Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
756
This application is a divisic~ of our Canadian Patent Application
Serial ~lo. 276,073 filed April 13, 1977.
The present invention relates generally to apparatus for providing
a measure of the distance between the apparatus and an object. The apparatus
of the present invention has particular importance in the field of distance
determining and automati c focusing.
Distance determining and automatic focusing arrangements have re-
ceived considerable attention in recent years. Cne advantageous type of dis-
tance determining and automatic focusing apparatus is the spati al image corr-
elation type. E.xamples of the different forms of arrangements of this type
can be fomld in my United States Patents 4,002,899, 3,836,772, 3,838,275, and
3,958,117, and in ~ited States Patent 3,274,914 by Biederman et al.
The typical spatial image correlation apparatus includes two auxil-
iary optical elements (e.g. lenses or mirrors) and two detector arrays. The
object distance is determined by relatively moving one o~ the auxiliary optical
elements and one of the radiation responsive detector arrays until they occupy
a critical or correlation position. This position is a measure of the exist-
ing object to apparatus distance.
The relative movement of the auxiliary optical element and the
detector array occurs for each distance measuring or focusing operation. The
critical condition occurs when there is best correspondence between the rad-
iation distributions of two auxiliary or detection images formed on the two
detector arrays. I'his condition of best distribution correspondence results
in a unique value or effect in the processed electriçal output signals.
In most systems, the relative moYement of the auxiliary optical
element with respect to the detector arrays is achieved by moving a lens or
mirror relative to one of the detector arrays. The particular position of the
element when best distribution correspondence occurs provides a determination
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of the existing object apparatus distance. In an automatic focusing system,
the position of the auxiliary optical element at the time of correlation is
used to control the position of a primary optical element, such as a camera
taking lens.
Although distance determining and automatic focusing arrangements
of this type have many advantages, they also have some disadvantages. In
particular, the required movement of an auxiliary optical element and the
accurate determination of the position of that element when correlation occurs
leads to considerable mechanical and electrical complexity. It also requires
some form of motive means to provide the motion of the auxiliary optical ele-
ment. This can create a problem, particularly in automatic focusing cameras
in which size and weight constraints are critical. The additional complexity
and the requirement of some form of moti~e means increases cost as well as
weight and size and increases the likelihood of mechanical failure.
In my United States Patent 3,945,023, a distance determining and
automatic focusing system which does not require a scanning mirror or lens is
disclosed. The outputs of detectors in two detector arrays of unequal length
are compared and processed to provide an indication of distance to an object.
The primary lens is moved to a particular zone depending upon the result of
this processing. While this system does not require a scanning mirror or lens,
it becomes difficult to implement in practice. In particular, for high accur-
acy, a relatively large number of zones is required. The signal processing re-
quired by this system becomes cumbersome as the number of zones becomes large.
According to the present invention there is provided automatic
focus control apparatus for use in an optical system including a primary
optical means, the automatic focus control apparatus comprising: focus
detecting means for providing a first digital word indicative of the distance
between the digital focus detecting means and an object;
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po~ition encoder means for providing a s,econd digital word indicati,ve
of the position of the primary opt;cal,means;
comparator ~eans for comparing the first and second digital words and
providing an output signal indicative of the comparison;
motive means for moving the primary optical means; and control means
for controlling the motive means in response to the output signal of the
comparator means-.
The invention will now be further described in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings, in whi.ch:
Figure l shows the distance determining apparatus of the present
invention .
Figure 2 shows the one embodiment of the signal processing circuitry
of the present invention.
Figure 3 shows a digital automatic focus system.
Figure l shows the digital distance determining apparatus of the
present invention. lhis system does not require difficult analog methods,
has, no moving parts, and gives a digital output which allows the apparatus to
be used in a variety of systems.
The digital distance determining system includes two separate multi-
element radiation sensitive detector arrays lOa and lOb of "N" elements each.
These detector arrays are preferably fabricated as part of a single monolithic
integrated circuit and include a very large number N of individual detector
elements. When a large number of individual detector elements is used (i.e.
N is large~, accurate distance determination can be made with arrays of equal
length. The equal length greatly simplifies signal processing. Detector
arrays lOa and lOb are preferably charge coupled device (CCD) or charge in-
jection device CCID) arrays. In one preferred embodiment, detector arrays
lOa and lOb are 128 element CCD arrays.
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Lenses 12a and 12b are associated with detector arrays lOa and lOb,
respectively. Lens 12a forms a first detection i-mage of the object at de-
tector array lOa. Lens 12b similarly forms a second detection image of the
object at the second detector array lOb.
The relative position of the first and second detection images on
first and second detector arrays lOa and lOb is related to the range or dis-
tance to the object. The displacement of the second detection image with
respect to the corresponding detectors of the first detector array is given
by the number "n", where n<N. In practice, N is preferably large, e.g. 128,
and the maximum value of n, which corresponds to the nearest subject distance
to be considered, is in the range of about 10 to about 30. In less accurate
systems, N may be 64 and the maximum value of n is about 6. In the apparatus
shown in Figure 1, a reference condition occurs for a subject at infinity.
In this case, shown by the two solid arrows, n = O since the position of the
first and second detector arrays lOa and lOb is identical.
The displacement of the second detection image with respect to the
first detection image increases as the object moves closer. ~liS iS illus-
trated by the dashed arrow directed to array lOb in Figure 1. The relation-
ship between the object distance s and the number n of detectors by which the
second detection image is displaced with respect to the first detection image
is given ~y the following relation:
n = fd/se,
where f is focal length of lenses 12a and 12b9 d is the separation between
lenses 12a and 12b, and e is the detector-to-detector spacing in the detector
arrays lOa and lOb.
The signal processing of the outputs from detector arrays lOa and lOb
is performed by digital compute module 14 and control 16. Digital compute
module 14 receives the output signals from detector arrays lOa and lOb and
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determines the number of elements n that the second detection image has been
displaced with respect to the first detection image. The output of digital
compute module 14 is preferably a digital word indicative of the number n.
Since n is inversely proportional to the object distance s, the output of
digital compute module 14 is indicative of distance s.
Control 16 controls the operation of detector arrays lOa and lOb
and digital compute module 14. The operation of control 16 is initiated by
a signal from the user, which may be produced, for example, by the closing
of contacts.
In the embodiments shown in Figure 1, the output of detector arrays
lOa and lOb is directed to digital compute module 14 in a serial fashion.
This is an advantageous method of reading out data from detector arrays lOa
and lOb, particularly when the arrays are charge coupled devices. Although
parallel outputs from detector arrays lOa and lOb could also be used, this
requires a large number of interconnections with digital compute module 14.
When the number N of detectors in each array lOa and lOb becomes very large
~which is desirable), serial output from detector arrays lOa and lOb becomes
very advantageous.
When detector arrays lOa and lOb are charge coupled devices, cont-
rol 16 provides signals which cause the serial transfer of the detector sig-
nals through the array and to digital compute module 14. The techniques for
detecting radiation and shifting detector signals in charge coupled devices
are well known. The output shift time is much shorter than the detection or
integrate time of the detector arrays.
Figure 2 sho~s one preferred embodiment of the signal processing
circuit described in Figure 1. The signal processing circuit includes digit-
izing circuit 18 ~nd digital correlator circuit 20. Control 16 includes a
clock 22 and cont~ol logic 24.
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Digitizing circuit 18 receives the output signals from detector
arrays 10a and 10b and digitizes those output signals. The digitized output
signals are first and second digitized representations of the first and second
detection images. Digitizing circuit 18 can perform this function in several
different manners.
First, each output element can be treated as a "1" if the level is
above an average reference level and a "O" if below the reference level.
Second, each element output can be set at a "1" if it is greater than the
previous element output or a "O" if it is the same to within some limit.
Values less than a previous detector output can be set at either "O" or "1".
A "1" is only present, therefore, where a change in light level is present.
Third, the light level may be digitized to recognize a range of levels.
Rather than a "O" or "1" for each detector output, a digital word is produced
for each detector output. The digital word represents the ligllt level (or
the log of the light level).
Digital correlator 20 repeatedly compares the first and second
digitized representations and produces an output signal indicative of the
number n. In the particular embodiment shown in ~igure 2, digital correlator
20 performs digital correlation between two words of equal length (128 bits).
The specific implementation of the digital correlator will, nf course, differ
slightly depending upon the length of the two words.
The two digital words from digitizing circuit 18 are initially
shifted into shift registers 26a and 26b. Logic circuits are provided with
each shift register to place the shift registers in a recirculate mode after
initial loading. These logic circuits include AND gates 28a7 28b, 30a, and
30b, inverters 32a and 32b, and OR gates 34a and 34b.
The two digital words from digitizing circuit 18 are received by AND
gates 30a and 30b. A control signal from control logic 24 is also received
by AND gates 30a and 30b. The outputs of AND gates 30a and 30b are inputs to
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OR gates34a and 34b, respecti~ely. The control signal from control logic 24
is inverted by in~erters 32a and 32b and forms inputs to AND gates 28a and
28b, The outputs of shift registers 26a and 26b are the other inputs to AND
gate 28a and 28b, respectively. The output of AND gates 28a and 28b are in-
puts to OR gates 34a and 34b, respecti~ely.
In operation, a logic "1" from control logic 24 enables AND gates
30a and 30b and allows new digital words to be entered into shift registers
26a and 26b. The logic "1" disables AND gates 28a and 28b so that the infor-
mation presently stored in the shift registers 26a and 26b is not re-entered.
After the digital words have been entered into shift registers 26a
and 26b, the control signal from control logic 24 changes to a logic "O",
thereby enabling A~D gates 28a and 28b and disabling AND gates 30a and 30b.
Shift registers 26a and 26b, therefore, are in a recirculating mode.
The contents of shift registers 26a and 26b are then shifted
~recirculated) in response to the two clock signals, CLKa and CLKb, supplied
by control logic 24. Each time a logic "1" occurs at the outputs of registers
26a and 26b simultaneously, A~D gate 36 produces an output coincident with the
strobe pulse generated by control logic 24. The output pulses of AND gate 36
are counted in binary counter 38. The number of clock pulses CLKa and CLKb
correspond exactly to the number of bits in shift registers 26a and 26b. I)pon
completion of one complete circular shift, the count accumulated in counter
38 is entered into random access memory 40 at a location determined by the
state of address counter 42. At the initiation of the correlation sequence,
address counter 42 is cleared. This causes the initial memory address and the
first entry to occur at the lowest address.
Upon completion of the first circular shift of the contents of shift
registers 26a and 26b, one extra clock pulse is produced at the clock input of
shift register 26b. This shifts the contents of shift register 26b by one bit
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with respect to tl~e contents of shift register 26a. At the same time, address
counter 42 is incremented by one. Counter 38 is cleared, and the second
circular shift of the contents of registers 26a and 26b is commenced. Again,
outputs at gate 36 are counted in counter 38. This sequence continues until
the number of shifts equals the value of n corresponding to the nearest subject
distance to be considered. Each time the circular shift is completed, the
contents of counter 38 are placed in memory 40 at the next higher address o'o-
tained by incrementing address counter 42 by one for each completed circular
shift.
The best correlation, which corresponds to the distance between the
object and the first and second detector arrays, is the address of the largest
count stored in the memory 40 during the correlation process. The final step
is the determination of this address. The largest number in the memory is
determined as follows.
Address counter 42 is set to the highest address~ which corresponds
to all "l's" in address counter 42. This address is then stored in latch 44.
Alternatively, the number stored in latch 44 can be derived from a source other
than address counter 42. What is required is that the number stored in latch
44 initially be as hiKh as the highest count possibly contained in memory 40
~i.e. all "l's"). The number in latch 44 must be decremented by one each time
a complete check of memory 40 has found no match. Address counter 42 is a
convenient means for providing the numbers and decrementing the number.
After the highest count is stored in latch 44, address counter 42 is
decremented to zero. All locations in memory 40 are addressed in sequence and
are compared to the contents of latch 44 by comparator 46. I~ any of the
locations in memory 40 contain all "lts", comparator 46 issues an output in-
dicating a match has occurred. At this point, the correlation process is
stopped and the particular address contained in address counter 42 at that
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time is entered into latch 44. This address corresponds to the number "n".
If no match is found to the highest count, address counter 42 is
decremented by one from its previous highest count and this count is stored
in latch 44. The address countdown and comparison is then repeated. The
process of decrementing the address and comparing to the contents of memory
40 to the contents of latch 44 continues until a match is found. At this
point~ the correlation process is concluded. The particular memory address
at which the match occurs is the number "n" which forms the output signal of
the signal processing circuit.
The embodiment of the signal processing circuit shown in Figure 2
is particularly advantageous because it uses a relatively small number of
circuit elements. Other forms of signal processing, however, may also be
used. An important consideration is minimizing complexity of the digital
compute module 14 and control 16 shown in Figure l. This allows detector
arrays 10a and 10b, digital compute module 14, and control 16 to be formed
in a single monolithic integrated circuit, or in a relatively small number of
integrated circuits.
Figure 3 shows a digital automatic focus system wl~ich may be used
in photographic equipment such as a still or movie camera. The system in-
cludes a digital focus module 50, which preferably is apparatus like that
shown in Figure 1. The output of digital focus module 50 is a first digital
word which is used to control a position of a primary optical means 52 such
as the taking lens of a still or movie camera. A lens position encoder 54
provides a second digital word indicative of the position of optical means 52
with respect to film 56. Digital comparator 58 compares the first and second
digital words. The position of optical element 52 is determined by motive
means 60, which is controlled by motive means control 62. The output of
digital comparator 58 is connected to motive means control 62 so that the
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1~95756
position of optical means 52 with respect to film 56 is controlled by the
comparison of the first and second digital words.
In the system shown in Figure 3, the first digital word from digital
focus module 50 represents the desiredposition o-f optical means 52. When
the position of optical element 52, as represented by the second digital word,
is identical to the first digital word, the system is in focus. In the case
of a still camera, the motion of optical element 52 is stopped at this point.
In a continuous focus sytem for a motion picture camera, the position is
controlled to always return the lens to the best image focus position. In
other words, as the first digital word changes, the position of optical ele-
ment 52 is adjusted to bring the second digital word in agreement with the
first digital word.
When digital focus module 50 is in the form shown in Figure 1, the
digital number n which forms the first digital word is:
n = fd/se,
where f is the auxiliary lens focal length, d is the auxiliary lens separation,
e is the detector-to-detector spacing, and s is the object distance. The
camera taking lens displacement for focus is:
~ Q f2/s f
where ft is the taking lens focal length. Where the object-to-camera distance
is several times the focal length of the taking lens:
~ Q ~ ft2/s~
or
A Q ~ n.
The lens extension for focus is very nearly proportional to n, where n is the
number of detector elements the image has been displaced relative to the
reference condition ~object at infinity~. The system requires little or no
special geometric correction.
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The system of Figure 3 may take a number of different forms. For
example, motive means 60 may be a motor and motive means control 62 may be a
motor-drive control. Alternatively~ motive means 60 may be in the form of a
mechanical arrangement including springs.
Similarly, lens position encoder 54 may take a variety of well
known forms. The position of optical element 52 may be sensed in an analog
manner which is then converted to a digital word by a digital-to-analog con-
verter. It is preferable, however, for the encoding of the position of
optical element 52 to be done directly in a digital manner.
lG In one preferred ernbodiment in which the automatic focus system isused in a still camera, primary optical means 52 is preset at the near subject
focus. Optical means 52 is then released to move toward film 56. As it
moves, a series of pulses is produced, one pulse for a movement of, for ex-
ample, 0.001 inches. The pulse count is converted to a second digital word
indicative of the position of optical means 52. The pulses may originate
from an optical mask with small holes which move in front of a light source
and produce pulses on a detector. The optical mask is, in this embodiment,
attached to original means 52.
In another embodiment, in which a rotating member is used to advance
optical means 52, a shaft revolution counter generates pulses or a rotating
gear activates a contact. The count produced is, once again, converted to a
second digital word which is compared with the first digital word by digital
comparator 58. Motion of optical means 52 is halted when the two words are
identical.
In a continuous focus system for use in a motion picture camera, a
position encoder mask may be used which is the linear equivalent of a shaft
position encoder. A second digital word is, therefore, generated which in-
dicates lens position. This second digital word is then compared to the first
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digital word. The output of digital comparator 58 gives direction information
to refocus optical element 52.
rn conclusion, the system of the present invention provides an
accurate determination of distance from the apparatus to an object and pro-
vides a simplified automatic focus control for use in a variety of optical
systems. The present invention has a minimum of moving parts, uses digital
rather than analog methods, and provides significant savings in size, weight,
and mechanical co~plexity over prior art systems. Although the invention has
been described with reference to a series of preferred embodiments, it will
be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in form and detail
may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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