Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
1332~62 ~-
VIDEO MONITORING SYSTEM
Backaround of the Invention
This invention relates generally to an
improved method and apparatus for identifying
05 television broadcast programs. This invention is
particularly useful to identify repetitively
broadcast television program material, such as
commercials.
Descri~tion of the Prior Art
Large sums of money are spent annually to
purchase advertising time on broadcast television.
This has created a need to monitor and report on the
broadcast of television programs in general and ~
television commercials in particular. There are a -
number of known systems for identifying and verifying
~ the broadcast of television commercials. These
¦ systems can be broadly characterized as being either
manual or electronic.
Manual systems use human operators to view
~- 20 videotaped television broadcast signals, and to
manually recognize each commercial or other specific
program material to be found (for example, a public
service message) and then to identify it by some
coding structure. The codes generated can then be
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~33 ~
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entered into a manual or computerized system where
the data can be analyzed and reports can be ;~ ~-
produced. Even such computerized systems are labor ;~
intensive and therefore expensive to operate. The
05 dependence on the human operators to recognize and
reliably identify each commercial introduces a source
of error into the collected data. Different
operators will have varying abilities to recognize
and identify individual commercials. Therefore it is ~;
more desirable to use an electronic system to monitor / ;
commercial broadcasts.
Electronic systems that have been proposed
fall into two categories. The first category is one
which requires an identification signal to be ~
inserted into the broadcast material. U.S. Pat. ~ -
No. 3,845,391 discloses a system in which a code is
modulated onto an audio frequency sub-carrier. U.S.
Pat. Nos. 4,025,851 and 4,639,779 disclose systems in
which a code is modulated onto a line in the vertical
interval of the television video broadcast signal.
These systems require the cooperation and
participation of the broadcaster who may not be ~
interested in supporting a system that monitors ;
commercial broadcasts. These systems also require an
allocation of some signal bandwidth in the television
broadcast signal. The broadcasters would prefer to
use this bandwidth for revenue generation and the FCC
has not reserved and not protected any bandwidth for ~ ;
the purpose of program identification.
Another type of electronic system analyses ~
~ the program content of the broadcast signal to ~ `
; identify the commercial. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,450,531
Kenyon) and 4,230,990 (Lert) describe such systems. ~.
These systems use different techniques to analyze the ;~
~332~62
- 3 -
video and audio content of the signal to extract
features which are then compared to a database
containing features previously extracted from known ;
commercials. This could broadly be defined as a
05 pattern recognition and pattern matching process.
These systems require that large amounts of
information be processed to generate these extracted
features. Kenyon describes a technique requiring
continuous Fourier transformation of the broadcast
signal being monitored. Lert describes a system that
reduces the amount of signal that must be processed
by triggering the analysis on cues that are normally
present in the broadcast signal or cues that are
inserted in the broadcast signal. These systems
require powerful signal processors to generate the
extracted patterns and large databases of patterns to
compare them with. These systems require good
received signal quality since noise in the signal can
; affect the features that are extracted.
SummarY of the Invention -
One object of the present invention is to
provide a novel automatic method and apparatus for
identifying broadcast television program material
(including commercials) that overcomes the
disadvantages of the prior art systems.
Another object of the present inventioniis
to provide an automatic method and system for
identifying broadcast television program material
that requires simpler and less expensive processing
~ 30 equipment.
; Another object of the present invention is
to provide an automatic method and system for
identifying broadcast television program material
that does not require the insertion of special
1332462
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identification signals or codes into the broadcast
signals.
Another object of the present invention is
to provide an automatic method and system for
05 identifying broadcast television program material
that uses signals that are normally present in the - ~
broadcast television signal and that are protected by ~ -
the rules of the FCC (Federal Communications
Commission) and the Canadian DOC (Department of
Communications).
These and other objects are achieved by
using the closed captioning for the deaf signal that
is included in line 21 of the NTSC video signal. The
closed captioning signal is specified and definéd in 1
Report No. E-7709-C, Revised May 1980, by the Public
~roadcasting Service- The FCC Rules and
Regulations covering the closed captlonlng data are
specified in Part 73, Subpart E, section 43.682. The
normal purpose of the closed captioning signal is to
provide a visual depiction of the information
' simultaneously being presented on the aural ,~;
subchannel of the television signal. A closed ~ `
caption decoder processes this signal and produces
titling as an overlay on the television picture, the
content of such titling being the dialog that is
occurring on the audio of the television program.
This signal was originally provided as an aid to the
hearing impaired and it is now also often used as an
aid to improve literacy sltills. . ' ;'~ '
The closed captioning signal can be decoded ~ .
to produce a sequence of alphanumeric characters that
~I form words and sentences. The content of these
; sentences is unique to the dialog that is occurring
~ , .
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13~2~62 ~ ~ ~
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in the audio of the television program. The closed
captioning data rate is 480 bits per second which is
formatted as 60 characters per second (8 bits per
character).
05 Briefly, in accordance with a preferred
embodiment of the invention, there is provided a
system having a station monitoring unit that monitors
one or more broadcast sources. The station
monitoring unit includes one or more television
tuners which receive the television broadcast
signals. The output of each tuner is fed through
circuitry which extracts line 21 of field 1 of the
television signal. Line 21 is processed by a decoder
which extracts the two characters contained therein.
These characters are then input to a computer system ;
which can construct partial or complete message
packets of the closed captioning information.
In the practice of this invention, the
computer system preferably contains a library of ~-~
captions for each of the programs that the system has
been trained to recognize. Each message packet
; received can be compared against the caption
library. If a match with the caption library exists, ~`
~ then the system will have identified the program or
- 25 commercial and an entry can be made in a data log.
, The data entered in the log will preferably include
an identification number of the commercial, the
station on which it was broadcast and the date and
time at which it was broadcast.
Brief Description of the Drawin~s
Figure 1 is a block diagram of the system.
Figure 2a is a diagram showing a view of
fields 1, 2 of frame 3.
;~ Figure 2b shows the waveform of line 21,
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!1332A~2
field 1 of the NTSC television signal. -~
Figures 3a and 3b comprise a circuit diagram
for the signal processing module shown as a block in
Figure 1.
05 Figure 4 is a key diagram for Figures 4a and
4b.
' Figure 4a is a partial flow chart for the -
software that assembles a paragraph of closed ;~
captioning data. '', ,
Figure 4b is the continuation of Figure 4a. -~
Figure 5 is a flow chart for the software ,
that seeks a match for a paragraph of received
caption data in the caption library.
Figure 6 is a flow chart for the steps ;~
required to make an entry to the caption library. -,
Detailed Description `~
Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the system , ,~!.
5. The received signal source 4 can be either an
antenna or a cable television feed. The source is ~ ~
directed to a television tuner 6 which tunes the ;' i
broadcast station of interest. The output of the --
-~ tuner is the composite video signal which is directed ;~;~
to a signal processing circuit or module 8. The
function of the signal processing module 8 is to
extract the 8-bit characters that comprise the closed
i , I captioning information. Additional television tuners
6a-6i and signal processing modules 8a-8i are
required for each additional broadcast station that
is to be monitored. The characters extracted by the
signal processing modules are routed to a computer
system 9 via a multiplexer 10. The purpose of the '
multiplexer 10 is to allow a CPU 11 of system 9 to
select the individual characters output from each
signal processing module 8. When a signal processing
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13`32462
-- 7
module receives a character, it generates a signal to
the CPU 11. Under control of the CPU 11, the
multiplexer 10 selects the appropriate signal
processing module 8 and the character is transferred
05 to the CPU 11.
The computer system 9 shown in Figure 1 can
be one of a number of commercially available
systems. One such possible system is a Compaq 386/20
which includes a CPU 11 and would preferably further
includé 3 megabytes of memory, a 130 megabyte disc
drive 12, a keyboard and display terminal 13 and a
printer 14.
Before proceeding with the system
description, some background on the closed captioning
signal is required. The reader i5 directed to the
j referenced PBS Report No. E-7709-C for a complete
specification of the closed captioning signal. The
NTSC television signal is comprised of 30 picture
frames per second with 525 scan lines per frame.
Referring now to Fig. 2a, first and second fields 1,
2 of a frame 3 may be seen. Scan line 21 in field 1
of frame 3 is reserved for the closed captioning
~ signal as described in the FCC Rules and Regulations
1~ Title 97, Part 73, Section 682. The waveforrn of this
signal 17 is shown in Fig. 2b as depicted in the FCC
,
Rules and Regulations Title 47, Part 73, Section 699.
As depicted in Fig. 2b, line 21 consists of
;~ a horizontal sync pulse 18, followed by the color
burst 20, followed by 7 cycles of clock run-in 22 and
then a two-character wide data window 24 for closed
captioning information. Data may be transmitted in
O~ the window as a pair of characters every 33.3
I;~m milliseconds. The maximum data rate is 60 characters
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~332~2
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per second.
~ The purpose of the signal processing module
!~ 8 is to process the composite video signal and
extract the data in the window 24 which may include ~
05 up to two characters of closed captioning information
from each occurrence of line 21. This module contains
,, :
two sections --- the first e~tracts line 21 signal or
waveform 17 from field 1 of each frame 3 of the
composite video signal and the second extracts
character data from each occurrence of line 21 if
characters are present in data window 24.
The circuitry of the signal processing
module 8 is shown in Figures 3a and 3b. Figure 3a
shows the circuit that extracts signal 17 from line
21, field 1 of frame 3 and Figure 3b shows the
circuit that extracts characters from data window 24 i
of signal 17.
I The function of the circuitry shown in Fig.
3a is to process the composite NTSC television
signal, separate the line 21 signal 17 from the
! complete NTSC signal and convert it into two digital
signals, DR and DW. Signal DR is a line 21 gate
signal and signal DW is a line 21 data signal.
The video is input at the connector Jl. The
video signal passes across a 1.8nf capacitor Cl and
through a 22uF capacitor C2 to a 45 microhenry ~ -~
inductor Ll in a resistive ladder network having a
lOOK resistor Rl and a lK resistor R2. The signal is
then passed across a 3.3nF capacitor C3 and through a
lK resistor R3 to a lOOpF capacitor C4 and into the
non-inverting input pin 3 of a type SE5534
operational amplifier U2, available from Si~netics~:
Amplifier U2 is connected in a unity gain
non-inverting configuration having an output at pin 6
* Signetics Co., P.O.Box 3409, Sunnyvale, Ca.94088-3409
,.
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~332462
g
feeding a O.luF capacitor C5 which passes the AC
component of this signal to the non-inverting input
of another type SE5534 operational amplifier U3, also
connected as a unity gain non-inverting follower.
05 Output pin 6 of U3 is connected to the drain D of a
2N7000 FET transistor Ql. The signal at pin 3 of U3
is also connected through a 970 ohm resistor R9,
across a 1.8nF capacitor C8 and into pin 2 of an
LM1881 type integrated circuit, available from
National Semiconductor* Ul is used as a sync
separator to identify the start of a new field. Ul
has field index and back porch gate outputs at pins 7
and 5, respectively. Ul further has a O.luF
capacitor C6 and a 470K resistor R5 connected to pin
6. Ul still further has a O.luF noise suppression
capacitor C7 connected to its power supply input pin
8. The FIELD output of Ul at pin 7 is connected to a
digital logic inverter U9A, which is preferably
formed from a type 74HC04 hex inverter. The output
~`: ! 20 of inverter U9A is passed through a 330pF capacitor
-~ C9 to input pin 9 of U7, which is a HC~0103 type
l integrated circuit counter available from Signetics.
Diode Dl, along with all other diodes in Figs. 3a and
~, . .
3b may be a lN4148 type. Output pin 5 from Ul is ;
connected to the input of another inverter U9B.
Output pin 2 of inverter U9B is connected to the gate
- G of Ql and input pin 3 of inverter U9C. Output pin
4 of inverter U9C is connected through a 2K2 resistor
R6 to the clock input pin l of U7 and through a diode
D2 to the not Q output pin 8 of U4. U4 is preferably
a type HC74 integrated circuit available from ;
Signetics. A 3K3 resistor R7 is connected from the
power supply to the input pin 9 of U7.
~`~ The source S of Ql is connected through a lK ;
*National Semiconductor Corp., P.O.Box 58090, Santa
Clara, Ca. 95052
13~2~62 ~`
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resistor R8 to the non-inverting input pin 5 of a
type LM358 integrated circuit operational amplifier,
available from National Semiconductor. A O.luF
capacitor C10 is connected between the non-inverting ; i;
05 input pin 5 and circuit common. The output pin 7 of ~I
U6 is connected through a resistive network of a 470 - ~:
ohm resistor R14 and a 12K resistor R13 shunted by a
O.luF capacitor C13 and passing to the non-inverting ;~
input pin 4 of U8A, which is preferably a type LM319
voltage comparator. Output pin 6 of U3 is also
connected through a lK resistor R9 and across a lOOpF i'~
capacitor Cll to the non-inverting input pin 3 of U5,
which is preferably a LM6361 type operational ~
amplifier. The output pin 6 of U5 is connected . ''
through a diode D3 through a resistive network of a
150K resistor R10, a 51 ohm resistor Rll, and a lOK
resistor R12, connected to the non-inverting input
pin 4 of U8A. A 1.8nF capacitor C12 is connected
between resistors Rll and R12.
Positive feedback for U8A is provided by a
560K ohm resistor R16, while diode D4 and a 470 ohm
resistor R15 are connected in the output pull-up path ;
of U8A. A pair of inverters U9D and U9E formed from
the hex inverter U9 are connected in parallel to ;~
drive output DR from the TC output of U7 at pin 14. ;~
The output of U8A is connected to a digital logic -~
inverter U9F to provide output signal DW. Ul can
accurately identify the start of a new field and has
field index and back porch gate outputs. Signal DW
is a bit stream of the clock run-in pulses 22 and the
data bits in window 24. Signal DR is active (high)
only when line 21 in field 1 is being processed.
The operation of this portion of the circuit
is as follows. Signal DR is normally low and goes ~;~
:.'. :''
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11 --
high only when NTSC line 21 is present. Signal DW ~-
goes active only during NTSC line 21. Line 21 is
identified by Ul, U4 and U7. Ul accepts the
composite video signal as input on pin 2 and produces
05 output signals at pins 7 and 5. The FIELD signal at
pin 7 of Ul is high (+5 volts) when NTSC field 1 is ~-
being received and low (0 volts) when NTSC field 2 is
being received. The BP signal from pin 5 of Ul is a
4.8 usec pulse that occurs in the middle of the back
porch 25 following the horizontal sync pulse 18.
Counter U7 is initialized by the FIELD signal at the
beginning of field 1 and is counted down by the ~;~
pulses from BP. When line 21 is reached, pin 14 on
U7 goes low for one scan line, thus creating the line
21 gate signal DR. The next pulse on BP causes pin
14 on U7 to return to the high state which sets the ~ ;
flip flop U9 and terminates counting by U7 until the ; ~,
next frame. The signal pulse BP is also used to
sample the video signal to create a black reference ~; ;,
level. When BP is active, it turns on Ql, allowing ;~
the black level of the back porch 25 to be sampled ;
and stored on capacitor C10. The peak value of the ~`
video of line 21 is stored on capacitor C12. The
voltage difference between the voltages stored on C10 ;~
and C12 is divided by the resistors R13 and R12 to
create a reference level that is about half way
between the two levels. This reference level is ;
applied to pin 4 of U8A and the composite video
signal is applied to pin 5 of U8A. U8A is a high
speed comparator which, as a result of comparing the
composite video signal to the reference level will ~- -
provide a digital logic signal at pin 12. This
signal is inverted by U9F to produce signal ~W. -
Signal DW is normally clamped high, but during line -- -
1332~62 : ~
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- 12 - ~;
21 when DR goes high, signal DW is released and
carries a digital logic waveform consistin~ of a ~;;
digital representation of clock run in pulses 22 and~
data bits of window 24 in line 21.
05 Referring now to Fig. 3b, signals DW and DR
are processed to e~tract two characters for each
occurrence of line 21, field 1, containing closed i
captioned characters. Signal DW is delivered to the
B input of each of U10 and U17, which are preferably
a one shot or monostable multivibrator circuit type
HC123, available from Signetics. U10 has a 3K3 -
resistor R18, a 330pF capacitor C15, a 3Y3 resistor
R17 and a 5K potentiometer Rl9 (used to set the width
of the pulse on pin 13 of U10), in addition to a
O.luF capacitor C16. U17 has a 4K resistor R20 and a
lnF capacitor C17. U11 and U18 are preferably formed
of a 74HC74 D-type flip flop available from
I Signetics. Diode D7 is connected to the DW signal
line through a 3K3 resistor R21. Diode D5 is
connected between pin 1 of U10 and pin 8 of U18.
Gate U12A is preferably formed of a 74HC86 type
I ~ integrated circuit available from Signetics and
couples the Q output at pin 13 of U10 through a 33pF
capacitor C19 to a 503.5 kilohertz resonator X1 which
may be a model 503B as manufactured by Murata*.
Resonator X1 connects to a O.luF capacitor C21 and a
.
network formed of a 220pF capacitor C20, a lOOK
resistor R23, a lK resistor R27 and lOIC resistors~R25
and R26 to provide a cleaned-up clock signal from pin
13 of U10 to both inputs of U8B, which is preferably
~; a type LM319 voltage comparator with a lOOK positive -
feedback resistor R24.
The DR signal passes through a lK resistor
R29 and enables the output of U8~ at pin 7 and fed to
* Murata Erie N.A., Inc., 2200 Lake Park Drive, Smyrna,
Georgia 30080
':
A
1332~S2
-- 13 --
one input of U12B which is an inverter formed of a
79HC86 integrated circuit. U14 is preferably a type
HC40103 integrated circuit counter available from
Signetics, and connected to operate as a divide-by-16 -~
05 counter. Counter U14 has a .luF capacitor C22. -
Diode D8 couples the TC output from U14 pin 14 to pin
10 of U12B. The output of U12B at pin 8 is connecte~ ¦~
to the CLK inputs of U16, which is preferably a type
HC595N 8-bit shift register, available from Texas
Instruments* ~
Signal DR is also coupled through a 330pF ~ ~ -
capacitor C18, to diode V6 and into an input of
U12C. The output of U12C at pin 3 is connected to
the R input (the reset input) at pin 10 of U15 and ;
U16 which are both a type HC595N 8-bit shift ;;
registers. Signal DR is provided to connector P2
through a 470 ohm resistor R30. The outputs of U15 -
and U16 are connected to connector P2. Output enable
signal lines ENl and EN2 are similarly connected to
connector P2.
The function of the circuitry shown in Fig.
3b is to process the signals DW and DR to load the :
serial bits of the two characters into a re~ister -
which can be accessed by a parallel read operation.
Signal DW is active only during NTSC line 21. When ;~
it is active it is a digital logic waveform ~ ;
consisting of the 7 cycles of the clock run-in~ ;-
followed by one start bit and two 8 bit data
characters. The rising edges of the cloc]s run-in
pulses trigger two one shots U10 and U17. The
Eunction of the one shot circuit U10 is to derive a
normalized clock signal. The normalized clock signal
from pin l3 on U10 is used to energize the resonator
~1 which is tuned to the clock run-in signal
~.
* Texas Instrurnents, Inc., P.O.Box 655474, Dallas,
Texas 75265
,'::,' . :'.
: 13~62
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frequency of 503.5 KHz. The resonator Xl signal is
squared up by the comparator U8B. Referring also to
Fig. 2, the period of the clock run-in signal is 1.9'8
usec per cycle and the seven cycles are followed by
05 3.972 usec of low signal le-~el. The one shot formed
by U17 is retriggerable and times out after the end
of the clock run-in pulses 22, resulting in the
setting of the flip flop Ull. Setting Ull unclamps
the clocls input on U18. Tl~e ne~t data rising edge
will be the start bit which will then set flip flop
U18. U18 then releases the counter U14 and the shift
registers U15 and U16. The counter U14 is
initialized with a value of 16 and is driven by the
clock froln the resonator Xl. The 16 data bits are
subsequently clocked into the shift registers. When
the counter hits zero, the signal on pin 14 of U14
goes low which terminates the clock signal to the
shift registers U15, U16. After NTSC line 21, signal
I DR goes low. Signal DR and the contents of the shift
! 20 registers U15 and U16 are available to multiplexer 10
¦ at connector P2. A high-to-low transition of DR can
be used an an indication that the data is available
in the shift registers U15, U16.
The multiplexer 10 shown in Fig. 1 may be a
parallel interface board such as the model PIO-96W
available from Contec Microelectronics Inc* The
Contec PIO-96W interface board has eight 12 bit
input/output ports. Each port can be interfacedlto
one signal processing module 3 or 16. The data can
be read from the shift registers U15 and U16, one 8
bit character at a time by controlling the chip
enable signal lines ENl and EN2 connected
respectively to pin 13 of U15 and U16 as shown in
Fig. 3b. The falling edge of the signal DR can be ;
*Contec ~ternational, P.O.Box 739, Schenectady,
New York 12301
A
... ,. .. . . . . , . . , . .. . . . - ,. .. ,, . ... . . i. , ~ . ... ; ~ .. ~ .
133~2
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used to yenerate an interrupt on each port of the
interface board. On each occurrence of an interrupt,
computer 9 reads the characters from the shift ;
registers U15, U16 associated with the .
05 interrupt-generating port and stores the characters
as data in a buffer in the computer memory. Further ~ ;
processing of the data is controlled by software in ;;
the computer as shown in Figs. 4-6. ~,
It is to be understood that the closed
captioning information channel supports a caption
mode and a text mode in both a primary and a
secondary language. The caption mode text is
recorded on a video tape along with the commercial
and is automatically broadcast when the tape is ; ;
played. When present, the text mode is generated and
transmitted by the broadcaster when the channel is
not being used to carry caption mode data. The ;
caption and text modes in both languages are time
multiplexed into the one serial character channel. ;~
Control code characters are used to switch the -
character stream between caption mode and text mode
and between the two languages.
Software in the computer must separate the
caption mode characters from the remainder of the ; ~; ;`
character stream. The characters in the closed ~i; /~,
captioning text are organized into phrases and
sentences complete with punctuation and control
codes. In caption mode, the control codes perform
operations such as erasing the displayed captions, ;`
selecting the line on which the captions are to be
displayed, setting colors for the characters, and ~ ~ -
controlling scrolling of the captions on the
television set. For the purposes of this system, the
caption text can be considered to be a series of
1332~2 ~ :
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paragraphs where a paragraph is the series of
characters between two successive commands to clear
the captions from the screen. The characters in a
paragraph can be organized into phrases and sentences.
05 The command to erase displayed captions
occurs relatively frequently; typically at any
significant scene change. Every commercial begins
and ends with a command to erase the displayed
captions. Therefore, a commercial can include one or
more paragraphs of caption text. Computer system 9
recognizes commercials by extracting the caption mode
text from the continuing character stream, organizing ~ ~p
this text into sensed paragraphs and then comparing
each sensed paragraph to a library of stored
paragraphs for the commercials that the system has ;
been trained to recognize. Each stored paragraph in
the library preferably has a corresponding commercial -
ID number.
In one embodiment, sensed paragraphs are
compared directly to stored paragraphs. In an
alternative embodiment, the caption mode paragraphs
are compressed by a data compression. The data
compression algorithm processes the variable length `
string of ASCII characters that comprise the
paragraph and produces a shorter and preferably
unique string or key of encoded bytes. A number of
algorithms are known to those skilled in the art; a
preferred data compression algorithm is Adaptive
Lempel-Ziv Coding, which may be found in an article
by Terry Welch entitled 'A Technique For High
Performance Data Compression," pp. 8-19 of Vol. 7,
No. 6, of IEEE ComPuter, June 1984. One alternative
algorithm or technique which may be used is Huffman
Encoding, which may be found in an article by
. .
l 1~3~62 :~
- 17 -
Jonathan Amsterdam entitled ~Data Compression with
Huffman Coding," pp. 99-108 of Vol. 11, No. 5 of ~YTE
Magazine, May, 1986. A still further alternative is
to use hash coding to form a key for data
05 "compression." While a hash code key is irreversible
in the sense that the original data cannot be ; -;
recoveréd from the key, reversibility is not ~ :~
necessary for the practice of this invention. It is
theoretically most desirable to have a one-to-one and -~
only one-to-one correspondence between the original
data and the key resulting from operation of the data
compression algorithm on the original data. In other
words, it is preferable to have one and only one set
of original data correspond to a given key.
Nevertheless, it is to be understood to be within the
spirit and scope of this invention to use an
algorithm having a less than ideal data-key ~- ;
correspondence, which, for example, can provide
savings in operating speed, storage requirements or ;;~
other practical considerations that outweigh the risk
of error in using such an "imperfect" data
compression algorithm.
Returning to a preferred embodiment, both
sensed and stored paragraphs are processed by a data
compression using adaptive Lempel-Ziv Coding to ~ :~
produce a unique multi-byte key. These keys can be ~ '
stored in the library instead of the complete
paragraph itself. The library in this case would
include the multi-byte keys, each with a
corresponding commercial ID number. When the system
is identifying commercials, the sensed paragraphs ~ ~
(derived from the broadcast sources) are each put ~ ;
through the same algorithm or transform to produce a
key which is then compared to the keys in the library.
~: :
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1332~2 -
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Fig. 4 is a flow chart for the software
module that is used to perform the task of reading ~ ;
the characters into the computer and then forming the -
characters into paragraphs of caption mode text.
05 This module is started by a higher level task and
once started will continue to operate as an
indepenaent, interrupt driven task until cancelled by
the task that initiated it. When the task is started
at entry step 101 it acquires a pool of empty data
buffers which are used to assemble the paragraphs and
to transfer the completed paragraphs to the higher
level task. When it is started, module 100 is also
given the number of the port on the multiplexer 10
that it will access to read the characters. At step
102 the module 100 initializes itself and the
multiplexer 10 hardware, fetches an empty data buffer
(the "active" buffer) from the pool and defaults to a ~
caption mode active condition. It then proceeds to ~ -
step 103 where it enters a suspended condition,
waiting for an interrupt from the multiplexer 10.
When an interrupt occurs, the task proceeds to step
104 where it uses the multiplexer 10 to read the two
characters from the signal processing module 8. At
step 105, a test is made to determine if the ,
secondary language bit is set; and if it is the
characters are ignored and control returns to step
103 to wait for the next pair of characters. If the
characters are in the primary language, the process
proceeds to step 106 where a test is made to
determine if the caption mode is active. If it is
not active then the characters are text mode data
that can be ignored and control is returned to step ~--
103 to wait for the next two characters. However,
the return to step 103 is made via step 107 where a
1 3 3 2 ~ S 2
- 1 9 -
test is made to determine if the characters received
are the control characters that switch the character
stream into caption mode. If this is true, then at
step 108 the caption mode is set active. If the
05 caption mode is active at step 106, step 109 then ;~
tests the received characters to determine if they ~ ~
are the control characters that switch the character ~;,. ~-
stream into text mode, i.e., to set caption mode not
active. If so, control again returns to step 103 ',.',!, "~",,',.,',"
after setting the caption mode not active at step
110. Control will proceed to step 111 only when
caption mode characters are being received. Step 111
tests to determine if the characters received include
the control codes to clear memory. If not, then
these characters form part of the current paragraph .i'''!'`' "'~ ''`'
and are added to the active buffer. However, before
adding the characters to the active buffer, step 112
tests to determine if these characters are the first
. .
characters in this paragraph; and, if they are, at
step 113 the active buffer is initialized with the
number of the port on the multiplexer 10 from which
these characters are read and the time of day at
,:.. ~:
which the characters are received. At step 114, the : :
characters received are added to the active buffer
and control then returns to step 103 to wait for the
next two characters. If the test at step 111 1 ~-
indicates that the control code to clear memory has
been received then the contents of the active buffer ;
represent a complete sensed paragraph. Before
transferring the contents of the active buffer, i.e., ;
the sensed paragraph, to the higher level task, a ;~
test is made at step 115 to determine if the active ,,'~
buffer is empty, since it is possible that the
character stream may contain sequential clear
. ~ .,, .: , ::
,.'.. :,.''.''.
~';~`
; j`; ` ~332~
~.
:
-- 20 --
- .
commands and it is preferable to avoid transfer of
empty active buffers to the higher level task. If
the active buffer is not empty, then at step 116 the
active buffer containing the paragraph just received ~
05 is transferred to the higher level task. ` `~`
Fig~ 5 is a flow chart for the software
algorithm or task 119 that is used to compare the
sensed paragraphs to the library of stored ;
paragraphs. Task 119 processes the data buffers that
are filled by and transferred from the module or task ~`
100. Task 119 processes the data buffers and ~ ,
releases them faster than task 100 can fill and `
transfer buffers to avoid build-up of a long data
buffer queue. Task 119 correlates the number of the
port being monitored on the multiplexer 10 to the
television channel being tuned by the tuner 6-6i.
Task 119 starts at step 120. At step 121, the task
initializes itself, creates and passes a pool of data
buffers to task 100, selects the port number to be
monitored on the multiplexer 10, and then transfers
control to task 100 at step 101. At step 122 it
monitors the pool of data buffers until one is
transferred from task 100. At step 123, the task 119
fetches the oldest available buffer in the queue. At
step 124, the buffer is examined for communication
errors j(parity checks); and if errors have occurred,
the buffer is returned to the pool at step 125 and
control returns to step 122. At step 126, data
compression transformation is performed on the
paragraph in the buffer to create a corresponding key
or compressed character string. At step 127, the
library is searched for a matching key and, if a
match is found, the commercial ID number is returned
from the matching key file in the library. If there
,
1 3 ~ 2 ~ ~ 2
- 21 - ~;~
is no match, control returns through step 125 to step
122. If a match is found, one additional test must ~ ~`
be made before making an entry in the data log. Each
commercial may include more than one closed `
05 captioning paragraph but it is desirable that the
system make only one entry in the data log for each
play of the commercial. Therefore, at step 129 a
test is made to determine if the match is for a; ;~
commercial ID that is current. If the match is not
on a current commercial, at step 130 an entry is made
in the data log and the current ID is set for the `~
commercial that was just identified. Then the buffer ~ -
is released at step 125 and the task returns to step
122 where it waits for a buffer to be ready. The
current ID is reset at step 130 after a new
commercial has been identified and cleared at step
131 whenever a match is not made on a valid paragraph. ~; ;;;
As stated previously, at step 130 after a ~ `
match is found, data is entered into a data log.
Preferably, the data that is collected includes an ID
number for the commercial, the station on which the ~ ~
commercial was broadcast, and the time at which it ~ `
was broadcast. Other information that may be
collected or maintained in the data log or database
is a title of the commercial, the length of the'~
commercial, and the category and brand and the name
of the manufacturer of the product being advertised.
It is to be understood that once started, module 119 ,;~
runs continuously until cancelled. Module 119 will -
continually process active buffers filled in module `,;
100 and release empty buffers to the pool (for use by `~-
module 100). Although not shown, it is to be further
understood that the data log created by module 119 is ,
preferably periodically interrogated and cleared. ~
.:':.',: '
~ . .~: '
~.
13~24~2 : - ~
- 22 -
One other function that the system 5
performs is the creation and maintenance of the
library of stored paragraphs, or data compression
keys and commercial ID numbers. In Fig. 1, a VCR 15
05 is preferably located at or near terminal 13. The ~ -
purpose of the VCR 15 is to generate (from video
tape) the caption mode paragraphs for the commercials
that the system is trained to recognize. The
composite output of the VCR is directed to a signal
processing module 16, the output of which is input to
the computer system via the multiplexer 10. An
operator enters the caption mode text for a
commercial into the library by playing a taped copy
of the commercial on the VCR while running a special
program on the computer. This program is called the
library input program.
The algorithm or task 139 for the library
input program is shown in Fig. 6. Task 139 starts at
step 140. At step 141 task 139 initializes itself
and starts the low level task 100 which reads the
characters and assembles the sensed paragraphs. This
task must also maintain a pool of data buffers which
are shared with the low level task 100. At step 142, ~;
the operator inputs ~via the keyboard of terminal 13)
the commercial ID number that is to be assigned to
this cqmmercial as well as any other information'
relevant to that commercial such as product category, ;~
manufacturer, agency, etc. At step 143, the operator
starts VCR 15 to play the tape of a commercial to be
"memorized" by computer 9. In the loop formed by
steps 144, 145 and 146, taslc 139 accepts buffers
until the tape is stopped. When the tape is stopped, ;~
the task 139 is allowed to proceed to step 147 where
the paragraphs in the buffers are checked for
.
1 3 3 2 4 6 2
- 23 -
, , :
communication errors (parity checks). If errors are
detected, the task terminates at step 150 rejecting
any library entry that is not perfect, preferably ;~
with a suitable error message for the operator. If
05 there are no errors, at step 151 the task 139
performs the character string compression on each of ~ -~
the paragraphs. At step 152, an entry is made in the ~ ; -
library for each of the compressed strings.
Other variation and improvements to the
present invention are possible within the scope of
the appended claims. While this description has been
directed specifically at identifying television
commercials, this system could be used for '
identifying any television broadcast programme. For
example, one possible variation and improvement to
the present invention might be to allow the system to
tolerate a small percentage of transmission errors. ~ ; ;
In the described embodiment at step 124 of Fig. 5, -
sensed paragraphs are discarded if they contain any ~:
parity errors (caused by transmission errors).
Alternatively, the system can be programmed to accept ; ;-~
some percentage of parity errors~ The match criteria ~ ;
in this case will not require an absolute match on a ~;
character by character basis but accept some small ~-
percentage of unmatched characters. , -
The invention is not to be taken as limited
to all of the details thereof as modifications and
variations thereof may be made without departing from
the spirit or scope of the invention.
''',' '''':~''',
