-
move a portion only of the applied finish, and then continuously
cutting the resulting tow into flock, followed by drying the
flock and beating the dried flock to open up and to separate
individual flock particles. As a further step in accordance with
this process, it is highly desirable to screen the flock, to
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1066493
remove and re-cut excessively long flock particles, particularly
when precision cutting is used.
It will be observed accordingly that the tow is con-
tinuously processed in the wet stage, beginning with a stage
at which the tow may contain a spin finish or lubricant, com-
pletely through the scouring, rinsing and finishing stages,
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. and that the tow is continuously cut into flock while it
is ætill wet. Further, according to this process, the wet
flock is dried as flock, whereupon it is subjected to
beating in order to separate the flock particles, to open
., .. 5 .up the flock and to deliver the flock for final processing.
. It has been discovered that it is critical to control
the moisture regain value of the flock, both after the
drying step and after the subsequent beating step. Critical
moisture regain values are, of course, different with re-
spect to t'ne different materials of which the flock is com-
posed, such as rayon, nylon, polyester and acrylic fibers.
It has also been discovered that it is important, afterthe drying step has been completed, to carry-out the beating
or "opening-up" step with respect to the flock with the
i5 admission of outside air, and to divert the hot moist air
from the dryer so that it flows to a point that is remote
from the heating step, and to limit the temperature of the
air that is admitted to the beating step to a temperature
below about 100F.
2~ Although the following description relates to certain
preerred forms of the invention as illustrated in the draw-
lng, and while specific terms will be used for the sake of
convenience and clarity in describing the embodiments of
the invention selected for illustration in the drawing, it
will be appreciated that such specific terms are not intended
to limit the scope of the inventiQn, which is defined in the
appended claims.
Turning now to the drawing, the tow T is shown in a
package P, which is a typical package in which tow may be
shipped from one place to another, with the tow usually
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1066493
1101-74
flaked or snaked down in a serpentine manner within the
package P. Of course, the tow may be supplied continuously
from a tow manufacturing process, or may be provided n
B any manner other than the specific manner shown in
utilizing a package P.
In any event, the tow is continuously conducted up-
wardly over a roller 20, and then optionally passes through
an infrared heater 21 while maintained under tension.
Obviously, other forms of heaters may be substituted for
the infrared heater 21. Polymers such as polyesters are
heat-set in a straight condition by the action of the in-
frared heater 21. This is highly effective and advantageous
in accordance with this invention because it is highly
desirable to produce a precision cut flock wherein each one
of the flock particles is heat-set and is substantially per-
fectly straight, and will stand up in a vertical manner from
the base fabric to which it is applied in a conventional
electrostatic flocking process. Some tows have been crimped,
and it is not desirable to heat-set the crimp, and for such
20i tows the heater 21 is not used. Those tows that are heated
, by heater 21 are then cooled in air.
The number 22 designates a pad box,often used as a
scour tank or as a bleach or dyestuff applicator. It has
a plurality of rolls 23, 23, 23 over which the tow is
continuously conducted while under tension, and containing
a scouring, bleaching or dyeing emulsion or solution, whereby
the tow is immersed in and removed from, and then immersed
again in the solution. When the solution is a scour solu-
tion, it may be composed of an alkali and a non-ionic deter-
gent, for example, and serves the purpose of removing the
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producer's finish which is usually a lubricant or a so-called
"spin finish" which is considered by the producer to be
necessary to produce and to handle tow. It is considered
quite necessary to substantial~y completely remove the pro-
ducer's f1nish in order to produce high grade flock. The
specific nature of the scouring chemicals is, of course,
important, and chemical balance is quite critical particu-
larly in view of the fact that the finish that is applied to
the tow, though a water solution finish, is composed of a
variety of complex chemical additives which are subject to
serious degradation if balance is allowed to change excessively.
The chemicals used in the scour solution, in accordance
with this invention, are continuously circulated between a
master tank and the scour solution tank 22. The use of a
recirculating system keeps the scour solution flowing to the
point of scour application. This is highly important.
F~. /d anJ Ib
Re~erring to ~ig. l, accordingly, the master tank 24 is pro-
vided for containing the scour solution, which is pumped by
pump 25 to the scour application tank 22, and is returned
through line 26 to the master tank 24, in order to provide a
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continuous circulating and recirculating system for the scour
solution.
The number 30 designates a pair of squeeze rolls for the
scour solution, operating above a baffle 31 in such a manner
as to collect the excess scour solution, which is passed off
to the drain as indicated by the arrow in the drawings. The
upper squeeze roll 30 is controlled by a pneumatic cylinder
32, which applies a controlled downward pressure against the-
lower roll 30, providing a predetermined nip roll pressure for
the squeeze rolls which is a highly important and advantageous .
feature of this invention, as will further be explained in de-
tail hereina~ter.
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1101-74 ~066493
Immediately following the tank or pad box 22 is-another
tank or pad box 29, which may desirably have a construction
~hich is the same as the tank 22, including parts which are
similarly numbered, including the immersion and guide rolls
23, the squeeze rolls 30, the pneumatic cylinder 32 and the
baf~le 31 leading to the drain. It will be understood that,
in some cases both boxes 22 and 29 are used in series with
each other and that in other cases the use of one or the
other of these boxes may be by-passed.
For example, in the processing of rayon, it is possible
for the dye and the scour solution to be present in the same
bath, in which case they may both be placed conveniently in
the bath contained in pad box 22, and the product emerging
from between the squeeze rolls 30, 30 can be directed to by-
pass the box 29. On the other hand, with some types of
rayon and with some desired types of rayon products, it is
considered necessary to bleach the rayon, in which case the
box 22 may desirably be used as a scour box and the box 29
used as a bleach bQx. It will be apparent that various
other combinations are available, utilizing the pad boxes
~ 22 and 29, in the processing of rayon.
In the processing of polymeric materials such as nylon,
polyester and acrylics, it is usually quite difficult to
p~ocess these materials with a scour solution and a dye
solution in the same bath. Accordingly, the pad box 22
usually contains a scour solution~and the pad box 29 usually
contains a dyestuff solution which is to be padded on to the
tow. Accordingly, in processing these polymeric materials,
it is not usual to by-pass the pad box 29.
If desired, the pad box may be provided with a recir-
culation systeM like the members 24, 25, and 26.
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Upon emerging from the pad-box 29, or directly from the
tank 22, the tow passes to and through a bleach box or ager
35. If dye has been padded on to the tow, this tank 35 serves
as an ager or dye developer. If bleach has been padded on to
. 5 the tow, the box 35 serves as a bleach box. Similarly, since
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heat and steam are present in the box 35, crimp can be pulled
out by the simultaneous application of steam heat plus tension.
As shown in the drawings, the box 35 is much higher than
it is long, it has a plurality of upper guide rolls 36 and
lower guide rolls 37 over and~under which the tow repeatedly
passes for exposure to steam.
. The upper guide rolls 36 are preferably driven in a
manner to provide tension control for the tow as it passes
in serpentine fashion through the dye tank 29 and bleach
box 35. The bleach box 35 has an entrance slot 38 and an
exit slot 39 for the tow.
Thus, when rayon tow is being processed, the infrared
heater 21 is not used, but the pad box 29 (for application
of bleach) and steam box 35 are used. When the tow is nylon,
20 I polyester or acrylic, the infrared heater 21 may be used, the
box 22 is a scour box and the box 29 used as a dye applicator.
Alternatively, the box 29 may be used to pad on a scouring
liquid, either with or without the use of scour tank 22.
After leaving the bleach tank 35, the tow passés under
tension over idler rolls 33, 33 and then downwardly between
a plurality of tow guide or separator pins 34, which spread
out and uniformly distribute the band of tow as it passes
into the rinse tank 40. The rinse tank 40 has a plurality
of submerged rolls 41, 41, 41 and a pair of upper rolls 42,
42, whereby the tow is successively immersed, removed, .
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1066493
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immersed, removed, immersed and then removed again from the
solution contained in the rinse tank. Spray pipes 43 for
mixed steam and water are provided above the tensioned tow
as it emerges from the rinse tank and just before it passes
5 over each upper roll 42, thus applying a rinse solution, I
or a ~ot water rinse, to the tow. Rinse tank 40 overflows
through the lines 44, as shown.
The number 60 designates a pair of high pressure nip
rolls, just downstream of the rinse tank, the speed of which
lO is controlled bv a variable speed drive motor 61 having a
speed adjusting control of a conventional type, bearing the
number 62. In this manner the speed of the drive for the
entire tow line may be rigidly controlled, and it is accord-
ingly quite simple to provide a highly acc~urate and controllable .
15 degree of tension upon the tow during the various process stages
according to this invention.
The number 63 designates a pneumatic cylinder applicable
upon the uppermost roll 60, which is adjustable in the usual
manner to provide an adjustable high pressure between the rolls
20l 60, 60. This is an important and advantageous feature of this
invention, as will further become apparent hereinafter. A
typical value for pressure to be applied between the rolls 60,
60, is about 60 - 120 pou~ds per square inch, for example.
The number 70 designates a finish tank, containing a
25 finish solution which is specifically adapted to provide a
finish for the tow which will improve the handling qualities
of the flock, once it has been cut, in the electrostatic
. flocking chamber in which it is intended to be used. The
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finish tank 70 has an immersion roll 71 under which the ten-
sioned tow is passed, for the application of a finish solu-
tion to the tow.
It will be observed that the tank 70 is heated, and is
provided with a recirculating pipe 51, pump 52 and return ~ ','
pipe 53 for continuously recirculating and returning the
finish solution to and from the master tank.
, Upon emerging from thé finish tank 70, the tow passes
, through the nip between rolls 80 and 81. Roll 81 is
,10 actuated by a pneumatic cylinder 83, the pressure of which
, is controllable in a manner well known in the art. In this
manner, the rolls 80'and 81 are maintained under a pres-sure '
' which ~ay be controlled at will. As the ~ow passes through
the nip between the rolls 80 and 81, a portion of'the finish
'15 solution is drained back downwardly and caught in a pan 84, '
from which it is conducted to a settling tank,and a dis-
. tillation apparatus, recovering water and finish chemicals,
' which are pumped back to tank 70.
After passing through the nip 80, 81, the tow passes
over an idler roll 90 and under another idler roll 91 and
advances to the cutter advancing rolls 92, 92 which are
the feed rolls for the flock cutter itself.
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The cutter includes a usual cutter bed knife 93, and a
plurality of rotating cutter blades 94, driven in rotation in
the usual manner by a motor (not shown), and at a controllable
speed in order to provide a precision cut for the flock that is
advanced in a precision manner between the cutter advancing
rolls 92, 92. Other forms of precision cutters may be used,
including cutters as disclosed in the Laird, et al, United
States Patent No. 3,861,257, issued January 21, 1975 and
assigned to the assignee hereof.
The number 100 designates a hopper arranged to collect
the cut flock continuously, whereupon the flock falls through
the duct 101 to a horizontal screw conveyor 102 which conveys
the flock along toward a blower 103. The number 104 designates
a heater for the introduction of hot air into the duct 105 lead-
ing to the blower 103, whereupon the hot air mixes intimately
with the wet, cut flock, drying it in the passage 105 and in the
further passage 106, and in the serpentine passage 107. The
dried flock is collected in a cyclone 108 of the usual type,
and the dried flock is introduced into a beater 110, containing
a multiplicity of beater arms which beat the block and open up
the individual flock particles, separating them and making a
uniform flock. It will be observed that the air from the dryer
104 passes off at the upper part of the cyclone, through the
outlet 109, and is not conducted along with the flock into the
beater 110, which has a separate opening 111 for the admission
of air at room temperature or thereabouts, which is admixed with
the flock in the heating operation as it is conducted by the
beater 110.
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Upon emerging from the beater 110, the flock is passed
again to a cyclone 112 and delivered to a screening operation
113. The long fibers which are not accepted by the screen
are conducted through a conduit 114 to a random length cutter
S 115, and the product of the random cutter 115 is conducted
through a conduit 116 back to the mainstream, just upstream
of the screening process 113.
Upon emerging from the screening process, the flock is
then packaged in the usual manner at the packaging station
120, and is moved on to the~shipping station 121 or handled
in any other desired manner, as finished, commercially highly
acceptable flock.
It is important to observe that the process in accordance
with this invention practices the step of ficouring in-line,
which is a highly advantageous feature of this invention.
Heretofore, it has been considered desirable or necessary to
scour, rinse and dry as a tow, then to apply finish as a tow
and to dry the tow again. After this, it was considered nec-
cessary to package the tow and deliver the tow package to the
cutter, which was remote from the drying line. Heretofore,
it has been thought that it would be possible to apply the
. finish more uniformly if the tow were dry. This has involved
the great expense of drying operations, and we have found
that it is entirely possible to apply the finish extremely
uniformly, using the wet, in-line process in accordance with
this invention.
This process greatly shortens the processing time, makes
it more economical, and produces a flock of excellent quality.
However, the processing conditions as heretofore stated are
quite critical and it is highly important to observe and to
practice the processing steps referred to in the specification
and .specifically defined in the claims.
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It will be apparent, however, that it is possible to
utilize various chemical formulas for use in the scour
solution, and for use in:the finish solution, varying and
depending in many cases upon the nature of the tow itself.
' ' 5 Further, many other variations may be made without depart-
'' ` ing from the spirit and scope of this invention, including
variations of the linear speed'and tension of the tow as
it passes through the process.
However, it is preferred to control the drying opera-
tion and the beating operation,~to provide critically con-
trolled moisture regain values both coming out of the dryer
and conting out of the beater.
In connection with the product from the dryer, the
' following percentages of moisture regaio are necessary:
% Re~ain
AC Flock n~ DC Flockin~
' for rayon 6 - 8% lO - 12~/o
for nylon' 2 - 2 . 4% 3 ~ 5%
' for polyester l - 2% 1 ~ 2r/o
for acrylic l - 2% 1 ~ 2%
Further, it is of preferred importance to maintain the
moisture regain percentage, with respect to beaten fibers
' co'llected in the cyclone 112 and delivered for screening, as
follows:
' % Regain
,
AC Flocking DC Flocking
for rayon 5 - 8 9 - 12
'for nylon l - ~ 2 - 5
for polyester 1/2 ~ 2 l/2 - 2
for acrylic 1/2 ~ 2 1/2 ~ 2
1066493
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As stated, it is pLocedurally important to avoid allow-
in~ any air from the dryer to be con~ducted into the beater.
It is hot and has considerable moisture in it. Accordingly,
it is effective to isolate the product from the dryer, and
to admit room air or the equivalent into the beater. In any
event, it is important that the air entering the beater
should have a temperature which is not greater than about
100~.
As has been observed, it is important to heat set un-
crimped tow, while straightened out and under tension, thus
shrinking the fiber by heat, particularly in the case of
. polyester. Otherwise, after the polyester has been cut~it
tends to sllrink and curl, producing inferior grade flock.
~ Furtner, with respect to acrylics, heat setting prevents
curling and gives the acrylic fiber a straight characteristic.
Similar comments apply with respect to rayon and nylon; it
is highly preferable to remove the crimp while wet, using
tension and hot water at the hot water rinse tank.
Of course, it will be appreciated that, within the
limitations set forth above, many variations may be made in
the apparatus and in the process which is selected for carry-
ing out the invention. For example, the positions of certain
processing stages may be changed with respect to each other
such that the order of process steps is changed. As an
example5the heater 21 may desirably be located just downstream
of the squeeze rolls 30 when it is desired to squeeze out
excess water prior to heat setting. Further, equivalent ele-
ments and process steps may be substituted for those specifically
shown and described, apparatus components and process steps may
30 in son~e cases be reversed, and certain features may be used - .
independently of other features, all without departing from the
spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended
claims.
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