Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
11()0377
This invention relates to improved free flowing,
concentrated, high bulk density, particulate, detergent-fabric
softening compositions and to methods for their manufacture.
Compositions which have combination laundry detergent
and fabric softening effects are known. Nonionic detergents are
known to be useful components of detergent compositions and
quaternary ammonium halides having a long chain lipophilic
moiety on the nitrogen thereof have been successfully employed as
fabric softeners and anti-static agents. Inorganic builder salts
such as phosphates, carbonates and silicates have long been util-
ized as builders for organic detergents, and zeolites, such as
sodium aluminosilicates, have recently also been employed for this
purpose. Although most particulate detergents are of low bulk
density it is known to make high bulk density particulate deter-
gent compositions, too. Nevertheless, before the present inven-
tion it was not known to make a high bulk density, particulate
detergent-fabric softener of the desired characteristics of the
products described herein nor were the methods for the manufacture
of such products shown in the prior art or obvious therefrom.
In accordance with the present invention there is
provided a free flowing particulate detergent-softener composition
prepared by a process of agglomeration which has a bulk density
of at least Q.6 g/cc and a particle size in the range of 4 to 40
mesh, United States Sieve Series, comprising nucleus particles of
an alkali metal builder salt selected from the group consisting
of sodium carbonate mixed with sodium bicarbonate~ sodium carbon-
ate, sodium bicarbonate, pentasodium tripolyphosphate, tetrasodium
pyrosphosphate, sodium silicate, borax, corresponding potassium
salts, and mixtures thereof, containing a normally liquid or pasty
nonionic detergent in the interiors of such particles and on the
surfaces thereof and coated with calcium ion exchanging zeolite
particles of an ultimate particle size in the range of O.UG5 to 20
~A~ - 2 - ~
3~7
microns adhered to the nonionic detergent on the builder particle
surfaces, and a waxy quaternary ammonium compound softening agent,
which is located external to or within said particles, said zeo-
lite having the following chemical formula:
B (M20) (Al23)y (Si~2)z ' W H20
wherein M is sodium or potassium, y is from 0.8 to 1.2, z is from
1.5 to 3.8 and W imparts a water content of about 1.5% to 36% by
weight of said zeolite and the weight percentages of said builder
salt, said nonionic detergent, said zeolite and said softener
are in the ranges of 20 to 40%, 12 to 30%, 30 to 60%, and 4 to
12% respectively. This invention also relates to re-coated
products and to methods for manufacture of the invented particu-
late detergent-softeners.
In accordance with the method aspect of the present
invention, it comprises at least one of the following sequences
of steps selected from the group consisting of
A(a) mixing said nonionic detergent in liquid form
with said nucleus particles of said builder salt so that said
detergent is absorbed in and coats said particles of builder
salt,
(b) admixing the product of step (a) with said zeo-
lite particles whereby said zeolite particles are adhered to the
surface of the resultant particles and
(c) admixing the product of step (b) with 80 to 160
mesh size (United States Sieve Series) particles of said softener
whereby the said softener adheres to the surfaces of said zeolite-
coated particles,
B(a) mixing said softener in liquid form with said
nucleus particles of said builder salt so that a major portion of
said softener is adsorbed in said particles of builder salt,
(b) admixing the particles of step (a) with said
nonionic detergent in liquid form so that said detergent is ab-
-- 3
11(~(~3~7
sorbed in and coats said particles,
(c) admixing the product of step (b) with said zeo-
lite particles whereby said zeolite particles are adhered to the
surface of the resultant particles, and
C(a) admixing said softener and said nonionic deter-
gent at a temperature sufficient to form a liquid mixture,
(b) mixing the liquid mixture of step (a) with said
nucleus particles of said builder salt so that said liquid mix-
ture is absorbed in and coats said particles of builder salt and
(c) admixing the product of step (b) with said zeo-
lite particles whereby said zeolite particles are adhered to the
surface of the resultant particles.
The products of this invention are excellent heavy
duty detergent-fabric softeners of suitable high bulk densities
to make it possible to utilize small volumes thereof, e.g., 50- -
150 cc, for an average wash in an automatic washing machine
(which has a tub volume of about 30 to 65 liters and washes a
charge of about 4 kg of soiled garments, etc.). Thus, smaller
packages may be employed for similar effective quantities of
detergent-softener composition and shelf space may be conserved
in the supermarket and in the home. Of course, it is also easier
to handle the smaller packages and to pour from them, resulting
in more convenience and less spillage.
The nucleus particles or bases into and onto which
nonionic detergent is added may be any suitable builder salts
which are sufficiently sorptive for the nonionic detergent, when
it is in the liquid state. Normally, it is desirable for the
builder particles to be of rounded forms, most preferably spher-
ical, with passageways through the
- 3a -
~7
1~03~7
particles to the interiors thereof which allow the sorption of at least 10%,
preferably 20% and most preferably 30% or more of nonionic detergent, by
weight, into the builder particle. Suitable builders that may be employed
include a preferred mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate
(including Weg~cheider's salt), which will be described in more detail,
sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, pentasodium tripolyphosphate, tetra-
sodium pyropho~phate, sodium silicate (Na20:SiO2 ratios in the range of
1:1.6 to 1:3) and borax. Such products, which may be spray dried, agglo-
merated or made by other suitable process, will preferably have particle sizes
like those of the preferred carbonate-bicarbonate mixture, to be described.
Of course, mixtures of various builders may be employed, as may be mixtures
of the various other components of the invented compositions. In addition
to the sodium salts, other alkali metal salts, principally potassium salts,
may be utilized but these are not normally preferred.
In place of some of the inorganic builder salt there may be used
organic builders, such as sodium citrate, trisodium nitrilotriacetate, CMOS
~sodium carboxymethyl oxysuccinate), sodium gluconate and sodium EDTA.
However, the total content of such organic builders will usually be only a
minor proportion of the total builder content, preferably being less than
25% thereof. Also, some of the builder salt may be replaced by sodium sul-
fate or other compatible filler, but again this will usually be present in
only a minor proportion and preferably will be less than 25% of the total
builder plus filler salt content.
The preferred mixture of alkali metal carbonate and alkali metal
bicarbonate is very preferably a mixture thereof wherein both types of com-
pounds are present in the same individual beads or particles. For the pur-
pose of this invention such particles should desirably have sizes within the
20 to 100 mesh range, preferably being 30 to 60 mesh and most preferably
about 4Q mesh (the word "mesh" is used interchangeably with "No."). Larger
particles~ up to about 8 mesh, may be used providing that the resulting
~1~0377
final product size is in the desired range. In some such cases efforts will
be made to prevent any agglomeration or appreciable size growth taking place
during absorption of nonionic detergent or else the final particle sizes will
usually be too large. When sizes smaller than those in the desirable range
indicated are used there is sometimes produced an unacceptable pasty product,
rather than individual free flowing beads.
The alkali metal ~sodium or potassium being preferred) carbonates
and bicarbonates, most preferably as the sodium salts, will be essentially
anhydrous in preferred embodiments of the invention but partially dehydrated
builder salts of this type may be tolerated. Normally, moisture contents
will be less than ~%, preferably less than 7%. The proportion of alkali metal
carbonate to alkali metal bicarbonate by weight, will generally be within
the range of 1:10 to 10:1, preferably being with the range of 1:5 to 1:1,
more preferably in that of 1:3 to 1:1 and most preferably about 1:2. The
mixed product is preferably made by a method which results in a substantial
content, e.g., 10 to 100% of Wegscheider's salt, with any balance being
sodium bicarbonate. Such a product is of excellent sorptive powers for liquid
nonionic detergent and may be readily converted into a suitable base fbr a
zeolite builder powder coating. A method for the manufacture of a mixed
carbonate-bicarbonate product used successfully is shown in United States
patent 3,944,500 of Gancy et al. A useful mixed carbonate-bicarbonate
of the type described is available from Allied Chemical Corporation under
the name Snowlite@~. Although the method of the patent is a preferable one
the mixed carbonate-bicarbonate beads may be made by other techniques. In
one aspect of this invention instead of the carbonate and bicarbonate being
intimately associated in single beads separate charges of carbonate and
bicarbonate may be utilized, preferably of the same sizes and proportions
as for the products described above, providing that they are sufficiently
sorptive to take up the nonionic detergent in sufficient quantity to produce
the desiredfinal products. Also, one may employ more finely divided carbonate
ant bicarbonate powders, such as those of particle sizes below 100 mesh, e.g.,
170 to 270 mesh, and agglomerate these, either separately or in mixture, ,
with care being taken to preserve the porosity of the product by employing
only minimum amounts of a binder, such as starch or other agglomerating
agent. Wegscheider's salt may also be added to such products.
The softening compounds which may be employed to soften laundry
and help to make it wrinkle resistant and static-free include a wide variety :~
of compounds which have substantial portions of the molecules thereof posi~
tively charged. Generally, such compounds will include hydrophobic groups as
parts of the positively charged portions and often such groups will be relati-
vely long chain radicals, such as higher hydrocarbyls or alkyls. Although
amines, imidazolines, pyridines, guanidines and salts and derivatives there-
of are useful, especially if they contain relatively long chain hydrophobic ~-
groups, the most preferred softening agents will usually be quaternary
ammonium compounds containing one or two long chain hydrophobic groups and
two or three short chain groups, with a solubilizing cation or a salt-
forming group, usually either halide, sulfate, acetate, hydroxide, or other
inorganic or organie solubilizing mono- or dibasic radical. Various cationic
compounds that are useful in the present invention are also described in
United States patents 3,227,614 and 3,442,692.
In the quaternary ammonium compounds and salts the longer chain
substituents of the nitrogen are preferably higher alkyl groups of 12 to
18 carbon atoms, more preferably of 16 to 18 carbon atoms and most preferably
stear~1, and the shorter hydrophobic radicals are alkyls of 1 to 4 carbon
atoms, preferably of 1 to 2 carbon atoms and most preferably methyl.
Similar long chain substituents are present on the imidazolines and imi-
dazoles, the pyridines and piperidines, the guanidines and the amines.
Specific examples of preferred cationic conditioning agents employed in
accordance with the present invention include dimethyl distearyl ammonium
chloride; trimethyl stearyl ammonium bromide; cetyl trimethyl ammonium
110(~3~7
chloride; di-higher alkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride wherein the higher alkyl
is obtained from hydrogenated tallow alcohols; cetyl pyridinium chloride;
higher alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; di-isobutyl phenoxy ethoxy
ethyl dimethyl benæyl ammonium chloride; and laurrl isoquinolinium bromide.
Although these are preferred compounds, the higher alkyl amines and other
cationic conditioning agents which are known to be useful for softening
various fabrics and fibers and making them wrinkle resistant or static-free
may also be employed, instead. Such compounds will be strongly substantive
to fabrics, especially those of cotton or cellulosic materials and synthetic
organic fibers. Also, the described softening compounds, including higher
alkyl groups, usually are waxy or pasty solids and may be melted or fused
at elevated temperatures, so as to be useful to coat base particles of this
invention. Such coating may be effected by mixing comparatively soft parti-
cles of softener compounds with material to ~hich such are to be adhered,
such as carbonate-bicarbonate-nonionic detergent-zeolite particles or the
softener may be melted and sprayed onto nucleus particles or may be mixed
with nonionic and co-sprayed onto such particles. In the present products,
due largely to the use of nonionic detergent instead of anionic detergent,
with which cationic softeners often react the softener compound maintains its
effectiveness in use.
The nonionic detergents include those described at length in
McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers, 1973 Annual and in Surface Active
Agents, Vol. II, by Schwartz, Perry and Berch (Interscience Publishers,
1958). Such nonionic detergents are usually pasty or waxy solids at room
temperature (20C.) which are either sufficiently water soluble to dissolve
promptly in ~ater or will quickly melt at the temperature of the wash water,
as when that temperature is above 40C. The nonionic detergents employed
will normally be those which are liquid or pasty at room temperature but
preference will be given to normally pasty or semi-solid products because
such are less liable to make a tacky product of poor flow properties and
susceptibility toward lumping or setting on storage. Also they are less
1~
11~3~7
li`a~le to ~eep and release their "holds" on the zeolites. Still, normally
liquid nonionic detergents may be employed and nonionic detergents used will
be liquifiable so that they may be sprayed at reasonable temperatures, such
as those below 45, 50 or 60C. Typical useful nonionic detergents are the
poly-(lo~er alkenoxy) derivatives that are usually prepared by the condensa-
tion of lo~er ~2 to 4 carbon atoms) alkylene oxide, e.g~, ethylene oxide,
propylene oxide ~with enough ethylene oxide to make a water soluble product),
with a compound havinga hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain and containing one or
more active hydrogen atoms, such as higher alkyl phenols, higher fatty acids,
higher fatty mercaptansJ higher fatty amines and higher fatty polyols and
alcohols, e.g., fatty alcohols having 8 to 20 or 10 to 18 carbon atoms in an
alkyl chain and alkoxylated with an average of about 3 to 30, preferably 3
to 15 or 6 to 12 lower alkylene oxide units. Preferred nonionic surfactants
are those represented by the formula RO~C2H40)nH, wherein R is the residue of
a linear saturated primary alcohol (an alkyl) of 10 or 12 to 18 carbon atoms
and n is an integer from 3 or 6 to 15. Typical commercial nonionic surface
active agents suitable for use in the invention include ~eodo ~ 45-11, which
is an ethoxylation product ~having an average of about 11 ethylene oxide
unîts) of a 14 to 15 carbon atoms (average) chain fatty alcohol (made by
Shell Chemical Company); Neodol 25-7, a 12 to 15 carbon atom chain fatty
alcohol ethoxylated with an average of 7 ethylene oxide units; and Alfonic~
1618-65, which is a 16 to 18 carbon alkanol ethoxylated with an average of
10 to 11 eth~lene oxide units (Continental Oil Company). Also useful are the
Igepals~of GAF Co., Inc. Such materials are usually the polyethoxylated (3
to 30 ethylene oxide units) middle alkyl (6 to 10 carbon atoms) phenols,
such as Igepals CA-630, CA-730 and C0-630. The Pluronics~ (made by BASF-
Wyandotte), such as Pluronic F-68 and F-127, which are condensates of ethylene
oxide with hydrophobic bases formed by condensing propylene oxide with propy-
lene glycol, usually having molecular weights in the range of 5,000 to 25,000,
may also be emplayed, as may be the various Tweens~ ~products of ICI America),
which are polyoxyethylene sorbitan higher fatty acid (12 to 18 carbon atoms)
~'
IIU03~
esters, such as those containing solubilizing quantities of ethylene oxide
therein. Various other nonionic detergents described in the texts pre-
viously incorporated ~y reference may also be employed but preferably the
proportion of nonionic detergent or surface active agent present, when other
than the higher fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ethanols, will be a minor
one, rarely being more than 50~ and preferably no more than 25% of the total
nonionic detergent content. In the above description higher, as in higher
alkyl, higher fatt~, etc., means from 8 to 20, preferably from 10 or 12 to
18.
The zeolites which may be employed in practicing the present
invention include the crystalline, amorphous and mixed crystalline-amorphous
zeolites of both natural and synthetic origins which are of satisfactorily
quick and sufficiently effective activities in counteracting hardness ions,
such as calcium ions, in wash waters. Preferably, such materials are capable
of reacting sufficiently rapidly with hardness cations, such as calcium,
magnesium, iron and the like or any one of them, to soften wash water be-
fore adverse reactions of such hardness ions with other co~ponents of the
synthetic organic detergent composition occur. The zeolites employed may
be characterized as having a high exchange capacity for calcium ion, which
is normally from about 200 to 400 or more milligram equivalents of calcium
carbonate hardness per gram of the aluminosilicate, preferably 250 to 350 mg.
eq./g. and a hardness depletion rate residual hardness of 0.02 to 0.05 mg.
CaC03/liter in one minute, preferably 0.02 to 0.03 mg./l., and less than
0.01 mg./l. in 10 minutes, all on an anhydrous zeolite basis.
Although other ion exchanging zeolites may also be utilized normal-
ly the finely divided synthetic zeolite builder particles employed in the
practice of this inventicn will be of the formula.
(Na20) x ~A1203)y ~Si~)2) z W H20
wherein x is 1, y is from 0.8 to 1.2, preferably about 1, z is from 1.5 to
3.5, preferably 2 to 3 or about 2 and w is from 0 to 9, preferably 2.5 to 6.
xi
11(~037~
The ~ater soluble crystalline aluminosilicates used are often
characterized by having a network of substantially uniformly sized pores in
the range of about 3 to 10 Angstroms, often being about 4 ~ ~normal)J such
size being uniquely determined by the unit structure of the zeolite crystal.
Of course, zeolites containing two or more such nethorks of different pore
sizes can also be satisfactorily employed, as can mixtures of such crystal-
line materials ~ith each other and with amorphous materials, etc.
The zeolite should be a univalent cation-exchanging zeolite, i.e.,
it should be an aluminosilicate of a univalent cation such as sodium,
potassium, lithium (when practicable) or other alkali metal, ammonium or
hydrogen. Preferably the univalent cation of the zeolite molecular sieve is
an alkali metal cation, especially sodium or potassium and most preferably,
is sodium, but various other types are also useful.
Crystalline types of zeolites utilizable as good ion exchangers
in the invention, at least in part, include zeolites of the following crystal
structure groups: A, X, Y, L, mordenite and erionite, of which types A, X
and Y are preferred. Mixtures of such molecular sieve zeolites can also be
useful, especially when type A zeolite is present. These crystalline types
of zeolites are well known in the art and are more particularly described in
the text Zeolite Molecular Sieves by Donald W. Breck, published in 1974
by John ~iley ~ Sons. Typical commercially available zeolites of the afore-
mentioned structural types are listed in Table 9.6 at pages 747-749 of the
Breck text.
Preferably the zeolite used in the invention is synthetic and it
is also preferable that it be of type A or similar structure, particularly
described at page 133 of the aforementioned text. Good results have been
obtained when a Type 4A molecular sieve zeolite is employed, wherein the
univalent cation of the zeolite is sodium and the pore size of the zeolite is
about 4 Angstroms. Such zeolite molecular sieves are described in United
~0 States patent 2,882,243, which refers to them as Zeolite A.
-10 -
lloo3~
Molecular sieve zeolites can be prepared in either a dehydrated
or calcined form which contains from about 0 or about 1.5% to about 3% of
moisture or in a hydrated or water loaded form which contains additional
bound water in an amount from about 4% up to about 36% of the zeolite total
weight, depending on the type of zeolite used. The water-containing hy-
drated form of the molecular sieve zeolite ~preferably about 15 to 70% hy-
drated) is preferred in the practice of this invention when such crystalline
product is used. The manufacture of such crystals is well known in the
art. For example, in the preparation of Zeolite A, referred to above, the
hydrated zeolite crystals that are formed in the crystallization medium
~such as a hydrous amorphous sodium aluminosilicate gel) are used without the
high temperature dehydration ~calcining to 3% or less water content) that is
normally practiced in preparing such crystals for use as catalysts, e.g.,
cracking catalysts. The crystalline zeolite, in either completely hydrated
or partially hydrated form, can be recovered by filtering off the crystals
from the crystallization medium and drying them in air at ambient tempera-
ture so that their water contents are in the range of about 5 to 30%
moisture, preferably about 10 to 25%, such as 17 to 22%. However, the mois-
ture content of the molecular sieve zeolite being employed may be much lower,
2Q as was previously described.
The zeolites used in this invention should usually also be suh-
stantially free of adsorbed gases, such as carbon dioxide, since such gas-
containing zeolites can produce undesirable foaming when the zeolite-
containing detergent is contacted with water; howeveT, sometimes the foaming
is tolerated and it may sometimes be desirable.
Preferably the zeolite should be in a finely divided state with
the ultimate particle diameters being up to 20 microns, e.g., O.OOS or 0.01
to 20 microns, preferably being from 0.01 to 15 microns and especially
preferably of 0.01 to 8 microns mean particle size, e.g., 3 to 7 or 12
3Q micron~, if crystalline, and 0.01 to 0.1 microns, e.g., 0.01 to 0.05 micron,
-11-
~10~7
if amorphous. Although the ultimate par~icle sizes are much lower, usually
the zeolite particles will be of sizes within the range of 100 to 400 mesh,
preferably 140 to 325 mesh. Zeolites of smaller sizes will often become
objectionably dusty and those of larger sizes may not sufficiently and
satisfactorily cover the carbonate-bicarbonate base particles.
Although the crystalline synthetic zeolites are more common and
better kno~n, amorphous zeolites may be employed instead and are often
superior to the crystalline materials in various important properties, as
will be described, as may be mixed crystalline-amorphous materials and
mixtures of the various types of zeolites described. The particle sizes
and pore sizes of such materials may be like those previously described but
variations from the indicated ranges may be made, as described, providing
that the materials function satisfactorily as builders and do not objectional-
ly overwhiten dyed materials with which they are treated in aqueous media.
Various suitable crystalline molecular sieve zeolites are
described in Belgian Patent No. 828,753 and published German patent
specification Nos. P 25 38 679.2, P 26,56 009.8 and P. 26 56 251.6. Various
other such compounds are described in British patent specification No.
1,429,1~3. Other useful such molecular sieve zeolites are illustrated in
British patent specifications Nos. 1J473~201~ 1,473,571, 1,437,512 and
1,464,427.
The manufacturings of amorphous and mixed amorphous-crystalline
aluminosilicate ion exchange zeolites are described in British patent
specification No. 1,470,250. A preferred ion exchange zeolite is the
amorphouszeolite of Bel~ian patent 835,351 of the formula
M20-A1203- (SiO2)z.w H20
wherein z is from 2.0 to 3.8 and w is from 2.5 to 6, especially when M is
sodium. Such patent and applications are also incorporated herein by
reference to avoid the necessity for lengthy recitations of such materials,
30 methods~ for their manufacture and uses, etc.
X -12_
3`~
Various adjuvants, both functional and aesthetic, may be included
in the present compositions, such as bleaches, e.g., sodium perborate;
colorants, e.g., pigments, dyes; fluorescent brighteners, e.g., stilbene
brighteners; foam stabilizers, e.g., alkanolamides, such as lauric myristic
dieth4nolamide; enzymes, e.g., proteases; skin protecting and conditioning
agents, such as ~ater soluble proteins of low molecular weight, obtained by
hydrolysis of proteinaceous materials, such as animal hair, hides, gelatin,
collagen; foam destroyers, e.g., silicones; hactericides, e.g., hexa-
chlorophene; and perfumes. Usually such adjuvants and any supplemental
builders will be admixed with the other components at a particular stage in
the manufacturing process which is most suitable, which usually depends on
the nature of the adjuvant and its physical state. Particularly desirable
will be additions ~hich help to stabilize the adjuvant or other components of
the pro~uct and/or which increase the power of the carbonate-bicarbonate
mixture to absorb nonionic detergent. Thus, such adjuvants may be sprayed
onto the base particles with the nonionic detergent, may be mixed with the
zeolite and applied with it to the nonionic detergent-treated base parti-
cles or may be added to such zeolite coated particles, either with the
softening agent or after addition of the softening agent.
Normally it is preferred that only nonio~ic detergents be em-
ployed ~apart from the softening agent which may be considered as having
cationic detergent properties) but sometimes nonionic detergents may be
supplemented with an anionic organic detergent, an amphoteric organic deter-
gent or a mixture thereof. However, when such materials are used they will
normally be present in minor proportions, preferably less than 25% of the
total of nonionic detergent and such detergent(s) and more preferably less
than 10% thereof and they will be so located in the product and so incor-
porated therein as to minimize objectionable reactions between the softening
agent and such detergent~s). Thus, when a cationic softener is post-added
3Q it ~ill be preferable to have any anionic and amphoteric detergent(s) in the
X -13-
377
base particles, preferably sprayed onto and into them with the nonionic
detergent. Similarly, when the cationic softener is sprayed onto the
nucleus particles with the nonionic detergent or separate therefrom it will
be preferable to include any anionic and amphoteric detergent~s) on the
surfaces of the zeolite-coated beads or possibly they may be mixed with the
zeolite and applied to the cationic softener- and nonionic- detergent
treated particles.
Among the anionic detergents that are useful are the sulfates and
sulfonates of lipophilic moieties, especially those containing higher carbon
atoms chains, such as those of 8 to 20 or 10 to 18 carbon atoms. Included
among such compounds are the linear higher alkylbenzene sulfonates, olefin
sulfonates, paraffin sulfonates, fatty acid soaps, higher fatty alcohol
sulfates, higher fatty acid monoglyceride sulfates, sulfated condensation
products of ethylene oxide (3 to 30 mols per mol) and higher fatty alcohol,
higher fatty acid esters of isothionic acid and other known anionic detergents,
such as also are mentioned in the texts previously incorporated herein by
reference Most of these products are normally in solid form, usually as
the alkali metal, e.g., sodiwm, salts and may be spray dried with usual
builders. The spray dried particles, including such builders, may be em-
ployed as nuclei or base particles in the present invention. Agglomeration
techniques, size reduction, pilling and other methods may be employed to make
such intermediate products of sizes like those of the carbonate-bicarbonate
particles. A few examples of suitable anionic detergents include sodium
linear tridecyl benzene sulfonate, sodiwn cocomonoglyceride sulfate, sodiwm
lauryl sulfate and sodium paraffin and olefin sulfonates, each of an average
of about 16 carbon atoms. Amphoteric compounds such as the sodiwm salt of
Miranol~C2M and DeriphatG~ 151 may also be utilized in the present detergents.
Like the anionic detergents~ the amphoterics may be spray dried or other-
wise co-formed with a builder or may be dispersed in the liquid nonionic
detergent or otherwise suitably mixed with other powders
~1 -14-
110~377
during the making of the present products. Although both anionic and
amphoteric detergents may be present in the products of this invention it
is highly preferable that the sole detersive component, other than the
cationic softener, will be a nonionic detergent or a mixture thereof.
Proportions of nucleus particles ~preferably carbonate-bicarbonate), non-
ionic detergent, zeolite and softening agent should be chosen to result in
the desiredfree-flowing detergent-softener particles of satisfactory high
bulk density, when made by the method of this invention. Such proportions
are 20 to 40% of nucleus or base particles, 10 or 12 to 30% of nonionic
detergent, 30 to 60% of zeolite and 4 to 12% of softening agent, with pre-
ferred ranges being 23 to 33%, 13 to 23%, 40 to 52% and 5 to 10%, respecti-
vely. The bulk density of the product will be at least 0.6 g./cc., prefera-
bly being in the range of 0.75 to 0.95 g./cc. and most preferably being in
the 0.8 to 0.9 g./cc. range. The particle sizes of the product will usually
be in the range of 4 to 40 mesh, preferably being from 4 to 12 mesh and
most preferably being about 6 or 8 mesh. The particle sizes of the carbonate-
bicarbonate starting material or other base particles, before any treatment,
will usually be in the range of about 20 to 100 mesh, preferably 30 to 60
mesh and most preferably about 40 mesh. However, finer carbonate and bicar-
bonate powders and other builders may be employed initially and may be
agglomerated up to the mentioned sizes. Generally, the materials within
the mesh ranges given will constitute a mixture of different sized parti-
cles within such ranges ~this is also true for the various other particulate
materials described herein).
In the manufacture of the preferred starting carbonate-bicarbonate
mix particles the method of United Sta~as patent 3,944,500 may be employed
and the product thereof, identified by the ~rade name Snowlite, obtainable
from Allied Chemical Corporation, is preferably used. A typical analysis
for Sno~lite I is 35% Na2C03, 58.5% NaHC03 and 6.5% H20 whereas that for
30 - another such product~ Snowlite II, is 30.0, 66.5 and 3.5%, respectively.
X'
G377
Screen analysis ~percentages on No. 10, 40, 60 and 100 screens) are 0.2,
67.6, 96.~, 99.0 and 0.7, 60.7, 90.7 and 97.0, respectively. Bulk densities
(g./cc.) are 0.51 and a.48 respectively (tamped) and 0.42 and 0.38 (untamped).
Friability is especially low for Snowlite I ~2.5% by Allied Chemical Corp.
test Na 17-35) and such product is preferred. Lo~ friability and particle
strength are also important for other types of base particles that may be
used, to prevent them from powdering excessively and forming pastes, rather
than individual coated particles, when nonionic detergent is added to them.
In some cases other components of the final product may be included in the
mix of bicarbonate and Wegscheider's salt (sesquicarbonate may also be
present) being processed by the patent method, providing that they are stable
and-do not adversely react or interfere with the making of the carbonate-
bicarbonate product. Normally the carbonate-bicarbonate particles will
contain at least 60%, preferably 70% and more preferably from 70 to 85%
or more of carbonate and bicarbonate, when such other adjuvants are present,
such as 10 to 20% of sodium silicate and/or 0.1 to 5% of fluorescent
brightener, sometimes with 5 to 15% of water, too.
The free flowing, particulate, high bulk density detergent
softener of this inventinn may be made by any of a plurality of methods.
In one such method the described sodium carbonate-sodium bicarbonate or
other builder particles are admixed with nonionic detergent in liquid form,
which detergent is preferably applied by spraying but may be added as a
stream too, in some cases. The detergent penetrates the carbonate-bicarbo-
nate particles but also coats the surfaces of such particles so that the
subsequently applied zeolite adheres to them. It is important to apply
enough nonionic detergent so that in addition to that which is absorbed in-
to the interiors of the builder particles some will be left on the particle
surfaces. During the mixing after addition of nonionic detergent the
particles resemble wet sand and have a greasy or waxy appearance. The
3Q ~onionic detergent i~ normally liquid, pasty or semi-solid and is prefera-
-16-
~r~
11(~(~377
bly pasty or semi-solid to minimize any tendency of the product to become
tacky or lumpy on storage, although normally liquid nonionics may also be
satisfactorily employed. After coating of the base particles with nonionic
the zeolite powder is admixed therewith and is adhered to the nonionic
detergent on the particle surfaces. The particles made are substantially
spherical and are of sizes in the 4 to 40 mesh range. Finally, in this
embodiment of the manufacturing method, the softening agent, usually in the
form of fairly small granules, flakes, beads or powders, is blended with the
base-nonionic-zeolite beads. The softener ~ill normally be a waxy or greasy
low melting solid material of particle sizes in the range of 80 to 160
mesh, preferably being about 100 mesh. It will be held physically and/or
electrostatically to the surfaces of the zeolite-coated particles. Of
course, the proportions of materials utilized, the mixing times, the tempera-
tures and mixing techniques employed will be such that the product made will
be of the desired, previously described composition and properties.
The initial spraying or other mixing of nonionic detergent with the
car~onate-bicarbonate or other builder particles is normally effected with
the particles at about room temperature ~20 to 25C.) but the temperature
may vary over the ranges of lO to 40 or 50C. The spraying and admixing
may take as little as 1 to S minutes and mixing may be continued after com-
pletion of the spraying for a period of 0 to 10 minutes, preferably 1 to
5 minutes. The higher fatty alcohol-polyethylene oxide condensation product
being sprayed onto the surfaces of the moving beads is usually liquid or is
heated to an elevated temperature so that it is liquid and is sprayed onto
the moving surfaces or otherwise applied to them so as to distribute it over
them and promote absorption of the liquid into the porous particles. Addi-
tionally, some agglomeration may be effected during the initial mixing,
apparently being due to adhesion or cohesion between some of the finer parti-
cles present which have "excessive" amounts of liquid nonionic detergent at
the surfaces thereof. During such agglomeration such particles may be in-
X -17-
110(~377
creased in size to sizes approximately in the range of the final product,
although the subsequent adhesion of zeolite ~articles does further increase
the particle sizes some~hat. Preferably the mixing and spraying of the non-
ionic detergent onto the moving particles are effected in a rotating drum
or tube inclined at a slight angle, such as 5 to 15. The rotational speed
may be any that is suitable, such as 5 to 50 r.p.m. The spraying of the
nonionic detergent will normally be such as to produce fine droplets of such
detergent, such as those of diameters in the 40 to 200 micron diameter range,
preferably 5Q to 100 microns but other suitable spray droplet sizes may also
be produced and in some cases the nonionic may be blended with the builder
particles after being dropped or poured onto the moving surfaces thereof.
In such cases one may employ a higher speed or higher energy mixer such as
a Lodige mixer, operating at comparatively low speed, or a twin shell or
similar type mixer, to prevent excessive agglomeration of particles caused
by addition of the larger droplets or streams of nonionic detergent. As
was previously indicated, although it is not preferred, sorptive carbonate-
bicarbonate particles could be made by methods other than those herein
described, wherein more angular products result, but it is highly desirable
for the particles to be flowable and most preferably they are somewhat
rounded.
After completion of the absorption of the nonionic the zeolite
powder is admixed with the product, usually over a period of 1 to 10 minutes,
preferably about 5 minutes and is held thereto, forming free flowing beads
of particle sizes in the 4 to 40 mesh range. At this stage the product will
usually have a moisture content of 2 to ~o%, preferably 5 to 15%, including
water of hydration. The softening agent, in the form and of the particle
sizes previously mentioned, is then "dusted" onto the surfaces of the parti-
cles and over a period of 1 to 10 minutes, preferably about 5 minutes, it
becomes adhered to them. Due to the relatively small proportion of cationic
softener utilized particle sizes are not increased much and the softener
X -18-
11003~7
particles are sufficiently firmly held to the builder-nonionic-zeolite
particles to make a stable, non-segregating and non-dusty finished product.
As was previously mentioned, various adjuvants can be incorporated in the
product b~ inclusion with suitable components or may be added thereto in
suitable processing steps during the production of the free flowing beads
or after such production is essentially complete. The total adjuvant con-
tent, excluding water, will rarely exceed 20% of the product and will
normally be less than 10%. Of course, if a perborate bleach is utilized
the percentage thereof may be increased to an effective bleaching amount,
which can be as high as 30% of the product, normally with the proportions
of the other important components being proportionately diminished accord-
ingly. The perborate may be co-mixed with the carbonate-bicarbonate mixture
or may be post-added to the nonionic-treated mix or to the final product.
Colorants, perfumes and other adjuvants may be admixed with the various
components and mixtures during manufacture or after completion thereof,
too.
In modifications of the manufacturing method, which produce compo-
sitions of the same formulas but with further improved properties, the
cationic softener is melted and is applied with the nonionic detergent at
an elevated temperature at which they are both liquid. Alternatively,
the softener and nonionic detergent are applied sequentially to the base
particles. In such cases the particles will usually be maintained at a
high enough temperature so that the liquids do not prematurely solidify,
which could prevent further sorption of such materials. When liquid quarter-
nary softener is applied first, before the nonionic, it tends to penetrate
to the interiors of the base particles so that when the nonionic is added,
although some of it will penetrate to the particle interiors, a greater pro-
portion thereof than that of the softening agent will be on the surfaces of
the materials, where it will adhere to the subsequently applied zeolite
3Q powder.
~r
~ -19-
1100377
In further modifications of the invented processes portions of the
nonionic detergent and zeolite will be held out and will be utilized to re-
coat the product. Thus, from about 5 to 50%, preferably about 10 to 30% of
the nonionic detergent and zeolite may be post-applied to the product, first
the nonionic and then the zeolite, thereby forming an additional protective
shell about the product and allowing the inclusion of more nonionic than
would otherwise be possible, while still producing a free flowing particulate
detergent-softener. Normally as many as six coating operations may be em-
ployed but it is preferred that the limit be three (two re-coatings).
The products of this invention have significant advantages over
other detergent-softening compositions. They may be made as either phosphate-
containing, low phosphate or non-phosphate compositions. The non-phosphate
compositions have satisfactory washing properties against a variety of soils
normally found on household laundry and yet they comply with legislative
and administrative rulings restrictingthe uses of phosphates in detergents.
Therefore, products made may be marketed nationwide and there is no need
for a multiplicity of formulations and the rsstric~ing of particular ship-
ments of detergent compositions to certain areas of the country. The satis-
factory detergency of the product is due to the presence of the nonionic
organic detergent and the mixed water soluble inorganic and zeolite builders.
~hile the product is satisfactorily detersive it also includes sufficient
softening agent, which is substantive to the laundry, so that the finished
laundry is noticeably softer and more static-free than laundry washed with
control compositions not containing such softening agent. Normally, one
would expect that comparatively high concentrations of nonionic detergents
and softening agents, which are themselves usually liquid, pasty, semi-solid
or waxy, would cause the product to be "lazy" or poorly flowing, with a
tendency to cake on storage, but due to the application of the nonionic to
the base particles in liquid foxm and its penetration to the interiors of
3Q such paxticles, ~ith only a relatively thin coating thereof on their sur-
-20-
1100377
faces, which is then coated with zeolite powder (and sometimes some softening
agent po~der~, a very free flowing and non-caking product is obtained. The
preferred mixture of carbonate and bicarbonate in the base beads makes a
most desirable base for sorption of the nonionic detergent and provides
sufficient builder or pH regulating effects so that the product is a satis-
factory detergent. However, other base materials may also be employed pro-
viding that they are similarly sorptive, e.g., spray dried pentasodium tri-
polyphosphate, sodium carbonate. When the bicarbonate is present it lowers
the normally excessively high pH that would other~ise be obtained by the use
of carbonate alone and makes the product safer to use than a carbonate-
built detergent. It also significantly improves the power of the composition
to sorb nonionic detergent, especially when the bicarbonate is largely in
the form of ~egscheider's salt. The zeolite powders on the surfaces of the
particles, in addition to preventing the nonionic detergent from causing
tackiness or poor flow, also protect the product interiors against the action
of external moisture and humid conditions. Thus, the compositions may be
marketed without the use OI special ~ax coated barrier cartons.
The zeolite, because of its affinity for moisture, takes up such
moisture before it can penetrate to the interiors of the particles, where
it might have an adverse effect on the bicarbonate or carbonate or where it
could, due to the creation of moist alkaline conditions, adversely affect
some of the other product constituents, such as the softener or any of
various adjuvants. The ion exchanging zeolite, being on the exteriors of
the particles and being quickly effective to remove calcium ion from the
wash water, acts to remove any possibly harmful calcium ion (and other
hardness ions) before they can react with any other components of the
detergent-softener composition,such as a~juvants,and before they can adversely
react with laundry or soil thereon, which reaction could cause the laundry
to hold the soil more effectively against the action of the detergent. Also,
3Q ~ecause zeolites are intimately associated with the nonionic detergent they
are maintained better in suspension by the nonionic detergent during the
-21-
X
11003~7
initial pexiod of contact ~ith the ~ash water, at ~hich time they would
normall~ be of a particle size considerabl~ larger than their ultimate parti-
cle size and therefore more likely to be entrapped in the laundry fabrics.
Such entrapment would be objectionable because it might cause a lightening
of the appearance of dark colored laundry items. The noni ic detergent
helps to keep the zeolite particles suspended until they break down to -
smaller particle sizes which are not as apt to be deposited on the laundry.
The comparatively large particle sizes of the invented products ;
and of the starting materials are somewhat unusual but result in very free -~
flowing particles which still dissolve rapidly and are of high bulk density.
Because of the comparatively large particle sizes of the builder salt better
absorption of nonionic results, together with desirable coating action, not
r~ objectionable paste formation, and the surfaces of the particles contain
~ enough nonionic to hold the desired coating of zeolite powder.
f,~ By keeping the softening agent in the interior of the product,
as when it is added to the base particles as a liquid before application of
zeolite or when it is in a particle which is post-coated, initial contact of
the softener with the laundry is prevented, ~hich is desirable because other-
wise it might deposit the fabric softening compound on the fabrics and might
20also cause a reaction of the softener with the soil on the laundry or the
fabric of the lau~dry itself, which would interfere with cleaning thereof.
In some cases, when "external" softening agent is added to the laundry and
starts to melt it forms greasy spots on the laundry which inhibit cleaning
at their locations. The present invention, by having the zeolite and at
; least some of the nonionic detergent contact the laundry first, helps pre-
vent such undesirable spotting. In a similar manner, when various adjuvants
are held in the interiors of the invented particles their initial contact
with the laundry îs prevented, which is often desirable. Thus, in the case
of fluorescent brightening materials, such as those of the stilbene bright-
30ener type, irst contacts of particles of brightener with the laundry are
X -22_
,
1100377
preYented by inclusion of brightener in the interiors of the particles and
thereby excessive bright spots on the laundry are prevented.
The following examples illustrate various embodiments of the
invention but the invention is not to be considered as being limited to them.
Unless otherwise mentioned, all parts are by weight and all temperatuTes
are in C.
EXAMPLE 1 Percent
Mixed sodium carbonate-sodium bicarbonate 27.8
building particles ~Snowlite* I, about 1:2
weight ratio of Na2C03 to NaHC03, of particle
sizes in the 20 to 100 mesh range, United States
Sieve Series)
Neodol* 25-7 (nonionic detergent condensation18.5
product of C12 15 higher fatty alcohol with
an average of 7 mols ethylene oxide, mfd. by
Shell Chemical Company)
Type 4A high ion exchange capacity crystalline 46.3
zeolite (Zeolite CH-252-91-1, of particle sizes
in the 170 to 270 mesh range, with ultimate
particle sizes in the 3 to 7 micron range,
averaging about 5.2 microns, mfd. by
J.M. Huber Corp.)
Distear~l dimethyl ammonium chloride ~Arosurf* TA-100, 7.4
95% active ingredient powder of particle sizes
in the 80 to 160 mesh range, mfd. by
Ashland Chemical Company)
The carbonate-bicarbonate buildeT beads are charged at room
temperature (25C.) to an inclined drum of 8 inclination, rotating at a
speed of about 40 r.p.m. and over a period of five minutes the nonionic
detergent, at 30C. is sprayed onto the moving surfaces of the particles,
after ~hich mixing in the drum is continued for another five minutes, after
~hich time the zeolite po~der is admixed with the product, also over another
five minute period. The nonionic spray is in the form of droplets largely
in the range of 50 to 100 microns in diameter and during the spraying and
subsequent admixing the particle sizes of the contents of the mixer increase
some~hat and any~ fines present are agglomerated to be ~ithin the 20 to 100
mesh range. The zeolite addition is effected over a period of about five
*trade mark
X -23-
11003~7
minutes (times of 1 to 10 minutes are typical) and at the end of that time
the intermediate product particles are spheres in about the 4 to 40 mesh
range. Next the po~dered fabric softener is mixed with the builder-nonionic-
zeolite intermediate product and mixing is continued over a period of eight
minutesJ during ~hich time the softening agent particles adhere to the
larger particles. The product resulting is of an untamped bulk density of
about 0.8 g./cc. and is free flowing. It is packaged and stored and does
not develop objectionable caking or lumps on storage under usual storage
conditions for normal storage times. When such a stored package is opened
the detergent-softener pours readily and the bulk density is about 0.8 g./cc.
~ hen the product made is subjected to actual washing tests or
practical laundry tests it is found that it is non-dusting, free flowing,
non-caking and of acceptable detergency and softening properties for commer-
cial applications, comparing favorably to tripolyphosphate-built detergent-
softeners of similar active ingredient contents. The zeolite is not
objectionably deposited on laundry and does not lighten the colors of dark
colored laundry and the carbonate does not have any adverse effects on the
cotton, polyester and acrylic materials washed, due to ~he presence of the
bicarbonate, ~hich results in the wash water having a pH of about 9.8. Also,
no objectionable greasy spots are produced on the laundry from fusion of
softener thqreon, apparently because the softener is largely protected from
initial gross contact with the laundry by the zeolite on the particle sur-
faces.
In a comparative experiment finely divided sodium carbonate and
sodium bicarbonate powders, of particle sizes in the 170 to 270 mesh range,
are used and are agglomerated to a particle size in the 20 to 100 mesh range
by preliminary treatment with 5% by weight of a 20% aqueous corn starch
paste sprayed onto moving particles of the powered carbonate and bicarbonate
in the same mixing drum previously described, over a period of about three
3Q minu~e~, ~ith the drum moving at slow speed, e.g., 10 r.p.m. The product
X -24-
11003!77
resulting is a useful detergent-softener at the same concentration used for ~`
the previous experiment ~1/4 to 1/2 cup or about 45-90 grams per 65 liters
tub of wash ~ater), ~ashing charges of about 4 kg. of soiled garments, but
is not as free flowing as the previously described detergent-softener. When
~ only sodium bicarbonate is used as a starting builder salt the product does -
!j not wash as well as the described preferred product and when carbonate alone
~ is employed the product is more alkaline than desirable and is not as free
., , ~
flowing. However, the carbonate-containing composition does have utility as
a detergent-softener in applications wherein higher pH's can be tolerated, `~
although on the retail market it will not be as acceptable as the preferred
products of the present invention because of its comparatively poor flow
characteristics and higher pH.
~'~ In a modification of the above example the Arosurf particles are
fusion-agglomerated to sizes within the 4 to 4~ mesh range before addition
to the balance of the composition. Because of the similar particle sizes -~
no segregation of softener from the previously made rounded beads results but
in some cases slight "greasiness" on washed laundry may be observed, although
such result is not usually considered serious enough to be objectionable to
the average consumer.
In another modification of the example the softening agent is
melted with the nonionic detergent and is sprayed onto the base beads so as
to be absorbed into the interiors thereof, as well as to have a lesser por-
tion on the surfaces of such beads before they are coated with zeolite
particles. The product made is of the same desirable high bulk density and
particle sizes as previously described and is an effective detergent-softener
in which the softening agent is protected from initial contact with the
laundry, whereby undesirable staining is avoided.
Similar results are obtained when the melted quaternary ammonium
halide softening agent is sprayed onto the tumbling base particles, followed
3Q by ~prayin~ an of nonionic detergent and "dusting on" of the zeolite powder.
-25-
11003~7
In such last mentioned embodiment stilbene type fluorescent brightener
~Tinopal 5BM~, mixed with Tinopal RBS (0.5% and 0.05~, respectively) are
admixed with the zeolite before it is applied to the nonionic detergent-
coated beads. Thus, the fluorescent brightener is effectively prevented
rom coming into substantial contact with quaternary ammonium compound and
any adverse reactions between the two are inhibited. When used to wash
laundry the fluorescent brightener and nonionic detergent are both actively
working in the wash water before release from the particles of potentially
interfering softening agent.
In other modifications of the procedure a quaternary ammonium
compound, in liquid form, is sprayed onto the surfaces of the zeolite parti-
cles before such particles are coated onto the nonionic-coated carbonate-
bicarbonate mixture. The product resulting is comparable in properties to
those previously mentioned. This is also the case when the powdered
quaternary ammonium compound of the particle size mentioned above is mixed
with the zeolite and such mixture is coated onto the waxy, greasy surface
of the nonionic coated base particles~ In still a different version of the
process the powdered quaternary compound is adhered to the nonionic deter~ent
coating on the nucleus particles and zeolite powder is coated over it. A
useful detergent-softener of the characteristics previously described is
thus obtainable.
EXAMPLE 2 Percent
Snowlite I 19
Britesil~hydrous silicate particles (18% H20, 9
Na20:SiO2 ratio of 1:2, mfd. by Philadelphia
Quartz Company)
Neodol 25-7 14
Type 4A zeolite (Zeolite CH-252-91-1) 50
Distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (Arosurf 8
TA-lQ0)
3~ The Sno~lite particles are charged at room temperature to the in-
X -26-
1100377
clined drum of Example 1, rotating at 12 r.p.m. The hydrous silicate,
desirabl~ of approximately the same particle size, is added to the drum,
while mixing, over a period of about two minutes and mixing is continued
for another three minutes to blend the silicate evenly with the carbonate-
bicarbonate particles. Then, over a period of another five minutes the
nonionic detergent, at a temperature of about 50C., mixed with the softening
agent, is sprayed onto the moving surfaces of the particles, which are pre-
heated to 40C. The procedure from this point on is the same as in Example
1. The product resulting is an excellent concentrated heavy duty non-
phosphate detergent-softener, useful for washing of laundry at a concentra-
tion of 0.1 to 0.2% in the wash water (0.15% is most frequently employed
in top-loading washing machines). The product is of a bulk density of a-
bout 0.7 to 0.8 g./cc. and is free flowing after normal storage without the
use of a barrier carton. The hydrous silicate content helps to increase the
building effects of the detergent and improves anti-corrosion activity
thereof too, compared to the productc. of Example 1, although those products
are also satisfactory in both such respects.
EXAMPLE 3 Percent
Snowlite I 27
Neodol 25-7 19
Neodol 25-3S (sodium polyethoxy higher fatty 4
alcohol sulfate ~C12 15 alcohol and 3 mols
of ethylene oxide per mol], 60% active
ingredient, 25% H20 and 15% C2H50H, mfd- by
Shell Chemical Company)
Type 4A zeolite (Zeolite CH-252-91-1) 40
Distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride 10
The manufacturing procedure of Example 1 is followed, where
applicable, with the exception that Neodol 25-3S is mixed with the Neodol
25-7 and both are sprayed onto the Snowlite particles together. The product
resulting is an excellent heavy duty detergent-softener, free flowing, non-
3Q tacky, non-lumping on storage and of desirable high bulk density (0.6 to
11003q7
0.8 g./cc.). Due to the content of the ~tditional anionic detergent this
product is a slightly better washing agent than that of Example 1. No
objectionable interference of the anionic and cationic materials present
results on storage because of the segregation of the two types of materials
and the particles. In a modification of the procedure of the example the
cationic softener is added to the base particles with nonionic deterg~nt
and the anionic detergent is mixed with the zeolite and is added to the
essentially nonionic-coated particles. In another modification, the Neodol
25-3S, hith some of the Neodol 25-7, is first added to the carbonate-bicarbo-
nate particles and additional nonionic detergent is then added as a coatingfor such particles, to insulate the anionic detergent from the post-added
quaternar~ ammonium compound. In still another modification of the experi-
ment 0.5~ of Tinopa~ 5BM fluorescent brightener replaces a ~imilar percentage
of ~eodol 25-3S and is mixed with the Snowlite before application of the
Neodol 25-7 and Neodol 25-3S thereto. Thus, it is insulated from the post-
applied quaternary compound. All such products are of the desirable particle
sizes, bulk densities and other product characteristlcspreviously reported.
EXAMPLE 4
This example describes a further modification in the products and
2Q methods of this invention, wherein additional quantities of nonionic
detergent are capable of being incorporated in the product by utilization
of sequential coating techniques. In Examples 1-3 above, the liquid nonionic
detergent is applied in sufficient quantity so that it penetrates into the
interiors of the Snowlite or other base particles, with such an excess pre-
sent that it wets the surfaces of the particles so as to cause the zeolite
po~der to adhere to such surfaces. In some cases, when it is desired to em-
ploy more nonionic detergent in the product, making a more concentrated
detergent composition, and the procedures of Examples 1-3 are followed, the
excess liquid cause~ or promotes the production of an agglomerate or paste.
3Q ~y the method of this example such undesirable result is avoided and addi-
~ -28-
1100377
tional nonionic detergent is satisfactorily incorporated in the protuct,
which isstill free flowing and of high bulk density. Also, by this method
the particle size ma~ be increased desirably.
The procedures of Examples 1-3 are followed but in each case,
based on 100 parts of product resulting from the practice of the methods of
those examples, an additional five parts of the nonionic detergent are
sprayed onto the product and an additional ten parts of zeolite are then
mixed in with the product to be adhered to the nonionic coating thereon
~using the spraying and mixing procedures described in Examples 1-3). The
particle size increases about 5% ~diameter) but the product is still of
about the same bulk density as was previously obtained and still is free
flowing and non-lumping. In further experiments, an additional five parts
of the nonionic detergent are sprayed onto the two-stage product and an addi-
tional ten parts of the zeolite are dusted onto this, with similar desirable
results ~using the same spraying and mixing methods).
In the practice of the sequential enrichment and coating operations
described, the Snowlite or other base particle and the quaternary ammonium
softening compound will usually not be re-applied but this may be done when
advantageous. Normally as many as six coating operations may be employed
but it is preferred that this be limited to three such operations, as in the
"further experiment" described herein. Also, it is preferred that the totals
of nonionic detergent and zeolite in coating operations subsequent to the
first operation should be limited to the amounts employed in the first
operation and preferably to halves of such amounts, with proportions of the
nonionic and zeolite being within the proportions of the previously mentioned
percentage ranges.
~XAMPL~ 5
The procedures of Examples 1-4 are repeated, with Snowlite II
being substituted for Snowlite I, types X and Y crystalline zeolites of simi-
3Q lar particle sizes and amorphous zeolites being substituted for the type 4A
-29-
~1003~7
zeolite and Neod~ls 23-6.5 and 45-11 and Alfonics* 1618-65 and 1412-60
being substituted for the Neodol 25-7 and Aliquats* H226 and 400, Arquad*
2HT-100, Culversoft* WS paste and Varisoft* 100 replacing the Arosurf
TA-100, and comparable high bulk density, free flo~ing detergent-softener
compositions are made. The only changes in manufacturing techniques are in
maintaining the temperature of the nonionic detergent sufficiently high to
ensure that it is in the liquid state when it is sprayed onto the surfaces
of the base particles. Additionally, proportions of the various components
are modified ~10% and ~30%, while being kept within the ranges of percentages
and proportions previously mentioned. Care is taken that the proportion of
nonionic detergent employed is such as to provide an unabsorbed portion on
the surface of the base beads in the form of an adhering coating so as to
hold the zeolite particles. When the nonionic detergent is normally solid
the temperature of the detergent at the time of application of the zeolite
is maintained high enough so that the zeolite particles will adhere to it
and the base particles. Also, when the cationic softening agent is a solid
and is to be applied internally of the base particles the temperature there-
of ~ill be raised high enough as to liquify it for such application, whether
alone or with nonionic detergent.
The especially desirable results obtained in the above examples
and in following the procedures of this invention to make the compositions
thereof are unexpected. Although the employment of mixed sodium carbonate-
bicarbonate products ~each particle includes such a mixture) of the type
described in United States patent 3,944,500 as absorbents for nonionic deter-
gents had been suggested, there was no teaching that high bulk density pro-
ducts like those of this invention could be made using such nucleus parti-
cles. In fact, the Wegscheider's salt carbonate-bicarbonate materials, which
often also include sesquicarbonate, are described as being of low bulk density
(the range is about 0.4 to 0.5 g./cc.). In the present cases, although
3Q 0.6 g./cc. is considered to be a high bulk density ~tamped) for detergent-
*trade mar~
-30-
110(~377
softener pr~ducts, usually the products made in accord with this invention
will have even higher densities, normally being about 0.7 g./cc. or higher.
The presence of the zeolite particles and their being held to the base
particles is not described in the prior art nor is the concept of utilizing
sufficient liquid nonionic detergent to maintain a coating thereof on the
base particles, despite the high sorption of liquid by such particles. Nor
is the incorporation of a cationic softening agent in such compositions in
the various ways described and the protection of it from reactive materials
in the composition and from initial contact with laundry being washed. By
the method of this invention one makes a non-segregating, free-flowing product
of desirable comparatively large particle -~ize containing even more nonionic
detergent than the base particles can normally hold. During the application
of the nonionic detergent to the nucleus particles, which absorb much of
the nonionic, the "excess" nonionic forms a coating on the surfaces of the
particles ~hich is of a greasy or waxy appearance and the particles do not
agglomerate objectionably but do hold the smaller zeolite particles subsequent-
1~ applied. The mix before addition of the zeolite is not pasty; rather,
it resembles moist sand, with each particle unattached to other such parti-
cles or releasably attached. The final products made are free-flowing de-
spite the presence of lQ to 100% of the Wegscheider's salt needles in thebase materials, partly because the coating of more finely divided zeolite
helps to round them or make the particles spherical. Additionally, the
relative locations of the various components in the product beads are de-
sirable functionally and the buffering action of the base particles, when
carbonate-bicarbonate is used, is helpful in washing (the pH of a 0.1%
aqueous solution of the Snowlites is about 9.8).
It is considered to be important that the finished product parti-
cles are in the range of comparatively large sizes given but when, in the
above examples, conditions are changed (usually by using smaller base parti-
3Q cles~ ~o that smaller particles result, e.g., those in the 8 to lO0 mesh
-31-
X
1~003~q
rangeJ higher bulk densities than those of usual detergent-softeners are
obtained and the products made are useful in various detergent-softener
applications although they are not as free flowing or attractive as the
preferred embodiments of this invention.
The invention has been described with respect to working examples
and illustrations thereof but is not to be limited to these because it is
evident that one of skill in the art with access to the present specifi-
cation will be able to employ substitutes and equivalents without departing
from the spirit or scope of the invention.
-32-
