Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
~ ~6702~
-- 1 --
1 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
2 This in~ention relates to selected mineral oil
3 compositions which are useful as lubricant basestocks in
4 traction fluids. More particularly, the invention is di-
rected to a traction fluid having a lubricant basestock
6 which comprises mineral oil compositions containin~ a
7 saturate fraction having a significant portion made up of
8 multiring components of at least three rings and an aro-
9 matic fraction which comprises at least about 15% by weight
of said composition and which fraction contains at least
11 40~ by volume of multiring aromatic components.
12 Traction fluid is a term used to identify a class
13 of lubricants that give superior performance in traction
14 drives. A traction drive transfers force from one rotating
shaft to ànother through a rolling contact. Efficient
16 transfer requires that a minimum amount of slippase occurs.
17 This property is measured by the traction coefficient
18 which is defined as force transmitted divided by the nor-
19 mal force which keeps the rolling members in contact.
The coefficient of traction as defined above,
21 has been one of the prime measurements used in defining
22 useful traction fluids. Various studies have been made
23 attempting to define the type of structures associated with
24 higher traction properties. Thus, some of the more suit-
able structures which have been reported include U. S.
26 Patent 3,411,369 which discloses fused, saturated carbon
27 containing rings; U. S. Patent 3,440,894, which discloses
28 organic compounds containing a saturated carbon contain-
29 ing ring or an acyclic structure having at least three
quaternary carbon atoms; U. S. Patents 3,595,796 and
31 3,598,740 disclose the use of selected naphthenes and
32 branched paraffins; and U. S. Patent 3,843,537 discloses
33 the use of naphthenes, partially saturated precursors of
34 naphthenes, hydrorefined mineral oils, polyolefins and
branched paraffins.
36 Generally, the structures defined in the litera-
37 ture as having good traction properties have not included
`,;
',, ,, , .... . . , ~.. . . ~ ... ..
V ~ 2
1 aromatic constituents. This is exemplified by U. S. patents
2 3,595,796; 3,598,740 and 3,843,537 which indicate the gen-
3 eral undesirability of aromatic unsaturation as it relates
4 to traction properties and the need to lim~t aromatic con-
tent to very low levels.
6 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
7 Now in accordance with this invention it has sur-
8 prisingly been found that selected mineral oil compositions
9 which contain significant amounts of aromatic constituents
are particularly useful as traction fluid lubricants. More
11 particularly, this invention is directed to a traction
12 fluid having a lubricant basestock which comprises selected
13 mineral oil compositions containing a saturate hydrocarbon
14 fraction having at least about 35% by volume of multiring
components of at least-three rings and an aromatic fraction
16 which comprises at least about 15~ by weight of said compo-
17 sition and which fraction contains at least about 40~ by
18 volume of multiring aromatic components.
19 The ability to ascertain the surprising attributes
of aromatic constituents in traction fluids was in part the
21 result of a newly-developed technique for evaluating trac-
22 tion properties. This technique involved development of a
23 traction index which is based on the rolling torque gener-
24 ated and the amountof slippage found in the rolling contact.
Purther details of this technique will be described in de-
26 tail later on in the specification.
27 The mineral oil compositions on which the traction
28 fluids of this invention are based are any of the commonly
29 available petroleum basestock materials which comprise a
range of different hydrocarbons of naphthenic, aromatic and
31 paraffinic content. The selected mineral oil compositions
32 are obtained from the starting mineral oils by separation
33 into fractions having specified saturated and aromatic por-
34 tions as will hereinafter be defined. Generally, this
fractionation will be made by a technique such as thermal
36 diffusion, a known separation procedure which is described
37 for example in "Composition and Oxidation of Petroleum
--
1 ~67022
1 Fractions" by G. E. Cranton in Thermochemica Acta, 14
2 (1976) 201-20a. Other techniques which can ~e used to
3 produce the desired fractions can also be used.
4 The selected traction fluids of this invention
contain lubricant basestock materials which are mineral
6 oils selectively fractionated to yield a composition which
7 contains a saturate frac~ion and an aromatic fractîon.
8 Generally the weight ratio of aromatics to saturates will
9 be at least about 0.2:1, preferably at least about 0.3:1
and more preferably at least about 0.4:1. The saturate
11 fraction will generally have a significant portion, i.e.
12 greater than about 35% by volume, and preferably greater
13 than aboùt 50%, made up of multiring components of at
14 least three rings. ~ore particularly, the saturate frac-
lS tion will have a volume ratio of multiring (three or more
16 rings) to 1-2-ring components of at least about 0.5:1,
17 preferably at least about 1:1 and more preferably at least
18 about 2:1. The aromatic fraction will generally comprise
19 at least about 15% by weight of the composition, prefer-
ably at least about 20% and more preferably at least about21 25% by weight. The aromatic fraction will contain at
22 least about 40% by volume of multiring components having
23 two or more rings, at least one of which is an aromatic
24 ring, preferably at least about 60% and more preferably
at least about 80% by volume.
26 The multiring portion of the aromatic raction
77 is generally comprised of naphthalenes, acenaphthene,
28 fluorenes, phenanthrenes, mononaphthene benzenes and di-
29 naphtene benzenes. It is understood that branched or sub-
stituted ring components are also included in the defined
31 aromatic fraction. The saturate fraction will generally
32 be comprised of 5 and 6 membered ring structures having
33 various branched substituents. Generally, both the satu-
34 rate and aromatic fraction will be comprised of a mixture
of compounds each containing about 6 to about 100 carbon
36 atoms. Each fraction will generally contain a variety of
37 branched substituents and may contain small amounts of
. .
~ 167~2~
- 4 -
1 sulfur and nitrogen content.
2 In addition to the lubricant basestocks of this
3 invention, additives designed to enhance specific proper-
4 ties of the traction fluids can be added to the composition.
Such additives include, for example, V.I. improvers, anti-
6 wear agents, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, disper-
7 sants, etc. Generally additive amounts of up to about 20%,
8 preferably up to about lO~ by weight of the fluid may be
9 used in the traction fluids.
As indicated earlier, the ability to ascertain
11 the surprising traction properties resulting from materials
12 containing significant aromatic constituents was aided by
13 a new technique for evaluating such traction properties.
14 A traction index ~TI~ which is based on the rolling torque
generated and the amount of slippage found in the rolling
16 contact was formulated to rate the different fluid materials.
17 Table I shows the parameters used in rating the
18 material and as defined therein:
19 TI = Tf + Ts + S5F + ~Sr
21 with the different tor~ue and slip factors used in ascer-
22 taining TI being further defined in said Table I.
23 The traction data was obtained on a modified
24 Roxana four ball wear tester as described in ASTM D 2266-67.
The traction tester used had a Brown modification consist-
26 ing of a hydraulic cylinder which applied a normal load
27 and an air bearing which allowed for accurate frictional
28 measurements. Additionally, the tester had a machined pot
29 which held a conforming race and allowed rolling contact
to occur rather than the sliding contact required by the
31 ASTM method (the bottom three balls in the four-ball pyra-
32 mid were allowed to roll on a conforming race). This test-
33 er was evaluated as a means for determining the traction
34 properties by selecting a series of materials whose coef-
ficients of traction had been previously determined and
36 measuring their traction properties on such a tester. As
37 indicated in Table II, the Traction Index (TI) gave a
..
1 16702.'~
-- 5 --
1 linear correlation with literature tra~tion coefficients
2 and was therefore a valid method of evaluating traction
3 properties.
4 Further details and illustrations of this inven-
tion will be ~ound in the following examples.
6 Example 1
7 A paraffinic Solvent 150 Neutral mineral oil hav-
8 ing a viscosity of 12.3 cSt at 65C, nD of 1.4756, and a
9 VI (viscosity index as determined by ASTM D2270) of 90 was
used as the feed material.
11 The feed material was fractionated using batch
12 thermal diffusion in laboratory scale units of the vertical
13 cylinder type with each column furnished with ten ports
14 with a mean slit diameter of 0.03 cm. The total volume of
each unit was 30 ml. The inner wall of the annulus was
16 cooled by water to 57.2-65.6C and the outer wall was
17 electrically heated to 115.6-137.8C. Operation involved
18 filling the column wi~h feed, allowing a period of time
19 (about 14 days) for separation and sampling the ports
starting from the top. This was repeated until about 12
Zl ml. was obtained for each fraction.
22 The resulting fractions were evaluated for trac-
23 tion properties and the results given in Table III.
24 Example 2
A naphthenic Solvent 60 Neutral mineral oil hav-
26 ing a viscosity 4.38 cSt at 65C, nD of 1.4747 and a VI of
27 68 was used as the feed material and fractionated in the
28 same manner as the sample in Example 1.
29 The resulting fractions were evaluated for trac-
tion properties and the results given in Table IV.
31 Example 3
32 A paraffinic Solvent 60 Neutral mineral oil hav-
33 ing a viscosity of 4.60 cSt at 65C, nD of 1.4748 and a VI
34 of 37 was used as the feed material and fractionated in
the same manner as the sample in Example 1.
36 The resulting fractions were evaluated for trac-
37 tion properties and the results given in Table V.
1 ~67~2~
-- 6 --
1 These results show that the fractions identified
2 in Tables III, IV and V as ports 8 to 10 are particularly
3 suitable as traction fluids. Comparing these data to those
4 of a current synthetic traction fluid (see Table II,
5 Santotrac 50), shows that equivalent or better traction
6 properties are achieved at comparable viscosities.
7 Information regarding the analyses of the differ-
8 ent fractions ~ested can be found in Tables VI, VII and
9 VIII.
. . . . .. . ... .... . . ...
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