Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
11;~2~9ti
METHOD A~D APPARATUS FOR REPRODUCING DESI~D IDEOGRAPHS
The present invention relates in general to a method
and apparatus for typing Chinese ideographs and the more
specifically relates to such a method and apparatus for use
with a computer having a conventional input keyboard terminal.
Prior known devices for printing the Chinese characters
have been complex because the basic spoken language is written
in more than 10 thousand characters. Because of the large number
of characters required to print the Chinese language it is
apparent that a conventional typewriter as is used for the
English language cannot be used to print the Chinese language
since it would require in excess of 10 thousand keys with a
single key for each word that is to be printed. The prior known
devices have been limited by their inability to define a code
using only knowledge which is normally acquir'ed by the operator
so that the code may be easily memorized and quickly used with
little training to select any ideographic character from the
entire list available for the language.
The transmission of telegrams illustrates the diEficulty
of having so many characters. One telegraphic system utilizes
a code book which lists about 9 thousand characters and indexes
each character with a 4 digit number whereby the 4 digit number
is transmitted on a telegram with the telegram translated back
to ideographic characters using the four digit number to find 1l
the corresponding characters in a vocabulary list at the receiving
facility. The authors of telegrams are restricted to using
those characters listed in the code book for it is obvio~s that
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j~ llZZ798 11
a ~character which is not included cannot be transmitted.
One currently available typewriter includes trays of move-
able type from which one character at a time is selected, struck
against typewriter paper, and returned to its original storage
position. The character selected is manipulate~ with a single
selection lever which is moved over the tray of type. The major
difficulty in using this typewriter is that it requires
memorization of thousands of locations of type to be efficiently
operated. Another currently available Chinese type setting
machine utilizes a keyboard having 27 columns and 44 rows of keys
each of which controls two characters to provide a vocabulary
list containing 2,376 characters. This system has a one to one
correspondence between the keys and a vocabulary list and
therefore an operator must memorize the location of each
character.
Another machine used for translating Chinese has all of
the characters in the vocubulary list divided into two part~ and
the radicals which appear in the upper and lower parts of each
character are used to define groups of characters all of which
have these two parts in common. These groups are displayed
optically, and the final selection is made by selection from a
visual display. Thus, only three key strokes are required to
identify any character in the vocubulary with two to display the
group which includes the desired character and a third to select
and print the character. This system is expensive and operators
would require extensive training to become efficient because the
indexing system is not based on common knowledge.
Another Chinese typewriter has been developed which is
based on an indexing system which uses the sequence of standard
brush strokes normally used in writing a character. The key
sequence used to draw the strokes of the character is inputed intola
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digital computer which matches the sequence of strokes to the
character in a vocabulary list. These machines usually require
an optical output to resolve ambiguities and for final verifica-
tion of the character selected since the typist might not be
certain of the sequence of strokes required or may have made
errors in keying the stroke sequence.
Mandarin is used by millions of Chinese who have no dif-
ficulty in understanding the spoken word and their speech may
be recorded faithfully by use of a Chinese phonetic alphabet
which is widely known. The Council on Unifying Chinese Pronuncia-
tion has promoted the use of the Chinese phonetic alphabet since
1932 when it published the first edition of a list of standard
pronunciation of Chinese characters.
Unfortunately, indexing Chinese characters phonetically
does not produce a unique character because Chinese characters
have simple pronunciations with none of them being more than
three phonemes long which makes homonyms much more common in
Mandarin than in English. The Council on Unifying Chinese Pronun-
ciation list of standard pronunciations contains a word list of
approximately ten thousand characters arranged in approximately
1300 groups of homonyms. Phonetic indexing therefore leads`only
to unique identification of homonym groups. While these homonym
groups could be viewed optically for final selection, this
approach would be expensive and would result in greatly reduced
typing speeds.
Mandarin is used by millions of Chinese who have no diffi-¦
culty in understanding the spoken word. The ambiguity which
exists when single words are heard does not exist in normal
speech because phrases of words which identify the unique sequence
of words from homonym groups are heard and understood. The Chines~
phonetic alphabet as described above is used in many dictionaries ¦
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and is commonly learned by school children. It is so widely used
in teaching that a daily newspaper is printed in which the text
is written in ideographs and phonetic symbols side by side.
These prior typewriting systems have been handicapped by
their slow speeds and the difficulty inherent in training an
operator to perform the necessary indexing for their use.
It is there~ore the object of the present invention to
provide a new and improved typewriter for ideographic characters.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an
ideographic typewriter using a conventional keyboard to permit
the unique typing of each desired ideograph with the minimum
number of key strokes on the keyboard.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide
a typewriter for ideographic characters which provides the best
compromise between the conflicting demands of ease of le~rning,
brevity of key stroke sequences, uniqueness, and psychologictl
comfort.
A still further object of the present invention is to
provide codings for ideographic characters which uniquely
identify each ideograph, are easy to learn, are psychologically
pleasing and are efficient to use while permitting some
variations in phonetic coding according to pronunciations in
different dialects.
A ~urther object of the present invention is to provide an
ideographic typewriter which is completely self-contained, in-
cluding within it a small fixed program special purpose computing
machine and printing mechanism, which can be operated in a touch
typing mode using codings easily learned, without optical displays
being needed to resolve ambiguities, and which in size and form
resembles a conventional typewriter.
11;~2~79t~
A further purpose of the present invention is to
provide a typewriter for use in Chinese which is based on
principles usually learned in school and always used in
daily speech.
Another object of the present invention is to
produce an ideographic typewriter which is fast, efficient
and inexpensive thereby being of immeasurable importance to
future developments in commerce, industry and government in
the Far East.
Another object of the present invention is to provide
a Chinese ideographic character typewriter for indexing
thousands of characters so that they may be coded in efficient
and easily learned methods for rapid selection from se~uences
of key strokes made on a simple keyboard without the necessity
of having optical displays to resolve ambiguities.
The above objects are met with the present invention
by providing a method for selecting and printing desired
ideographs from a slit of available ideographs comprising
coding the available ideographs by at least a portion of the
phonetic spelling of their commonly used names, coding the
available ideographs by a descriptive characteristic of each
available ideograph, storing the codes as coded information
representing the available ideographs, inputing information
representing at least a portion of the phonetic spelling of
a desired ideograph, inputing information representing the
descriptive characteristic of the desired ideograph, comparing
the inputed information representing the phonetic spelling and
descriptive characteristic of the desired ideograph with the
stored coded information of the availahle ideographs, selecting
the desired ideograph based on the stored coded information and
the input information and visually reproducing the selected
ideograph thereby permitting the use of a conventional
, ,~,,,
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keyboard by a person without speci,al trainirlg to uniquely
identify and print each desired ideograph.
The above method may be carri,ed out by an input-
output typing machine for selecting and printing desired ideo-
graphs from a list of available ideographs comprising means
for storing information representing at least a portion of
the phonetic spelling of the commonly used names of the
ideographs and for storing information representing a
descriptive characteristic of each ideograph in the list of
available ideographs to uniquely identify each available
ideograph, means for inputing information representing at
least a portion of the phonetic spelling of a desired ideograph,
rneans for inputing information representing the descriptive
characteristic of the desired ideograph, means for comparing
the information representing the phonetic spelling and
descriptive characteristic of the desired ideograph with the
stored information of the available ideographs, means for
selecting the desired ideograph based on the stored information
and the input information and means for visually reproducing
the selected ideograph thereby permitting the use of a con-
ventional keyboard by a person without special training to
uniquely identify and print each desired ideograph.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will
become more apparent to those persons having ordinary skill
in the art to which the present invention pertains from the
following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings wherein:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a system embodying
the present invention;
Figure 2 illustrates the standard Chinese phonetic
symbols with corresponding international phonetic alphabet
and approximate English equivalents;
98
Figures 3-1 and -2 illustrate examples of coding
for brush strokes which resemble the phonetic symbols;
Fi.gures 4-1 through -4 illustrate coding when the
phonetic symbol is an abbreviation of the name of the brush
stroke;
Figure 5 illustrates the characters of the special
category which are coded by a single key stroke;
Figure 6 illustrates the the pronouns which are
coded phonetically;
Figure 7 illustrates the coding of characters in
the exceptional category;
Figure 8 illustrates the optional coding for
frequently used characters.
Figures 9-1 and -2 illustrate the nearly maximum
possible optional coding list;
Figure 10 illustrates the permissible variations in
coding of the general and exceptional categories;
Figure 11-1 through -25 illustrate the master coding
list;
Figure 12 appearing on the same sheet as Figure 1,
is a diagrammatic view of the keyboard of the preferred
embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 13 illustrates the coding of symbols;
Figures 14-1 through -4 are the flow diagrams of the
computer program for practicing the preferred method of the
present invention;
Figure 15 is a perspective view of a keyboard, input
terminal and output printer of the preferred embodiment of
the present invention;
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798
Figure 16 is a fragmentary perspective view of the
paper roller and cylindrical typing head with x-y positi.on
indicator of the output printer shown in Figure 16;
Figure 17 is a fragmentary side elevation view of
the cylindrical typing head and paper roller shown in
Figure 17;
Figure 18 is a fragmentary end view of the paper
roller and cylindrical typing head taken along line 18-18 in
Figure 17;
Figure 19 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective
view of porti.on of the cylindrical typing head shown in
Figure 18 with two type blocks partially exposed.
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Referring first to Figure 1 of the drawings there is
illustrated a preferred embodiment for practice of the present
C invention, which includes a computer 30 such as an IB~ 370-158
or much smaller general purpose computing machine. The computer
is used in combination with an input terminal 32 with a keyboard
34 and an output printer 36. A special purpose internal computer
may be provided if desired. In this case, the complete type-
writer would appear as shown in Figure 15.
To practice the present invention, all ideographs are
coded using only the standard Chinese phonetic symbols. All
words in Mandarin can be written phonetically using 37 different
symbols with one of five tone marks to indicate the accents to
be used in pronouncing them. The standard Chinese phonetic
symbols are shown in Figure 2 along with the corresponding inter-
national phonetic alphabet and approximate English equivalents.
: Phonetic symbols are used in one or two sequences o from
1 to 3 symbols each. The first sequence is a coding of the
pronunciation of the character according to the standard Peking
dialect, without designation of tone marks. Because of the many
homonym groups in which different characters have the same
pronunciation, the use of phonetic coding by itself does not
identify the characters uniquely. A second sequence of phonetic
symbols is used to describe the geometry of the characters to the
extent necessary for unique identification. The two sequences of
symbols are typed into the input terminal 32 through the keyboard
34, as shown in Figure 12, without interruption and with the
completion of the input for a single character signaled by
striking the space bar.
Following are the rules for coding to produce sequences
of key strokes which identify single characters so that such
typing of Chinese characters is made possible in ways which make t~ e
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: llZZ798
coding unique enough to identify single ideographs, easy to learn
psychologically pleasing and efficient to use, yet permitting
some variations in phonetic coding according to pronunciations in
different dialects.
RULES FOR CODING
Every character is coded by a sequence of keystrokes usin~
phonetic symbols only. All characters are divided into five
categories for coding: (1) General, (2) Special, (3) Exceptional
(4) Optional, and (5) Neighboring Pronunciation categories.
(1) General Category
Most characters are in this category and are coded by
typing two connected sequences of keystrokes. The first is the
standard pronunciation of the character without any tone mark
and the second is a coding of the geometry of the character using
phonetic symbols only.
(a) All characters, except those which belong to the
Special or Exceptional categories, are coded according to the
following rules in the order of the steps given:
Step 1. The pronunciation of the character is cod~ d
using phonetic symbols without tone marks and using the s~andard
Peking dialect.
Step 2. Immediately following the phonetic coding
of Step 1, without a space or gap, the geometric shape of the
brush stroke or strokes of the character is coded using phonetic
symbols only in the order i) upper left corner, ii) upper right
corner, iii) lower left corner, and iv) lower right corner.
Step 3. The coding for a given character is
completed by using the space bar. This indicates that the coding
for a given character has been completed, and that the next
keystroke begins the coding of the next character is to be typed.
- ` ~ Z798
(b) After the phonetic sequence has been coded, the
geometry of the brush strokes or radicals is coded using the
following rules:
i) If a brush stroke or a combination of brush
strokes resembles the phonetic characters used on the keyboard,
these phonetic characters are used as a coding in the geometric
sequence (examples are shown in Figure 3).
ii) In other cases, the first phonetic symbol
(consonants) or the last phonetic symbol (vowels) of the
pronunciation of the name of the brush stroke or the combination
of brush strokes is used (examples are shown in Figure 4).
Note that in Figures 3 and 4 a standard brush stroke
or strokes are followed by a sequence of derived, deformed, or
related brush stroke shapes to form a subset of the system so that
the typist can type the code efficiently without need of a
detailed analysis of the structure of the character for which
the identifying sequence is being typed.
(c) In order to achieve the highest efficiency, priorit ies
are established in coding as follows:
(i) Coding a complicated combination of brush strok es
has priority over coding a less complicated combination and
coding a single brush stroke has the lowest priority in coding.
(ii) A brush stroke or a combination of brush strokes
occurring in a character, except for characters containing the
radical is coded only once in the geometric coding. If a
brush stroke or combination of brush strokes has been coded
and occurs again in the corner currently being coded geometrically ,
it may not be used again, i.e., the corner currently being coded,
if it is a duplication, is omitted~ If it occurs again in
another corner, it is again omitted. Examples are:
~ J (~T) "~ ( rx~ (r~L~r) ~ (n~n ) ,;~( nl x)
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(d) Except for symmetric strokes having the coding sho~ 1,
all symmetric or almost symmetric characters or parts of a
character are treated as follows:
(i) For symmetric characters of the type that the left
part and the right part of a character are the same (although
perhaps differing slightly according to the style used in hand-
writing) and the central part different, only the central core
(i.e., the non-symmetric core portion) is to be coded. These
characters have the general form ~ D ~ . Examples are:
h~
rh ~J,A~ Y
(ii) If a symmetric character has a central core
which is not separable from the lower corners, only the central
core is to be coded, i.e., if it has the shape ~ ~ ~ , only
the part! ~ is used in the coding. This rule is also applicable
to parts of a character, Examples are:
~ ~Z~ Z~
~ Z i ~ t~ r
(iii) If a character has a symmetric upper part, only
the left upper corner of the central part is coded in place
of coding both of the upper corners. Only one key stroke for
the upper corners is used in coding, i.e., if a character ~ooks
like, ~ D~, only one keystroke of the left upper corner of
~ A
~ is used. This rule is also used for coding parts of
characters. Examples are:
U ~ ~n
n ~ TU~P
U~'1 ~ T ILn~ ~lu~
. ~. I
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(iv) All symmetric characters without central cores
are considered to be normal characters not coded by the rules
of symmetry. Examples are:
~9~ 99
Tl~ a ~
~ Jl~ ,
(v) Symmetric characters with identical parts
not located in the corners to be coded are considered to be normal
characters not coded by the rules o,f symmetry. Examples are:
~ L~
(e~ If the entire character has a box-type boundary,
the box is used for coding the upper corners, and the lower
corners of the part contained in the box are used for the lower
corners in coding. Examples are: ;
~ u~c~ c~ ,cn
Note that if a part of a character is contained in a box, the
box is considered to be a combination of brush strokes, not as an
entity. Examples of this are: ~
~ Z~C ~ ~X~
In general the maximum number of key strokes for
coding a character is six. Thus, if three phonetic symbols
are used to code the pronunciation, only the phonetic symbols
for the first three corners are used in the geometric coding.
However, if the typist codes all four corners, the seventh
keystroke will be ignored by the system.
ll;~Z798
2) Special Category
(a) Characters coded by a single keystroke
The five most frequently used characters are
coded by a single keystroke in order to maximize
typing speed. The coding is partly phonetic, and
partly geometric, as shown in Figure 5. '~ote that
when phonetic coding is used llere, only the phonetic
symbol of the leading phoneme is used.
The five characters shown in Figure 5 must be
coded as shown in the Figure.
(b) Frequently used characters which are coded
phonetically only.
The characters which represent personal pronouns
are coded phonetically only without the use of tone
marks as shown in Figure 6.
3) Exceptional Category
In order to avoid uniqueness problems caused by
conflicts in coding when the general rules are used,
a few exceptional characters which have a low
frequency of use are coded as follows:
i) The phonetic coding is done as usual.
ii) The geometry is coded ~y using the pronuncia-
tion of the name of the radical spelled phonetically
without the tone mark, or in a few exceptional cases
as given in Figure 7.
4) Optional Category
The machine is designed so that in addition to
using the regular coding, phonetic coding only
without tonemark designations can be used for coding
the most frequently used characters, as given in
Figl e 8. The characters in this table are arrange~
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in order of decreasing frequency of usage. They have
been selected from the most frequently used 300 cllaracters
Remarks on the Optional Category
All characters are indexed properly using the rules
for coding given in the General, Special, and Exceptional Categori~ ~s.
The Optional and Neighboring Pronunciation Categories are
additional codings which are provided to make the indexing
faster at the option and convenience of the typist using them.
As the typist becomes more familiar with the machine, his typing
speeds will gradually increase because he is certain to increase
the use of the shorter, optional codings provided.
A nearly maximum possible short coding list is given
in Figure 9. The characters in this figure are listed according
to the standard order of the leading phonetic sy~bol with standard
pronunciation required.
5) Neighboring Pronunciation Category
The standard pronunciation of Chinese characte:-s
which is used in the phonetic coding of the characters
is that of the Peking dialect; however, many Chinese
people are accustomed to speaking their native dialects
and do not ordinarily use perfect pronunciation even
though they know the standard pronunciation. Certain
inaccuracies are allowed in the phonetic coding of
characters in order to make the coding comfortable and
psychologically pleasing to more people.
Although standard pronunciation is required in the
use of coding in the Optional Category, some variations
in pronunciation of characters in both the General
and Exceptional Categories are possible as shown in
Figure 10.
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. llZZ~18
The Master Coding List
The master coding list is shown in Figure 11. It is
the coding which results when the coding rules discussed above
are used with the standard pronunciation to code the basic
characters or ideographs which can be typed by the system.
Although it is the list which the typist should refer
to should questions of coding arise, it is not to be taken
to be complete, for the list includes neither optional short
codings nor neighboring sound codings, both of which are provided
for in the logic of a translator in the computer 30 for the
convenience of the typist.
It is clear that the list of Figure 11 can be lengthened
considerably without altering the rules for coding keystroke
sequences in typing, the logic used for processing in the
translator, or the basic design of the system. The optional
codings provided for are not necessary, but will allow increased
typing speeds as the typist becomes accustomed to and comfortable
in his work.
The keyboard 34 for any typewriter or composing machine
should be designed for efficiency and comfort of use. A good
design for an efficient and comfortable keyboard is shown in
Figure 12 and is based on a weighted frequency account of written
Mandarin coded according to the rules discussed above. The
phonemes are shown located on a standard English keyboard. The
spacing bar, some rarely used punctuation marks, and the special
function keys are not shown.
Z-~8
! T~NsLAToR
The preferred embodiment of the present invelltion is
shown to include a general purpose computer since many large
firms already have such computers for other purposes and could
supply their office typing needs relatively inexpensively through
use of the computer program to be described hereafter. A
completely self-contained system can be produced if desired.
A computer program using general purpose time-sharing is
described below.
COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR A TRANSLATOR USING A GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER
The input from the keyboard 34 on input terminal 32
to the translator in the computer 30 is the coded sequence
of keystrokes typed to identify the character to be printed with
each keystroke coded as shown in Figure 13. Note that any standard
coding, such as the ASC II code which is standard on keyboards
which can now be purchased, can be substituted for that shown
in Figure 13 provided that the changes required to accommodlte
the coding of the keys are made in the program which receives the !
keystroke data as input.
A sequence of typed keystrokes thus forms a corresponding
series of numbers which are processed arithmetically in the
computing machine, a keystroke at a time to the extent possible.
A keystroke sequence which has been typed is sent to a buffer
memory in the translator. Within the translator, the sequence
is used to identify a memory location in which the location or
typing instructions are stored for the character identified.
In order to avoid searching the entire word list to find
the sequence which matches that typed, the list has been divided
into six major groups of words according to the number of
keystrokes required to type the complete code for a single
character. Each major group is divided into 37 subsets according
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ll;~Z~8
to the leading phoneme (i.e. that of the first keystroke). Some
subsets are empty because all phonemes do not occur in the leading
position of a major group.
The number of keystrokes used for coding a given character
is determined by counting the keystrokes up to the striking of
the spacing bar, which indicates that the coding has been
completed. This number is the group number to which the character
belongs.
The search begins in this group at the subject of the
phoneme of the leading keystroke. The keystroke sequence which
has been typed is compared with each character of the subset.
For efficiency in searching, the sequences stored in each
subset are in descending order of use of the characters. The
number of comparisons made in searching until a match is found
is used to identify the sequence number of the character in the
major group which contains the subset which was searched.
This sequence number locates a memory cell in which
the x-y indices of the character's location in the printer 36 are
stored and these indices are then sent to the printer.
If no correspondence between typed and stored keystroke
sequences is found, possibilities for neighboring pron~nciations
are tested. If possible alternatives exist, further searches
for comparisons are made. If none are found, either an error
in typing has been made, or the character identified is not
contained in the printer, and the typist is warned that this is
the case.
A discussion of the flow charts shown in Figures 14-1 to 4
and a Fortran listing of a computer program for a translator
using a general purpose computer follow. This program uses
punched card inputs. In actual use of a general purpose computing
machine for typing, however, the card input can be replaced by
direct data input from the typewriter console 32.
I ~
llZ2798
Figure 14-1: Read in and Store
a) This reads in and stores the list of symbols used with 61 bein
the maximum possible number using an I~ keypunch. The symbol~
listed in Figure 13 are included.
b) There are six groups in the master list. Nl is the number of
members of the group of characters and punctuation marks which
can be coded using only one keystroke.
c) This reads in the locations of each of the members of the
group in the type font, the single keystroke coding used to
identify the member, and the sequence number of the member
on the main list. The numbers ILl (l,I) and IL1 (2,I)
are the x and y indices, respectively, of the location
in the type font of the Ith character in the first major
group. Al(I) is the coding for the Ith member of the
first major group. ILl (3,I) is the sequence number of
the character on the master list.
d) J is an index number which defines the major group number.
J runs from 2 to 6. -
¦ e) This functions for group 2 as b) for group 1.
f) For effici~ncy, the search is made in the major group
identified by the number of keystrokes used in coding i~
the single subset identified by the leading phoneme of
the coding. This subset is located by specifying the first
, and last sequence numbers of the characters of the major
group which are contained in the subset. The sequence
numbers of the leading characters in the second major
group are identified by the numbers IS(K,2), where K is
the phoneme sequence number, and 2 the major group number.
For example, if K=5, the search starts at sequence number IS(5 2)
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ll Z~798
and ends at (IS (6,2) - 1). Because differences are taken to
det~r~ine the range to be searched, 3~ numbers are required
for each major group. If the differences IS (K+1,2) - IS
(K,2) = O, the Kth subset is empty.
g) This reads the coding keystrokes, printer location indices,
and master list sequence numbers into the memory. The master
sequence numbers are not necessary for the functioning of the
translator program. They are included here only for checking
accuracy in experiments and machine construction. In the
definition of A2(I,K), A stands for alpha-numeric, 2 for the
second major group, I for the keystroke number (in group 2,
I = 1 is the first keystroke, I = 2, the second), and K is
the sequence number of the character in the second major group
In the definition of IL2(I,K), I stands for indices, L for
location, 2 designates major group 2, I=l refers to the x
index, I = 2 to the y index, and I = 3 to the sequence number
of the master list. K is defined as for A in the preceding
sentences.
h) This repeats reading the data into the memory for each major
group in turn.
The explanations of items e3), e4), e5) and e6) for`
the various major groups are similar to those given for e)
- which were given for major group 2. Items fi) and gi) are
treated similarly.
i) TKYl(I), TKY2(I), and TKY2(I) are possible changes which could
be made in the keystroke sequence typed according to the
permissible variations in coding. See the ~leighboring
Pronunciation Category under the coding rules discussed earlie ~.
In the designation TKYl(I), I is the phoneme sequence number
and the number 1 means the first keystroke typed. This 1
could be a 2 or 3, in which case reference is made to the
~_," ~ _
~1 llZZ''~8
` : . . ..
second or third keystrokes typed. Phonemes for WhiCIl sub-
stitution is not possible according to Fiyure 10 are re-
defined as themselves in this step. (i.e. the transformations
TKYl(I), etc., are identity transformations in this case).
Figure 14-2: Manual Entry of Keystroke Coding Messeges
a) KEY(l) is the entry of the first keystroke typed. The control
number KKH = O means that no neighboring pronunciation
alternatives have been searched.
b) The machine identifies the set to which the keystroke just
typed belongs. The symbols are defined as follows: E means
belongs to, PH means the set of phonemes, CR means the cor-
recting key, CL means the clear key, SP means the set of punc-
tuation marks, and SF the set of special function keys. See
Figure 13. Because the one keystroke coding includes coding for
punctuation marks and special function keys as well as the
phonemes used for coding characters, it is treated separa~ely
from the multistroke coding sequences.
c) The special functions include correcting, clearing, b~ck
space, skip a space, change a line, repeat a character,
etc. See Figure 13.
d) A warning is given if the keystroke sequence typed to this
point is logically impossible.
e) If the keystroke typed is the spacing bar, the coding for
the character has been completed, and the completed keystroke
sequence goes to the searched part of the program. For the
one keystroke major group this is ~ .
The main features explained above for the first keystroke
apply in turn to the second through the eighth keystrokes as
shown on the flow chart.
_._ i ~: ' ' _
.`-. i llZZ~18
~1 . I
The maximum number of keystrokes is eight even though a
maximum of seven keystrokes including the spacing bar is all
that is required. If an eighth keystroke is typed and it is
not the spacing bar, a mistake has been made in typing, and a
warning is given. If the eighth keystroke was the spacing bar,
the seventh keystroke is replaced by the spacing bar stroke
before the search is made.
indicates how the search is directed into one of the
major groups 2 through 6 according to the calculated GO TO
statement. (Recall that the search in group 1 is directed
to ~ in e) above.
f) ID(~EY (l)) identifies the subset sequence number according to
the sequence number of the phoneme of the first keystroke.
g) This defines the range to be searched in the major group
selected.
h) This defines the initial value for I. This number is th~
order number of the first member of the subset to be sea^ched
in the major group of interest.
i) The computed GO TO statement directs the search to the major
group identified by II.
Figure 14-3: Search and Print
Searches made in the various major groups are similar to
each other. They proceed by comparing, a keystrcke at a time,
the keystroke sequence which has been typed in the coding
sequence stored in the memory for each character on the master lis :.
For efficiency in searching major groups 2 through 6, the
search is made in the major group which corresponds to the number
of keystrokes used in coding a character, only within the subset
identified by the first keystroke of the sequence. Comparisons
within this subset are made from the second keystroke on.
. I _ _
~ ~ ~lZZ7~ 1
Explanatory remarks are made for major group 3 only. Entry
is identified by ~ Here the third digit, 3, refers to major
group 3, which is the 3 keystroke group.
a) The subset being searched has been selected using the first
keystroke. Comparison begins at the second keystroke.
KEY(2) = A3(2,I) compares the second stroke typed to the
second keystroke of the coding which was stored in the memory
for the Ith member of the 3rd major group. Note that the
Ith member lies in the proper subset. For T, if the second
keystroke matches the code, the third keystroke is compared.
For F, if the second keystroke doesn't match, the coding
of the second keystroke of the next character in the s~quence
stored is compared.
b) The third keystroke is compared.
c) If all keystrokes as typed match those stored, the character
typed has been identified as the Ith member in the major group
3. The location indices IL3(1,I) and IL3(2,I), which identify
the location of the character in the printer 36, are sent to th
printer so that the character will be printed.
The input of the keystroke sequence for the next character
starts. See Figure 14-2.
d) If the current comparison fails, the index number I is increased
by one so that the coding of the next member of the major group
can be selected for comparison.
e) If the increased index belongs to the range being searched, a
new comparison is made. If the increased index number
exceeds the range being searched, the whole list has been
examined, and no character has been found for the keystroke
I sequence just typed. In this case, either the keystroke
sequence typed is for a character not included in the type font
or a mistake in typing exists. If the group number II is
ll;~Z798
''..` ..
greater than or equal to 3, neighboring pronunciation is
possible, and the search is directed to 550.
Figure 14-4: The Search Using ~eighboring Pronunciation
a) KKH = KKE~ + 1. This control number indicates the nmlber of
the trial search according to various neighboring sounds.
b) Branches are made according to the KKH control number.
c) KKH = 1. Is KEY(l) = TKYl(KEY(l)) ? This test is to see if th
neighboring sound alternative for keystroke one is itself.
For T, if it is, no change in this keystroke can be made, go
back to ~ For F, a substitution is possible for keystroke
1, GO T~ d).
d) Keystroke 1 is replaced by its possible alternative. ~ is
the beginning of the search of Figure 14-3.
e) KKH = 2. This asks if the number of keystrokes typed is less
than 4. If it is true, no change can be made. ~ gives a
warning. If there are more than 3 keystrokes, the possihility
of substitution for the second keystroke is examined.
f) This asks if there is a possible alternative for keystroke 2.
If the neighboring sound alternative is itself, no change
can be made, and the search goes back to ~ . If an alternativ
is possible, the substitution is made.
g) Keystroke 2 is replaced by its possible alternative, and the
search is redirected to ~ .
h) KKH = 3. This switches keystroke 1 back to its original
stroke, while leaving the second keystroke in its altered
form. Another search is made.
i) KKEI = 4. First, a number of keystrokes is checked. If there
are fewer than 5, a warning is given. If there are more than
4, the possibilities for changing the third keystroke while
leaving the first two unchanged are exar,lined.
j) This asks (as in c) and f)) if a change is possible. If it is
go on.
llZZ7~18
k) This changes keystroke 2 back to its original stroke, but
changes keystroke 3 to its alternative, and goes back to searc]
m) KKH = 5. This asks if a possible alternative exists for the
first keystroke. If not, a warning is given. If so, go on.
In this case, the possibilities for changing the first and
third keystrokes while leaving the second keystroke as
originally typed are examined.
n) The possible alternative for keystroke 1 is substituted, and
the search is renewed.
A Fortran program based on Flow Charts in Figures 14-1 to 4
and using IB~ unched cards as the inpu~ m~dium follows:
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< u ~ ~ ~ ,_ ~ , _ ~ ~r ~:
_ ~ r. V _~ C~ r~ V- V ~ v~
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L~l L ~ L~ C~ _ ;7' <' Y X ~-- f,
`J ~r) ~u ~ v~ ~ O O O O ~ r ~LJ LJ
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UJ l_ W ~ ~ O' ~ I ~ Y ~' y ~ I J
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ZJ C I UJ I _ U. ~O C O J C . - V)
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C C' ~ O ~ UJ . C ~Vl I UJ U~ UJ ~ Lr Ll~ _ _
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LU ~ O ~
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u. x ~ C U n ,~ Y v v I c-- a _ I
UJ U_ ~ ~ I ui W l~ '`' --
O` o! I-- I G O ~ I ~ -- ~ a N N W J ~
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O w O I ^ a:~ L') ~ Z ~: n V ~ N ~ UJ
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I J W ~7 ~ O -- ~ ~ n n n r, w ~) ^ ~ ^ -- ~ O
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11 ~ I 1-- w I L~ Z ~ ~ ~0 UV Z O r. r. r I N ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ c n
UJ ~ I~ LO LJ ~-- W _ LO ~ _ ~ ~ -- X N N rJ N ^ ~
uJ U. n ~ C: J ~ ~ C ~r c
--~ u. Z O n ~ r~ ~ ~ Cl' ~ n--~o ^ x x x x-- -- ^
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V u. ~ _ w ~n ~r N -- ~ ~ ~ J u- W w ~ ~ c~
~7 W I W W ~, IL C ~ J I ~ N Z Z~ ;~ ^ O ~ ~~ r~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ . ~_'
I ~-- ~ O ~.') w ~ n-- 1-- ul L~l r~. . . w c~ r~ cS C C C ~ ~--- I - ~ j
," ~- ^ ^ W I ~ ^ . C~ u_ U_ U. >- n ~ Y~ N ~) ~ ~r~ ~ ^ V U
~-~ ~ X ~ ~ ~ ~ W UJ W v ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ ._ X ~I X >~ ~ O
W ~ U ~ J ^ ~ O C~ J Lr, L~ Lr~ Ir~ Lr~ ~ Lr~ U) ~ U
- Z C.) r~ r~------o Lr~ ~s N ~- _ ~ W )---~--_--~--~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q' C~.
--~ I ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ J C ~ ~ N ~ ~ ~ ~~ ^ ~ ' V
U LU ~ I~ LU .~ W N ~ ~ L~ ~ ~ v ~r ~- >- ~J ~ Vl I--
Ln I I L~ J ~: J w r~ Z - ~ ~ X >- ~ ~ >- Y W c ~ ~ 1 <I C ~ <I ~ ~ C ~ ~
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r.~ ~; L'~~ --X rr ~ ~ X ~Y ~ ~ rr c~ ~' w
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D~ U Lr~ J ~ _ ~ = r,~ ~ rr~ t~ ~ C
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-- i?-- . _ _ _ _ ~ UJ J-- _ G ,~ _ _ _ + UL + O 11 -- N ~ 11 --
_ _ 1_~ ._ 11 U _ rn _ 11 + -? Ul --> UJ ~ r~ ^
x o Ir~ O _ lU ~ L~ æ o u~ o ~ ~--o-- ~ r--u~
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C ~ UJ UJ 1-- I I Ul ~ W I UJ --v7 _ _ _ _ r~ v7 ~ ^ O
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28 .
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The input could be direct from a typewriter console, from
magnetic tape previously coded by typing keystroke sequences, or
from punched paper tapes prepared in a Flexowriter or similar
machine.
PRINTE~
The input to the printer 36 from the computer 30 is the
binary coded x-y location of the character to be printed. This
coding can be used to position a rectangular flat, cylindrical
or belted array of type so that the character selected is
located below the place on the paper which is to be typed. A
hammer mechanism can then strike the type to force it to print
the irnage by transferring ink from a ribbon to the paper in the
usual manner. Additionally, a printer such as that shown in U. S.
Patent I~o. 3,820,644 to Chan~IIue Yeh which converts a digitalized
character to 120 hexadecimal digit code units may be utilized.
An example of a printer which may be utilized with the
¦present system is shown in Figures 16 through 19.
The output printer 36 as shown in Figures 15 through 19 is
integral with the input terminal 32 and keyboard 34. A conven-
tional moving electrical carriage 38 includes a paper roller 40,
a spacer lever 42 and manual advance knobs 44. Control of the
carriage position is achieved by the conventional control keys
on the keyboard 34. The paper rollèr 40 is of conventional rubber
construction having a support shaft 46 as shown in Figures 17 and
18. A typewriter ribbon 48 passes below the paper roller 40 to
permit imprinting a character onto a sheet of paper 50 which is
being transported by the carriage 38 in the Manner of conventional
typewriters.
A typing head assembly 52 provides the desired ideograph
and positions it under the typing location at the intersection of :he
- - 42 -
paper roller 40 and a cylindrical typing head 54 which has
angularly spaced apart rows of ideograph image blocks 56 embedded
therein. A hollow stationary support shaft 58 permits the
cylindrical typing head 54 to translate and rotate under the paper
roller 40 as indicated in Figures 16, 17 and 18. The cylindrical
typing head 54 is formed of a relatively flexible elastomeric
material such as polyvinyl or a silicone rubber and is mounted
at its opposite end on support flanges 60 with bores 62 as shown
in Figure 17 to provide a bearing surface which slides back and
forth and rotates on the stationary shaft 58.
Driven gears 64 are fixed to the support flanges 60 and are
positioned by driving gears 66 mounted on rotatable shaft 68.
A longitudinal slot 70 on the outer surface of the rotatable shaft
permits splines 72 on the driving gears 66 as shown in Figure 17
to be translated axially along the shaft while causing the driving
gears to rotate with the shaft. Translation of the driving ~ears
along the rotatable shaft 68 is caused by a carrier 74 having
clips 76 mounted at the ends thereof and having arms 78 which
extend along opposite sides of the driving gears to cause the
driving gears to translate as the carrier is translated.
A conventional x-y position indicator 80 rotates the
rotatable shaft 68 to the desired position in accordance with a
binary input from the computer 30 through lead-in wires 82 and
translates the carrier 74 with a continuous flexible ribbon 84
which is fixed to the carrier by a set screw 86 shown in Figures
17 and 18. The flexible ribbon 84 is translated to the desired
position by a binary input from the computer 30.
As shown in Figure 19, the ideograph blocks 56 are generally
square and have the desired ideograph type 88 on their upper
surfaces which can be positioned under the paper 50 on which the
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image is desired by rotation and translation of the cylindrical
typing head 54. The ideograph blocks are retained in the
cylindrical typing head by friction or adhesives and are pressed
against the typing ribbon 48 by a plunger 90 when a solenoid 92
is actuated after the desired type is positioned as shown in
Figure 17. The flexibility of the cylindrical typing head 54
permits the individual type to be pressed against the paper withou
causing any of the adjacent type to strike the paper. The
ideograph blocks may be formed of metalized plastic or light metal
type to reduce the inertia of the system and increase the typing
speed of the machine.
The x-y position indicator 80 may include two kinary digit
locators which receive a twelve binary bit from the computer 30
and through appropriate gearing drive the rotatable shaft 68 to
the desired angular position and drive the continuous flexible
ribbon 84 to its desired axial position thereby positioning the
desired ideograph in the typing position where the plunger 90 may
strike the back of the ideograph block to force it against the
paper 50.
The operation of the printer includes placing the sheet of
paper 50 in the carriage 38 in the normal fashion. Printing will,
however, occur on the bottom of the roller rather than on the
front as on a conventional typewriter. A sequence of keystrokes
is typed on keyboard 34 as described earlier to identify the
desired ideographic character uniquely. When ~his has been
achieved, the computer 30 will provide a binary signal to the
x-y position indicator 80 which will rotate the rotatable shaft
68 to the column of type containing the desired character and
will translate the flexible ribbon 84 to move the carrier 74
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¦ and therefore the cylindrical type head until the type containing
¦ the desired character is positioned in tlle typing position over th ,
¦ plunger 90. The solenoid 92 is then actuated to force the
¦ desired ideograph block 56 against the ribbon 48 thereby im-
¦ printing the paper 50 with the desired character. The characters
¦ are typed on their sides from left to right; therefore, when the
¦ paper has been removed, they will read from top to bottom, right
¦ to left. After the desired characters have been typed, the
I paper may be removed from the typewriter.
¦ From the foregoing detailed description, it will be
¦ evident that there are a number of changes, adaptations and
¦ modifications of the present invention which will come within
¦ the providence of those skilled in the art. However, it is
¦ intended that all such variations not departing from the spirit
¦ of the invention be considered as within the scope thereof and
as limited solely by the appended claims.
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