Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
1~'7~3903
Background of the Invention
The present invention relates to the spraying of liquids and,
in particular, to the electrostatic spraying of liquids.
Spraying apparatus is known in which a high velocity air stream
5 is used to atomize a liquid issuing from a nozzle for subsequent deposi-
tion on a crop or plant.
Such a device is shown in United States Patent 3,504,854 to
R.J.A. DeKinkelder where liquid is dispensed from a plurality of nozzles
located within a flared outlet duct. The duct is supplied with a high
10 velocity air stream which atomizes and entralns liquid being dispensed
from the nozzles and carries the liquid into the atmosphere in the region
of the crop belng sprayed. This device has been commercially exploited
and provides an improvement over previously known devices.
As an improvement of the DeKinkelder apparatus, the droplets
15 are charged electrostatically as they pass through the outlet duct and
thereby improve the depo4ition of the droplets on the crop. In Canadian
r Patent 1,114,427 which issued on December 15, 1981, to I.I. Inculet and
G.S.P. Castle, a system is described wherein an electrode is placed in
the duct facing the zzles and connected to one term~nal of a high volt-
20 age source. The other terminal of the source is connected through the
apparatus to ground. An electric charge is induced on the droplets ss
they are formed in the duct. The charged droplets are attracted electro-
~tatically to the leaves of the crop being sprayed. This has improved
the deposition of liquid droplets on the crop and increased the efficien-
25 cy of the spraying apparatus.
However, since electrostatlcally charged droplets in a cloud
tend to repel one another, the cloud will expand both vertically and
horizontally. Though, as described in the publication "Space Charge
Effects in Orchard Spraying" by G.S.P. Castle and I.I. Inculet, in Conf.
Rec. 1981, 16th Annual Meeting, IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc., pp. 1155-1160, it
has been shown that the electrostatically charged liquid droplets within
the cloud produced by the sprayer are attracted to ground potential, i.e.
the ground cover such as the trees, leaves and other vegetation and
earth, at the same time, the droplets repel one another. At a certain
strata in the vert~cal direction in the cloud, these forces are in equi-
librium so that droplets below this strata have a net force vertically
.
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down and droplets above this strata have a net force vertically upward.
The droplets above the equiLibrium strata, therefore, tend to be dis-
persed and drift to adjacent areas. This drifting is both wasteful of
- the chemicals being sprayed and potentially hazardous eO surrounding
areas.
In the horizontal direction, the droplets are also attracted to
ground potential exhibited by the trees, leaves, etc. The droplets also
repel one another causing the cloud to expand. Once again, one side of
the cloud will tend to expand away from the intended object to be spray-
ed. However, in large fields or orchards this loss would be less severesince the spray would usually drift to the next row.
Summary of the Invention
It is therefore an ob~ect of this invention to provide a method
and apparatus for making the efficient use of materials during electro-
static spraying.
This and other objects are achieved in accordance with thepresent invention wherein an atomized cloud of droplets having an elec-
trlc charge is generated wherein different discrete parts of the cloud
are formed from different liquids. The discrete part of the cloud which
includes an active liquid such as the chemical insecticide or herbicide
is contained such aq by enveloping it or directing it in a particular
direction by a further discrete part of the cloud which lncludes an inert
or lnactive liquid, such as water.
The discrete parts of the cloud may be either horizontal or
vertical layers and the liquids used to form the layers may be an inert
liquid and/or an active liquid of different concentrations.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a spraying apparatus comprising a plurality of nozzles
positioned in a high velocity air stream to d~sperse liquid and generate
an atomized cloud of such liquid, the nozzles are grouped into at least
two sets, each set being arranged to generate a part of the cloud; elec-
trostatic charge generating means is disposed in the air stream down-
stream of the nozzles to electrostatically charge droplets emitted from
the nozzles; a reservoir for each set of nozzles is connected to nozzles
to dispense a liquid therefore, through each reservoir containing a
different liquid. The sets of nozzles may be positioned to generate
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horizontal or vertical layers in the cloud, each adjacent layer being a
different liquid or a liquid having a different concentration of the
chemical in question.
Many other ob~ects and aspects of the lnvention will be clear
from the detailed description of the drawings.
Brief Description of the Drawings
~ igure 1 shows a rear perspective view of a portion of a liquid
spraying apparatus.
Figure 2 is a view taken on the line 2-2 of figure 1.
Figure 3 is a rear perspective view of a nozzle shown in
figure 2.
Figure 4 is a front elevation of the nozzle of figure 3.
Figure 5 is a diagrammatic representation of a cloud of sprayed
liquid generated by the sprayer of figure 1.
Detailed Description
It is desirable for cost and environmental purposes to have all
or at least most of the herbicide or pesticide spray deposited on the
desired objects, i.e. trees, leaves or ground. This is achieved to some
extent by electrostatlc spraying since the object to be sprayed attracts
the charged droplets. The spraying method in accordance with the present
inventio~ further enhances the electrostatic spraying method by using an
inexpensive and harmless inert liquid, such as water, in an atomized
electrostatic cloud to contain the atomized active liquid, which may be a
herbicide or pesticide, by enveloping or directing the atomized active
liquid spray. The term active liquid is used to designate the chemical
or component one wishes to spray, while the term inert or inactive
liquid i8 used for liquids which do not have an active coating or chemi-
cal ingredient.
The layers in the atomized electrostatic cloud may be different
in size and shape, and also have different droplet charge or droplet den-
sity. The multilayered cloud gives the necessary flexibility to adjust
the factors which influence the desired deposition. For example, if it
is necessary, for optimum deposition results to atomize the active
liquid, i.e. the insecticide or herbicide, in the form of 20 ~m diameter
droplets, these small droplets will be easily entrained by air currents
of a few mph velocity. By generating a much larger and/or denser upper
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cloud layer atomized from an inert liquid to a larger droplet size, such
as 50 ~m, a much larger deposition force will be produced on the 20 ~m
droplets in the lower layer of the cloud. This is so because the set-
tling velocity for large droplets is greater than for small droplets.
For example, the settling velocity for a 1 m diameter water droplet in
air is in the order of 5 x 10 cm/sec, while that of a 50 ~m droplet is
in the order fo 10 cm/sec. In addition to the stronger forces generated
in this way, the larger droplets may also fall to the ground or vegeta-
tion, and in their fall also entrain some of the small droplets.
The multilayer cloud provides a good control of the deposition
of the expensive chemical formulations, while also eliminating any con-
cern for environmental contamination due to the drifting fractions.
All of the droplets in a multilayer sprayed cloud would normal-
ly have droplets of the same polarity. In general, it is easier to
charge effectively larger droplets. Regardless of the level of charging,
the identical polarity of the charge on all droplets will ensure cloud
expansion and attraction to the vegetation at the same time. By making
the upper layer with larger and better charged droplets, the control of
the deposition of the lower layer is more easily achieved.
The same droplet mechanics applies to a vertically layered
cloud. For example, a cloud could consist of three vertical layers or
walls, a center vertical layer of water droplets with a vertical layer of
insecticide on each side, all layer8 being sprayed between two rows of
trees. The center water layer will perform the repelling function,
directing ~he other two layers into the trees.
Similarly, layers with different concentrations in the chemical
compositions may be desired. In such an application, the first layer
with the highest concentration is subjected to the strongest electrical
forces and will thus penetrate the foliage better than the subsequent
layers which will deposit a larger mass mainly at the surface and in the
upper part of the foliage.
- Referring now to the drawings, spraying apparatus 10 comprises
a trailer chassis 12 upon which is mounted a pair of liquid reservoirs
14, 15, and a fan 16, to provide a source of pressurized air. The fan 16
may be driven either by the power take-off of a tractor which is conven-
tionally used to draw the spraying apparatus or by a separate prime mover
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mounted on the trailer. The outlet from the fan 16 is directed to a pair
of outlet ducts 18 mounted on the rear of the trailed chassis 12. Each
of the ducts 18 includes a fan shaped shroud 20, each of which is adjust-
ably mounted on the outlet ducts for rotation about a generally mounted
longitudinal axis.
The shroud 20 can best be seen with reference to figure 3 and
comprises a tubular duct 22 connected to a fan-shaped terminal portion
24. The terminal portion 24 includes a forward wall 26 and a trailing
wall 28. The forward and trailing walls are interconnected along their
edges to provide a single elongated outlet mouth 30. Air is therefore
blown by the fan along the tubular duct 22 and through the terminal por-
tion 24 out of the outlet uth 30. The shroud 20 is dimensioned to pro-
vide a high velocity air flow in the region of the fan-shaped terminal
portion, typically in the order of 100 to 250 miles per hour.
A number of nozzles 32, five in the example shown are located
on the forward wall 26 of the shroud. The nozzles are divided into two
sets, names 32a, 32b in the first set, and 32c-32e in the second set.
Each nozzle in the second set is connected to the liquid reservoir 14 by
pipes 34 which are controlled by metering valves 36. Each of the nozzles
of the first set is connected to reservoir 15 by a pipe 35 controlled by
metering valve 37. On the trailing wall 28 of the terminal portion 24,
there is imbedded flush, an electrode 38 which is formed out of a plural-
ity of petals 40 interconnected by a conducting strip 42. Each of the
petals 40 is located opposite a respective nozzle 32 50 that fluid i8SU-
ing from the nozzle will pass the petal. The petals 40 are typically ofsector shape and are made from a conducting material which may be either
a metal or a conducting plastics material. Power is supplied to the
electrode 38 by means of a high tension cable 43 imbedded within the
trailing wall 28 and connected to a high voltage power pack 44 mounted on
the chasis adjacent the fan 16. The high tension power pack is grounded
through the vehicle chassis and a trailing conductor 46 so as to be at
- the same p~tential as the surrounding environment.
The nozzle 32 is best seen with reference to figures 3 and 4,
and comprises a body 48 with a fluid inlet 50 and a fluid outlet 52. The
nozzle 32 is formed from a plastic material, preferably by moulding, 80
()3
that in operation, with a potential being applied to the electrode 38,
charge does not accumulate on the nozzle. The plastics material may be
an acetal resin, such as that sold under the trade name Delrin by DuPont,
although any suitable form of non-conducting plastics material may be
S used. The inlet 50 is formed by a tubular conduit 54 passing through the
forward wall 26 to receive a pipe 34. A nut 56 is threaded onto the
outer surface of the conduit 54 to secure the nozzle to the forward wall
26, The body is formed with a base 58 which is delimited by an upper
edge 60 and a pair of side edges 62. Each of the side edges is shaped in
the form of an ogee shape and the side edges 62 converge and intersect at
a location spaced from the upper edge to define an apex 63 for the base
58. A pair of sides walls 64 are connected to the side edges and extend
generally perpendicular from the base. Each side wall comprises an inner
edge 66 which is connected to a respective one of the side edges 62 and
an outer edge 68, The outer edge is defined by a radius portion 70 which
intersects the inner edge 66 at a location corresponding to the apex 63.
, The outer edge is continued by a planar portion 72 which converges with
the inner edge 66 toward the upper edge 60 of the base 58.
An upper wall 74 extends from the apex 63 toward the upper edge
60 of the case 58. The upper wall 74 is connected to the outer edges of
the side walls 64 and terminates in a trailing edge 76 located intermedi-
ate the apex 63 and the upper edge 60. The planar portion and radius
portion of the outer edge are non-tangential so that an abrupt change in
the surface of the upper wall 74 occurs to promote turbulence on the
upper wall 74.
A strengthening or spacer member 78 is provided on the outer
surface of the base 58 and may be integrally formed with the base 58.
The strengthening member 78 is generally tear-shaped and extends around
the conduit 54 and up to the upper edge 60. The member 78 is of uniform
depth so that the base 58 is maintained a constant spacing from the
trailing wall 28 of the shroud 20 but side surfaces 80 of the strengthen-
- ing member converge and intersect at a location corresponding to the
upper edge 60. The member 78, therefore, provides a streamlined flow of
air around the condult 54 so that air passing between the base 58 and the
forward wall 26 maintains an undisturbed high velocity flow.
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By contrast, turbulence is created in the air passing over the
upper wall face 74 and a pair of contra-rotating vortices are formed at
opposite ends of the trailing edge 76.
In operation, air is delivered from the fan through the outlet
duct 18 and attains a high velocity in the fan-shaped terminal portion
24. A hig~ potential i8 applied to the electrode 38 and a liquid is
dellvered from the reservoir through the pipes 34 to the inlet 50 of the
nozzle 32. Air passing over the upper wall 74 atomizes the liquid
delivered to the nozzle to provide droplets which are of a uniform size.
The droplets acquire a charge as they pass the petals 40 and are carried
by the high velocity air stream out of the elongated outlet mouth 30.
The nozzles of the first set, namely 32a, 32b generate a cloud of drop-
lets of the liquid from the reservoir 15 above a predetermined level,
denoted A in figure 5. Similarly, the nozzles in the second set, namely
32c, d, e, generate 8 cloud below the level A of the liquid from the
reservoir 14.
The chemical to be applied to the foliage is stored in the
reservoir 14 snd, therefore, supplied to the second set of nozzles 32c-e.
The reservoir 15 contains an inert liquid, such as water, which is 8Up-
plied to the first set of nozzles 32a, b. The cloud above level A i6,therefore, composed of essentially water whereas the cloud below level A
is composed of the herbicide or pe~ticide with which the foliage is to be
treated. It will be apparent, therefore, that substantially all the
droplets of chemical are positively forced to the foliage wherea~ the
dispersed droplets consist only of water. This reduces hazards caused by
drifting and also reduces the consumption of the chemical.
The same apparatus may be used to provide vertically layered
clouds, such a~ by supplying one liquid to all of the nozzles 32a,...32e
in the left hand shroud 20, and a different liquid to all of the nozzles
32a,...32e in the right hand shroud 20. A number of vertical or horizon-
tal layers may be generated by supplying different liquids to different
- nozzles and adjusting the nozzle direction.
The degree of separation of the different liquids between the
layers will depend on ~he amount of overspray from one nozzle to the
other and to the shape of the cloud generated by th~ nozzle. However,
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these factors may be adjusted by suitable manipulation of the nozzle
position, the velocity of air delivered by the fan and the volume of
liquid dispensed.
Many modifications in the above described embodiments of the
invention can be carried out without departing from the scope thereof
and, therefore, the scope of the present invention is intended to be
limited only by the appended claims.
.. .
