Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
l~L`;t:~7~7
This application is a division of Canadian Patent
Application Serial No. 389,012, filed October 29, 1981.
This invention relates to objective refractors.
More particularly, this invention discloses an objective
refractor utili~ing knife-edge op;ics and remote image
detection at necessarily low light levels.
SummarY of the Prior ~rt
Knife-edge optics have not heretofore been prac-
tically used with remote objective refractors. This is
because the images produced by knife-edge optics in conjunc-
tion with the eye are of extremely low light levels~ These
low light level images are extremely difficult to remotely
detect.
Low light level detectors are subject to noise.
5pecifically in detecting across a broad detection ~urface a
difference of photosensitivity, the impedance or resistance
between adjacent portions of the same photosensitive surface
i~ low. Where the resistance is low, and the corresponding
electron movement high, the signal-to-noise ratio guickly
becomes destructive of the image difference trying to be
~ensed. There results a severe practical difficulty in
trying to detect low light level images.
Objective refractors have heretofore been sensitive
to the positioning of the eye. Precise positioning of the
eye has been required before accurate objective refraction
can be made. Automatic positioning has not been provided
for, especially in a form where the positioning information
~k~
~ 17.~7(~7
2~
is non-interactive, separate and distinct from the refractive
information.
Moreover, prior art objective refractors have
included sensitivity to the light level returned from the
eye. Where, for example, a retina has a variation across its
surface on light returned to the observer, heretofore varia-
tions in the prescriptive readings have occurred.
SummarY of the Invention
An objective refractor for the eye is disclosed in
which knife-edge optics are utilized. The knife-edge optics
cause characteristic illumination of the retina so that
components of sphere and astigmatism can be identified.
Provision for remote reading of the characteristic images is
provided with the result that two orthogonally disposed
knife-edge images can identify the sphere, cylinder and axis
required for prescriptive patterns giving the direction and
magnitude of required prescriptive change. A system of at
least two orthogonally disposed, ~and preferably four), knife
edges with weighted lighting i5 disclosed for detection.
Utilization of the knife-edge images is made possible by the
detection of the low light level images at a detector having
low noise level. A photo-sensitive element divided into a
plurality of photo-discrete segments has light from the
images proportionally dispersed over its surface. Such
dispersion occurs through a matrix of wedge-shaped segments
or alternately in the form of optical elements having cylin-
drical components. This dispersion of the light when used in
combination with push-pull knife-edge patterns herein dis-
closed produces detectable low level refractive signal. An
embodiment using an optic having a plurality of side by side
optic elements, each element having the effect of crossed
cylinders is ~isclosed with the detector. Separate indepen-
dent and non-interactive positional information on one hand,
and refractive information on the other hand is provided.
~onseguently the disclosed refractor is insensitive to adjust-
ment and can accommodate a large range of pupil configuration
with insensitivity to local retinal variations in light
emission.
11'717Q7
The invention, in accordance with the parent
application, may be summarized as providing an apparatus
for testing an eye comprising in combination: an illumi-
nated light source having a boundary with a knife edge
terminator; a view path for viewing an eye immediately
over the knife edge terminator; means for projecting the
image of the light source proximate the knife edge
terminator to an eye for producing in the eye illumination
of the retinal plane; projection means for projecting the
observed illumination of the eye along an optical path
immediately above the knife edge terminator over the knife
edge terminator to and on a detector surface; a detector
matrix divided into four discrete quadrants, each detector
matrix quadrant being photosensitive and having its photo-
sensitive elements electrically isolated from the photo-
sensitive elements of other quadrants; and means for
receiving a signal from at least one electrode connected
to at least one of the quadrants for emitting a signal
proportional to the illumination of all the quadrants.
On the other hand the invention of the present appli-
cation may be summari~ed as providing an apparatus for testing
the eye including: at least one light source for projecting
light to an eye, the light source terminating at a boundary
in corresponding first and second knife edge terminators,
the first knife edge terminator substantially normal to
the second knife edge terminator; first and second light
paths to the eye for observing the illumination of the
eye imme~iately over the first and second knife edge termin-
ators, respective first and second light paths disposed for
viewing light from the light source immediately over the
knife edge terminators; and detector means communicated
to the view paths over each knife edge terminator for
observing the characteristic illumination at the eye.
Furthermore, the invention of the present application
may be considered as providing a process for objectively
refracting the eye including in combination the steps of:
providing an illuminated surface terminating in a knife
edge; projecting the light from the surface onto the retina
- 2A ~
1 1'7~
of a human eye; viewing the eye immediately over the knife
edge to observe the characteristic illumination of the eye;
observing the characteristic of illumination and terminators
associated therewith to determine at least the presence of
cylindrical lens aberrations in the eye; observing the
projecting light from the surface over a second knife edge
to the eye, the second knife edge normal to the first knife
edge; and observing the eye over the second knife edge to
determine characteristic illumination of the eye to determine
the presence of spherical and cylindrical aberrations to the
eye.
- 2B -
11'717(~q
Objects, Features and Advanta~es
It is an object of this invention to disclose a
knife-edge test with tell-tale illumination patterns on the
retina of the human eye. According to this aspect of the
5 invention, a light source with a ~nife-edge terminator pro-
jects collimated rays to the eye. Typically, a projection
system is incorporated between the knife edge and the eye and
is simultaneously used to project the resultant image from
the eye to an image detector. The light patterns returned
10 from the pupil of the eye have characteristic shape relative
to the knife edge. Boundaries between light and dark por-
tions of the pupil with components parallel to the knife edge
indicate components of sphere and astigmatism. Boundaries
with components normal to the knife edge indicate components
15 of astigmatism along a~es at an angle to the knife edge.
An advantage of utilizing knife-edge testing with
respect to the human eye is that a tell-tale pattern of pupil
illumination is present, which pattern indicates not only
refractive error, but gives the sense and magnitude of cor-
J 20 rection reguired. Conseguently, the output of the detector
does not require hunting in order to determine optimal
correction.
A further object of this invention is to disclose
measurement of the human eye by objective refraction utili-
25 zing at least a light source, at least one knife edge, com-
bined projection and reception optics and a photodetector.
The source shines into the eye through an aperture formed
~uch that at least a portion of the aperture boundary has a
straight terminator, thereby acting as a knife edge barrier
30 on the outgoing beam. The outgoing beam passes through the
optics in a projecting capacity; images on the eye and there-
after is passed to the detector by the same optics acting in
a reception capacity. A single knife edge can be used, and
functions as a knife edge for light projected to and return-
35 ing from the eye. Indeed any such boundary which is straight
and knife edge like in character and which serves as an
aperture edge for both outgoing and returning light simul-
taneously will do, providing that the side of the boundary
11 ~ 17~7
which is clear for the outgoing beam is opaque for the return-
ing beam and vice versa.
A furthe.: object of this invention is to di~-close a
sequence of edge illumination of preferably four knife e~ges
for interrogation of the eye. These knife edges are prefer-
ably divided into opposing pairs. One pair of k~ife edges is
illuminated from opposite directions parallel to a first
axis; the other pair of knife edges is illuminated from
opposite directions parallel to a second axis, this second
axis being at right angles to the first axis. This opposing
and opposite illumination of knife edges produces a "push-
pull" effect in the resultant images. Image changes due to
changing optical prescription in sphere, cylinder and axis
can be segregated out from other image degradations, such as
specular reflection from other portions of the eye as well as
optical flare and the like from within the interrogating
optical train. Additionally, reduced sensitivity to eye
position is achieved.
An advantage of the disclosed push-pull knife edge
interrogation of the eye is that two separate and non-
interactive information bases are generated. The first is
positional information. The second is refractive informa-
tion. Each of these respective positional and refractive
information bases are separate and non-interactive.
A further advantage of the disclosed detector is
that accurate refractive measurements of the eye can be taken
over a wide area. The instrument contains insensitivity to
adjustment. Hence, accurate refraction can occur even though
relatively substantial movement of the patient may take place
during the measurement.
A further advantage of the disclosed detector is
that it can accommodate a large range of pupil configura-
tions. Moreover, pupil retinas having irregularities in
their light transmission to the downstream detector can be
measured. Such refractive measurement is insensitive to
local retinal variations in the amount of light returned to
the detector.
7~7
An advantage of this aspect of the invention is
that a single detector can interrogate peripheral illumina-
ting edges in sequence. By this seguential interrogatlon,
the components of required optical correction can be iden-
tified sequentially in magnitude and sense.
An additional advantage is that the knife edges can
each be separately provided with frequency coded light.
Simultaneous interrogation of multiple knife edges can occur.
A further object of this invention is to disclose a
preferred matrix of four knife edges for interrogating the
eye. Knife edges are aligned in normally disposed pairs.
- An advantage of the disclosed knife edge projection
systems and light level detectors is that they can be incor-
porated in instruments of varying length. Moreover, and by
using infrared illumination, the subject can view along a
first path an illuminated target and be interrogated along
the same path for perfection of the retinal image. A pre-
ferred embodiment of light-emitting diode interrogation in
the infrared spectrum is disclosed.
An object of this invention is to disclose a pre-
ferred detector matrix for detecting low level light return-
ing from an eye subject to knife edge testing. According to
this aspect of the invention, the detector matrix is divided
into four discrete quadrants. Each of these quadrants is
photodistinct in that the photosensitive elements are elec-
trically isolated one from another. 8y the expedient of
delivering light to a photodistinct portion, a signal is
emitted from the photodetector which has a low signal noise
ratio.
A further object of this invention is to disclose
in com~ination with a detector having photodistinct elements
specialized optics for the distribution of light. According
to this aspect of this invention, multi-element lenses are
inserted between a low light level image in the pupil of the
eye and the detector. When the low light level image is
centrally located, light is equally distributed to all four
detector quadrants. With a linear change of position of the
centroid of the low level light image, a corresponding linear
~1 '7i 7~7
change of image intensity occurs on all detector quadrants.
The detector emits a signal in proportion to the displacement
of the centroid of the low light leve~ image.
An advantage of this aspect of the invention is
that the detector is particularly suited for detecting the
center of low light level images such as those returned from
knife edge testing of the eye. The optical center of a low
light level image can ~e rapidly indicated. Corresponding
corrections can be applied to the eye to determine objec-
tively the refractive correction required.
Yet another object of this invention is to disclosea mode of measuring at the detector segments the returned low
level light images. According to this a~pect of the inven-
tion, a summing process is disclosed in which the image on a
pair of quadrants is su~med and differentiated with respect
to the image on a remaining pair of quadrants. By the expe-
dient of striking a ratio of the image intensity differences
relative to the light received on all quadrants, an image
signal is received which is proportionai to the displacement
of low light level images projected.
Yet another object of this invention is to disclose
lens configurations for utilization with low level ~1ght
detection aspects of this invention. Accordin~ to a first
embodiment, the resultant knife-edge image is relayed to a
matrix of deflecting optical wedges or prisms. This matrix
of deflecting prisms varies in deflecting intensity as dis-
placement is varied from a neutral position.
A further object of this invention is~to disclose a
class of image dispersing optics, which optics may be util-
ized for the displacement of light with optical detectorspreferably of the discrete photoquadrant variety. According
to this aspect of the invention, an optic matrix is generated
having an overall ~ptical effect that may best be described
using lens optics of the cross cylinder variety. A first
group of cylinders (of either positive or negative powér) are
l aid in a first direction to in effect generate a first light
deflective effect. A second group of cylinders are laid in
another direction (preferably at right angles) and disposed
1 7~P7
to generate a second li~ht deflective effect. The cylinders
used may be chosen from pairings which are positive and
positive, negative and negative, or positive and negative
~regardless of order). There results an overall matrix of
optical elements, which matrix of optical elements causes
distribution of light to each of the quadrants of photo-
discrete detectors.
An advantage of the disclosed lens elements for
utilization with photodiscrete detectors is that the greater
the number of discrete elements, the less critical the align-
ment of the lens elements with respect to a knife edge
becomes. For example, where a large number of randomly
placed elements is used, the need for precise alignment of
knife edges with respect to the elements disappears
altogether.
Yet another object of this invention is to disclose
other configurations of lens elements that will serve to
distribute light among photodiscrete detector segments in
proportion to the displacement of low intensity images. By
way of example, conical and randomly aligned prismatic seg-
ments all have an effect which can be used with the photo-
discrete detectors herein disclosed.
An additional and preferred embodiment of this
invention includes a matrix generated by cylindrical lenses
of positive and negative power. These cylinders are laid in
side-by-side disposition. Along one side of the lens posi-
tive and negative cylinders are aligned in a side-by-side
array. Along the opposite side of the lens positive and
negative cylinders are aligned in a side-by-side array at
preferred right angles to the first array. There results a
matrix of crossed cylinder lenses, including positive sphere,
negative sphere, cylinder in a first orientation and cylinder
in a second and 90 rotated direction. This specialized lens
has the advantage of dispersing light evenly in a pattern not
3~ unlike that generated by the trace of various Lissajous
figures.
An advantage of this lens is that when it is com-
bined with a knife edge cutting across the lens matrix, the
1 1'71.~7~7
knife edge at the boundary can generate symmetric patterns
for detection. These patterns evenly distribute light over a
given area, which distributed light may then be detected to
photodiscrete detecting elements.
An advantage of the knif~ edges utilized with the
matrix of cylindrical lenses is that the electrical signal
out from the detector is directly proportional to the inten-
sity of the image and the image displacement. Moreover,
extremely low light levels can be sensed. Segments of the
photosensitive surface can all be electrically isolated one
from another.
An advantage of the cylindrical embodiment is that
the overall projection ~ystem reguired for the detection of
light is shortened. Consequently, this projection system
lends itself to compactness in the disclosed detector.
A further object of this invention is to disclose a
preferred embodiment of the lens elements in front of a four
yuadrant detector. According to this aspect of the inven-
tion, negative lens surfaces are distributed in side-by-side
random relationship over an optical surface, preferably a
refractive surface. Specifically, these surfaces are of
random alignment and closely spaced. An easily constructed
lens element results.
An advantage of this aspect of the invention is
that the optical surface can be easily constructed. For
example, it has been found that by utilizing a positive mold,
~uch as a ballbearing impressed upon an optical surface or
replicating media for an optical surface, one obtains a
per$ectly ~atisfactory optical element.
A further advantage of this invention is that the
disclosed randomly made optical surface or "pebble plate"
does away with the need for precisely aligning the knife edge
with respect to an axis of the plate. Instead, both the
pe~ble plate and the optic elements utilized with it can be
randomly placed one with respect to another.
A further object of this invention is to disclose a
preferred embodiment of the matrix of cylindrical lenses in
combination with a knife edge. Light from the knife edge is
li . ~707
projected through the specialized optics to the eye and light
received from the eye passes again through adjacent portions
of the specialized cylindrical lens. There results in the
passage of light to the eye a Lissajous-like dispersement of
light along the knife edge. Consequently, only a portion of
the light so projected can be ~een over the knife edge. The
remaining portions of the light projected to the eye from the
knife edge are not returnable to the detectors as the physics
of the knife ed~e test renders these rays not visible. The
portion seen over the knife edge images back to a position
immediately above the segment of the cylindrical matrix from
which projection originally occurred. At this segment of the
lens a complimentary deflection of the light occurs. There
results an enhanced displacement of the light.
An advantage of this aspect of the invention is
that the physics of a knife-edge test is used in combination
with the predictable dispersion of light at the knife edge to
~creen out all that light, 6ave and except that which has a
desired projection angle which can be seen upon return.
There results a low level light signal of enhanced sensitiv-
ity returning from the eye.
A further advantage of this invention is that the
returning light hits a segment of the cylindrical matrix
lenses, which segment produces a complimentary defection.
This complimentary deflection not only further deflects the
light, but produces an image center of gravity which is an
enhanced, and improved signal.
A further object of this invention is.to disclose a
flare control illumination pattern. According to this aspect
of the invention, the projected light is weighted in inten-
sity about the center of the detector. Preferably, two light
sources are projected on opposite sides of the knife edges
being utilized. One area is remote from the knife edge, the
other area is adjacent the knife edqe. Specularly reflected
images are a function of the illumination o both areas and
are symmetrical or cancelling in their effect. These specu-
lar reflections form a uniform bac~ground to the detector
which can be ignored. The remaining image changes are solely
li717(~7 `
a function of the knife edge, which knife-edge images can be
utilized to determine the sense of required correction.
A further object of this invention is to disclose a
preferred knife edge and aperture combination for a detector
utilizing the invention set forth herein. According to this
aspect of the invention, a detector with five apertures is
disclosed. The detector includes a central aperture having a
dimension of approximately two units by two units. Four
peripheral apertures are placed for the sensing of light with
each aperture being on a one by one basis. Knife edges are
aligned to each aperture. The central aperture includes four
inwardly mounted knife edges about the periphery of the two
by two central aperture. The peripheral one by one apertures
include paired knife edges. These knife edges are each
aligned parallel to a knife edge of the central aperture and
faced in an opposite direction.
An advantage of this aspect of the invention is
that all the light sources in the detector head are active.
No light sources are located merely for the emitting of
light, which light is not utilized in a knife edge testing.
A further advantage of the preferred detector head
is that it is particularly adapted to use in opposing detec-
ting configurations. For example, the detector head can be
utilized for examination of the produced images on a push-
pull basis.
A further advantage of the preferred knife edge
configuration of this invention is that the eye positional
information and the eye refractive information are separate
and non-interactive.
A further object of this invention is to disclose
an apparatus and method for locating an eye first for tests.
This apparatus and process utilizes the specialized detector
head immediately described above. First, knife edges are
illuminated along co-linear borders of the central aperture
and the two peripheral apertures. The single knife edge of
the central apertures faces in a first direction and is
generally of two units of length. The paired knife edges of
the peripheral aperture face in the opposite direction and
~ 1 ~71 7(~7
are each one unit of length. All knife edges are e~amined
together. The central two unit length of knife edge illumi-
nates the eye on one ~ide o~ an axis. The paired and per-
ipheral portions of the knife edqe illuminates the eye on the
opposite side of the same axis. Since the eye is illumi-
nated from both sides of the optical axes sensitivity to
refractive error is eliminated. However, by using parallel
spaced apart co-linear borders, both positioning of the
optical axis to the eye and proper distancing of the eye can
occur. There results a detector which is particularly sensi-
tive to the placement of the eye in front of it.
An advantage of the disclosed sequence for posi-
tioning the eye is that prescriptive refractive effects are
cancelled. As each of the knife edges are opposed and of
egual length, the resultant projection of light is not sen-
sitive to the particular refractive error possessed by the
eye. ~nstead, the detectors evenly illuminate all classes of
eyes and permit these eyes to be centered both transversely
and towards and away from the detector.
A further object of this invention is to disclose a
particularly suitable knife edge combination, which combina-
tion is sensitive to prescriptive errors and insensitive to
the positioning of the eye. According to this aspect of the
invention, portions of the apertures are illuminated at their
knife edges. Typically, a knife edge faced along the central
aperture is illuminated. Corresponding knife edges on the
peripheral apertures are illuminated. The corresponding
knife edges face in the same direction, are parallel, but are
separated ~y the width of the central aperture. There
results a knife edge alignment all in the same direction.
An advantage of this aspect of the invention is
that prescriptive refractive effects only are picked up;
effects due to the positioning of the eye axe in large mea-
sure ignored.
Yet a further object of this invention is to dis-
close a sequence of examination of the eye. According to
this aspect of the invention, the eye is first positioned
utilizing knife edges illuminated in opposite directions
~ 1 717(~7
12
along co-linear portions of the aperture. Thereafter, knife
edges aligned in the same direction along differing portions
of the apertu-e are illuminated. Durinq this last knife edge
measurement, the optical prescription of the eye is
determined.
An advantage of the sequence of examination of the
eye using the preferred detector of this invention is that
two discrete measurements with the preferred detector can
occur. First, and using knife edge pairs, each member of the
pair being co-linear but opposed knife edges, the centroid of
the eye is determined. Thereafter, and using different knife
edge pairs, each member of the pair being parallel aligned
spaced apart but with knife edges faced in the same direction
refractive information is determined. This information
originates in the difference sensed at the detector in the
light level returned from the eye between the interrogations
of the second and different knife edge pairs. This differ-
ence contains prescriptive information which is insensitive
to and separate from the positional information.
A further advantage of this invention is that the
output of the detector readily adapts itself to driving
motors in corrective optics. Motors can be activated to null
airs and produce emmetropic refraction of the eye through
corrective optics.
An advantage of this apparatus and method i5 that
the eye is first positioned with precision with respect to
the objective refractor. During this position,.all ambient
optical errors in the eye are ignored. Thereafter, and once
the eye is properly measured for position, the optical errors
of the eye are determined. This is determined even though
minute movements of the eye being tested may naturally occur.
Such minute movements are ignored.
Other objects, features and advantages of this
invention can be under6tood after referrin~ to the following
~pecification and attached drawings in which:
Figs. lA-l~ are respective illustrations and pro-
jections of light rays through the human eye from a knife
edge and illustrating in ~chematic form the shape of knife-
edge images to be viewed;
1..~'71.76~7
13
Fig. lA illustrates an eye wlth a "near-
sighted" or myopic condition;
Fig. lB is a schematic of the characteristic
image produced by such eye;
Fig. lC is a deflection schema~ic of a posi-
tive spherical lens producing such a condition;
Fig. lD is a schematic of an eye with a "far-
sighted" or hyperopic condition;
Fig. lE is a schematic of the characteristic
image produced by such an eye;
Fig. lF is a vector schematic of a lens for
producing such a condition;
Fig. lG is a combined vector schematic, knife
edge and characteristic image schematic of an eye
having astigmatism oriented along a 45~/135 axes;
and
Fig. lH is a combined vector schematic, knife
edge and characteristic image schematic of an eye
having astigmatism oriented along 0/90 axes;
Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a prior art image
detector illustrating an embodiment in which high noise
levels are present;
Fig. 3 is an embodiment of a low level light de-
tector according to to this invention wherein an image of a
light source is focused to dispersing prism wedges and these
wedges proportionally displace the resultant image to dis-
crete photosensitive surfaces;
Fig. 4A is a perspective view of a specialized
cylindrical lens matrix utilized with this invention, the
cylindrical lens matrix having an underlying schematic
drawing for explaining the function of the lens;
Fig. 4B is a diagram of illustrated segments of the
cylindrical lens, this diagram illustrating respective seg-
ments of positive sphere, negative sphere and two components5 of astigmatism along opposite axes;
Fig. 5 is a perspective illustration of a four
element lens projected by a spherical lens system from a
light fiource to an imaging plane;
~ t717~7
14
Fig. 6 is a perspective similar to Fig. 5 with
multiple lens segments being illustrated;
Fig. 7 is a perspective view similar to Fiy. 6 with
three knife edges disposed at an angle over the face of the
lens element;
Figs. 8A, BB and 8C are respective representations
of lens elements and resultant images on detecting planes of
a plurality of knife edges disposed over the specialized lens
element of my invention;
Fig. 9 is a perspective view of a low light level
detector according to the preferred embodiment of this inven-
tion, special note being made that the resultant matrix of
photodiscrete segments is subject to coordinate transforma-
tion to measure the applicable deflection;
Fig. 10A is a side elevation schematic of a Xnife
edge test on the eye of a myope illustrating the factors
involved in the image produced in the eye during knife edge
testing;
Fig. lOB is an illustration of a knife edge with
the cylindrical matrix of this invention only schematically
shown illustrating the preferred enhancement of the image
utilizing the cylindrical matrix and knife edge in
combination;
Fig. 11 is a preferred embodiment of the projection
system of this invention utilizing a ~rojection lens, with
weighted illumination surfaces being present for both control
of flare and background specular reflection; and,
~ ig. 12 is an alternate embodiment of the system of
this invention utilizing a lens matrix to both project light
to the eye and receive light from the eye.
Fig. 14A is an optical schematic illustrating with
respect to the lens element originally illustrated in Fig. 4A
how adjacent optical elements detour light to particular
detector guadrants;
Fig. 14B is an illustration of detector quadrants
fabricated from equal cross cylinders, here shown as negative
cylinders combining to be negative lenses, which detector
guadrants in turn may be divided into four portions with each
1~
portion detouring the light impinging thereon to a particular
and discrete detector segment;
Fi~. 14C is an illustration demonstrating how a
multiplicity of elements reduces the criticality of knife
S edge alignment with respect to the lens segments;
Fig. 15A is a schematic illustration of knife edges
cutting the lens element of Fig. 14B with distribution of the
light being shown over the detector segments;
Fig. 15B is a schematic illustration of displace-
ment in the X direction of the image shown in Fig. 15A, andparticularly useful for explaining the weighting of ~he image
with respect to the Figure;
Fig. 15C is an illustration similar to Fig. 15B
with the displacement of the image here occurring in the Y
direction;
Fig. 16A is a schematic of the improved detector
head of this invention illustrating the two by two central
aperture, and the four one by one peripheral apertures with
the respective alignment of the knife edges set forth;
Fig. 16B is a plan view of the detector of Fig. 16A
illustrating the apertures and knife edges;
Fig. 16C is an illustration omitting a portion of
the optical train and illustrating how the detector of this
invention is utilized to place an eye in proper position for
measurement, three detector states being illustrated, the
detector states being the eye too close for examination, the
eye too far away for examination, and the eye properly posi-
tioned for examination;
Fig. 16D is an illustration similar to Fi~. 16C
with the knife edges being illuminated in an interrogating
6eguence designed for determining the refractive corrections
necessary for the eye;
Fig. 15E is a perspective embodiment of an eye
having imaged light sources therein with the light sources
relayed to a position in front of the specialized optics with
resultant projection to a detector illustrated;
Fig. 16F is an illustration of the detector plane
illustrating how specular reflection is eliminated as a
707
consideration where interrogation by the objective refractor
occurs;
Fig. 16G is a perspective representation similar to
Fig. 16E utilizing one knife edge, which knife edge when
incorrectly placed towards and away from the detector screen
produces error in the resultant signal;
Fig. 16H is a view of the detector of Fig. 16G;
Fig. 16J is a perspective view similar to Fig. 16E,
16G with the utilization of three knife edges being illustrated;
Fig. 16K is a view of the detector surface of Fig. 16J
illustrating the detector correctly placed and focused;
Fig. 16L is a view of the detector of Fig. 16J showing
a placement of the detector in an incorrect alignment with
the respective images on the detector still registering the
correct optical prescription;
Fig. 17A is a perspective view of the preferred
"pebble plate" of this invention wherein side by side negative
lens surfaces are impressed on a refractive element; and
Fig. 17B is a section through the "pebble plate" taken
along the lines 17B-17B of Fig. 17A;
Figs. 18A-18D are respective schematic illustrations
of a knife edge and detector surface illustrating the so-called
"push-pull" knife edge interrogation of the eye.
Referring to Fig. lA, a human eye E having a cornea C
and a lens L is shown viewing a knife edge K. Knife edge K
includes an illuminated portion 14, an edge portion 15 and a
point 16 (shown by an X) immediately above edge 15 from which
observation of the illuminated portion of the pupil of the eye
-16~ ~ 3
~ .t'71707
is made. The knife edge is typically placed at an optically
infinite distance from the eye by the expedient of collimating
optics (not shown). Alternately, projection of the knife
edge may occur to any known optical distance.
It will be appreciated that although the side 14 of
knife edge K is illuminated or luminous, this illumination
terminates along edge 15. Thus no light can be incident
through lens L onto the rear retin~ R of the eye from points
above edge 15.
-16A-
~ ~7~70~7
17
Hereinafter, when the term "knife edge" is util-
ized, it will be understood that three discrete functions are
referred to.
First, there is a light source. Secondly, the
light source terminates along a boundary defining a straight
line or knife edge terminator. Thirdly, the knife edge
terminator defines immediately thereover an optical path to a
detector element.
The illuminated surface below knife edge 15 will
produce illumination on the retina R. Fig. lA assumes that
eye E is afflicted with myopia. The image plane 18 of knife
edge K through lens L will be in front of the plane of the
retina of the eye. A point along this image will form an
illuminated oval shape 20 on the retinal surface of the eye.
Placing an observer at point 16 and having the
observer peer just over the top of the knife edge, will cause
light to be collected from an oval area 21 on the retina of
the eye.
It will be seen that the area of illumination 20
and the area 21 overlap. This area of overlap is identified
by the numeral 24. Rays from area 24 may be traced back to
the portion of the lens L that will appear to an observer at
16 to be illuminated. Specifically, the light will appear to
be apparently from the bottom of lens L.
Referring to Fig. lB, an image of how lens L will
appear is drawn. This image of lens L shows the illuminated
portion caused by light returning from sector 24 within the
circle of possible returning light 20 from poin~ 16 above
knife edge 15.
It is important to note that this view is a char-
acteristic of the knife edge. It indicates that lens L i5
excessively positive and the eye E has myopia.
Immediately above Fig. lB is a schematic diagram
1~. Schematic diagram lC illustrates in vector format the
excessive positive power of lens Le and/or C in Fig. lA.
Turning to Figs. lD, lE and lF, farsightedness or
hypermetropia is illustrated. Knife edge K with illuminated
portion 14 stopping at terminator 15 projects light to the
7Cr7
18
retina R of an eye through a cornea C and a lens Le. As
previously shown, the focal plane 18' is here behind the
retina ~. Projection of the knife edge to optical infinity
is assumed and not shown.
Taking projected light from the eye, an oval of
illumination 23 from one point of source area 14 will be
shown on the retina.
Viewing from a point 16 above the terminator 15 of
knife edge K, will allow the person to collect light from
oval area 25. The viewer will see light returning from an
illuminated portion 23 of area 25.
Fig. lE is a view of lens L and how lens L appears
to be apparently illuminated. Referring next to Fig. lF, a
schematic representation of the negative deflection of the
lens Le or C is illustrated in vector format.
Referring to Fig. lG, only a schematic representa-
tion of a lens L, a knife edge K and a retina R is illus-
trated. Lens L is illustrated in the schematic vector format
similar to Figs. lC and lF. In ~ig. lG, lens L is a cross-
cylinder lens having power obliquely aligned to edge 15.This lens has astigmatism along 45-135~ meridians. Lens L
has a positive power along meridian 30 and a negativé power
along meridian 31. It will be noted that the respective
meridians 30 and 31 are at preferred 45 angles to edge 15 of
knife edge X. Noting the meridians 30, 31, the deflecting
power in the vicinity of these meridians can be shown. For
example, and commencing clockwise from the right, at the
three o'clock position 32, light will be deflec~ed down-
wardly. At the six o'clock position 33, the light will be
deflected to the right. At the nine o'clock position 34,
light will be deflected upwardly. Finally, at the 12 o'clock
position 35, light will be deflected to the left.
Analyzing the action of such a lens in conjunction
with a knife edge K can be quickly understood. Light on one
lateral half of the lens passing above the knife edge K will
be deflected to the examined eye where it can be viewed.
Light on the opposite segment Gf the lens L will be deflected
into the knife edge K where it may not be viewed. Conse-
19
quently, the image of the retina R will have a terminator Tat right angles to the edge 15 of knife edge K. One segment
of the len~ L will be illuminated. The illuminated portion
of the lens L is ~hown at 36. As previously set forth, the
terminator will not be sharp but rather have a blurred edge.
The term "terminator" should be understood in this manner as
it is used hereafter.
The case of a lens L having 0-90 astigmatism can
be understood with reference to Fig. lH. Specifically, in
Fig. lH, positive cylinder is placed along meridian 40 which
is normal to edge 15 of knife edge K. Negative cylinder is
placed along meridian 41 which is parallel to edge 15 of
knife edge K. The image at the retina R includes an illumi-
nated portion 46 with a terminator T that is parallel to
knife edge K.
Referring back to Figs. lB and lE, it can be seen
that the terminators T are in substantially the same hori-
zontal direction as the knife edge. This being the case, it
will immediately be realized that asti~matism with axes
either parallel to or normal to the edge 15 of knife edge K
will appear the same as spherical components. Consequently,
and when utilizing only one knife edge, only one component of
asti~natism can be measured. The measurements of components
of astigmatism normal to or parallel to the ~nife edge cannot
be made. We can only say that the information produced from
~uch a measurement is an indication of a "meridiodinal"
power. Thi~ measurement can be shown to make sense and be
collated t~ knife edges K having alignments nor~al to the
edge 15. For example, the reader is invited to review my
U.S. Patent No. 4,070,115, i~sued January 24, 1978, wherein
knife edges of differing angles are utilized for the testing
of common lenses.
Having set forth the characteristic light patterns
that may be produced on the retina of the human eye with
knife-edge testing and directly observed, reference can now
be made to the problems encountered in using knie-edge
images for remote detection.
7~7
Specifically, and where any kind of an image is
projected onto the retina of the human eye, the intensity of
that image must necessarily be low. Where the image is in
the visible spectrum, the glare problems on the retina are
obvious. Where the ima~e is either visible or infrared, the
images must be of a sufficiently low intensity so that the
eye is not burned. Remembering that the rays are in effect
focused by the lens L on the retina R of the eye, one can
immediately understand that the projected light must simply
be of a low light level.
When the optics of the eye are utilized to view the
illuminated retina, as in the classical case of conventional
objective refraction, only a faint image will be visible.
This faint image must be remotely detected if an objective
refractor is to be automated. ~oreover, the edge or Ç'termi-
nator" of the image will be far from sharp. The overall
image must then be located on "weighted" basis. The problems
associated with the projection of such faint images will now
be discussed.
Referring to the prior art apparatus illustrated in
Fig. 2, a low level light detector is illustrated. Light
source S movable about an XY plane P is imaged through a lens
L to a photosensitive surface D. Photosensitive surface D
typically includes a single and continuous photosensitive
surface, either of the photoconductive or photoresistivevariety. Typically, ~uch surfaces have a "common" first
connection 50 and are monitored by evenly spaced electrodes
51, 52, 53, 54.
Terminals 51-54 are symmetrically spaced about the
periphery of photosensitive surface D. Each of the terminals
is typically connected by leads to the input of an amplifier
55. Amplifier 55 is of conventional design and amplifies the
difference in electrical 6ignal to produce an output propor-
tional to X and Y at 56.
When the embodiment of Fig. 2 is applied to a
source S of extremely low light level, a difficulty arises.
Typically, all the terminals 51-54 are connected to a single
continuous and conductive layer of the photosensitive
1 ~717Q7
21
material. All these terminals have substantial conductivity
between them. This relatively low resistance and high con-
ductivity must be sensed at amplifier 55 in order to generate
a signal at terminals X and Y which is proportional to the
displacement of image of source S.
Where a high conductivity and hence low resistance
is present across electrical terminals, the intervening
random motion of electrons creates noise. This noise when
received at amplifier 55 and suitably amplified along with
the outputs for X and Y results in a low signal to noise
ratio. Signal is rapidly lost as the intensity of source S
diminishes. For example, where source S images at S' on
detector D, the predominant signals at terminals 51, 52 could
well be lost in the resultant noise.
The problem therefore becomes one of designing
complimentary optics and photodetectors which suppress the
tendency of the detector shown in Fig. l to produce resultant
noise at low image intensity levels.
I will disclose two embodiments. The first of
these embodiments will be illustrated with respect to Fig. 3
and illustrate a first conceived and less preferred way of
acquiring low light level sensitivity.
Thereafter, and with respect to the remaining
illustrations, I will illustrate a preferred knife edge and
lens array. This preferred knife edge and lens array illus-
trates not only a new and useful lens, but additionally
discloses the new light detector of my invention.
Referring to Fig. 3, and in understanding my first
invention, I will first set forth the configuration of a
plate W. After discussing my plate W, I will thereafter set
forth the remaining optics and operation of the system.
Plate W consists of a matrix of optical wedges.
This matrix has a first and upper side 60 and a second and
lower side 62.
For the convenience of the understanding of the
reader, lens W here is shown of composite manufacture. A
first roof prism 64 is positioned in the middle of lens W.
7V7
The processing of light received uniformly over the
top of prism 64 is easy to understand. A first portion of
the light will be directed to detector segments Dl and D2. A
second portion of the light incident upon prism 64 will be
deflected to detectors D3, D4.
Turning now to an outboard prism 65, it can be seen
that this prism 65 only includes one facet. This facet will
cause lig~t incident uniformly over the top of prism 65 to be
deflected only to segments Dl, D2. No portion of prism 65 is
disposed to deflect light to detector segments D3, D4.
Prism 66 on the opposite edge of lens w is config-
ured in the opposite direction. Specifically, light passing
from the direction of source S through prism 65 will be
incident upon detector segments D3, D4; no light will be
incident upon detectors Dl, D2.
The intervening prisms 67 and 68 can now be easily
understood. Prism 67 has a first portion biased increasingly
in favor of segments D3, D4 and a second portion or 510pe
biased to a lesser extent to deflect light onto the detector
segments Dl, D2. Prism strip 68 has segments similarly
constructed but biased more in favor of detector segments D3,
D4, and less in favor of detector segments Dl, D2.
Stopping here and understanding the right hand and
upper portion of lens W, it will be immediately seen that the
further light is deflected towards the right hand portion of
lens W, the more light will impinge on detector segments D3,
D4 and the less light will impinge on segments Dl, D2.
The intervening prisms 69 and 70 on the opposite
edge of lens portion 60 can just as easily be understood.
Prism 69 has a first facet biased increasingly in favor of
segments Dl, D2 and a second facet so biased to a lesser
extent to deflect light onto detector segments D3, D4. Prism
strip 70 has facets similarly constructed but biased more in
favor of detector segments Dl, D2~ and less in favor of
~egments D3, D4.
Stopping here and understanding the left hand and
upper portion of lens W, it will be immediately seen that the
further light is deflected towards the right hand portion of
~ 17~7(~7
23
lens w, the more light will impinge upon detector segments D
and D2 and the less light will impinge upon segments D3, D4.
Segments 62 of the lens are constructed in an
analogous fashion. ~ere, however, the prisms run left and
right. Deflection is divided between detector segments Dl,
D4 on one hand and D2, D3 on the other hand.
Recognizing that the matrix of prisms is formed by
the plate W, it will be seen that each area of the matrix
consists of the effect of an overlying and underlying prism.
These prisms will deflect light to the detector segments
proportional to the location at which a source S is imaged.
Passing onto the remainder of the detector, a
~ource S is schematically shown movable in an XY plane P.
This source S is imaged through a lens 80 so that the image
of the source 5 falls upon plate W at S'. Assuming that the
image at S' is equal to or larger than one of the areas
formed by overlying prisms strips, deflection of the light
onto the detector segments Dl-D4 will be weighted in accor-
dance with the position of the image S' on the plate W. A
lens 80' underlies plate W to relay the deflected images to
the detector plane. Use of this lens is optional, but not
required.
Detector D is typically a photodetector and can
include photoconductive cells, photodiodes, photoresistors,
phototransistors, and any other light sensitive detector.
Specifically, the 6egments Dl, D2, D3, and D4 are all photo-
discrete; that is to say they are electrically ~eparate one
from another. Each segment Dl-D4 has only one electrical
connection and the current between "common" and the elec-
trical connection i~ indicative of the amount of light inci-
dent upon that particular detector segment.
By way of preferred example, a photosensitive cell
including layers of doped silicon of P and N types bonded to
an aluminum surface with appropriate electrical connectors on
top and bottom, such as manufactured by the United DetectOr
Technology Company of Culver City, California can be used.
The amplifier 55 is a conventional current to
voltage converter and amplifier.
24
In operation and assuming that an image S' is
projected to lens w, light is proportionately distributed by
the prism seg~ents in the matrix to the respectlve detector
segments Dl-D4. By amplify~ng and logic circuitry ~tandard
in the art, a signal indicative of the X,Y, position of the
image S' on the lens W is produced. Note tha~ "X" and "Y" as
shown in Fig. 3 are along the diagonals relative to the
detector boundaries.
It will be noted, that as distinguished from the
embodiment of Fig. 2, the respective detectors are photo-
discrete. The resistance between any two of the terminals is
essentially infinite as it constitutes an open circuit. Only
the amount of light falling on the detector segments produces
the desired proportional curren~. flow. Hence, and e~en with
lS incidence of low levels of light, the disclosed detector
arrangement is essentially free of noise from the electrical
interaction of the detector segments.
Turning to Fig. 4A, I will now illustrate the
preferred lens array and preferred knife edge. This embodi-
ment will first be discussed illustrating the make-up of a
new lens utilizing Fig. 4A. Referring to Fig. 4B, I will
illustrate the optical characteristics of each of th~ lens
segments.
Referring to Fig. 4A, lens V consists of a series
of ~ide-by-side cylindrical lens strips. Positive cyiin-
drical lens strips 80 have inserted intermediately negative
lens ~trips 81. These strips 80,81 alternate in side-by-side
relationship with the lens strips themselves extending along
the width of the lens parallel to arrow 86. Together the
fiide-by-side lenses make up a first half of the lens gen-
erally denominated as 88.
A second and lower half of the lens 89 consists of
side-by-side positive lens strips 83 and negative lens strips
84. As was previously the case, the side-by-side strips
extend across the lens parallel to the dimension arrow 87 and
formed together the second side of the lens 89.
The reader will realize that the lens here illus-
trated has been shown of composite make-up. In actual fact,
11~;'17~7
the divisions between the cylindrical segments 80, Bl and ~3,
84 are not visible. Typically, the entire lens is fabricated
from molds and is made up o a uniform optical material which
can be impressed with the desired shape, such as a lens
plastic. As with the earlier example, this optical element
may also be fabricated with one flat surface and an opposite
composite surface having the desired deflections herein
described. ~aving set forth the make-up of the lens with
respect to Fig. 4A, the optical effects of the underlying
matrix will be set forth with respect to Fig. 4B.
Referring to Fig. 4B, it will be remembered by
those having skill in the optical art that two cylinders of
equal powers set at right angles one to another can combine
to be the equivalent of a spherical lens.
Looking at a first segment comprising cylinder
segments 80, 83, it will be immediately seen that a positive
spherical lens effect C+ results from the combination of the
crossed cylinders. Conversely, and referring to crossed
negative cylindrical lenses 81, 84, it will be just as
guickly realized that the crossed negative lenses result in a
negative spherical lens effect C-.
It will be just as guickly remembered that the
combinations of crossed positive and negative cylinders have
an overall cylindrical effect. In this way, it will be seen
that segments 80 and 84 at the juncture where they cross form
a combined crossed cylindrical lens Al. Similarly, crossed
negative and positive cylinders 81, 83 form a combined cylin-
drical lens A2.
Stopping here and referring back to Fig. 4A, it
will be seen that each of the discrete lens segments can now
be labeled. They can be labeled according to their power.
As the pattern in Fig. 4B is repetitious, such labeling of a
small portion of the matrix continues throughout the entire
lens.
Returning to Fig. 4B, various parallel rays in
their passage through discrete lens elements have been illus-
trated as deflected. These illustrated deflections of light
can be used to generate a vectorial description of lens
deflection.
1 ~ 7.~ 7~7
26
Referring to the illustrated lens deflections, it
will be seen that each lens segment shown in Fig. 4B has
arrows drawn in the corners of a figure, which figure is a
projection of the area of the segment. These arrows can be
seen to be descriptive of deflections produced. They will
hereafter be used to describe deflection produced by my
invention.
Referring to Fig. 5, a point source of light S
projects light through a spherical lens L to an image plane
D. We all know that for all points within the system, that
the light will again project to a center point S' on the
image plane D.
We now put in lens element V, which I have
invented. When plate or lens V goes in, we have a matrix of
four side by si~e lenses. Only one such matrix of four
lenses is illustrated in Fig. S. In the preferred embodiment
this matrix is repeated many times.
Denominating the respective segments, we can put in
the designations C+, C- for the respective positive and
negative spherical lenses. Likewise, we can put in the
designations Ai and A2 for identifying the astigmatic seg-
ments of the lens.
We may study another constraint of the system.
Remembering that all points S when imaged through
lens L converged on the points S', we may now ask ourselves
what happens to rays passing through neutral points of the
lens ~egments C+, C-, Al and A2. In each case, we find that
the ray~ against must end up on the point S'. The ~uestion
then becomes, how are the remaining rays deflected?
We know that we can use vector descriptions
developed with respect to Fig. 4 to describe the deflection
of light. This vector description can be made for each of
the lenses about its neutral point. We therefore can seguen-
tially describe what occurs at each of the remote segments of
the C+ lens. Taking the principal ray of the system passing
through point 114, we know that in the absence of specialized
lens V that i~pingement would be on point S'. Rowever, and
due to the vector deflection towards the center of the spher-
ical lens C+, we instead will have incidence upon a point 24.
17(~7
27
An analysis of a point diametrically opposite the
positive spherical lens C~, can be similarly made. Deflec-
tion will occur from the normal impingement s' to a new point
25 on the image plane.
Similarly, for a point 116 on the plate V, a
deflection to the point 26 on image plane S will occur. This
deflection detouring light that was originally intended for
point S'. Finally, and from point 117 on lens C+, we find
imaging occurring at a point 27.
We may now discuss the case of a negative lens.
Negative lens C- includes a remote point 115' which point
115' again images at point 25. Similarly, it includes a
point 116' and 117' which points again image about point S'
as previously described.
It will of course be appreciated at this point with
respect to the astigmatic segments of the lens Al and A2 that
only two remaining deflections may be described. Specifi-
cally, these deflections are 115'' and 115" ' at the respec-
tive corners. Light rays at these points will be deflected
to point 2S.
It will be hereafter seen that what results from
the projection of the source S passing through lens L with
the specialized lens V substituted therebetween is an evenly
distributed square li~ht pattern on the focal plane D. This
image on the plane D has a sguare shape. With movements of S
along the X and Y axes, corresponding movement of the ~guare
image on plane P will likewise occur.
Turning to Fig. 6, we again have a source S movable
in an XY plane. Source S has an image on imaging plane P
through a lens L. A specialized lens element V causes a
deflection pattern with light contained inside a square
boundary, as explained in the case of th~ matrix of four
sections.
Lens V is divided into lenses C+, C-, Al, and A2 as
previously described, this time in a matrix of well over four
such sections. Due to the complexity of the figure, only
~ome of each of the representative lens segments are labeled
with the appropriate designations C~, C-, Al and ~2.
1 ~'71,7~7
28
Continuing on with the view of Fig. 6, we note
again that all segments of the lens project light in square
patterns. The light falls within a boundary of a sguare
delineated by the points 24-27 as previously described.
Similar to the case previously described, we know
that where translation occurs, this translation will result
in a deflection of the entire square image formed by the
boundaries 124-127.
Placement of knife edges at varying alignments
across the lens element can be instructive. Turning to Fig.
7, a source S images through a lens L to an imaging plAne P.
Again, the specialized lens V is interposed this lens having
a configuration the same as previously described in Fig. 6.
This time, however, a knife edge is placed across the lens
element at posi~ion Kl, forming a limiting aperture through
which light from source S can pass through lens V and hence
be imaged by lens L on image plane P.
As will hereinafter be more fully set forth, it is
required that two conditions be met by a knife edged aperture
disposed on the lens V.
First, the edge of the aperture must traverse equal
portions of each of the four element types comprising speci-
alized lens V (C+, C-, Al, A2).
Secondly, the edge of the aperture must be disposed
across the lens V, at an especial slope to the boundaries of
the lens elements of the matrix and not parallel to these
boundaries.
A particularly preferred embodiment is a slope of
2:1. The preferred slope is shown in Fig. 7. Every time the
illustrated knife edges traverse two elements disposed in the
horizontal direction, the knife edges traverse one element
disposed in the vertical direction. Other especial slopes,
designed a b, will also obtain the desired effect if and only
if a is odd, when b is even, or b is odd when a is even,
where a and b are whole numbers.
Knife edge K1 passes through point 135 on lens Al
and point 136 on lens C-. It is known from the example of
Fig. 5 that at these two points, that it will image at
1 ~'717(~7
29
respective points 125, 126 on image plane P. The guestion
then becomes where will imaging occur medially for light rays
passing between points 135 and 136, say at point 140. Real-
izing that point 140 is the peripheral edge of a negative
cylindrical lens C-, the problem is simplified. Specifi-
cally, it can quickly be seen that a full negative deflection
will be to the periphery of the square at a point 150. Thus,
taking the case of parallel rays passing sequentially across
a knife edge from the point 135 to the point 136, it will be
quickly seen that the light rays will image along a line 125,
150, 126.
Taking the case of knife edge K2 and passing from
left to right the deflection may be understood by superim-
posing thereon a similar vectorial analysis. Starting at
point 141 on the left hand edge of knife edge K2, it will be
remembered that we are in the middle of a positive spherical
seg ent C+. Deflections will be vectorially distributed
towards the neutral portion of the element. Impingement of
light at point 151 will result. Taking light incident upon
knife edge K2 at point 142, it will be seen that this point
is at the uppe~ segment of a positive spherical lens.
Deflection will therefore be downwardly and to the neutral
point of the lens with resultant impingement of the light at
a point 152.
At point 143, the light will impinge upon at a
boundary between the two lens elements, the boundary here
being that of a fully negative lens, C-. This fully negative
lens will cause light incident at that point to be incident
at point 153.
At point 144, it will be noted that knife edge K2
passes through the neutral portion of a negative lens.
Consequently and in passing through the neutral portion, it
will be incident upon the center of the square at the point
S'. Finally, and in passing point 155, light will be inci-
dent on the edge of the sguare at 155. There results the
shown traced zigzag pattern of traced K2'.
We now for purposes of instruction trace the path
of ray grazing knife edge K3 as it passes through the ele-
~ ~'71.7~7
ment. We note that knife edge ~3 begins at point 146. Point146 is a section of a positive spherical lens c+ and projects
to point 156 on image plane P.
At point 147 we note that the light ray is at a
S corner of a positive spherical lens C+ and a negative spher-
ical lens C-. Light projected from point 147 following the
same logic as in Fig. 5 ends up point 127 on plane P Light
from point 148 plots similarly. This light at a periphery of
a negative lens element ends up at point 158. Thereafter,
light from point 159 deflects to point 159.
We thus have traced knife edges Kl, K2 and K3.
There therefore remains the problem of tracing a more complex
array in a similar manner. Thi~ has been illustrated with
respect to the schematic plots of Figs. ~A and 8~.
Referring to Fig. 8A, it is instructive to illus-
trate deflections of knife edges disposed along Fig. 8A on
the square image trace of Fig. 8B. Here, the observer will
note that the light source S and the lens L have been
omitted. All we are now going to view is the knife edge as
it is disposed across the lens element V shown on Fig. 8A and
the resultant traced pattern as it appears in Fig. 8B.
Taking a knife edge defined by the points 180, 181,
182, 183 and 184, the trace can be rapidly generated. Taking
point 180, it is observed that this point is at the edge of a
positive spherical lens. Remembering that in the absence of
plate V it would have been deflected to the center of the
diagram at point 195 and remembering also that it is given a
vectorial deflection by the lens element along the diagonal
direction, it can be seen immediately that it arrives at
point 194. Taking point 181 along the knife edge, 181 will
be ~een to be a portion at the edge of a negative cylindrical
lens. This point is horizontally located from a neutral
6egment of a negative lens C-. Accordingly, the lens ray
will be incident at a point 191. By the same logic, light
3~ rays intermediate point 190 and 191 will fall along a
straight line connecting points 190, 191.
Light from point 182 will project to the upper
righthand corner at point 192. Remembering that it would
7~7
originally have been directed at point 195 and remembering
also that it is at an edge of a lens c+, it will be directed
to the upper righthand corner of the diagram.
Light from point 183 will be incident upon the same
point as light from point 181. Remembering that light at
point 183 is on the edge of a positive spherical lens and
that the positive sphere is directed to the left, deflection
will be to the boundary on the left.
Finally, light from point 184 will project to point
194 which is coincident to previously alloted point 190.
We thus see that light along a knife edge intersec-
ting the diagonal points of the lens always plots as a V.
It is interesting now to investigate light which
passes through neutral points of the segments of the special-
~5 ized lens V. This has been plotted along the line which runs186, 188, 185, 189, 187, 188', 189'.
First, the case of light at points 185 can be
easily demonstrated. In that case, we know that the light
will in no way be deflected. No deflection will result at
impingement of point 195.
Light incident on the lens of Fig. 8A at point 186
falls on the edge of a positive spherical lens. Falling on
that edge, it must be deflected to point 196 on Fig. 8B.
Likewise, light incident at 188 falls on the edge
of a negative spherical lens. This negative spherical lens
plots out at point 198 on the diagram of 8B. Similarly,
light at point 189 falls on the opposite edge of a negative
lens. This light plots out at point 199 after passing
through the neutral point 195 of the lens. Thus, as the
knife edge traverses the negative lens C-, we see that we get
a linear deflection from points 198 to 195 and finally to
point 199. At point 187, we are at the edge of a positive
~pherica~ lens. This will deflect to point 197 as illus-
trated in Fig. 8B. Light at point 188' will be at the edge
of a positive spherical lens. This will plot out at point
198l. The traverse of the knife edge from point 188' to
point 189' must pas6 through a neutral segment of the lens at
195. It will be found that point 188' plots on the lefthand
:1 1; 1 7~7
32
edge of 198~ and point 189' plots at the righthand edge at
199'. Thus we see we get a pattern that almost looks like a
figure 8 drawn with ~traight lines that repeats upon itself.
It is not unlike a Lissajous pattern drawr. with straight
lines.
Fig. 8B is written on a back~round. This back-
ground includes horizontal axes X and vertical axes Y. The
figure projects along boundaries 100, 101, 102, 1~3 (labeled
clockwise~.
We can also see that each of the lines traces into
respective guadrants of these figures. These quadrants
themselves can be labeled quadrant 104, 105, 106, 107.
An interesting observation can be made. The length
of line resultant from the projections of the ~nife edge in
each of the quadrants is equal. It is equal in linear
length. It is also equal in the center of gravity sense.
Specifically, it will be found that the center of gravity of
thè line segments in all portions of the images falls sym-
metrically about point 195.
We now go to Fig. 8C. Fig. 8C is a diagram of the
ma~rix of Fig.-8B superimposed upon a detector. The detector
includes photodiscrete guadrants Dl, D2, D3 and D4. Each of
these quadrants has approximately the ~ame area as the
boundary square which includes the deflection patterns pro-
duced by the respective knife edges. At thi~ point, it will
be seen that the image in Fig. 8C has been moved along a
diagonal 110 to the upper left. As previously illustrated,
the detector segments are photodiscrete or separate along
lines of division 114, 115,
In order to measure a deflection of the image on a
proportionate basis, it is necessary that the amount of line
cut from a given knife edge always be proportionately distri-
buted in each of the detector segments Dl-D4. This propor-
tionate distribution ~hould be egual to the direction and
amount of displacement which has occurred. Therefore, where
a displacement is along and parallel to a diagonal 110,
respective detector segments Dl and D3 ~hould have equal
amounts of light incident upon them. There should be no
~ 1'7~ 7~7
33
difference in signal registered between them to indicate a
displacement other than along diagonal 110.
In Fig. 8C, the trace of the knife edge of point
18~, 181, 182, 183, 184 has been generated. This trace plots
is given the same numeric designation.
It can be demonstrated and is indeed apparent from
a visual inspection of the drawing, that the linear length of
light line appearing in detector segments Dl and D3 is equal.
The linear length of light line appearing in segments D2 and
10 D4 is not equal. The difference is proportional to the
displacement as it is occurred along the diagonal 110. Plot
of the knife edge designated by points 186, 188, 185, 189,
187, 188', 185, 184' yields the same results, and it wi~l be
found that the amount of line residing in detector segments
Dl and D3 is tbe same. The amount of light line remaining in
detector segments D2 and D4 however is again different and by
the same amount as before.
Displacement along the opposite diagonal 111 will
yield a similar result. Moreover, I have found that dis-
placements on any direction followed the above rule. Thedifference in the amount of light line that is laid down
between any opposite guadrants will be proportionate to the
displacement. It is this result which allows me to apply
this detector for the detection of low level light sources
with photodiscrete detector segments.
It will be seen that the center of gravity 195 or
S' will thus be tracked in its displacement according to the
difference in amount of light received at each bf the
detector segments. It is therefore possible to get a linear
output.
Putting an infinite number of knife edges or narrow
bands of light across the lens elements, it will be immedi-
ately realized that the result will be a solid, evenly dis-
tributed patch of light inside a boundary of the ~ame shape
as the lens elements. This patch of light will be the con-
jugate image of every point source of light in a faint and
measured image. By utilizing a summation of these conjugate
distributed images, each bounded in a square, I have a pecu-
17~7
34
liarly useful detector image which incident upon a detectorplane will read out X and Y positions for the center of
gravity of a faint and remote image. It is this character-
istic of being able to recognize the center of gravity of a
faint image that enables this detector to be peculiarly
useful.
~ aving described the construction of the lens
element and the deflection that is utilized within the lens
element, the apparatus of Fig. 9 can now be set forth.
Referring to Fig. 9, a light source 5 is illustrated in XY
plane P. This source S projects past a lens L and lens
element V. Lens element V projects an image of light onto a
detector surface D having photodiscrete quadrants Dl-D4.
In the embodiment of Fig. 9, it will be noticed
that source S illumir.ates the upper righthlnd quadrant of
plane XY. The low level intensity image is projected *om
source S through the combined lens L and specialized lens V.
Specialized lens V is surrounded by knife edges
Kl-K4. These respective knife edges all establish an opague
terminator to the otherwise transparent lens V previously
described.
Two optical effects are present when source S
projects its light past lens V and the knlfe edges Kl-K4.
First, the knife edges when projected to the sur-
face of the detector D including the photodiscrete segmentsDl-D4 are at an angle to the sguare sides containing the
illumination.
Secondly, the resultant light from any point on the
image forms an evenly distributed sguare image, which evenly
distributed square image is translated on the detector seg-
~ents in accordance with the translation of the source S at
the plane P. Thus, where the source S moves to the upper
right hand quadrant of the source P in Fig. 5, the sguare
patch of light would move to the lower left relative to an XY
plane. Movin~ to the lower left relative to an XY plane, the
detector of Fig. 9 when connected to a standard circuit such
as that shown in the amplifier of Fig. 1 can read out in the
XY position.
1 7~7
It will be realized, however, that due to the
properties of the image, a coordinate transform will have to
be applied as the edged directions and coordinate directions
will differ. Since such coordinate transforms are well-known
in the art, they will not be repeated here.
The disclosed lens element has an unexpected
result, when utilized to project light and receive light over
a knife edge to and from an eye. Fig. 10A is a schematic
diagram of light from a knife edge test impinging upon the
eye of a myope. Fig. 10B is a schematic illustrating the
principle of how as light comes to a focus a signal enhancing
displacement occurs.
Taking the case of the eye previously illustrated
in Fig. lA, it will be remembered that this eye suffered from
the vision defect of myopia.
Returning to Fig. lOB, a series of light rays
passing from knife edge K can in seguence be considered.
Each of these light rays when passing from the knife edge
must first pass through lens V. In passing through lens V,
the light rays dependent upon their respective left to right
points of origin encounter from left to right across the top
of the knife edge lens segments Al, C+, C- and A2 at the lens
V point of meridiance.
Referring to Fig. lOA, a schematic of the knife
Z5 edge test of Fig. 1 on the eye of a myope is illustrated.
This figure illustrates the phy~ics of the resultant rather
indefinite image produced on the retina. A knife edge K
illuminated at a portion 250 below a terminator.251 is imaged
through the lens L of the myope. This produces in accordance
with the myopic deficiency of the eye E an image of the knife
edge K' in front of the retina plane R.
Viewing the respective points on which an image of
the knife edge terminator 251 can be projected through 3
points on the eye can be in~tructive. First, and through the
central portion of the eye, 262 it will be ~een that the
illuminated knife edge 250 will be projected on the retina
through an enlarged illuminated area 262'. Secondly, the
&ame knife edge when projected through point 261 on the eye
,7~7
36
will be projected through an additional and enlarged area
261'. Finally, projection through point 263 will produce an
enlarged image 263'. Thus the total image will be 6pread
over an enlarged area of the eye, which area Df the eye must
then, in accordance with the limitations of knife edse
imaging, be viewed over the top of the knife edge terminator
251. This will be the portion immediately over the term-
inator 251.
Constructing a straight line from point 261 to and
across the image of the knife edge to retina of the eye, one
immediately can determine a terminator of that portion of the
retinal plane which may be viewed. Constructing a terminator
of the viewed area over the knife edge, one can project an
image of the terminator at 252'. Constructing terminators
from point 263 through the terminator image 252' to the
retina gives a window through which light impinging on the
retina may be returned immediately over the knife edge K.
It will be appreciated that the terminator of the
image on the retina will be indefinite and out of focus. As
correction is made to the eyes of the myope through inter-
vening optics, the image K' of the knife edge will approach
the retina R of the eye. As it approaches the retin~ R of
the eye, the terminators will sharpen. When the terminators
sharpen, the unexpected result of utilizing the displacing
lens to project light to the eye and receive light back from
the eye will be enhanced with the sharpness of the image
terminator.
In encountering these respective segments Al, C+,
C- and A2, the light will be deflected as it passes immedi-
ately over the edge of the knife in the patterns previously
described with respect to Figs. 8A and 8B. The light will
attempt to generate a square pattern on the lens L of the eye
E and finally pass to the retina of the eye R where the
myopic condition is illustrated.
Knife edge tests even through a specialized element
such as the element V have one thing in common. This factor
is that light returning to a knife edge always returns to a
~pot immediately adjacent the light area from which light was
7~7
37
originally emanated assuming a moderate state ~f refractiveerror. Thus in the illustrated case, light emanating from
the illumlnated edge of the knife (the reverse edge in the
illustration of Fig. 10B) will return to the knife edge K at
a position immediately above C+. The light will pass through
the particular lens segment Al, C+, C-, or A2
Observing further the diagram of the myopia illus-
trated in Fig. 10B, we know that the light incident upon an
area 24' will return from an illuminated area 24 from the
lens L of the eye E. It will returr. and again receive an
upward deflection. When it receives this upward deflection,
it will pass to a detector.
Two effects will occur because of the passage of
light to lens L of eye ~ through the specialized lens V.
First, rays deflected by the elements of the lens V
to any portion of the eye other than the upper portion 24'
will never be seen. Thus, the total amount of light received
back from the knife E over the top of the knife edge will be
diminished; only those rays which are emanated to the upper
portion of the eye will have enhanced reception upon their
return.
Secondly, and since in knife edge testing of the
eye rays return from diametrically opposite portions of the
eye, light rays will have a greater total deflection when
received back from the eye.
There results an image of increased deflection with
increased contrast.
Another way to understand this aspect of my inven-
tion is to analyze the c~se of parallel rays sequentially
left to right leaving the knife edge. Upon passing through
the specialized lens or "wobble plate" V, all the parallel
rays will be sprayed in patterns, which patterns have been
previously illustrated. Only that portion of the pattern
which is sprayed to the upper portion of the eye L will be
~een over at the corresponding point along the top of the
knife edge K upon return. Moreover, the portion that is
returned will be returned from the lower segment of the eye
24 and have a second deflection upwardly upon passing by the
r
38
knife edge K for the second time. This second deflection
when received at a photodetector such as that illustrated in
Fig. 11 will give enhanced contrast through enhanced light
ray displacement in analyzing the resultant image.
Review of the images returned from the eye by other
optical defects is analogous. In each case, the light that
can be accepted from a knife edge test enters the eye at one
portion and exits at a diametrically opposite portion. It
can therefore be seen that the enhanced deflection principle
above-entitled will work for all vision defects. For exam-
ple, in the case of "farsightedness" illustrated in Fig. lE,
light entering the bottom portion of the lens 23' will exit
the top portion 23. Likewise and with respect to Fig. lG,
light entering the lethand segment of the lens L at 36' will
exit area 36. The resultant enhanced deflection will be the
~ame.
Referring to Fig. 11, the specialized lens V of
this invention is shown placed over a detector aperture 200.
Aperture 200 is surrounded by four knife edge pairs, the
respective knife edge pairs being denominated by the desig-
nations A, A', B, B', C, C' and D, D'.
Observing these knife edges placed in a sguare
pattern about detector aperture 200, it will be noticed that
only the light emitting apertures A, B, C and D are immedi-
ately adjacent the detector aperture 200. These light~ources having their edge adjacent the aperture 200 form the
four knife edges previously illustrated.
It has been found in addition to the retinal
reflections observed, there will be certain corneal and iris
reflections going back to the detector D~. If only one side
of the detector aperture is illuminated, one knife edge will
have the effect of weighting the image received at the detec-
tor segments Dl, D2~ D3, D4. Since this is the case, it has
been found expedient to illuminate the knife edges in pairs.
Thus when knife edge segment A is illuminated, segment A' is
also illuminated.
Regarding segment A', it will be noted that it is
fieparated a distance from the knife edge formed by light
`:
~ t ~t l707
39
element C. Since it is separated by the width of the element
C from the detector aperture 200, substantially no light will
return from source A' due to the retinal knife edge effect.
The only light that will return will be that light which is
from other reflected sources, such as corneal reflections,
iris light, and the like. In order to relay light from the
knife edges and to the eye, and from the eye to the detector,
a lens 203 may be optionally placed between the light sources
and eye.
In order to assure that the combinations of illus-
trated light sources A, A' contribute no weight to the over-
all displacement cf the image, both light sources are given
an effectivity which is symmetric to the center of the light-
receiving aperture 2nl. In order to do this, light source C
is given an intensity slightly greater than light source C';
this intensity is such that the product of the distance from
point 201 to light source C equals to the product of the
distance from point 201 to light source C'. Naturally, the
same illumination scheme is utilized in light sources B, B';
C, C'; and D,D'.
Relay of the image to the eye E is shown occurring
via a lens 203. This relay system is only schematically
illustrated. Any number of relay systems can be used.
It will be observed that each of the light sources
A-D' is covered with a portion of a lens. Preferably, the
cylindrical lens is given a focal length so that in combi-
nation with the other optics, the knife edge is projected to
the retina R of the eye E. Light returning from the faint
image of the retina R of the eye E will pass through the lens
element V, the detector aperture 200 and to and on the detec-
tor segments Dl-D4 previously described.
Referring to Fig. 12, a preferred embodiment of my
objective refractor is disclosed. According to this embodi-
ment a wobble plate W is illustrated overlying not only the
detector aperture 200 but additionally each of the light
~ources as well. Resultant deflection from each knife edge
occurs as it is illustrated schematically with respect to
Fig. 10. Thus, each of the four knife edges has an optical
3~'17~7
pattern imaged to the eye and each of the optical edges in
return passes light to the detector segments Dl-D4 in the
manner previously illustrated. It can be thus seen tha' the
plate w herein can be operable either over that portion of
the knife edge emitting light to the eye, that portion of the
knife edge receiving light from the eye, or both (as illus-
trated in Fig. 12).
During the development of this invention, I have
made a surprising discovery. Specifically, I have determined
that any optical element composed of cross cylinder lenses is
sufficient for the practice of this invention. I have fur-
ther determined that the cross cylinder lenses can be formed
from any repetitive combination of cylinders including the
case where the cylinders are positive and positive, negative
and positive, positive and negative, and/or negative and
negative. Specifically, and with respect to matrices com-
posed of negative lenses, I find these to ~e a preferred
embodiment, especially if they are placed in a random pattern
with respect to the knife edge.
I have further determined that other optical sur-
faces will work for the distribution of light. So long as
the light is evenly distributed from a central detector
position to all detector quadrants and light is proportion-
ally moved between the detector segments with detected image
2~ movement, an optic element containing multiple deflecting
facets will work.
By use of the word optic, I inten~ to cover both
mirrors and lenses. By use of the word deflection I intend
to cover both refraction and reflection.
As an example of the diverse surfaces which may be
used, cylinders, randomly aligned pyramids and the like may
all be utilized as the deflecting surfaces.
Referring to Fig. 14A, I have caused a diagram to
be displayed illustrating negative lenses. In the diagram of
Fig. 14A, a schematic representation of ler,s surfaces similar
to that representation contained in Fig. 4B is used. How-
ever, arrows 301-304 are utilized to illustrate the deflec-
tion of light at portions of each of the optical segments of
,~ ~ f'l.7~7
41
each of the regularly placed lens elements. As before, the
lens elements are labeled C+, C , Al and A2.
Examining each of the elements, it can be seen that
with respect to the contiguous guadrants of each element C~,
C , Al and A2, all of the light impinging upon contiguous or
adjoining quadrants will be directed to the same detector
quadrant. Thus, and with respect to the lower right quadrant
of element C+, the upper right ~uadrant of element Al, the
upper left quadrant of element C and the lower left quadrant
of element A2, all light impinging upon these elements will
be deflected to the same direction. Moreover, it will be
seen that the contiguous quadrants together define an area
the equivalent of each of the lens elements and having its
boundary described about deflection arrow 304. This area of
common deflection has been commonly shaded. All light
impinging upon that shaded area will be directed to quadrant
DIV of the detector.
Similarly, and with arrow 303, all light will be
directed to quadrant DIII; and with respect to arrow 302, all
light within that quadrant will be directed to quadrant DlI.
Thus it can be seen that from areas of the lens matrix having
the same size and shape as each of the lens elements C+, C ,
Al, and A2, all light falling upon contiguous guadrants of
the causes all light to impinge upon the same detector
guadrant.
I have discovered that the detouring of light at
lens elements that are of all the same power can be utilized
to detect low level light image displacement. Specifically,
~ have found that either positive cylinder lenses, negative
cylinder lenses or astigmatic lens elements of opposite
overall cross cylinder alignment can be utilized to generate
the optic displacement utilized in my invention.
An example of this utilizing a negative lens ele-
ment can be illustrated with respect to Fig. 14B. Referring
to Fig. 14B, a series of negative lens elements C- are all
illustrated in side by side relation. Lens elements C- can
in turn be divided into quadrants. These quadrants labeled
counterclockwise in accordance with the convention previously
~ t'~l 7 ~
descri~ed for detector quadrants fall into subquadrants Ql
deflecting light generally to the 10:30 counterclockwise
posltion; Q2 directing light to the 8:30 counterc~ockwise
position; Q3 deflecting light to the 4:30 clockwise position;
and Q4 directing light to the 1:30 clockwise position.
section Ql will be directed to the detector guadrant I, all
light impinging on detector segment Q2 will be directed to
detector guadrant II, all light impinging upon detector
segment Q3 will be directed to detector quadrant III.
Attending to the schematic of Fig. 14B further, it
can be seen that a knife edge Kl laid out on a two to one
slope will have egual portions of the knife edge passing to
all segments of the detector. For example, referring to
knife edge Kl it can be ~een that egual linear portions of
.5 the knife edge will be deflected by each ]ens quadrant to a
particular detector segment. For example, comparing Fig. 14B
and Fig. 15A and examining the knife edge Kl from left to
right, it is seen that a first quarter of the knife edge will
be deflected to and across detector quadrant DII. A second
segment of knife edge Kl will be deflected to and across
detector quadrant DIII; the third segment of knife edge K
will be deflected to and across detector quadrant DI and
finally the fourth segment of knife edge Kl to and across
detector guadrant DIV. It can quickly be seen that egual
portions of the knife edge Kl will all go to different
detector guadrants.
It will be recalled from the forego~n~ discussion
that two respective rules have to be followed w~en faint
images are detected by the detector of my invention. The
first of these rules is that when a centered image is
detected, light is equally distributed among all the quad-
rants. The second rule that needs to be followed is that
when displacement of the image occurs, the light impinges
with a weighted impact on the detector quadrants. In effect
an indication of the displacement of the light is given by
the distribution of light at the particular detector
guadrants.
1 7~17
In actual fact, this is not the case with the
regular lens elements illustrated in Fig. 14B. In place and
instead of such a ~traight detection of the quantity of light
hitting the photodiscrete segments, I have found it necessary
to differentiate between the current at certain locations as
compared to the overall light signal received on all four
guadrants. This aspect of the invention will be discussed
more specifically hereinafter with references to Figs.
15A-15C.
I have additionally found that by passing the knife
edge over a multiplicity of elements, the criticality of the
oblique alignment of the knife edge with respect to the lens
matrix generated is reduced. Referring to Fig. 14C, ~uch an
alignment of a knife edge is illustrated.
It will be remembered from the foregoing discussion
that the knife edges when placed must follow two rules.
~ irst, the edge of the aperture must traverse equal
portions of each of the segments of the lens elements so that
light from equal portions of the knife edge are all directed
to separate detector quadrants.
Secondly, the knife edge must be disposed across
the lens at a slope with respect to the boundaries of the
lens elements and not parallel to these boundaries. A par-
ticularly preferred slope of two to one has been previously
illustrated, the reguirement there being present that the
boundaxy traverse at least one set of four separate discrete
elements.
Where the lens elements here illustrated are laid
out in a regular side-by-side pattexn with rows and columns
of such elements occurring, it has been found that placing of
the knife edges in alignment with the rows and columns, or
precisely obliquely to the rows and columns results in a
detector configuration which will not reliably measure the
displacement of the images.
Referring to ~ig. 14C, it can be seen that the
~nife edge can traverse large number of discrete elements and
closely approximate the prohibited horizontal alignment
described above. Specifically, and where multitudinous
J~ 17V7
44
elements in a side-by-side array are all created, the angle
of the knife edge can more closely approach the axis of a row
or a column of discrete lens elements or alternately an
oblique alignment of the elements without rendering the knife
edge inoperative.
I have even found as illustrated with respect t~
Fig. 17, that the lens elements can be placed in side-by-side
random alignment. With respect to such a random alignment
where multitudinous lens elements are utilized with respect
to each knife edge, I find that the distribution of light in
equal proportion to each of the quadrants in accordance with
the weighting of the overall image is closely approximated.
Accurate measurement can occur with such a configuration.
Referring to Fig. l5A, I illustrate a detector
quadrant with knife edge illumination falling on the quadrant
with respect to knife edge Kl as disposed across a lens
element similar to that illustrated in Fig. 14B. It can be
seen that the respective detector quadrants are labeled
counterclockwise segment DI, segment DII, segment DIII and
segment DIV. Likewise, it can be seen that the knife edge K
cuts respectively across segment DIII, DIV~ DII and DI in
sequence. It will be noted that the detector quadrants are
larger than the projected images from the knife edge. Speci-
fically it i8 preferred if the detector area is four times
the size of the image to prevent signal disparities due to
image excursion beyond the photosensitive surface.
Displacement of an image in the X direction, how-
ever, from the configuration illustrated in Fig. 15A to the
configuration illustrated in Fig. 15B produces an interesting
result. Specifically, it will be immediately observed that
with displacement merely in the X axis direction, the amount
of knife edge in detector segments DI plus DII or DIII plus
DIV remains unchanged. However, this is not the case with
respect to detector segments DI plus DIV or DII plus DIII.
For example, the length of knife edge Kl in detector segment
DIII is reduced. This knife edge segment appears instead at
segment D~v~
.7~7
Displacement of the image in the Y direction from
the configuration illustrated in Fig. 15A to the configura-
tion illustrated in Fig. 15C likewise produces an interesting
result. Specifically, it will be ohserved that with dis-
S placement merely in the Y axis direction, the amount of knifeedge in detector segments DII plus DIII or DI plus DIv
remains unchanged. ~owever, this is not the case with respect
to detector segments Dl plus DII or DIII plus DIv. Looking
at the amount of light in each quadrant during the motion
from the configuration in Fig. lSA to the position of Fig.
15C does produce some non-linearity. First, and during the
first part of the motion, it will be seen that the amount of
knife edge in quadrant DII reduces until all of the knife
edge Kl passes out of quadrant DII. When this motion has
occurred, the knife edge will then pass out of the detector
guadrant DI. There will be at detector quadrant DII no
further light reduction. In short, there is a non-linearity
resulting from the displacement in the Y direction for each
quadrant seen separately, but the sums of DI plus DII or DIII
plus DIV behave in a linear fashion with translational motion
in Y.
I have found that by differentiating the sums of
total light received with respect to the light received at
certain quadrants, a signal proportional to the displacement
in the X and Y directions can be generated. For example,
where displacement occurs in the X direction, I find that by
the following formula a signal with respect to displacement
in the X direction can be generated:
_ _
LI-LII-LIII+LIV
Dx = LI+LII+LIII+LIv
Similarly, because of the non-linearity appearing
in displacement along the Y axis as illustrated in Fig. 15C,
I again have found that by differentiating certain of the
segments with respect to the other detector segments in
comparison to the total light received, a signal with respect
~i'717~7
46
to the Y axis displacement can be generated. Such a dis-
placement can be obtained by the formula:
D = ¦ I LII-LII~-LIV ~
Y L LIILII+LIII+LIv J
where:
Dx is the displacement in the X direction;
Dy is the displacement in the Y direction;
Ll is the light impinging upon guadrant I;
LII is the light impinging upon quadrant II;
LIII is the light impinging upon quadrant III; and,
LIV is the light .impinging upon detector
guadrant IV.
In ~he use of most objective refractors, there is a
problem of positioning which is commonly encountered. Speci-
fically, the eye must be acquired. Acquisition includes
placing the eye in the proper alignment to the optical axis
of the instrument or in what may be described as a "XY"
positioning. Moreover, once the eye has been acquired along
the optical axis, the towards and away position of the eye is
important. For this aspect of the invention, a specialized
aperture has been developed.
Referring to Fig. 16A, a detector I had utilized
with this invention is illustrated. Specifically, four
prisms 401, 402, 403, 404 are placed in a sguar~ array. The
prisms placed in their sguare array define a central square
aperture 410 and four peripheral sguare apertures 411, 412,
413 and 414. Each prism has an opaque face and three beveled
edges from which light is emitted. In the case of prism 401,
there is an opaque face 400 and three light emittinq edges
415, 416 and 417.
Each of the respective edges has a light emitting
diode focused through a lens. The light emitting diode is
focused through a lens and thence through the prism so that a
greatly enlarged image of the light emitting diode is focused
1 7 & 7
47
at the eye to be examined. In the case of prism 401, light
emitting diode 405 is focused through lens 409 and has two
refractions and one reflection from and within pri~m 401.
These light deflections cause the light to be emitted from
prism edge 415. Typically, the beveled edge of prism 415 is
aligned so that the focused light emitting diode is directed
to and upon the eye. Preferably, a "pebble plate" surface is
added to the prism optics, preferably at the surface of first
incidence of light into the prism.
Similarly, light emitting diode 406 focuses through
edge 416, and a light emitting diode 407 focuses through edge
417. It will be understood that each of the respective
prisms 402, 403, and 404 have a light emitting edge similar
to those of prism 401.
All knife edges are preferably masked so that light
incident immediately over them are passed to the detector and
the remainder of the light is rejected. This masking is
illustrated in the view of Fig. 16A.
It will be noted that the corners of the light
emitting edges are masked. For instance in the case of
prisms 401 and 402, it will be seen that the corners 420 are
covered.
From the respective prisms, light is emitted to the
eye to be examined, and returns from the eye being examined
by way of projection optics which have been previously illus-
trated and are not ~hown here. The received light passes
over the knife edge defined by the junction of the prisms and
the apertures. The light then passes interiorly of a detec-
tor having the sguare aperture array previously illustrated.
When passing interior of the projector, the light passes
through the specialized lens element V (preferably the pebble
plate illustrated hereafter in Fig. 17) and thence through
focusing lens L to the detector D where an image K" is
formed. Analysis of a knife edge image occurs.
Referring to Fig. 16B, a view of the imaging appa-
ratus along line 16b of Fig. 16A is illustrated. Specifi-
cally, the detector is shown so that the light emitting edges
may be viewed as they are seen from the eye of the patient
~eing examined.
1..1';'1.7~7
48
It will be noted that the light emitting edges 416
on one hand and 418 and 419 on the other hand are disposed
along a top colinear horizontal edge of the detector. Edge
416 is egual to the lengths of edges 418 and 419 added to-
5 gether. Thus it may be fairly said that the two outsideedges when added together have the same length as the inside
edge 416.
It will be also noted that edge 416 points in
opposite direction from edges 418 and 419. Thus, assuming
that the edge comprising edge 416 facing in one direction and
edges 418 and 419 facing in the opposite direction are illu-
minated, an eye will have equal and opposite refractive
effects produced therein by the various edges. This is
another way of saying that the edge effects will not comprise
a weighted image giving a tell-tale indication of either
spherical or cylindrical correction being required. In other
words, illumination along a single edge with equal lengths in
opposite direction will produce no detectable prescriptive
correction.
Referring to the linear edge comprising the illu-
minated edges 426, 428 and 429, the same statement can be
made. Since equal lengths of edge are illuminated in oppo-
site directions, weighting of the images in the eye will not
be detected. It can be shown, however, with respect to Fig.
16B that the ~equential illumination of these respective
images can serve to assist to position an eye.
Referring to Fig, 16C, a schematic di~gram is
therein shown. The schematic assumes that the eye is illus-
trated properly centered in the X and Y plane. Naturally, by
measuring the image impingements Gn the quadrants of a detec-
tor DI~ DII, DIII, DIV~ centering of the eye with respect to
an optic axis can occur.
~ he question then becomes what is the proper posi-
tioning of the eye in the Z axis direction.
3~ In the schematic of Fig. 16C, the respective light
emitting edges are schematically shown. Specifically, edges
416, 418, and 419 are all illustrated. Similarly, lower
edges 426, 428 and 429 are all illustrated.
3t ~'l 7 ~7
49
It should be realized that ~ig. 16c is a schematic.
Focusing optics P schematically illustrate the convergence of
the image from the edges to ar active detector. The special-
ized optics v as well as the eye of the patient are all
omitted.
In Fig. 16C, the images for each of the knife edges
at differing distances are illustrated. Referring to the six
detector images shown, the upper two images are for when the
eye is at the proper distance from the detector. The middle
image is an illustration of the detector when the eye is too
close. The lower two pair of detector images are illustra-
tions where the eye is too far away.
It will be understood that the right-hand group of
images are the image that would be cast where knife edges
418, 416 and 419 are illumirlated. The left-hand group of
images are where edges 428, 4~6 and 429 are illuminated.
Typically, these images would be produced with first one
linear set of knife edges being illuminated and thereafter a
second linear set of knife edges being illuminated.
Referring to the upper images where the eye is
positioned the proper distance from the detector, it can be
seen that the image formed by knife edges 418, 416 and 419
are the same as the images being formed by knife edges 428,
426 And 429.
2~ Where eye is too close, the images formed by knife
edges 418, 416 and 419 raise up on the surface of the detec-
tor. Great concentrations of resultant images appear at
upper guadrants Dl and DII. The effect on the image of knife
edges 428, 426 and 429 is the opposite. Specifically, the
respective images of the knife edges fall in greater measure
on quadrants DIII and DIV.
Typically, the knife edges of the detectors are
either modulated with their own discrete signal so that the
images can be separated one from another, or are alternately
illuminated. In either case, the resultant weighting of the
detector ~ignal at the quadrants of the detector gives an
indication of the towards and away position of the eye (not
6hown ) .
~','17~7
As can be seen in the lower illustration, where the
eye is too far away, the effects are reversed. Specifically,
for knife edges 418, 416 and 419 the im~ge shifts downwardly.
Specifically, the imaqe shifts to detector guadrants DIII and
DI~r ~
For the knife edge image of knife edges 428, 426
and 429, the effect is reversed. The knife edge shifts
upwardly to detector quadrants DI and DII.
It will be observed that the particular knife edge
images cast are symmetrical. That is to say, they are equal-
ly weighted about a center line. This is because the knife
edge images oppose one another for egual lengths. Conse-
guently, it will be appreciated that the particular knife
edge images cast are insensitive to the particular optical
prescription that may be encountered in the eye.
Thus, it can be seen that the image produced is
insensitive to the prescriptive effects the eye might have
but is sensitive to the positional effects that the eye
imparts in being acquired by the instrument.
Assuming that the eye is properly acguired, the
measurement of the eye then occurs by illuminating light
knife edges disposed along the same direction but at varying
positions. A knife edge examination utilizing only one such
group of knife edges will be illustrated, the knife edge
examination of other edges being analogous and easily
underetood .
Referring to the schematic of Fig. 16D, a typical
knife edge test is illustrated. Specifically, knife edges
416, 428 and 429 are all illustrated. The knife edges are
illustrated passing through projection optics P to a detector
consisting of detector guadrants DI, DII, DIII, and DIV.
First, it will be noted that all of the knife edges
416, 428 and 429 are addressed in the same direction. As
they are addressed in the same direction, the resultant image
produced by an eye will be knife edge sensitive as to the
prescriptive correction required. This bein~ the case, and
assuming that we have an emmetrope, the detector segments
illustrated will be a minimal image. As the respective knife
170~
51
edges are spaced evenly about the central axis of the optic
instrument so as to produce a centroid of illumination evenly
about the optic axis of the instrument, the measurement
system will have its position sensitivity minimized. That is
to say, its position sensitivity to the positioning of the
eye within the instrument would be minimized.
In accordance with the previous illustrations
rendered, the hypermetrope will produce an image on one side
of the detector, say detector quadrants DI, DII. Similarly,
the myope will produce an image on the opposing quadrants
DIII, DIV. Finally, an astigmat will have an image on the
quadrants on one side or the other side, the image here being
~hown on quadrants DII, D~
As will be realized by those having skill in the
art, the edges of the detector can be switched. They can be
switched so that images opposed to those illustrated can next
be taken. This gives the instrument the desired push-pull
effect. Moreover, it can also be realized that the imaging
can be accomplished left and right. That is to say, a mea-
surement can be taken using a group of edges on the left andthen an opposing group of images on the right.
It will be realized at this point that the light
emitting diodes can be modulated as can the detectors util-
ized with them. Specifically, the measurements can all be
taken simultaneously with the modulated signals received back
from the eye segregated. Moreover, by using a central and
visible target for fixation, focusing of the eye to a visual
target may result. This focusing of the eye ca~ then have
the disclosed objective refraction superimposed thereon.
As to the particular imaging scheme chosen, it
~hould be understood that the edges axe all active and given
a common centroid. Thus when they fall upon the detector D,
they fall upon each of the guadrants with equal intensity.
Referring to the view of the optical train shown in Fig. 6E
and the corresponding image of the detector shown in ~ig. 6F,
t~e balancing of the specular reflection image with respect
to the alignment of detectors utilized to measure the pre-
ccriptive effects of the light is illustrated.
7~7
52
Referring to Fig. 16E, an eye E has three sources
A, B, C imaged thereon. Images of these sources are relayed
by optics (not shown) to three real image locations. These
image locations are KA, ~, Cc.
Image KA is above the optical axis and twice as
long as respective images ~ and Kc. An image of these
respective optics is relayed through the specialized optics V
to the detector D. Specialized optics V has been previously
described.
Referring to Fig. 16F, the centroid of light on the
detector D is illustrated. This centroid is for specularly
reflected light and does not incorporate any prescriptive
corrections.
It can be seen that each image is off-set from the
optical axis. Specifically, it is off-set by a given amount.
Thus, if the detector D is either too close or too far away,
the respective movements of the image from each of the light
sources will remain the same.
Referring to Figs. 16G and 16H, it can be seen that
this is not the case where a single knife edge is utilized.
In Fig. 16G, a pupil with a single light source A has the
image thereof broadcast onto a specialized optical plate B at
the illustration knife edge KA. The knife edge KA is there-
fore relayed by optics not shown to the detector plane.
Assuming that the detector plane is at the right
distance from the eye, the image will impinge upon the cen-
ter. However, if the eye is either too far away. or too
close, the image will move. Specifically, it will move off
center. In Fig. 16G, the image of a pupil moved away from
the center of the eye is shown.
Referring to Fig. 16H, an on-center image is illus-
trated. It can be seen that the light centroid is off-center
with respect to the detector quadrants DI, DII, DIII, and
DIV. In actual fact, the migration of the image has occurred
from the two upper quadrants DI, DII to and towards lower
quadrantS DIII~ DIV-
Returning to the three detector array shown in Fig.3 and taking the case of the non-specularly reflected light,
17(~7
the action of the towards and away positioning of the optics
here illustrated can be illustrated.
Specifically, and if detector D is at the position
Dl with respect to specialized optics V and the images KA,
and Kc, it will be seen that all images will be broadcast
into substantially coincidence. That is to say, they will be
imaged upon a central point of the detector D.
If, however, the detector is too far away such as
at position D2, three such images will result. These three
such images are illustrated in Fig. 16L.
Referring to Fig. 16L, and taking the case of a
myope, it can be seen that the three images are produced.
The lower image IA will be twice as intense as the two upper
images IB and Ic. These images IB and IC will all be dis-
placed in accordance with the particular prescriptive cor-
rection of the eye being required. This being the case, and
reviewing the images heretofore discussed, it will be seen
that the displacements will add in all detector quadrants
DI ~ DIV to give the same result as the single image shown in
Fig. 16K. Consequently, it will be realized that the detec-
tor scheme herein illustrated is insensitive to towards and
away positioning of the eye with respect to the apparatus.
It will be understood that with this explanation an
immediate process can be added. First, axial towards and
away alignment such as that illustrated with Fig. 16C will be
undertaken. Thereafter, and once the eye is grossly in
place, prescriptive measurements will be made. These mea-
surements will be made by apparatus illustrated-in accordance
with Figs. 16J, 16K and 16L. Thus, even though once the eye
is properly positioned and the eye wanders somewhat from its
original positioning, the disclosed optics will be relatively
insensitive to such movement. Correct objective refraction
will result.
Regarding specular reflection, and referring to the
view of Fig. 16F, it can be seen that the areas of the light
sources are important. Specifically, by having ~he moment of
optical areas the same above and below the horizontal axes as
well as the moment left and right of the vertical axes being
7~7
54
the same, specular reflection from the eye will cancel itself
among the various detector segments. Consequently and with
the edge arrangement shown, perturbation of the refractive
findings by return specular reflection cannot occur.
~eferring to Fig. 16J, an alternate dimension of
the knife edge configuration is illustrated. Specifically,
each of the knife edges Ka, Kb, Kc are of the same length and
area. These respective knife edges are separated from a
horizontal axes by two units of distance in the case of the
knife edge Ka and one unit of distance in the case of the
knife edges Kb, Kc. The unit of distance are all labeled
with 2a for knife edge Ka and la for knife edges Kb, Kc. The
knife edges are all of the same length. Specifically, the
knife edges are labeled with the width dimension 3-.
Referring to Fig. 16L, the unfocused centroids of
the image are there shown. Specifically, it can be seen that
the lower image Ia is displaced from the horizontal axes by
an amount approximately twice the centroid of the two upper
knife edge images Ib, Ic. Perturbation of the refractive
signal due to axial or towards and away displacement will not
occur. It should be pointed out that for best performance,
the light receiving or viewing apertures adjacent to knife
edges should also have substantially equal moments above and
below the horizontal axis as well as left and right of the
vertical axis.
Turning attention to Figs. 18A-D, these figures
illustrate the patterns which form on the detector due to a
decentered pupil with an arbitrary refractive error (sphere
plus cylinder at a tilted axis to the knife edge).
Figs. lBA and 18B illustrate horizontal knife edge
interrogation. The knife edge K in Fig. 18A is disposed so
that light passes to the receiving area 400 below the knife
edge K and over the linear boundary 415. Likewise, in Fig.
18B, an area 402 receives light immediately above the knife
edge 415. With respect to Fig. 18C and l~D, the knife edges
are vertically disposed. The edges there respectively are to
the left of and to the right of the detector surfaces. Areas
404 and 406 receive light in Figs. 18C and 18D respectively.
~1~7170~7
Each of the Figures 18A-18D has schematically
illustrated next to the respective knife edges the detector
surface. The detector is that detector illustrated
previously.
In the case of the image illustrations herein
given, it will be understood that the light is distributed to
the detector plane by the preferred optics shown herein.
Thus, the light received at the detector plane will not have
the appearance schematically illustrated on the detector
surfaces of Fig. 18A-18D. Instead, the light will be evenly
distributed among the detector quadrants as previously set
forth.
In each case of Figs. 18A-D, the detector measures
two values which are proportional to the X centroid position
times the total received light flux and the ~ centroid posi-
tion times the total received light flux. Since the total
fIux is the same for both values, the values are in fact
proportional to the X and Y centroid positions.
In addition, it will be appreciated the source and
detector array are designed so that each knife edge has equal
values for total light and in fact is symmetrical in all
respects about the pupil image center on the detector. Thus,
the measured values can be added and subtracted in a method
which will now be given so that both refractive information
and pupil decentration information can be extracted.
Note in Fig. 18A, XcA = ~ ~ Xp
YCA RYA + YP
where
XcA = X centroid position
YCA = Y centroid position
= X displacement of centroid from pupil center
~ A = Y displacement of centroid from pupil center
Xp = X position of pupil center
Yp = Y position of pupil center
Similarly and in ~igure laB, XcB = Xp + ~
YCB ~ ~ YP
1 1'7i707
56
Due to the pattern symmetry set forth above,
= ~~
= -RYA
CB ~ ~
CB ~A YP
This means then;
CA XcB = ~ + ~ + Xp ~ ~ = 2X
measured values
YCA YCB YP ~A ~A YP ~A 2Yp
This shows that the measured values can be added, X to X, Y
to Y, to yield values which are directly proportional to
pupil decentration. Note that prescriptive information is
not included.
Likewise:
CA XCB = Xp ~ - ~ )=2 ~
CA CB P ~A (YP RYA) 2RYA
which shows that a correct subtraction of measured values
yields values which are directly proportional to the dis-
placement of the centroid of the received pupil pattern from
the pupil centér. In addition, because these values are X
and Y displacements of the centroid, they yield both magni-
tude and direction of this displacement which in turn are
directly related to refractive error as previously set forth
at length in this application.
It has heretofore been mentioned that, in this
application, one parallel ~et of knife edges cannot provide
complete refractive information (although it does give
decentration of the pupil). ~owever the remaining informa-
tion is collected via the second parallel set of knife edges
as shown in ~iqures 18C and D. Note that in all figures the
relative position of the pupil center to detector center is
the same.
In summary, by adding all X centroid values a value
proportional to X pupil decentration is obtained. By adding
all Y centroid values, a value proportional to Y pupil de-
centration is obtained. By correctly subtracting values of
parallel knife edge pairs, four refractive proportional
values arise, namely;
, a.7~7
XCA -- XCB ~ 2 RXA
CA CB YA
XCc -- XCD 2Rxc
CC CD 2 Ryc
Then it is found that values proportional to sphere
equivalent (Seg), cross-cylinder axis 90/180 (C+) and cross-
cylinder axis 45/135 (Cx) can be obtained by combining the
refractive proportional values in the following manner
eg XC ~A
+ XC YA
CX ~ RXA + R~-C
where
C+ is 0-90 cylinder, and
CX is 45-135 cylinder.
It will be appreciated that the detector disclosed
herein can be utilized to have refracting optics driven so as
to null the received signals at the detector surface. I have
demonstrated such circuitry before in my prior U.S. Patent
4,070,115 issued January 24, 1978. Specifically, that patent
disclosed an invention which may be abstracted and summarized
as follows:
A lens meter is disclosed in which continuously
variable spherical and astigmatic corrective optics
are manipulated to measure the prescription of a
suspect optical system. A target including a straight
line is focused for maximum clarity, the target being
arbitrarily aligned without respect to the axis of the
suspect optical system. Continuously variable spherical
-57 ~
1 ~ 71 7~7
and first astigmatic optics are juxtaposed to the
suspect optics and the image of the target projected
through both the suspect optics and the continuously
variable optics. Spherical and first astigmatic
corrections along at least one axis diagonal to the
line target i5 made until maximum sharpness of a
projected image of the line results. A first component
of astigmatic correction results. A second target,
again consisting of a straight line, is introduced,
this target is angularly
-57A-
1707
58
inclined with respect to the first target preferably at
45~. Spherical adjustme~t is made together with a
diagonally aligned secona astigmatic correctlon along at
least one axls diagonal to the second line target until
maximum sharpness of the projected image of the line
results. A second component of astigmatic correction
and final spherical correction results. Provision is
made for remote manipulation of the continuously vari-
able optics to determine prescription automatically.
A representative claim of that patent
is included as follows:
1. A process for measuring power of a suspect
optical system in at least one component of cylinder
including the steps of: mounting said suspect optical
system in a light pathj projecting light including an
image of at least one first straight line target of
fir~t arbitrary preselected angular alignment without
regard to any suspected principal axis of the suspect
optical system along said light path; providing in said
light path variable optics for movement to a power of
sphere and cylinder substantially equal and opposite to
components of sphere and cylinder in said suspect op-
tics, said variable optics including variable spherical
optics to vary the spherical component of light pro-
jected there through and variable cylinder optics for
varying the astigmatic lens power along first intersect-
ing diagonals at substantially equal and opposite angles
from the preselected angular alignment of said first
ctraight line target; projecting an image of said
straight line target from said light passing through
said variable optics and said suspect optics; and,
varying said spherical optics and said first astigmatic
optics to optimi2e the image of said projected straight
line target.
Referring to that patent, at Fig. 5, sufficient
schematic circuitry is ~iven from a detector having four
distinct quadrants to drive optics to achieve a null image.
While adaptations mu6t of necessity be made to produce the
} 1 ~ l7~7
detector configurations herein set forth, it is believed that
6uch changes may be easily be made by those having ordinary
6kill in the art. Lenses schematically achieving such ~ null
image are shown in Fig. 16G as variable spherical lens 516,
0-90~ cylinderical lenses 578 and 45~-135 cylindrical
lenses 520. These lenses are taken directly from Fig. 5 of
the referred to by reference patent.
It is a particular advantage of my invention that
refractive information returned from the eye is not dependent
upon the ability of the eye to return light to the detector.
Take the case wherein a retina, through disease, has enlarged
blood vessels, and/or other configuration. Consequently the
retina is not capable of uniformly returning light to the
detector over its surface. In such cases, the light received
back by one of the knife edges in Figs. 18A-18D will substan-
tially differ from the light received by other knife edges.
By the expedient of mathematically equating all of the
returned light -- giving the guantity of returned light in
each knife edge alignment of Figs. 18A-18D the same value and
thereafter processing the values, the effects of irregulari-
ties in the retina may be ignored.
It will be noted that in the previous description
and equations relative to Figs. 18A-18D, I have effectively
illustrated "moments" of the light flux with respect to the
particular detector guadrants utilized. Thus, when the term
"moments" is used heretofore or hereafter in this applcation,
it ~hould be 50 understood.
It will be understood further that for the best
performance, the apertures herein utilized should be symmetri-
cal. Moreover, the areas of the apertures and the receivingareas should all have equal moments.
Although the point has heretofore been made, it
should be emphasized that in the case of the knife edges,
disposition at right angles is not required. For example,
the knife edges could be disposed at 45~ angles. Moreover,
and with variations to the mathematics herein disclosed,
and/or optics detector surfaces or both, varying angles could
be used between the interrogating knife edges. I have merely
~ 1 71 7~7
illustrated the preferred parallel and opposed knife edges in
symmetrical alignment to set forth the preferred embodiment
of my invention as known to me as this moment.
It will be understood that the disclosed invention
will admit of a number of embodiments. For example, any
projection system between the disclosed wobble plate and eye
may be utilized.
