Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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1 This inventlon relates to array antenna systems and
particularly to such systems wherein the required number of
pha-se shifters or other active components is reduced by use of
a coupling network interconnecting groups of antenna elements.
Prior Canadian patent application S.N. 246,784 entitled
"Limited Scan Array Antenna Systems with Sharp Cutofff of
Element Pattern", filed February 27, 1976 and now Canadian
Patent no. 1,063,716 which is assigned to the same assignee as
the present invention, discloses an array antenna system
wherein a coupli~g network interconnects groups of array
antenna elements. `Wave energy signals supplied at the input of
any element group are couples directly to the elements of that
group and are also supplied through the coupling network to
selected elements in the remaining element groups of the
array. As a result, the array aperture is provided with an
excitation, which closely approximates an ideal excitation to
produce an effective element pattern wherein substantial
radiation occurs only in a desired region of space.
~Figure 16 of the prior application discloses a technique
for shlfting the angular location of the effective element
pattern of the array by providing linear increments of phase
ad~ustment betweèn the antenna elements and the coupling
networks. As illustrated in Figure 15 of that prio~r
application, the effective element pattern can be displaced
for example, to one side of the broadside axis of the array.
This prior technique for shifting the effective element
pattern also angularly shifts the radiated array pattern
by the same amount, since the phase adjustments are provided
immediately adjacent to the radiating elements. As
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a result, if the phase adjustments illustrated in Figure 16
- of the prior application are utilized in an array ante~na
such as shown in Figure 6 of that application, both the antenna
element pattern and main beam of the antenna are shifted in'
space. If phase shifters 13 of the antenna are set to radiate
a beam in the broadside direction, the phase adjusting line
lengths 74 will cause a shift in the direction of the antenna
beam off the broadside axis by the same angular displacement
' as is giv;en element pattern 77. ,'
' A similar effect results when the phase adjustment
line lengths 75 are provided in an antenna having an input '
commutation switch, such as'is shown in Figure 7 of the prior
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application. In this case, the antenna radiates a pattern
' wherein the radiated frequency varies as a function of angle
from the broadside axis of the array The phase adjustments
75 will shit not only the effective element pattern, but
also the frequency coding of the racliated signal.
Figure 2 illustrates a microwave landing system
environment'wherein the present invention is particularly
~20 useful. A navigation antenna 52 of the typ~ described in
the referenced prior application is located adjacent an
' airport runway 54. Near the approach of runway 54, there
- is~located uneven terrain 56. When an aircraft 58 is
approaching xunway 54, it ma~ receive ~ signal 66 directly
a5 from antenna 52, and may also receive'a signal 64 which hasbeen reflected off the uneven terrain 56. In such an installa-
tion, it is particularly desirable to shift the location of
the effective element'pattarn 60 of antenna 52 such that the
radiation in the angular direction of the uneven terrain 56
' is reduced, thereby'to reduce navigation error resulting from
multipath siynal 64. In the event angular shifting of
element pattern 60 is achieved by the method shown'in Figure
16~of the prior application, there will also be a shift in the
direction of the antenna beam 62. If antenna 52 is used in
a "scanning beam" landing system wherein a narrow antenna
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beam is moved through space at regular time intervals, the
shift of antenna beam 62 will be manifested by an angular
change in the direction of the antenna beam at any particular
instant of time. In the event antenna 52 is used in a
s "Doppler" landing system, making use of a commutator arrange- ;
ment such as shown in ~igure 7 of the prior application,
antenna beam 62 represents the signal which is detected by
a naxrow bandwidth receiver, since antenna 52 radiates into
the entire angular region defined by element pattern 60 with
a radiation pattern wherein radiated frequency varies with
angular direction. In a ~oppler system,the prior art pattern
shifting technique will result in a change in the angular
frequency coding, thereby causing a frequency change in the
~adiated signal at any particular angle.
Since the prior art technique of changing the
angular position of the effective element pattern results in a
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change in the frequency or time coding of the radiated s~gnal,
such a modification to the antenna system to accommodate
uneven terra n at a particular installation location results
in additional complexity in the navigation equipment. Either the
receiver in`aircraft 58 must be advised of, and perform a
~orrection calculation for, the resulting change`in naviga-
tion coding or the coding mechanism of antenna 52 must be
adjusted to correct for the change in the frequency or time
coding of the radiated signal.
Another problem with the prior art technique of
providing a phase shift adjustment at the inputs of the
particular antenna elements is that such a phase adjustment
eliminates the possibility of having uniform antenna element
groups, each group consisting of elements, power divider,
interconnecting transmission lines, couplers, and interconnecting
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' networks, which could be produced as a modular unit. The
' element pattern steering technique of the prior application
- required different phase adjustment ~or each element. This
eliminated the possibility of uniform moduIar construction.
Further,the amount of phase adjustment could be very large
for a large array.
It is therefore an object of the present invention
to provide an'array antenna system having an element pattern
confined to a selected region of space wherein the angular
location o~ the element pattern can be adjusted.
It is a further object of the present invention to
provide such'an antenna system wherein the adjustment of the
,angular location of the element pattern results only in ~an
amplitude change of the array antenna pattern.
lS ~t is a still further obiect of the invention to
provide such an antenna system wherein'modular construction
may be lmplemented to provide substantially identical , -
element'and network groups.
It is a still further object of the invention to
provide phase adjustable microstrip transmission line
- useable in such antenna systems~
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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an antenna system
for radiating wave energy signals into a selected region
' 25 ,o~ space wherein there is provided an aperture comprising
a plurality of antenna element groups, a plurality of first
coupling means, each ~or coupling supplied wave energy signals
to the elements in a corresponding element group, and second
coupling means interconnecting the first coupling means to
cause wave energy signals supplied -to any of the first
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co~pling means to be additionally supplied to selected elements
in the remaining element groups. In accordance with the
invention, the second coupling means includes a plurality of
phase adjustment means, each associated with one of the element
groups. The phase adjustment means provides opposite
sense phase adjustment for signals coupled in opposite directions
with respect to the antenna aperture~ By use of the phase
adjustment means, the angular location of the selected
- region of space with respect to the aperture may be adjusted.
The second coupling means of the antenna system may
comprise a transmission line interconnecting the plurality
of first coupling means and having a first transmission line
coupled to selected antenna elements and a second transmission
line coupled to the remaining antenna elements. ~ convenient
medium for the interconnecting`transmission lines is microstrip,
The required phase adjustment may be provided by use of
- field altering structure located adjacent to the mi-rostrip
thereby m~difying the pro~agation constant of the microstrip
to achieve phase adjustment.
For a better understanding of the present invention,
together-with other and further objects, reference is made
to the following description, taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings, and its scope wi1 1 be pointed out in
thç appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
.
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an antenna system
in accordance with the present invention.
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Figure 2 illustrates a microwave landing system
installation using the Figure l antenna~
Figure 3 is a graph showing the element pattern
~nd array pattern of a prior art antenna.
Figure 4 is a graph showing the element pattern
and array pattern of the Figure 1 antenna.
Figure 5 is a graph illustrating the amplitude of
- ~ the element aperture excitation in the Figure l antenna.
~ Figure 6 is a graph illustrating the phase of the
lQ element aperture excitation of the Figure l antenna.
Figure 7 is a cross-sectional perspective view of
microstrip transmission line.
Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view of the Figure 7
trans~ission line.
Figure 9 is a cross-sectional view of a phase
adjustable transmission line in accordance with the invention.
Figure lO is a cross-sectional view of another
phase ad~stable transmission line in accordance with the
invention.
~ Figure ll is a cross-sectional view of another
phase adjustable transmission line in accordance with the
invention.
Figure 12 is a planar vlew of the transmission
line of Figure 9.
Figure 13 is a planar view of another phase
adjustable transmission line in accordance with the invention.
_ - F~gure 14 is a graph showing phase as a function
of separation ~d)for the Figure 9 transmission line.
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Figure 15 is a graph showing phase as a function
of separation(e)and dielectric constant for the Figure 10
transmission line.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PÆFERRED EMBODIMENT
5 . Fl~ure l is a schematic diagram of an antenna
system in accordance with the present invention, which .
closely corresp!onds to the schematic diagram of Figure 6
in the above-referenced prior application. The Figure 1
` antenna includes a plurality of element groups with their
associated coupling networks. Each element group 20 of the
antenna system includes two.antenna elements 21 and 23
which are connected to an element group input.terminal 27 by
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hybrid power divider 22 and transmission lines 24 and 26.
The dif~erence termin~l of hybrid 22 is terminated in a
resistor 25. Transmission lines 24 and 26 interconnect the
colinear terminals o~ hybrid 22 with elements 21 and 23,
respectively,
; . In accordance with the teachings of the prior appli-
:: cation, transmission lines 24 and 26 of each of element groups
20 are interconnected by coupling means comprising trans-
~ission lines 28 and 30. Transmission line 28 is coupled
within ~ach group 20 to transmissio~ line 26 by coupler 34.
ransmission line 3G is slmilarly coupled within each group 20
to transmission line 24 by coupler 32. Also in accordance
``~ 25 . with the teachings o~ the prior application, ,`he ends of trans-
mission lines 28 and 30 are terminated in resistors ~6. The
: transmission lines include resistive loads 36 and.38 which are
; arranged between the points at which transmiss'ion lines 28
and 30 are coupled to transmissi.on lines 24 and 26 in each o~
the adjacent element groups 20.
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, Tn accordance with the understanding of the prior
appllcation, hybrld power divider 22 and its associated
-output transmission lines 24 and 26 comprise a first
coupling means, one for each element group 20, for coupllng
wave energy signals supplied at the input 27 to antenna elements
21 and 23;of each group 20. Also in accordance with the
prior applicatlon, transmission lines 28 and.30 comprise '.
second coupling means interconnecting the first,coupling
means so that signals supplied at the input 27 to 'any.of the
'first coupling means are also supplied to selected elements
,'in the remaining element groups o:E the array.
Alternate networks for coupling wave energy signals
to the array are shown in Figures 6 and 7 of the prior
~pplication. The r.etwork shown il~ Figure l,,comprising .
,15 oscillator 50, power divider 48, and phase shifters 44
: corresponds to the network shown in Figure 6 of the prior
application~ The network shown in Figure 7 of the:prior
application includes an oscillator and a commutating switch
for sequentially supplying wave energy signals to the inputs 27
of t,he element groups 20.. The present invention is equally
.applicable to each of these alternate networks, which provide
: either radiation of a scanning narrow antenna beam or a
broad radiation pattern wherein the frequency of radiation
varies as a function of angular direction with respect to the
array of antenna.elements.
As indicated above, one object of the invention~is
to provide a spàcial movement of the effective element pattern
associated with each of the inputs 27 to the antenna groups
of the Figure 1 antenna system. Accordingly ! there are
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provided in the Figure 1 system phase adjustments 40, 42 and 100
in.transmission lines 28, 30 and 26 associated ~ith each o
: the element'groups 20. In accordance with the invention,
- the phase adjustments in the transmission line 28 are of opposite
sense to those in transmission lines 30 and 26. The sèlection
of which phase adjustments will be positive is in accordance
with the desired direction of element pattern shift. In.
the drawing of Figure 1, phase adjustments 40, ~2.and 100
~re schematically illustrated as additional lengths of
transmission line, but it should be understood that this can
represent either a positive, or a negative phase adjustment.
. In order to illustrate the operatlon of the present invention,
it will be assumed that phase adjustment 40 is negative, that
is decreased transmission line leng~h, whiIe adjustments 42 ,
and 100 are positive. The magnitudes of adjustments 40 and
- 42 are equal and twice that of phase adjustment 100.
In accordance with the prior applicat~on, wave
energy si~nals supplied to the input 27c causes the.antenna
aperture to have the.amplitude excitation 70 illust~ated-in
Figure 5, which approximates the ideal amplitude excitation 72,
also shown in Figure 5. In accordance with the prior
, application,, transmission lines 28 -and 30 have a transmission
line length which is an odd multiple of a halfwave between
couplers 32 and 34 in adjacent element groups. The effect
of this selected transmission line length is to provide a
180 shift in the phase of wave energy signals coupled to
,.... . elements in alternate element groups. ~; .
Without phase adjustment lQ0 signals supplied to -
the input 27c are supplied with equal amplitude and phase to ,
elements 21c'and 23c. A portion of the signal is also coupled
from transmission line 26c onto-transmission line 28 in an upward
going direction in Figure 1. The signal on transmission line 28
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is coupled with reduced amplitude to element 23b. Without phase
-adjustment 40, the signal supplied to element 23b has the
same phase'as the signal supplied to elements 21c and 23c,
sinc,e the 180 phase shift of-transmission line 28- between
groups 2Qc and 20b is effectively removed by the 90 phase ',
shift of each of the couplers 34 through which the signal
passes to reach element 23b,
The signal on transmission line 28 is also coupled
to element 23a,' ~ithout phase adjustment 40, there i3 an
additional 180 phase shit on transmission line 28 between
module 20b and 20a, and the signal at element 23a will.be
,. 180 out of phase with the signals at elements 23b, 21c, and
23c. Th-is phase relation is indicated by negative polarity
of the excitation signal in Figure 5~
' Signals in transmission line 24c are similarly
coupled by transmission line 30 to elements 21d and 21e to
complete the opposite side of the aperture excitation
illu'strated in Fi.gure 5.
' In accordance with the invention, it is desired
20~ that the effective element excitation illustrated in Figure 5
be provided with the same linear phase variation along the aperture.
It is also deslred that this phase variation be provided in a
manner which maintains the same absolute phase of the array
- excitation which is formed from the composite of the signals
provided at the various inputs 27. Phase adjustments 40,42 and
100, see.Figure 1, provide the necessary linear phase variation of
the element aperture excitation without affecting the composite
excitation in any other way, and therefore provide an angular
shifting of the element pattern ~ithout changing the phase
characteristl,cs of the composite pattern resulting fro~ the
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rombination of all of the excitations provided to the inputs
27. As a-result, if the antenna system is used in a
- scanning beam operation, the direction of the main beam is
unchanged, but the amplitude of the main beam is modified
for any angular direction in accordance with the change in
the element pattern in that direction, I.ikewise, if the antenna
is one which radiates a frequency coded pattern, the frequency
co~.ing remains unchanged, but the amplitude of radiation in
any particular direction is modified in accordance with chan~es
in the element pattern, Since phase adjustments 40 are negative,
corresponding to decreased line lengths ~ between corresponding
portions of groups 20, the phase at elements 23b and 23a will
lead the phase at element 23c by ~ and 2~, respectively~ Since the
phase adjustments 42 in transmission line 30 are positive,
corresponding to increased transmission line lengths ~, the
phase at elements 21d and 21e will lag the phase at element
21c by ~ and 2~, respectively.- The result will be an element
pattern shift ln the + ~ direction shown in Figure 1. Phase
adjustment 100 provides an appropriate ~/2 phase adjustment
between~elements 21c and 23c. The resulting phase of the
aperture excitation 70 is illustrated in Figure 6 and is an
exact linear phase slope 74. Each of the phase adjustments
40 and 42 has magnitude ~, which is twice that of adjustment 100
and the slope of line 74 therefore corresponds to a phase
- variation of ~ for each aistance S along -the array, which
corresponds to the spacings of element groups 20. Those
skilled in the art can easily compute the required value of ~
in accordance with the desired angùlar movement of the antenna
element pattern. When pattern shape requirements are not
critical phase adjustment 100 may be dispensed with while
maintaining an approximation to the linear phase slope.
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A typical element pattern movement is shown in
Figures 3 and 4~ The figures show the element pattern 68
which is a function of the angle ~ from the ~roadside axis
67 of the array. An angular region 69 corresponding to
elevation~angle l is shown. Within angular region 69,
there may be structures or terrain which will cause
undesired mutlipath signals. The composite array pattern
for the ~irectional beam antenna shown in Figure 1 is
illustrated by narrow beam pattern 71~ In accordance with the
understanding of those skilled in the art, the relative
amplitude of pattern 71 at any pàrticular angle ~ corresponds
to the amplitude of element pattern 68.j Figure 4 illustrates
the effect of phase adjustments l!0,42 and lQ0 on element pattern
68. The element pattern has been moved by a desired amount
in the positive direction of ang]e ~ so that the amplitude of
element pattern 68' is substantially reduced in the region 69
between broadside axis 67 and angle ~1. This shifting of
the element pattern does not affect the angular location of
array pattern 71, but merely reduces the amplitude of
pattern 71 when scanned to region 69 wherein multipath
radiation may occur.
When the antenna system is used to radlate a
frequency coded pattern, phase adjustments 40, 42 and 100 likewise
cause an angular shift in the radiated amplitude pattern
without affecting the angular-frequency coding. Those
skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention
-- can be used to advantage in any of the alternate antenna
network configurations shown in Figures lQ, 13, and 14 of the
referenced prior application.
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MICROSTRIP EMBODIMENT
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The coupling networksof the Figure 1 antenna,
particularly interconnecting transmission lines 28 and 30,
are~advantageously formed USing mlcrostrip transmission line
which is shown in Figure 7. This transmission line includes
a ground;plane 76 over which there is a slab 78 of
dielectric materlal. On the opposite side of dielectric
slab 78 from:ground plane 76., there is provided a conductive
:` .strip 80. Typically,ground plane 76 is a thin copper.cladding
on dielectric 78 and strip 80 is the remains of a similar
cladding which has been largely removed by photoetching.
Strip 80 and ground plane 76 fo~.a two conductor trans-
mission line whose impedance is determined by.the thickness (t~
and dielectric constant(k~of slab 78.and the width(w)of
.15 conductive strip 80. A typical 50 ohm transmission line may
be formed using*teflon-glass dielectric with a(~ of 2.2,
a thickness(t~of 0.020 inches and having a conductive strip
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with a width(w)of 0.05~ inches. Figure 8 ,is a cross-sectional
view of the transmission line shown in Figure 7 and illustrates
the.electric fields associated with a typical wave energy
signal. A small fringing portion of the field 82 passes
through the air adjacent the conductive strip before
entering the dielectric material.
The inventQr.has discovered that by providing a
structure that acts upon and alters the fringing electric
field B2, it is possible to adjust the phase 'of wave energy
signals on the microstrip transmission line. In accordance
with the inVentiQn, both positive and negative phase
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adjustments can be achieved depending on the type of field
altexing structure used~ ~
The cross-sectional view of Figure 9 shows a field
altering structure comprising conductive plate 84 which is
arranged to be spaced a distance (d) from conductive strip 80
In order to accurately regulate spacing (d~, conductive plate
84 has a'cross-sectional configuration which includes a
groove whose depth is selected in accordance with the ,'
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required spacing(d~. Screws 85 are provided to electrlcally
connect conductive plate 84 to ground plane 76 of the
transmi'ssion line.
, Those skilled in the axt will recognize that
conductive plate 84 will draw some of the electric field
emanating from conductive strip 80 through the region of
lS air formed by the spacing (d) between conductive strip 80
and conductive,plate 84. Since a major portion of the
electric field will then be passing through air dielectric,
the effective dielectric constant, and hence the propagation
constant o'f the microstrip transmission line will bè lower.
It will also be recogni~ed that as conductive plate 84 is
arranged closer to conductive strip 80, the phase shifting
effect will be increased. Figure 14 is a graph showing
an estimate of the phase shift at 5 GHz which might be realized
by a conductive plate of the type shown in Pigure 9 with a '
length (L~ of a half wave at the propagation constant of the
~ ' transmission line. Figure 12 is a planar view of such a
conductive plate indicating the location of ~,rounding s,crews
85 and the length (L) of the conductive plate.
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~'igures 10 and 11 illustrate additional configurations
- wherein a field altering structure may be placed ad~acent
str1p 80 to vary the propagation constant of the microstrip
transmission line. In Figure lO, a dielectric slab 86 of
S the same shape ~s conductive plate 84 is arranged with a
spacing ~away from conductive strip 80. Dielectric slab
86 intersects some cf the fringing field from conductive
strip 80 and since the slab has a higher dielectric constant
than the air it replaces, there is an increase in the
effective dielectric constant of the microstrip transmission
line, and hence an in~crease in propagation constant. The
efect of the Figure 10 dielectr:ic plate is therefore opposite
the effect of the conductive plate of Figure 9. The solid
curve of Figure 15 is a plot of measured phase shift at
approximately 5GEIzr as a function of separation(g~for a
~half wave long plate of alumina wlth a thickness(c)of 0.125
inches, which has a dielectric constant(k) of 9. Also shown
on the graph are the approximate phase shifts which would
result from use of similar dielectxic slabswith dielectric
constants of 4 and 2. It is estimated that the effective
phase shift is approximately proportional to l/~F~.
In Figure 11, there is shown an alternate embodiment
with a dielectric slab wherein the dielectric is placed in
contact with conductive strip 80. In this event, phase
~ 25 adjustment may be achieved by trimming the thickness(b) of
the dielectrlc slab 88.
Figure 13 shows another phase adjus-table microstrip.
A toroidal shaped ferrite slab 90 is placed over conductive
strip 80. By induciny a direct current maynetic field in the
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ferxite slab to alter the permeability of the ferrite it is
-possible to pro~ide small changes in the propagation constant
of the transmission line resulting in phase adjustment.
If the ferrite has the toroidal shape illustrated, the
configuration will be "latching" and will retain the d.c.
ma,gnetic ~ield after the battery current is disconnected.
The configuration of Figure 13 may by particularly use~ul in
the antenna net~ork of Figure l, since the ferrite material
may provide both the xesistive loss and phase adjustment
required in transmission lines 28 and 30.
~ It will be evident to those familiar with such
txansmission lines that it is advantageous to select the
length ~jo~ thè field altering structure to be e~ual to a
half wave length or an integral number oE half wave lengths,
so that the signal re~lections occuring at each end of the
field alte~ing structure will be approximately self-cancelling.
Those familiar with microwave circuits will recognize
that the phase adjusting structures of Figures 9 ~hro,ugh 13
may be used in circuits other than that shown in Figure l.
The structures are advantageously used in complex microstrip
networks to-trim out phase erro.rs which may resuIt from
manufacturing tolerances and variations in dielectric materials
or components.
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