Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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BACKGROUND OF T~IE INVENTION
Polymeric emulsions of acrylamide and an acrylic acid which are
effective flocculants for many substrates including sewage, cellulose fibers
and fines for retention and freeness, metal ore treatment, plating waste,
coal tailings, steel mill flue ducts and sinter fines, potable water have
become increasingly important in recent years. These emulsions are usually
of the water-in-oil variety and are inverted, by the addition of water there-
to, to oil-in-water emulsions during which the polymer is rapidly dissolved
in the water. Emulsions and dissolution procedures of this type are dis-
closed in United States Patent Nos. RE 28,474, 3,826,771, and 3,2843393.
While these emulsions are very effective when used as flocculants,
they tend to be materially reduced in their effectiveness when they are sub-
jected to alternating freezing and thawing temperature such as would exist
in many areas during the winter season. The repeated temperature cycles tend
to cause the emulsions to coagulate, i.e., form into large clumps of polymer
rather than remain finely dispersed particles and, as a result, the flocculat-
ing effectiveness of the emulsions are drastically reduced.
SUMMARY OF T~IE INVENTION
The novel emulsions of the present invention exhibit excellent
freeze-thaw properties, that is~ they do not form into clumps to the extent
that they are rendered useless as flocculants when subjected to freeze-thaw
conditions. In addition to exhibiting stability under freeze-thaw condi-
tions~ the emulsions of the present invention also retain all the other at-
tractive properties exhibited by existing emulsions such as high temperature
stability, full inversion upon dilution with water, good tolerance to hard
water and good dlspersion of oil in water after inversion.
This combination of excellent properties is achieved by the use of
a critical partially neutralized acrylic acid in the copolymer, and a criti-
cal amount of inverting surfactant.
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BACKGROUND OF T~ INVENTION
INCWDING PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention comprises a freeze-thaw stable, self-invert-
ing, water-in-oil emulsion containing a dispersion therein of finely-divid-
ed copolymer particles, said emulsion comprising:
A. an aqueous phase ranging from about 70% tG about 95%, by weight,
based on the total weight of A, B and C, which is comprised of
~ 1) a water-soluble acrylamide-acrylic acid copolymer, wher0in
said acrylic acid is from about 50% to about 75% neutralized, containing
from about 25% to about 35%, by weight, based on the total weight o the
copolymer of said acrylic acid, remainder acrylamide, and having a concen-
tration of from about 27% to about 68%, by weight, based on the total
weight of (A), and ~2) water, in an amount ranging from about 32% to about
73%, by weight, based on the total weight of (A~,
B. a liquid hydrocarbon oil in an amount ranging from about 5%
to about 30%, by weight, based on the total weight of A, B and C,
C. a water-in-oil emulsifying agent disposed between said a~ueous
phase and said liquid hydrocarbon at a concentration ranging from about 0.1%
to about 15.0%, by weight, based on the total weight of A, B and C, and
D. an inverting surfactant comprising the reaction product of
about one mole of a fatty alcohol of about 12-18 carbon atoms with from about
6-10 moles of ethylene oxide in an amount ranging from more than about 2.0% :.
and not over about 3.2%, by weight, based on the total weight of A, B, C
and D.
The present invention also provides a method of preparing the
freeze-thaw stabIe emulsion described above which comprises:
A. forming a water-in-oil emulsion of
~1) from about 75% to about 95%, by weight, based on the total
weight of 1, 2, and 3, of a solution of
(a) a mixture of acrylamide and an acrylic acid containing from
about 25% to about 35%, by weightJ based on the total weight of the mixture,
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of a 50-75% neutralized acrylic acid, remainder acrylamide, having a concen-
tration from about 27% and abou~ 68%, by weight, based on the total weight
of a and b, and
(b) water, in an amount ranging from about 32%, to about 73%,
by weight, based on the total weight of a and b,
~ 2) a liquid hydrocarbon oil in an amount ranging Erom about 5%
to about 25%, by weight~ based on the total weight of 1, 2, and 3,
~ 3) a water-in-oil emulsifying agent in a concentration of about
0.1% to about 15.0%, by weight, based on the total weight of 1, 2 and 3,
and
~ ) a free radical initiator comprising sodium metabisulfite and
a hydroperoxide,
B. polymerizing said monomers under free-radical polymerizing
conditions to form a water-in-oil emulsion which contains dispersed therein
finely divided particles of a copolymer of said acrylamide and said neutra-
lized acrylic acid, and
C. adding to said oil-in-water emulsion more than about 2.0%
and not over 3.2%, by weight, based on *he total weight of said 1, 2, 3 and
C, o an inverting surfactant comprising the reaction product of about one
mole of a fatty alcohol of about 12-18 carbon atoms with ~rom about 6-15
moles of ethylene oxide.
As can be seen, the aqueous phase of my novel emulsions is compris-
ed of the acrylamide-acrylic acid copolymer and water. The copolymer con-
tains 65-75% of acrylamide and 25-35% of acrylic acid. The acrylic acid
must be from about 50% to about 75% neutralized to impart the ~reeze-thaw
stability mentioned above to the final composition. Neutralization of the
acrylic acid is preferably effected before the monomers are copolymerised;
- however, it can be conducted after copolymerization, if desired. Neutrali-
zation is effected by contacting the acrylic acid monomer in aqueous solu-
tion with an appropriate amount of any known neutralization agent such as
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the alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides~ ammonium hydroxide, amines
and the like, as is known in the art. The pH of the resultant aqueous
phase will then range from about 4.5 to about 5.5.
In the preferred sequence, the acrylamide and acrylic acid are
dissolved in water to attain the desired solids concentration and a suit-
able chela~ing agent such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt
is added ~o chelate metal ions which may be present in the system such as
that which may have been incorporated into the acrylamide during its produc-
tion. The neutralization of the acrylic acid follows, a small amount of
iron having preferably been added as a component of the initiator system,
as more fully discussed hereinbelow. The oxidant part of the redox (as
discussed below~ catalyst system is preferably added to the aqueous phase at
this time, or later as described below.
After the aqueous phase has been formed as above, it is poured
into the oil phase which, at this time, constitutes a solution of the oil
and a water-in-oil emulsifier. Any known oil may be used for this purpose
such as those set forth in the above United States patents. A preferred
oil useful for this purpose is a commercially available product sold under
the trademark AMSCO OMS by the Union Oil Co. of California. It is a clear,
oily liquid comprising approximately 86.9% paraffins, 13.0% naphthenes and
0.1% aromatics. It has a molecular weight of about 170, a Specific Gravity
of 0.755 at 60 F., a Viscosity of 1.4 cps. at 77 F., a Free~ing Point below
-25F., a Boiling Point of 399F., a Flash Point TCC of 126 F. and is in-
soluble in water. Its Specific Heat is 0.499BTU/16F. at 100F. and 0.588
BTU/16 F, at 200F.
Any available water-in-oil emulsifier may be employed, those set
forth in the above United States Patents being exemplary. A preferred
"
emulsifier is sorbitan monooleate.
After the water-in-oil emulsion is formed by agitation of the oil
and water phases to insure uniform blending, the oxidant part of the redox
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catalyst system may be added, if it had not been added previously as des-
cribed above. This ingredient is added as an aqueous solution of the mono-
mer emulsion in its complete concentration, i.e., from about 10 parts to
about 500 parts per million parts of monomers, preferably 25-150 ppm. Any
redox catalyst system can be used herein such as the bromate-sulfite systems;
the peroxide-sulfite systems; the hydroperoxide-bisulfite systems, etc.
Additionally, other free-radical catalyst systems may be employed, e.g.,
azobisisobutyronitrile, benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide; potassium per-
sulfate and the like as is known in the art. When the single component
catalyst systems are employed, they are not added to the monomer emulsion
until conversion of the monomers to polymer is desired. In the preferred
aspect of this invention, however, the oxidant portion of a redox catalyst
system comprising t-butyl hydroperoxide and sodium metabisulfite, is added
to the monomer emulsion first. The catalyst system preferably also utilizes
from about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm of iron, based on monomers, as a component
thereof, which iron can be extraneously added to the aqueous phase as men-
tioned above or can be present as an inherent ingredient in the water or
monomers per se. The reducing portion of the redox catalyst should be em-
ployed in amountsranging from about 10 ppm to about 500 ppm based on monomers,
preferably 50-200 ppm.
After the reaction mixture is prepared in the above manner, the
system is then sparged ~ith nitrogen gas to remove all oxygen from the sys-
tem and the reducing portion of the catalyst system is then pumped into the
monomer emulsion containing the oxidant portion of the catalyst over a
period of from about 2 to about 24 hours, i.e., until substantially complete
conversion is accomplished, preferably about ~-16 hours, the longer times
being necessitated by the lower concentration of catalyst and vice versa.
The temperature of the reaction media should be maintained at from about
25C to abou~ 55C~ preferably 35C-~SC.
After the catalyst component has been added and copolymerization
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is substantially complete, stabilization of the resultant copolymer is
effected by the addition of a further quantity of sodium metabisulfite, i.e.,
the reducing portion of the catalyst at copolymerization temperature to
stabilize the copolymer.
The novel, so-called one-package, emulsion of ~he present inven-
tion, so called because inversion thereof can be accomplished by the addi-
tion of water only, is then produced by adding more than about 2.0% and not
over 3.2% of the above inverting surfactant thereto. This range is critical
in that if 2.0% or less is added, the water-in-oil emulsion will only
partially invert to an oil-in-water emulsion and if more than 3.2% is em-
ployed, the resultant wa~er-in-oil emulsion is too viscous to handle ef-
ficiently and the freeze-thaw stability is reduced. Additionally, I have
found that the lower concentrations are effective when the inverted emul-
sion is to be used to treat water which has a trace to moderate quantity of
calcium, but when the water to be treated contains substantial calcium,
the larger amounts of inverting surfactant may be required.
The following examples are set forth for purposes of illustra-
tion only and are not to be construed as limitations on the present inven-
tion except as set forth in the appended claims. All parts and percentages
are by weight unless otherwise specified.
EXAMPLE 1
To a suitable reaction vessel are added 313.0 parts of acrylamide,
as a 47.3% aqueous solution, 64.0 parts of acrylic acid and 167.0 parts of
deionized water. To the resultant solution are added 39.6 parts of conc.
ammonium hydroxide ~28.6% NH3) which neutralizes 75% of the carboxyl groups
of the acrylic acid. The resultant solution has a pH of about 5.3. To
this solution is added 0.848 part of the disodium salt of ethylenediamine
; tetraacetic acid and 0.23 part of hydrated ferric sulfate ~72% ~e2~S04)3
used as 4.5 parts/lO00 parts H20~. This constitutes the aqueous monomer
phase.
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The oil phase is prepared by dissolving 18.0 parts of sorbitanmonooleate in 208.0 parts of AMSCO OMSJ a commercially available, clear
oily liquid sold by Union Oil Co. of California.
To a suitablc, high speed homogenizer is aclded the complete oil
phase system. The homogenizer is started and the monomer aqueous phase is
slowly added thereto to form an emulsion having a viscosity of 725 cps. The
dispersed phase of the resultant emulsion has a particle size of about 2.5
microns or less.
To a suitable reaction vessel is added the complete emulsion sys-
tem with stirring. 70.0 parts per million (based on monomer) of t-butyl
hydroperoxide are added. The resultant media is purged with nitrogen gas
to remove oxygen from the system. Stirring continues, and sodium metabisul-
fite is slowly pumped into the vessel over a period of 6 hours while main-
taining the vessel at about 40C. after which about 200 parts per million
~based on monomer~ have been added. The resultant viscous emulsion exhibits
98.97% conversion of acrylamide and 99.10% conversion of acrylic acid. The
polymer solids are 25.48% and the Standard Viscosity is 6.6 cps. The pH
is 4.8.
Stabilization of the polymer emulsion is accomplished by adding
27.6 parts of a 30% aqueous sodium metabisulfite solution. The emulsion is
maintained under polymerizing conditions ~60 minutes at 40C.) to substan-
tially completely react the remaining acrylamide and acrylic acid. 0.4% of
the emulsion comprises bisulfite which effects stabilization of the copoly-
mer system.
To the resultant copo]ymer emulsion are added, as inverting agent
over a period of 30 minutes, sufficient parts of the reaction product of
one mole of a mixture of C12-C14 aliphatic alcohols and 7 moles of ethylene
oxide to give a final product containing Z.3% of said reaction product,
again at 40C. The resultant emulsion is held at 40C. for an additional
hour after which time the product is smooth and particle free and is sho~m
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to have a viscosity of 650 cps. The dispersed polymer phase particle size
has a particle size of 2.5 microns or less. The Standard Viscosity is 6.4
cps. The final copolymer solids content is 24.80%.
25.0 Parts of the final emulsion are placed in a suitable vessel
and subjected to a temperature of -10C. for 22 hours. The cold vessel is
allowed to warm to room temperature over 2 hours and a count is made o~
the microscopic coagulated particles therein by pouring the emulsion slowly
into a second vessel and counting the particles as they pass from one
vessel to the other. After the count is established, the entire emulsion
is returned to the first vessel and held again at -10C. for 22 hours. The
Cycle is continued for 13 days.
A second emulsion, identical to that prepared above except the
acrylic acid in the emulsion is less than about 10% neutralized is then also
subjected to the same Freeze-Thaw test. The results are set forth in Table
I below. The weekly cycles were frozen and thawed at weekly intervals.
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36
A second portion of the emulsion o~ ~xample 1 is subjected to
high temperature along with a second portion of the 10% neutralized emulsion
to determine their stability toward loss of molecular weight as measured
by Standard Viscosity. At 50C. and 60C. the emulsion of Example 1 is
stable 6 weeks and 2-3 weeks~ respectively, while the 10% neutralized sam-
ple is stable 3-4 and 1-2 weeks, respectively.
Inversion of a third portion of the emulsion of Example 1 is
effected by injecting the portion into a rapidly agitated water. Inversion
is substantially complete within about 30 minutes.
Inversion of a fourth sample of the emulsion of Example 1 is again
conducted except that the rapidly agitated water contains CaC12 calculated
as 750 ppm CaC03. Inversion is measured as about 93% based on the inversion
of said third portion.
Both the third and fourth inverted samples above exhibit little
or no separation after standing at room temperature for 24 hours indicating
excellent dispersion of the oil in the water phase.
EXAMPLE 2
The procedure of Example 1 is again followed but the acrylic acid
is replaced by an equivalent amount of methacrylic acid. Similar results
are achieved.
EXA~PLES 3 ~ 4
The procedure of Example 1 is again followed except that (3)
53.5 parts of acrylic acid and 158 parts of acrylamide monomer and ~4)
74.5 parts of acrylic acid and 137 parts of acrylamide monomer, respective-
ly, are used. Again, exce]lent freeze-thaw stability, high temperature
stability, inversion and calcium tolerance are observed. No separation of
the inverted emulsion is recorded on standing at ambient temperature for
` 24 hours.
BXAMPLE 5
Again following the procedure of Example 1 except that the per-
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centage of ethylene oxide-aliphatic alcohol reaction product is increased
t~ 3.2%, essentially complete inversion is achieved when wa~er containing
750 ppm of calcium carbonate (added as calcium chloride) is used as the
solvent.
EXAMPLE 6
The ethylene oxide-aliphatic alcohol reac~ion product of Example
1 is replaced by an equivalent amount of a reaction product of one mole of
a C18 aliphatic alcohol and 10 moles of ethylene oxide. Substantially
identical results are achieved.
EXAMPLE 7
The procedure of Example 1 is again followed except that the
neutralization of the acrylic acid is increased to 87%. When the resultant
emulsion is inverted with the inversion agent, the viscosity of the resul-
tant copolymer solu~ion is such that handling of the material is extremely
difficult at 0.2% solution.
EXAMPLE 8
The procedure of Example 1 is again followed except that the
neutralization of the acrylic acid is reduced to 50%. Substantially
equivalent results are observed.
EXAMPLE 9
Again following the procedure of Example 1 except that the
acrylic acid is neutralized to about 60%, the freeze-thaw tes~ results are
as set forth in Table II, below.
TABLE II
Daily Cycles Emulsion of Ex. 9
Particle Count
Initial Count
0
2 2
3 2
13
