Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
This invention relates to a composition which, upon mixing with
water, releases heat over an extended time period without substantial gener-
ation of steam, to a method of using -the composition for heating by conduc-
tion, and to apparatus partic~arly adapted to carry out such method. More
specifically, the composition of the invention comprises dry, particulate
materials which may be stored indefinitely in the dry state~ contacted with
a specified amount of water when heat transfer is desired and then discarded.
Because of the chemical reactions and changes in physical state undergone by
the composition during contact with water, it cannot be regenerated for reuse.
Although not so limited the method and apparatus of the invention
have particular utility in heating canned and/or frozen food products rapidly
to the desired temperature for serving, in a safe and inexpensive manner.
While exothermic materials and/or mixtures of exothermic materials
are well known in the art, to the best of applicantls knowledge no such com-
positions have been disclosed capable of producing a controlled degree or
amount of heat over a period of, e.g. 15 minutes, without generation of steam.
It will be understood that steam is objectionable from the standpoint of
safety for use by the general public, it being necessary to avoid the possi-
bility of scaldlng the user by an explosion of steam. ~oreover~ even if ex-
cessive steam production might not occur in some known exothermic compositions,the low viscosity of the liquid mixture produced upon addition of water would
still create a real hazard of scalding the user by spattering or spillage of
the liquid.
It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a com-
position which, when contacted with water, will rapidly produce heat at a
relatively uniform temperature over an extended period of time without genera-
tion of appreciable amounts of steam, and which after addition of water is in
the form of a YiSCoUS paste or gel not subject to spattering.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a method~ and
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apparatus adapted to carry out the method, wherein the composition of the in-
vention is caused to heat the contents of a container by conduction in an
efficient~ safe, and economical manner.
The above and other incidental objects of the invention, which will
be apparent from the following description, are attained in a composition
which consists essentially of (1) a particulate primer material which is exo-
thermic when eontacted by water, (2) a particulate inorganic oxide or salt
which is highly exothermic when eontaeted by waterg and (3) a film-forming
eomponent whieh eneapsulates the other eomponents.
In broad range the eomposition of the invention eonsists essentially
of the following eomponents, in parts by weight: -
about 80 to about 160 parts primer
about 25 to about 35 parts inorganie oxide or salt
about 15 to about 50 parts film-forming component.
With the above composition about 100 to about 180 parts by weight
of water are combined in order to obtain the desired exothermic reaetion.
The above components and the,relative proportions therebetween are
in every sense eritical. Omission of any component or departure from the
above ranges of proportions results in loss of one or more of the desired
properties.
The primer, which is preferably hygroscopic, begins to~dissolve in
or reaet with water relatively rapidly upon introduction thereofg with eon-
sequent release of heat which, within about 20 seeonds, raises the temperature
of the added water to about 150 F. Insuffieient primer results in slow ini-
tial heating and failure in or delay of the reaetion of the water with the
inorganic oxide or salt.
The inorganic oxide or salt, which is highly exothermie, reaets with
the water after it has been heated by the primer and provides the prineipal
souree of heat by reaction with or dissolution in the water, inereasing the
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temperature to a maximum of about 240 to about 260 F. An excess of in-
organic oxide or salt must be avoided since this would generate steam and
an uncontrollable maximum temperature. The minimum specified above should
be observed in order to reach the desired temperature for efficient heating.
The film-forming or encapsulating component is highly critical
since it prevents reaction between the other components in the dry state;
upon addition of or exposure to water it permits limited contact of water
with the primer, and most importantly controls and regulates contact of the
water with the highly exothermic oxide or salt, thereby preventing a runaway
reaction. Finally~ the film-forming component forms a gel upon addition of
or exposure to water to produce a viscous mixture having no apparent free
liquid even at elevated temperature.
Control of the amount of water is necessary in order to prevent
generation of steam and free liquid in the mixture.
An example of the method of the invention involves providing a
sealed, rupturable container of the composition of the invention, immersing
the container in a predetermined amount of water~ positioning material to be
heated in heat transfer relation with the water, rupturing said container
whereby to cause said water to contact said composition with consequent pro-
duction of heat, and causing said heat to be transferred to said material byconduction while maintaining said water, composition and material under
adiabatic conditions.
Apparatus according to the invention for practice of the above des-
cribed method comprises an insulative housing, at least the upper portion of
said housing being of flexible construction, a rupturab]e container disposed
within said housing and resting on the bottom thereof, a supply of the com-
position of the invention being within said container7 and an opening in the
top of said housing through which water may be introduced to the interior of
said housing, said opening being of a size and con~iguEation to engage a pack-
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age of material to be heated with a sliding fit, the arrangement being suchthat downward pressure upon said package causes flexure of said upper portion
of said housing and rupture of said container by contact with the lower por-
tion of said package.
~ s an alternative and important usage thereof, the invention con-
templates a shelf package haring indefinite storage capabilities in which is
packaged, in the first instance, not only a container of food or other pro-
duct required to be heated at a time of use but also the particulate com-
position of the in~ention and the water or other liquid required to excite
and activate the same. Of course in this case the water and particulate com-
position of the invention will be separated until time of use by impermeable
material forming sub containers in the shelf type package, at which time the
separating material may be broken to expose the particulate composition to its
activating liquid.
Reference is made to accompanying drawings wherein:
Figure 1 is an exploded perspective view of a preferred embodiment
of the apparatus of the invention, including a package of material to be heated;
Figure 2 is a vertical sectional view of the apparatus of Figure 1
showing the positioning of a package of material to be heated after addition
of water; and
Figure 3 is a view si~ilar to that of Figure 2 showing the manner in
which the heating is initiated.
Suitable materials for the primer component of the composition of
the invention include calcium chloride, cerous chloride, cesium hydroxide,
sodium carbonate7 ferric chloride, mangnesium perchlorate, and mixtures there-
of. All these compounds should be in the anhydrous form, and may be used
either in powdered~ granular, or prilled condition These compounds dissolve
in or react with water with evolution of heat, and most are hygroscopic.
Calcium chloride is the preferred compound inthe present composition because
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of its ready availability and low cost. Moreover, anhydrous calcium chloride
is extremely hygroscopic (classified as deliquiescent) and liberates consider-
able amounts of heat when in contact with water.
Inorganic oxides or salts suitable for use in the composition include
calcium oxide, aluminum bromide, calcium aluminum hydride, aluminum chloride,
calcium nitrate, sulfur trioxode (alpha form), and mixtures thereof. All these
compounds should be in the anhydrous form and may be used in powdered or gran-
ular condition. All these compounds produce a highly exothermic reaction when
contacted with water. Calcium oxide is the preferred compound in the composi-
tion of this invention because of its ready availability and low cost. Calcium
oxide liberates about 15,500 calories of heat per gram molecular weight when
slaked with water.
The film-forming or encapsulating component of the composition com-
prises positively charged guar gum and anhydrous sodium tetraborate (borax).
In the broad composition range hereinabove set forth, the guar gum comprises
from about 7 to about 20 parts by weight while the anhydrous borax comprises
from about 8 to about 30 parts by weight.
Guar gum is derived from the ground endosperms of Cyamposis tetra-
gonolobus (cultivated in India~. It contains about 35 % galactose and about
63 % mannose. As is well known these are aldohexoses, the D(+) forms thereof
being stereoisomers of D(+) glucose. This material is available in a form
wherein the galactose-mannose rings are treated with a positive charge to be-
come a polysaccharide, in which form it is known as Jaguar Plus. (See The
~erck Index, 8th Edition, page 512).
The guar gum has the property of forming a gel-like film in the
presence of water, and anhydrous borax enhances and strengthens the gel.
A preferred composition of the invention has the following analysis
in weight percent:
About 66.7 % calcium chloride (anhydrous)
About 16.7 % calcium oxide
About 5.5 % Jaguar Plus
~bout 11.1 % Borax (anhydrous)
The composition is prepared in the following manner:
Calcium oxide is introduced into a receptacle of non-conductive ma-
terial, e.g., glass, ceramic, or plastic. Jaguar Plus and borax are then added
and the mixture is agitated in order to cause the Jaguar Plus and borax to encap-
sulate the calcium oxide. Calcium chloride is next added and the entire mixture
is again agitated, causing the Jag~lar Plus to coat the other material. In this
connection, it should be noted that the other materials are negatively charged,
thereby facilitating adherence of the positively charged Jaguar Plus.
Water is added to the above preferred formulation in a weight ratio
of about 0.55:1 to about 1:1 of water:dry composition.
Upon addition of water the Jaguar Plusiand borax form a gel around the
encapsulated calcium chloride and calcium oxide particles. Because of the highlyhygroscopic nature of the calcium chloride, it attracts water from the gel and
begins to generate heat. Within 20 seconds or less the heat liberated by the
calcium chloride particles causes a break-down of the Jagu~r and borax film and
the temperature of the mixture rises to about 150 F. This in turn causes a
break-down of the film surrounding the calcium oxide particles, so that these
particles start reacting with water.
~eaction of the calcium oxide with water causes a gradual increase in
the temperature of the mixture up to a maximum of about 2~0 to about 260 F. How-ever~ the gel-like structure of the mixture prevents an extremely rapid tempera-ture rise and hence tends to extend the duration of the exothermic action up to
about 15 minu~es at a relatively uniform temperature. Moreover, the boiling
point is increased by solution of the calcium chloride in water, and this, cou
pled with the gel-like structure and control over the amount of water, prevents
the generation of any substantial amount of steam~ despite the fact that a max-
imum temperature of up to 260 F. may be reached.
No particular precaution need be taken when adding the water, and
ordinary tap-water ~ay be used at ambient or room temperature. For more
rapid heating, the mixture may be agitated after addition of the water since
this accelerates the break-down of the film surrounding the particles as a
result of fluid friction.
Referring to the drawings~ an apparatus particularly adapted for
heating a container with the composition of the present invention is illus-
trated. In Figures 1 - 3, a housing is indicated generally at 10 which is
formed of a thermo-insulative material. The housing comprises a side wall 11
preferably of generally cylindrical configuration~ and an inwardly tapering
upper portion 12 which may be formed with pleats in order to provide flexi-
bility or compressibility. However, as illustrated in the drawings, it is
within the scope of the invention to provide an upper portion of unpleated
relatively thin flexible resin or synthetic rubber which is self-stabilizing
yet subject to displacement under pressure.
A bottom closure 13 is provided~ chis also thermally insulative
and is preferably formed with a downwardly depending flange 14 so as to facil-
itate a water~tight press fit and a seal -thereof with side walls 11.
The upper portion 12 of the housing terminates in means defining an
internal shoulder 15, preferably circular, of such size as to engage- a package
or cannister containing material to be seated with a sliding fito
A container 20 formed of any material which is easily ruptured or
broken is provided to hold the exothermic composition~ indicated at 21 in
Figures 2 and 3. The container 20 will of course be of a size and configura_
tion to permit it to rest on the bottom closure 13 of the housing 10. The
assembly of the housing 10 and container 20 with the exo-thermic composition
21 enclosed therein, can be stored conveniently for an indefinite length of
time. When it is desired to use it, a predetermined amount of water, which
may be indicated by a mark or other indicia (not shown) on the side wall 11,
is introduced to the interior of the housing through the opening defined by
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shoulder 15~ the water being shown at 22. Next~ a package of material to be
heated, indicated generally at 25, e.g., a can of food or soup which may be
either frozen or at room temperature, is inserted in the opening defined by
shoulder 15 and caused to slide downwardly to the position sho~n in Figure 2,
in whicll pos:ition it forms a seal of the housing 10. In order to start heat-
ing the contents of container 25~ it is pressed down sharply by the hand of
the user~ as shot~n in Figure 3, causing the movement therewith of the shoulder
15 and the collapse on itself of the wall portion 12, whereby the lower por-
tion of can 25 ruptures the container 20 so that the water 22 gains access
lo to the exothermic composition 21. At this point shaking or agitatiQn of the
contents of the housing 10 will accelerate the heating action which will re-
sult as previously described.
Utilizing an arrangement of the type described above, it has been
found that 180 grams of the preferred exothermic composition, to which is
added 100 grams of water, heats an 8 ounce can of food or soup from room
temperature to the desired serving temperature in about 3 to 5 minutes. If
a can of food is removed from the free~ing compartment of a refrigerator
(about -20 F) it can be heated to the desired temperature in about 5 to 10
minutes.
In an alternatire use of the in~ention apparatus to provide a shelf
package having indefinite storage capabilities and per se embodying the water
or other liquid required for exciting or activating the exothermic invention
composition, the same housing 10 may be employed but in this case the con-
tainer 25 of the product to be heated at the time of use will be installed as
shown in Figure 2 of the drawings in the first instance. An additional seal
may be provided over the exposed end of the container 25 and the upper end of
the housing 10 as circumstances may dictate. In such event the container 25
will be installed prior to closure of the bottom of the housing 10 by the ele-
ment 13. This leaves an opening through t~hich may be introduced the required
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charge of particulate exothermic composition 21. This charge may be applied
in an impermeable frangible container. The required amount of water to
properly activate the charge may also be introduced either in a free condition
or encased in an impermeable frangible second container. If both the charges
of exothermic composition 21 and ~ater 22 are in frangible containers they
may be superposed or positioned side by side so both containers may be broken
and their contents intermingled at a time of need.
It will of course be self-evident that this last described embodi-
ment of the invention apparatus will have significant advantage in a multitude
of applications and for products where heat is not normally available at a
time of desired use. It will of course be obvious that where circumstances
so permit the water or other activating liquid stored in the housing 10 can
be placed in a frangible container while the particulate exothermic composi-
tion 21 may be introduced in bulk form within the housing 10 and the housing
10 then sealed by application of the bottom closure element 13 in an ob-
vious manner. The only precaution that need be taken in this instance is to
avoid moisture containing air of any substance entering the housing 10 dur-
ing filling thereof.
It is believed the novel method of the invention is clearly evident
from the above to include providing a composition comprising a particulate
primer material which is exothermic when contacted by water, a particulate
inorganic oxide or salt which is highly exothermic when contacted by water
and a film forming component which encapsulates said primer material and said
inorganic oxide or salt, positioning the packaged product in a container
commonly occupied by said composition and within said container bringing said
composition into contact with a predetermined amount of water or other
activating liquid to produce a mixture thereof and a staged activation of
said primer material and said oxide or salt, which is controlled to inhibit
the production of steam, and bring said mixture into heat transfer relation
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to said packaged product by conduction while maintaining the water in said
composition under adiabatic conditions. It will be noted that in some in-
stances a liquid other than ~ater per se might be desirable for use in act-
ivating the exothermic composition,
Since many different embodiments of the invention and variations
in the practice of the method thereof may be made without departing from the
spirit and scope thereof, it is to be understood the invention is not limited,
except as defined in the appended claims,
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