Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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The invention relates to the diEfusion coating of superalloys, such
as high-nickel and high-cobalt alloys, wherein a part to be treated is placed
in a coating, powder pack.
It is already known that diffusion coating of metallic objects,
for exampl0 nickel - and cobalt-based alloys, may be carried out by embedding
the article to be coated in a powdered coating pack including:
(1) an inert filler,
(2) a vaporisable carrier ingredient, and
(3) powdered sources of metal materials to be diffused into the
superalloy object.
The vaporisable carrier ingredient, usually a halide composition,
acts as a flux in facilitating the initial reaction between aluminum and the
alloy being treated, and also acts to accelerate the diffusion process by
forming intermediate or transient compounds during the process. In general,
the vaporisable carrier material has been a halide, for example a fluoride
or chloride salt, such as ammonium chloride. This relatively diffusable
material provides means for carrying the treating metal into the superalloy
surfaces to be treated.
The metal powder, usually aluminum or chromium, is the active
metal-treating agent on which the carrier material acts to facilitate
diffusion of the metal into the article to be treated.
The inert filler acts primarily as a means to moderate the con-
centration and rate at which the carrier material and diffusing metal approach
the metal article to be treated. It is also a manipulative expedient which
provides the function of reducing the cost of material expended in carrying
out the process. Cost of the material in a powder pack usually requires that
the pack is to be used for a number of treating cycles. In such cases the
pack is usually refurbished with the more readily depleted components before
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proceeding from one cycle to another.
Processes of this general type have been disclosed by Wachtell and
Seelig in U.S. Patent 3,257,230 and by Puyear and Schley in U.S. Patent
3J079J276. The object of such processes is to provide a protective outer
sheathing on engineering parts subjected to high temperatures and corrosive
atmospheres; for exampleJ the turbine blades in jet aircraft engines are
subjected to such temperature and environment.
Some additional prior art includes packings which utilize
Co2A15 [e.g. PWA 273J a material sold by Pratt ~ Whitney Division of United
TechnologiesJ Inc. and packings such as those described in a number of Patents
including U.S. Patents 3J716J398; 3J594J219; 3J577J268; 3J810,782; 4J024J294;
4J041J196; 3J979J274; and many more such patents primarily classified in U.S.
Classification 117 (old) and Class 427].
There are many aspects of these diffusion processes for pack
cementation coatings that it would be desirable to enhance. Some such aspects
relate to the mechanical properties of the powder composition: for exampleJ
it would be very desirable for the used coating powder to be readily released
from some of the very small apertures and channels that are encountered in
the alloy parts being treated. MoreoverJ it is always desirable to improve
the "hot corrosion" resistance of internal as weli as external surfaces of
the parts by subjecting them to treatments of the type being described.
As will be described belowJ the invention described herein is based
on the surprising discovery of the value of certain cementatious coating powders.
According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided
in a method of codeposition of aluminum and chromium diffusion coatings on
articles formed of nickel-based superalloysJ said method comprising the step
of thermally treating said articlesJ while said articles are packed in a
coating powder from which powder aluminum and chromium may be derived and
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which aluminum and chromium helps form a protective coating on the articles
being treated, the improvement comprising the step of adding an effective
quantity of the compound Co2A19 into said coating.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is
provided a particulate composition of matter forming means from which to expel
aluminum and chromium at elevated temperaturesl said composition comprising
an inert filler, effective quantities of a halide carrier, chromium metal
powder, and an aluminum-contributing powder of the compound Co2Alg.
It is an object of the present invention to provide improved powder
compositions for use in cementatious pack coating of superalloys.
A more particular object of the invention is to provide such
compositions which form means to improve the properties of parts treated with
the new composition.
Another object of the invention is to provide compositions of
superior flowability after they have been subjected to processing temperatures.
Other objects of the invention are to obtain an improved diffusion
coating process, one which may be used to achieve more rapid processing and
one which may be used to achieve superior properties of the processed goods.
Other objects of the invention will be obvious to those skilled
in the art on their reading of this disclosure.
The above objects have been substantially unexpectedly and
surprisingly achieved by the development and use of a powdered cementation
pac'K coating composition comprising the intermetallic powder Co2Alg, particularly
the powder which passes 325 mesh.
The amount of Co2Alg that is utilized in the composition of the
invention will differ somewhat depending on the particular use of the coating.
For example, different quantities will be used in packings that are intended
for internal surfaces ~i.e. surfaces of inerstices or orifices) and in external
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surfaces (i.e. the larger exterior surface of a part). One advantage of the
compositions of the invention is the fact that they can readily be used in a
single coating operation both for internal and external use. Another advantage
is that the processes may be carried out at lower time-temperature profiles
than processes carried out with such intermetallics as Co2Al5, Cr8A15 or CoAl.
In the following, unless expressly stated otherwise, all yercentages
are percentages by weight.
The superalloys which are believed to be most advantageously treated
by the process of the invention are the nickel-based superalloys especially
e.g. those comprising about 16% chromium or less. Particular advantage is
achieved with those alloys such as to the art as IN100 and IN713 and IN792
which contain about 13% chromium or less.
It will be understood by those skilled in the pertinent art that
the compositions of powder-pack compositions are varied depending upon the
particular application involved. For example, somewhat higher chromium content
in the metal being treated usually dictates a somewhat higher chromium content
in-the powder to facilitate diffusion of chromium into the surface of the
metal. Likewise, the presence of cobalt in the metal slows diffusion of
aluminum and this effect can be counteracted by changing the powder composition.
Also, the powder weight to surface area ratio is so different for internal
surfaces of a part being treated from powder weight to surface area ratio
achieved at exterior surfaces, that this factor dictates substantial changes
in coating powder co]~osition. (Thus, for example, the internal surfaces of
a part being prepared for treatment could suitably contain a coating powder
composed of 8 to 10% Co2Alg and 3 to 4% chrome, whereas the external surfaces
being prepared for treatment might be packed with a mixture-of 3-4% Co2Alg and
2-4% chrome.)
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The process of the invention can typically be accomplished in less
than hal~ the time required for similar processing with conventionally used
powder packings. For example~ a cycle time o:F about 1-1/2 hours can be used
in some applications as opposed to 3 to 4 hour cycles achieved with powder pack
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compositions which are presently aYailable. Thus a 0.002 inch thick diffusion
coating can be imparted to, say IN100 or IN713 alloy in 1-1/2 hours at a heat
treating temperature of 1925F, whereas the same result would take at least
about twice as long using the powder packs of the prior art.
Oxidation resistance of coatings prepared according to the invention
may be improved from 100% to 200% over coatings of the prior art, when utilizing
a 3% Co2Alg, 2% chromium powder pack ~'3-2 mix"). This has been shown by a
high velocity oxidation test which is intended to be a partial simulation of
operating conditions in the hot zone of a jet engine. Excellent results are also
achieved with a 3-4 mix. Thus products comprising the diffusion coating of
the invention exhibit excellent oxidation/ablation resistance at temperatures
of 2000-2100F.
B A simulated Inconel 713 turbine blade coated with a co-deposited
diffusion coating derived from a 3% Co2A19 4% Cr pack, shows hot corrosion
resistance approximately 50% greater than a "state of the art" aluminide coating.
This has been validated by a 1730F - 1750F hot corrosion test which, in part,
simulates jet engine operating conditions.
One valuable and novel characteristic of the compositions of the
invention is that they are resistant to being immobilized by a heat treatment
in argon at about 2000F and, therefore, remain readily flowable after 2 hours
of such a treatment.
In this application there is shown and described preferred
embodiments of the invention and suggested various alternative and modifications
thereof, but it is to be understood that these are not intended to be exhaustive
and that other changes and modifications can be made within the scope of the
invention. These suggestions herein are selected and included for purposes
of illustration in order that others skilled in the art will more fully
, understand the invention and the principles thereof and will be able to modify
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it, each as may be best suited in the condition of a particular case.
EXAMP~E 1
A turbine blade, whose service condition has been categorized by
a jet engine operator as high oxidation and cast from a high-nickel alloy sold
under the trade designation "IN-100" by the International Nickel Company, was
degreased by exposure to trichloroethane solvent vapors. (After this degreasing
all handling of the turbine blade was carried out with cotton gloves).
Thereupon the area of the turbine blade to be subjected to the diffusion coating
process was abrasively cleaned with A1203 grit which had passed a 120 mesh
sieve but has been retained on a 220 mesh sieve. After this blasting process,
the turbine blade was once more degreased.
After these preparatory steps, the turbine blade was packed into
a coating container, which has been prepared according to procedures known in
the art and packed in a coating powder formulation comprising:
Constituents % by weight
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Calcined aluminum oxide
(pass 100 mesh) 94.5%
Co2Alg (pass 325 mesh) 3.0%
Chromium powder (pass 325 mesh) 2.0%
Sodium Fluoride 0.5%.
This is designated as the RB-505A blend for applications requiring
high oxidation resistance.
Workpieces should be placed in the coating container in such a way
that there is about a 0.5 inch gap between ad~acent pieces.
The powder box was loaded into a retort which is provided with m~ans
to circulate gas therethrough, means to insert thermocouples thereinto for
the remote reading of temperature therein and a sand seal to prevent the
ingress of air thereto. After the retort was closed, it was purged with Argon
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gas at a rate of about 7 volume changes per hour and then placed into a gas-
fired pit furnace. Argon gas was constantly fed into the retort at a rate
of about 5 volume changes per hour as the temperature inside the retort was
rapidly raised to 1925F and held there for an hour. The retort was then
withdrawn from the furnace, and the parts were unpacked from the powder pack.
The coated nickel-base turbine blades were carefully cleaned with
a stiff-bristled brush and compressed air. Thereupon, the part was inspected
and washed for three minutes in warm water and dried.
The parts were then loaded in a clean retort not previously used
for diffusion coating and heat treated in a hydrogen atmosphere for one hour
at 1950F. Purging technique and gas flow rates were similar to that described
for the coating process, above.
After metallographic examination of a test piece so treated, an
excellent codeposited diffusion coating of about 0.0025 inches on depth was
achieved during this process.
EXAMPkE 2
Example 1 was repeated but now a turbine nozzle guide vane of
B Inconel 738 alloy whose service condition has been categorized by a jet engine
operator as high hot corrosion. The following powder formulation was used:
Constituents Parts by weight
Co2Alg #325 mesh 3~0
Chromium, #325 mesh 4.0
NaF 0-5
Calcined, aluminum, oxide, #100 mesh 92.5.
This is designated as the RB505-B blend for applications requiring
high hot corrosion resistance.
The pack temperature was 1950F and the treatment time was two hours
in an Argon atmosphere. The post-treatment was at 1975F for one hour in a
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hydrogen atmosphere and resulted in an cxcellent codeposited diffusion coating
of aluminum and chrome of 0.0025 inches in depth.
EXAMPLE 3
This example relates to a hollow-turbine blade with intcrnal cooling
passages.
Example 1 was repeated excepting that the parts being treated had
small apertures or conduits about 0.020 inches in diameter. The parts were
supported on a vibrating table so that orifices, conduits and interstices,
as small as 0.010 inch, were upwardly. Lower outlets of such orifices were
taped to prevent egress of powder. Then, while the table vibrated, the
orifices, conduits and interstices were filled with a powder of the following
formulation:
Constituents Parts by ueight
Co2A19 #325 mesh 10.0
Chromium, #325 mesh 4.0
NH4F (Ammonium Fluoride) 0.75
Calcined, aluminum oxide, #100 mesh 85.25.
This is designated as the RB505-C blend for applications requiring
high hot corrosion resistance of internal surfaces.
After the interstices were filled and the upper outlets taped shut,
vibrating was continued for about two minutes. ~hereupon, the turbine blades
were carefully packed in powder of the following formula, the RB505-B blend:
Constituents Parts by weight
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Co2Alg #325 mesh 3.0
Chromium #325 mesh 4.0
NaF 0 5
Calcined aluminum oxide, #100 mesh 92.5.
Thereupon, the heat treating step was carried out at about 1925F
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for 2 hours in an Argon atmosphere and an excellent codeposited diffusion
coating was obtained simultaneously on the interior and exterior surfaces of
the articles being treated.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended
to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein
described and all statements of the scope of the invention which might be
said to fall therebetween.
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