Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
2 ~
Patent Application of
CHACKO P. ZACHARIAH
for
ELEMENT AND ENERGY PRODUCTION DEVICE
Background - Field of Invention
This invention is a device, to produce energy and vario~us elements and
their isotopes, in which heavy hydrogen and its isotopes are forced to enter
heavy elements whose nuclei either contain odd number of nucleons, but ex-
cluding stable nucleon configurations, or are otherwise unstable;andnuclear
wastes when used as the heavy element can be recycled to safer materials.
Background - Description of Prior Art
Various experiments on low temperature fusion from the 1920'sa'b to the
presentC'd~x and numerous newspaper and television reports in the past few
weeks have brought to the forefront the science of fusion.
Fusion is the joining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.
There is a misconception that only deuterium (D), tritium (T~, Helium isotopes
(He, 3He, 4He), or lithium (Li) can fuse among themselves and that the by-
products of fusion have to be D,T,He,Li, neutron (n), proton (p), or an
electron (e), accompanied by some exothermic energy (exoenergic) release. This
is based on the hypothesis that only isotopes of hydrogen (H) can fuse
together.
The inventor concludedX that isotopes of H can fuse with many heavier
elements having odd number of nucleons in their nuclei , but excluding
stable nucleon configurations, or whose nuclei are otherwise
unstable , ~ at very low temperatures, to form heavier as well as higher
elements (of higher atomic number) and their isotopes accompanied by energy -
some exoenergic and some endoenergic. Fusion between atomic nuclei does take
place at various temperatures ranging from very low to extremely high temp-
eraturesX. So can fission, however, the temperature range may be narrower than
that of fusionX. When conditions are right H isotopes will fuse with various
elements including its own isotopes to form bigger atoms and their isotopes.
~ . .
* Refers to References listed at the end of Page # 7
-. .... .
f ~ ,. .
2~7~7~
Eventually, the fused atoms become too large and heavy ~ith numerous p,n, and
e and become less and less stable and start radioactive decay and/or become
easier taryets for fission, start fissioning off on impact with n and other
particles and form lighter nuclei and atoms .
No patents have been granted on these anywhere in the world to date to the
Inventor's knowledge.
Theory of Invention
At low temperatures,fusion is taking place in the lattice structure of the
heavier atoms (such as Al, Mg, Pd, etc.X) and other face-centered cubic space
lattices as well as other compactly packed lattices li~e compact hexagonal
space lattices. The atoms at each corner and face of the face-centered cubic
space lattice of Pd are oscillating at a particular frequency peculiar to Pd.
m e amplitude of oscillation of Pd atom is, however, dependent on the temper-
ature the lattice is subjected to. Amplitude of this oscillation is proportion-
al to a function of the temperature experienced by the lattice (from the
resistance heating of the cathode and / or the transfer of the kinetic energy
of the incoming particles to thennal energy at the cathode). So when the temp-
erature of Pd lattice increases, the amplitude of oscillation of the Pd atom
increases.
,1 ~
The dissociated D,T atoms and their ions enter the Pd lattice (through
electrolysis and other phenomena such as diffusion)X and begin filling the
interstitial spaces in the Pd lattice. When the amplitude of oscillation of the
heavy Pd atom gets higher it squeezes the D,T, etc. atoms and their ions in the
interstitial spaces and at the right conditions (when the amplitude of Pd atom
gets large enough to squeeze the D atom/ion and the space between the D and Pd
nuclei are on the order of magnitude of a few barns necessary for a fusion
cross section) fusion of Pd and D takes place. This is whyX low temperature
fusions start only some time after electrolysis or electropropulsion of the D/T
mixture towards the Pd plate had begun so as to heat the Pd lattice to required
temperature.
The larger radius of the heavier Pd nucleus ( ~ d) increases the geometrical
size of the target area (of the Pd nucleus) thus increasing its collision cross
section and, therefore, enables more fusion reactions. When the two charged
particles ~Pd & H isotope) approach each other,the coulomb repulsion forces
that are present are inversely proportional to the distance (r) between the
said two particles. However, the larger radius of the heavier nucleus lowers
Ç
.~
the coulomb repulsion force since the said force is inversely proportional to
the distance -Rpd
As the distance r decreases, the coulomb electrostatic potential increases.
But, when r approaches the sum of the radii of the two nuclei ( ~ d + ~) - i.e.,when the H isotope nucleus reaches near the boundary of the Pd nucleus - the
effects of the nuclear attraction forces begin to be felt strongly. These
nuclear attraction forces are short-range in nature and will be felt only in thevicinity of the nucleus unlike the coulomb repulsion forces. At a critical
distance r, say rc, these two forces - the coulomb repulsion force and the
nuclear attraction force - cancel each other, leaving zero net force ~etween thetwo approaching nuclei. When the distance r becomes less than rc ~ the short
range nuclear attraction force dominates and eventually the two nuclei fuse
together t~ form a heavier nucleus, thus enabling nuclear fusion to take place.
However, not all of the approaching nuclei fuse. From Wave Mechanics it can
be seen that some of the approaching nuclei are deflected (reflected), some are
transmitted through without fusing, some are absorbed and fused, and still
others are refracted and then later fused or transmitted out. The fused nucleus
may be a stable or unstable nucleus of an atom or isotope or a radioactive one.
If it is unstable it will emit radiation and will become stable eventually or
will further fuse and form still heavier stable or unstable nucleus and the
process continues. So these fusion reactions may be more precisely termed also
as exoenergic and endoenergic fusion reactions instead of exothermic and endo-
thermic fusion reactions respectively. i.e., Like reversing radioactive decay.
Further, neutron and proton separation (binding) energies are much lower for
the last odd-neutron and odd-proton in the nuclei compared to even-numbered
ones (which are more stable). The most stable nuclei have even-Z (Z = Mass
number) and/or even-N (N = number of neutrons in the nucleus) nucleons in their
nuclei. Such even-numbered nucleons have these N or A numbers - 2,8,10,14,20,28, 40, 50,82,126. Therefore, odd-numbered Z nuclei will facilitate easier
fusion at lower temperatures because of their lower binding (separation)
energies. That is, either odd-A and even-N or even-A and odd-N will give odd-Z
nucleus. Out of these, the odd-N and even-A is preferred because the odd-N in
the odd-Z nucleus has usually lower separation energies compared to the odd-A &
even-N in the odd-Z nucleus. This is because the odd-N in the odd-Z nucleus has
lower binding energy than the odd-proton in the odd-Z nucleus. When the heavy
nuclei become the most stable the reactions become extremely difficult to pro-
ceed further as these reactions will require very high energy levels and so
only very few nuclei with the stable number of nucleons can fuse at low levels ~.
r
.
:
2 ~
Abbreviations and Symbols
A Atomic number = the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom = A~ gN
= the subscript in numerals appearing on the left of symbol
Ay Silver
Al Aluminium
Au Gold
Be Beryllium = 4Be5
Cr Chromium
Cu Copper
D Deuterium = 2Dl = heavy Hydrogen,D2 = ~euterium Molecule, D20 = Heavy
e Electron Water
E Energy release = Negative to Zero to any amount positive depending on the
reaction (some are Exoenergic while others Endoenergic)
Fe Iron
H Hydrogen Atom = lH , H2 = Hydrogen Molecule , H20 = Water
He Helium Atom = 42He2 ~ Helium isotopes = 2He , 2He
Li Lithium = 3Li4
Mg Magnesium
n Neutron
N Neutron number = number of neutrons in the nucleus = subscript in numerals
. on the right of symbol
O Oxygen Atom, 2 = Oxygen Molecule
p Proton
Pd Palladium
Pt Platinum
r The distance between the centers of two likely charged particles
c Critical distance 'r' at which nuclear attraction force = coulomb repulsion
force
- R Radius of the nucleus, RH = radius of H nucleus, Rpd= radius of Pd nucleus
; T Tritium = lT2 , T2 = Tritium Molecule , T20 = Heavy Water = Radioactive
Ti Titanium Water
V Vanadium
Z Mass Number = Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus --A+NZn Zinc
Superscript '+' and '-' represent positive and negative ions respectively.
: Superscript small alphabets are references listed at end of page # 7
: . ' ,;. ' :
. ' ' ~
. ~ .
2~70~7~
, s
The neutron in the D nucleus is very loosely attached to the proton and the
proton-neutron (p-n) distance is very large, thus enabling much easier removal
of the neutron. A few of the possible and probable Pd - D reactions 2re:
Pd + D 16Pd + H + E (energy release) (1)
6Pd + p + e + E (2)
Ag + n + ~ (3)
~ 147Ag + E (4)
Further, fusion is much easier to take place at lower temperatures because
the H isotopes and the Pd atoms are not(necessarily)ionized and thus not behav-
- ing like charged particles in a plasma. So the coulomb electrostatic repulsion
between like -charged particles (ions) are either totally or virtually absent atthese low temperature fusions. Also at these low temperatures Pd atom may virtual-
ly adsorb a neutron (loosely bound) from the D atom and release a H atom withoutany ionization whatever. It is also possible to have the ionization of H isotopeand the fusion of the nuclei take place simultaneously on impact with the heavy
Pd atom. Other possible reactions include:
D ionizes to D + e + E (5)
5Pd + D + e - 107Ag + e + E (6)
7Ag+ + e ~ 147Ag + E (7)
, Thus, when the optimum conditions and temperatures are achieved, the amplitude
of oscillation of the Pd in the lattice gets virtually equal to half the inter-
stitial space (interatomic distance) in the lattice and if a H isotope gets in
the plane of the shortest distance between the two large Pd atoms, the H isotopewill fuse with the Pd atom as shown above. At which time the space between the
Pd and D nuclei will be a few barns, on the order of magnitude that iR required
~ for a fusion reaction.
$ Similar fusion reactions are possible with other heavier elements having odd
nu~ber of nucleons in their nuclei and these include: 427Ti, 429Ti, 254Cr,
~ 12Mg~ 29Cu~ 29Cu~ 360Zn~ 576Fe, 16Pd, 195pt, etc. H isotopes will fuse
s with Pt and fonm Pt and Au isotopes, Mg and H isotopes will give Mg and Al iso-
!s topes, Ti and H isotopes will give Ti and V isotopes, etc.
, ~
,
:~ . ' , ' . . , ~ '
, . ..... : . . ~ ' `. ,
,:' ;. ' ' ' ' ' ' :: '
2~7~ 7~
At these low temperatures, it is easier for fusion to tal~e place in compact-
ly packed lattice structure of heavier and larger atoms because the interstitialspaces are shorter and the smaller H isotopes are trapped in -those spaces.
Further, larger and heavier the lattice atoms, the larger will be the force of
impact on the H isotope, thus enabling easier fusion reaction. D and/or T can
fuse with Mg, Pt, Pd, etc; and give reaction products similar to the ones in
equations (1) through (7). Some of which are:
Mg + D r 162Mg + ~ + E (8)
1 ~ + n + E -- (9)
~ 12 ~ + E (10)
78Pt + D ~ 76Pt + H + E (11)
___. 198Pt + p + e + E (12)
176pt + p + E (13)
197Au + E . ( 14 )
'
Byproducts p,n, and e, if sufficient in number, could combine with other
similar byproducts and form He isotopes. mis is why various past experiments
have failed to observea'b many He isotopes and neutrons as byproducts, prov-
ing that not sufficient number of these byproducts remain free long enough for
the reaction:
2p + 2n + 2e ~ ~e (15)
This further shows that most of the p,n,e are fusing with the heavier nuclei
to form their isotopes as well as atoms of higher atomic number.
~ '
us you can see that every possible reaction is not exoenergic or exo-
thermic. Some are endoenergic or endothermic. This is why we ~ill find less
energy production from these reactions than that obtainable from high temper-
ature D-D and D-T and other lower element fusions and also fewer neutrons
and He as byproducts. Further, if impurities are present in the H isotope
mixture, anode, cathode, or nozzle, or other parts of the apparatus they could
fuse and, or, react with the byproducts.
In these low temperature fusion reaCtions, as you can see, some energy is
released. A~s reactions progress and more and more energy is released it heats
up the cathode (heavy ele~ents) and it expands. As the temperature of the Pd
(cathode) rises, the interstitial spacing (interatomic distance) of the Pd
'
~$
2~7~7~
atoms increases and the atoms become l003er and looser and finally too loose.
At this point, even the increased amplitude of oscillation of the Pd atom due
to the hiyher temperature is unable to compensate for the larger interstitial
spacing between the atoms to accomplish low temperature fusion. Therefore,
reactions stop or nearly cease after operating the system for some time. This
is a control mechanism which prevents continuous fusion and runaway fusion.
Thus, there is an optimum temperature for the Mg-D, Pd-D, Mg-T, and other
similar low temperature fusion reactions to occur. Below that temperature the
fusion reactions cannot take place because of lower amplitude of oscillation of
the heavier atom. Above that optimum temperature, as explained above, fusion
stops because of too much interstitial spacing. Thus, interstitial spacing is a
controlliny factor in low temperature fusion. The optimum temperature, however,
is different for each heavier element as well as for each H isotope, Be, Li,
etc.(ligh~ elements) and also for the particular reaction involved. This method
is like making "unstable teenage-adolescent~ into a "stable adult" nucleus.
The byproducts of these fusion reactions will also combine a~ong themselves
as well as with the heavier elements and any 0 (Oxygen) from the dissociated
electrolyte to form various oxides including those of Mg, Pd, etc. The oxidationand other reactions between the byproducts of fusion as well as with the
electrolyte will create hindrances for the fusion to continue undisturbed.
However, when more and more energy is released faster as more and more low
temperature fusion reactions take place, the heavy element (cathode) and the
electrolyte will become hotter and hotter and eventually could become high
enough to have D-D and D-T collisions overcome coulomb repulsion of D and T
ions and high-temperature D-D and D-T fusions can take place.
.~
Various elements are formed and fusion energy is definitely released in
these low temperature fusion reactions as explained above. How to produce them
is outlined on the following pages.
References - Superscript small letter alphabets
a. Peters,K. Naturewissenschaften 35, 746-747 (1925).
b. Paneth,F. & Peters, K. Naturewissenschaften 43, 956-962 (1926).
c. Fleischmann, M. & Pons,S. J.electroanalyt. Chem. 261, 301-308 (1989).
d. Jones, S.E. et.al/ Nature 338, 737-740 (1989).
x. Zachariah, Dr. Chacko P., 'Atomic Formation and Energy From Fusion AND
Effects of Fusion & Fission on: Ore Formation & Transport, Earthquakes &
Volcanoes, Mass Extinction of Species, Magnetic Reversals & Polar Wander,
.. ,. , . - : : '
- . .
.
' ' ; ~
2~7~7~
Underground & underwater Nuclear Weapon Testing, and Age of the Earth.'
(USA) Copyright 1989 Dr. Chacko P. Zachariah. All Rights Reserved.
Drawing Figures
Figure 1 shows electrolyte bath set up for fusion where anode is a lining.
Figure 2 shows electrolyte bath set up for fusion where anode is a coil.
Figure 3 shows electrolyte as fine spray propelled through a nozzle strik-
ing negatively charged heavy element (cathode) shaped as a flat
disc.
Figure 4 shows eletrolyte as fine spray propelled through a nozzle striking
negatively charged heavy element (cathode) shaped as curved disc.
Reference Numerals in Drawings
1 Electrolyte solution
, 2 Electrolyte tank
3C Anode as a coil
3L Anode as a lining
4 Cathode
5i Incoming tank coolant
Outgoing tank coolant
6i Incoming cathode coolant
6 Outgoing cathode coolant
7 Insulation
8 Lid for the tank
~` gi Incoming tank coolant
9 Outgoing tank coolant
Negatively charged heavy element (cathode) shaped as a curved disc
Negatively charged heavy element (cathode) shaped as a flat disc
11 Tank containing coolant attached to the heavy element (cathode) disc
12 Electrolyte as fine spray propelled through a nozzle (positively charged)
13 Nozzle used to propel electrolyte as a fine spray
.,
. .;
. ~
~,~
~;
.~ . . .
:~ ' . .
.,,~,~ .
:;; ~ ' ': ' '
.: :
'
9 2070~ s ~
Description of Equipment
Figures l ~ 2 show an electrolyte (1) inside a tank (2). A coolant comes
in (5i) and passes through the tan}c walls cooling the tank (2), electrolyte(l),
and the anode (3L,3~) and the coolant exits(5) removing the heat,and the said
coolant is then sent to a power plant for recovering the thermal energy and
converting it to electrical and other types of energies. In Figure l, the anode
(3 ) is in the shape of a lining placed inside the tank (2) and electrically
insulated from the tank and the cathode (4). In Figure 2, the anode has the
shape of a coil (3C) and is electrically insulated from the cathode (4) and the
tank (2). The cathode (4) has the shape of a hollow cylinder and is placed in-
side the tank (2). m e cathode is electrirally insulated (7) from the said tankand the anode. Both ends of the said cathode protrude out of the tank. m rough
the hollow cathode (4) a coolant is passed from one end (6i) (incoming) to the
other end (6)(outgoing) which coolant cools the cathode (4) and removes the
energy generated at the cathode. m e said cathode coolant is also sent to nuclear
power plant for recovering the thermal energy in the coolant. The said cathode
can have other shapes as well, such as hexagonal, round, coil, rectangular,
flat, or curved plate, solid or hollow, cyLindrical, etc. The anode can also
have similar shapes, besides (3C & 3L). The tank has a lid (8).
In Figures 3 ~ 4, the tank (11) is cooled by a coolant coming in (9i), cool-
ing the tank and the cathode (lOF,10C) and exitting (9) after removing the heatand this thermal energy in the coolant is recovered in a power plant where it is, converted to elec~rical energy, etc. In Figure 3, the cathode has the shape of a
flat plate (10 ) while in Figure 4 the cathode has the shape of a curved plate
(concave) (10C). rrhe cathodes can also have other shapes as well, such as convex
~ ;~ curves, cylindrical, or rotating cylinder, etc. m e anode (13), which is in the
j shape of a nozzle, propels the electrolyte as a fine spray (12) on to the
cathode (lOC, lOF). ~he anode can also be in the form of a lining inside the
said nozzle and also can have other shapes as well. The cathode (10C,lOF) is
electrically insulated (7) from the tank (11) and the anode (13). m e anode is
also electrically insulated from the tank.
For operation, the anode (3C,3L,13) is connected to the positive terminal of
s~ a Direct Current (d.c.) po~er supply and the cathode (4,10C,lOF) to the negative
~ terminal and sufficient d.c.voltage is applied. All anodes and cathodes can also
i~ be rotating or mD~ing around (for uniform structure) instead of being
stationary. m e equipment in all Figures - 1,2,3,and 4 - when operating is
kept inside a shield to prevent radiation.
:, .
~...
s
.~ .
':,
~; -
.
lo 2~7~ ~ 7~
C L
The anode (3 ,3 ,13) is made of a suitable element such as Ag, Cu, Pt, Au,etc. The anode can also be made of suitable chemical compound comprising any or
a combination of the above elements along with other suitable elements so as to
minimize the various hindrances to fusion and other side effects mentioned on
page 7.
The material for the cathode (4,10C,lOF) is selected rom a group compris-
ing oE odd number of neutrons (i.e., odd-N) and odd nun~er of total nucleons
in the atomic nuclei of the elements and otherwise unstable nuclei. Such
elements include: 1252Mg~ 630Zn, 422Ti, 4292Ti, 524Cr, 526Fe, 146Pd, l75Pt, etc. The
best cathode material has in its nuclei odd-Z, odd-N, and even-A. Nuclei with
odd-A and even-N giving odd-Z nucleons are also suitable, but they are not as
efficient as the odd-N & odd-Z combination given above. Odd-A ~ odd-N can also
be employed as cathode material, but they are much less efficient. However,any
nuclei having even-N or A numbers - 8,10,14,20,28,40,50,82,126 should be
excluded. The cathode material may be treated with other chemical compounds or
combined with other suitable chemical compounds to minimize the various sid~e
effects and hindrances to fusioh mentioned earlier on page 7. Elements with
nuclei having all combinations of nucleons are suitable except the most
stable ones stated above as these stable ones require very high energy levels
for fusion.
The said cathode can also be made o~ material comprising highly hazardous
and dangerous radioactive and other unstable nuclear, chemical, and toxic
waste materials which can be "recycled" by this device resulting in energy
production (during this process) as well as less hazardous and more stable
products (as the used cathode), some o~ which can be recycled while the
remainder can be discarded more safely than what is done presently worldwide;
thus enabling the highly hazardous waste to be recycled to safer (and more
stable) materials while obtaining energy~i.e., in effect rever3-in~-~adioactivity.
The electrolyte (1,12) can be heavy water (D20) or co~binations o~ D20
T20 (radioactive water), H20, D2, D, T2, T, H, H2, ~e, and Li (light
elements). However, electrolyte containing only D20 or T20 are very
very suitable. In Figures 3 & 4, the electrolyte (12) is propelled by the anode
j nozzle (13) on to the cathode (10C,lOF). This is analogus to Magnetohydrodyna-
mic propulsion. In Figures 3 & 4, the electrolyte (12) can also be just D,D2,or
H isotopes, seeded or unseeded with positive ions or other suitable conducting
` material, and propelled through the nozzle (13) on to the negative cathode (lOC,
lO~) in a fashi~n ~imilar to ~a netohydro~iynmmic ~M~D) propulsion.
,
x
207~17~
, 11
In Figures 3 ~ 4, the electrolyte(l2) could also be either a neutron or
proton beam and propelled through the nozzle (13),seeded or unseeded with ions
(positive) or other suitable seed material, to the cathode (lOF,10C).
Operation
When sufficient D.C. (direct current) Voltage is applied to the anode and
the cathode, electrolysis begins and the dissociated D and T atoms, molecules,
and ions enter the cathode~s interstitial spaces and at the right conditions
fusion occurs zs e~lained earlier. Energy is produced and some of the cathode
(heavy) element chanses to an element of higller atomic number (A) or to an
isotope of the same element, etc. as stated earlier. Some fusion also occurs
between the lighter nuclei as mentioned earlier. In the cases where, (i) D2 ,D
(or other H isotopes) (seeded or unseeded)propelled at the negative cathode,
and, (ii) the neutron or proton beams (seeded or unseeded) propelled at the
negative cathode, fusion takes place : (a) when the D, D2, Nucleon (p or n) .
enter the cathode~s interstitial spacing and fuse with the heavier cathode
lattice atoms, and (b) among the lighter nuclei of D, p,n,e, etc. present in
the interstitial spaces. The cathode is heated by both the transfer of the
kinetic energy of the im2inging D2 atoms/molecules as well as the neutron and
; electron beams and the resistance heating when the said particles enter the
cathode.
s;~ When fusion takes place so~e energy (E) is released as explained earlier
and some of the cathode atoms fuse and oecome heavier isotopes of the cathode
element or the nèxt higher element ( higher atomic number). Some of the
lighter nuclei also fuse among themselves to form higher elements of the fus-
i ing nuclei. The energy generated is transferred to the coolant which carries
it to a power plant where the thermal energy in the coolant is converted to
electrical and other types of energy. The coolant further helps in cooling the
s cathode and lowering the temperature of the cathode so as to enable more and
~, ` longer fusion reactions rather than a faster cut-ofP of the fusion reactions
~ from the larser interstitial spacing from a hotter cathode. When the cathode
;~ sets saturated or nearly saturated with the higher elements and their isotopes
from fusion, the cathode is removed and the new element and isoto2es are re-
covered and a fresh neu cathode is installed in its place.
~`''' ,
. . .
?
,~;
'~; ' ' '
;;
k
`~:
.,.
~7~
12
The said cathode can also be made of material comprising highly hazardous
and dangerous radioactive and other unstable nuclear, chemical, and toxic
waste materials which can be ~'recycled~' by this device resulting in energy
production (during this process) as well as less hazardous and more stable
products (as the used cathode), some of which can be recycled while the
remainder can be discarded more safely than what is done presently worldwide;
thus enabling the highly hazardous waste to be recycled to safer (and more
stable) materials while obtaining energy -like reversing radioactive decay.
The D.C. (direct current) voltage can also be applied as sharp pulses of
higher voltage after smaller doses of continuous lower voltage is applied so as
to achieve fusion. The inventor had conc1udedX that similar reactions occur on
earth, planets, and other celestial bodies and the electrical charge is very
similar to lightning and other charges moving underneath the earth.
Thus any device where Deuterium or lighter nuclei, neutron,or proton is
electrically forced (induced) to enter the cathode made of elements having in
their heavy nuclei an odd number of nucleons (mostly odd-N, odd-Z , and
excluding the nuclei with stable nucleon configurations, etc. ) or
which nuciei are otherwise unstable, the low temperature fusion occurs and
the energy released is removed using a coolant and converted to other useful
forms of energy. This fusion also gives newer elements (higher A) and isotopes
of the heavy cathode element which are recovered from the cathode.
Summary, Ramifications, and Scope
As we can see when an electrolyte IOE composition stated below) is elect-
rically forced (induced) to enter a negative cathode usiny a positive anode,
fusion takes place in the cathode at low temperatures producing energy and
higher elements and heavier isotopes of the cathode atoms. The said electro-
lyte can be any of the following: (a) heavy water of deuterium (D20), (b)
radioactive water T20 or co~binations of D20, H20, T~O, Be, and Li, (c) D2,D
(or other H isotopes 1ike T,T2) seeded or unseeded (with positive ions and
other suitable seed material for propelling them at the cathode from an anode
nozzle),and (d) Neutron and proton (n and p) beams seeded or unseeded (with
positive ions and other suitable seed material for propelling them at the
cathode from an anode nozzle). D20 is available in plenty in sea water.
~ ~ .
2~70~7~
13
The said anode, which is the positive terminal, is selected from a group
comprising of elements such as Ag, Cu, Pt, Au, etc. and also suitable
chemical compounds of said elements which reduce hindrances to fusion and
other side effects.
m e said cathode, which is the negative terminal, is selected from a
group comprising of odd-N and odd-Z number of nucleons as well as all other
combinations of the nucleons in the nuclei which make the nuclei less
stable. However, nuclei having even-N, or A nu~bers 8,10,14,20,28,40,50,
82,& 126 are unsuitable as they are very stable and,therefore, require very
hiyh energy levels for low temperature fusion. The cathode material may also
be treated with various chemical compounds or combined with suitable
chemical compounds to minimize the various side effects and hindrances to
fusion.
'
The said cathode can also be made of material comprising highly hazardous
and dangerous radioactive and other unstable nuclear, chemical, and toxic
waste materials which can be "recycled" by this device resulting in energy
production (during this process) as well as less hazardous and more stable
products (as the used cathode), some of which can be recycled while the
remainder can be discarded more safely than wl~at is done presently worldwide;
thus enabling the highly hazardous waste to be recycled to safer (and more
stable) materials while obtaining energy - like reversing radioactive decay.
. :
:-.
The said anode and cathode can have various shapes and sizes as well as can
be stationary or moving. m e direct current (D.C.) applied to the anode and
cathode can be continuous or sharp pulses of higher voltage after smaller
doses of continuous current. m e energy produced is removed through the coolant
which also prolongs the fusion reactions by cooling the cathcde and the anode.
The newer elements and heavier isotopes formed in the cathode are recovered
for use.Invention in effect makes an "unstable teenage-adolescent" nucleus
into a "stable adult" nucleus.
~- Although the description above contains many specificities, these should not
; be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing
illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention.
Thus the scope of the invention should be determined also by the appended
claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the examples given.
'::
~`
~,................ . .
$
.,. `.
.~ .
