Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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1
TITLE OF THE INVENTION:
Slow Sand Filter for Use with Intermittently
Flowing Water Supply and Method of Use Thereof
NAr~E of Ia~vENTO~,:
David H. Manz
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to slow sand filters,
and their method of use.
CLAIP3 TO COPYRIGHT
A portion of the disclosure of this patent
document contains material which is subject to
copyright protection. The copyright owner has no
objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of
the patent document, as it appears in the Patent
Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves
all copyright rights whatsoever.
BACKGROUND AND 5tIMNARY OF THE TNVENTTON
Slow sand filters are known to be effective
in removing bacteria, parasites, Giardia cysts,
Cryptosporidium oocysts and viruses. While bacteria,
parasites and viruses may be killed or rendered
inactive with disinfection, dormant cysts and oocysts
are very resistant to disinfection unless disinfectant
is administered very intensively. Slow sand filters
may be used to supply clean water directly for
consumption or may be used to supply water for further
treatment, such as by reverse osmosis and ultra-
filtration, both of which processes require quite
clean water to begin with.
2
In the prior art, slow sand filters are
known that require a continuous water supply, and that
are intended for use with continuously flowing water.
Such a prior art slow sand filter is described in
United States patent no. 5,032,261 to Pyper. The slow
sand filter includes a container partially filled with
sand. The slow sand filter is provided with a water
inlet and water outlet. Water continuously flows
through the sand at ~ rate of about or slightly over
0.08m/hour, with the sand providing a filter effect
for the flowing water. In addition, when the sand is
immersed in the flowing water for several days, a
biolayer forms at the top of the sand. This layer is
referred to ws a schmutzdeuke, which is formed from
various organisms such as algae, plankton, diatoms,
protozoa and bacteria. The schmutzdeuke entraps and
partially digests and breaks down organic matter
container in the raw water passing through the filter.
The organic matter accumulates on the schmutzdeuke and
simple inorganic salts are formed. At the same time,
inert suspended particles in the raw water are removed
mechanically.
Such slow sand filters are not, however,
effective where the water supply is intermittent, such
as at country cottages, which limits the utility of
prior art slow sand filters. In such cases, the water
in prior art slow sand filters becomes stagnant and
the schmutzdeuke dies. The inventor has discovered
that by maintaining the static water level above the
top of the sand (or other filter material) above a
minimum depth, such that the schmutzdeuke does not dry
out or be disturbed by the incoming water supply, and
below a maximum depth, such that the schmutzdeuke is
not killed by stagnant water, the schmutzdeuke may be
ww
3
preserved and the effectiveness of the slow sand
filter maintained even where the supply of water is
intermittent. The static water level, or maintenance
level, is the water level in the slow sand filter
while it is not being operated, that is, not being
used to supply water.
One such intermittently operating slow sand
filter uses the damming of water in a raised pipe to
provide a constant maintenance level of water in a
slow sand filter container. The container includes a
water inlet and outlet, and is partially filled with
sand or other filter material. A pipe from the water
outlet in the slow sand filter is raised upward to the
desired level of water over the sand before descending
to a water reservoir. Water backs up in the pipe arid
the container to the desired level above the top of
the sand, even when the flow of water is intermittent.
The schmutzdeuke forms at the top of the filter
medium. The water level in such a manually operated
slow sand filter, using fine quartz sand as the filter
medium, and at ambient temperatures ( about 21 °C ) is
maintained above about 1 cm above the top of the
filter medium and below about 8 cm above the top of
the slow sand filter.
In another such intermittently operating
slow sand filter, the water level is maintained
automatically when not being used at a desired
maintenance level, and otherwise is kept in a desired
range of levels above the top of the sand (or other
filter material) in a partially filled container.
Automatic control is provided by a control system that
senses the water level in the slow sand filter. The
supp7.y of water may be from a pump or from a gravity
flow controlled by a valve. During times when water is
4
not being taken from the slow sand filter, the water
level is maintained at a desired maintenance level,
within a range such as specified above for the
manually operated slow sand filter.
The water from an automatic intermittently
operating slow sand filter ~.s preferably supplied to
a reservoir. Water level in the reservoir may also be
controlled within a desired range using upper and
lower level limit detectors and a valve on an outlet
line from the container to the reservoir.
s~xs~ ~~s~~a~pz~oN ~F Txs n~rwarr~s
There will now be described preferred
embodiments of the invention, with reference to the
drawings, by way of illustration, in which like
numerals denote like elements and in which:
Fig. 1 is a side section schematic of a
manually operated intermittently operaring slow sand
filter according to the invention in resting
condition;
Fig. 2 is a side view schematic of the top
of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 in operating
condition;
Fig. 3 is a side view schematic of an
automatically operated intermittently operating slow
sand filter according to the invention;
Fig. ~ is a detail of a diffusor plate
holder for use in the apparatus of Fig. 3;
Fig. 5 is a top plan view of a diffusor
plate for use,in the apparatus of Fig. 3;
Fig. 6 is a side view of the diffusor plate
of Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 is a fluid flow schematic of the
apparatus shown in Fig. 3; and
;:-.
.;
Fig. 8 is a control system schematic for use
with the apparatus shown in Fig. 3
D~~~aL~~ n~s~~rp~z~~a of PREg~~~~n Ergs~niM~~a~rs
5 Referring to Figs. 1 and 2, there is shown
a manually operated slow sand filter for use with an
intermittent supply of water. The unit is intended,
for example, for stand alone use in a person's
dwelling. The slow sand filter includes a watertight
container l2 having an upper portion 14 and a lower
portion 16. The container 12 is supported on a base or
support l3. The container 12 is preferably about 1 m
to 1.2 m high and of variable cross-section, though
for household use may have a diameter of about 40 cm.
The container 12 may be made of PVC, concrete or other
material suitable for containing potable water. The
upper portion 14 of the container Z2 is covered by a
cover 18, which should completely cover the open top
of the container 12. to prevent dust and other debris
from accidentally entering the container 12. The open
top .of tl~e container 12 forms a water inlet, which
allows water to be poured into the open top of the
container. The lower portion 16 of the container 12 is
filled to a depth of 40 cm or mare with fine washed
quartz sand 20, or other filter material suitable for
use with slow sand filters (as for example described
in United States patent no. 5, 032, 261 ) . A water outlet
22 is formed in the lower portion 16 of the container
12. The water outlet 22 includes an underdrain layer
of gravel 24 underlying the sand 20, arid a perforated
pipe 26 lying within the gravel 24 and extending out
through a hole in the lower portion 16 of the
container 12. The pipe 26 is a perforated PVC pipe of
about 12 mm diameter, as are all the pipes described
6
here, with 3 mm diameter holes spaced 25 mm between
centers along the bottom of the perforated pipe. The
pipe 26 is sealed at one end with a 12 mm PVC cap 27.
The gravel 24 is preferably washed 19 mm quartz gravel
or the like. The pipe 26 is embedded in the gravel 24
with a depth of about 5 cm of gravel above the crown
of the pipe 26.
Water in the container 12 is maintained at
a minimum level above the top 21 of the sand 20
ZO preferably in the range 1 cm to 8 cm above the top of
the sand, with the water in the container at ambient
temperature (that is, is not heated), as for example
21°C, and ambient pressure (atmospheric pressure). The
lower water level is selected to prevent drying of the
sohmutzdeuke or its disturbance from water falling
onto the top of the water standing in the container.
The upper water level is selected to prevent
stagnation of the water during periods of intermittent
supply. By stagnation is meant the condition in which
the water at the level of the schmutzdeuke becomes so
deprived of oxygen that the schmutzdeuke dies. The
actual upper level is believed to depend in part on
the type of filter medium, and the ambient
temperature, and is readily experimentally
determinable. The range of l cm to 8 cm is known to be
beneficial for fine quartz sand at 21°C. In general,
the lower the water level the better. Hence, the range
1 cm to 5 cm is preferred. The water level may be
maintained by' extending the pipe 26 out from the water
outlet upward to the desired level as indicated at
invert 28 of pipe 26. The water level so maintained is
indicated at 30. This water level 30 is maintained
when the filter is not being operated, that is, when
the filter has not just been replenished with raw
water, known as the resting condition. During
operation, the water level will rise, as indicated in
Fig. 2, and gradually reduce to the desired level 30
as the filtered water drains through the sand 20 into
the pipe 2s. Filtered water is collected in a bucket
or other suitable potable water reservoir 32. Under
such conditions, a schmutzdeuke forms in the top layer
21 of the sand.
When water is added to the container 12
during operation, it may disturb the schmutzdeuke
unless added carefully. To prevent disturbance of the
schmutzdeuke it is preferable to include a diffuser
plate 34 secured by any suitable means such as that
shown in Fig. 4 to the container 12 above the top 21
of the sand 20. The diffuser plate 34 is perforated
with 2 mm holes spaced about 1 cm. apart and is located
about 10 cm above the sand, at least higher than the
desired water level 30. Water entering the container
12 during operation initially accumulates above the
diffuser plate 34 and gradually percolates onta the
schmutzdeuke without disturbing it.
Tn operation, the container 12 will normally
be filled with water to the desired level 30 and the
schmutzdeuke will be alive. To operate the filter, the
cover 18 is removed and x~aw water poured into the
container l2. Filtered water will immediately begin
flowing into the potable water reservoir 32. The water
will continue to drain from the filter until the level
of the water above the schmutzdeuke is below the
bottom o~ the drain pipe invert 28. Maintenance is
required when the schmutzdeuke develops into a layer
thick enough that it redures flow rate through the
filter below acceptable levels. Maintenance consists
of removing the schmutzdeuke and 1 or 2 cm of sand.
8
The filter can be expected to be back in operation 1
day after being cleaned.
Referring to Figs. 3 to 8, there is shown an
automatically operated slow sand filter for use with
an intermittent supply of water. The unit is intended,
for example, for providing a continuously available
supply of filtered water to household faucets without
householder participation. The slow sand filter
includes a watertight container 42 having an upper
portion 44 and a lower portion 46 of like construction
and size to the container 12, and having a similar
cover 48. A pipe 49 passes through the wall of the
container 42 in its upper portion 44 and forms a raw
water inlet or intake. The lower portion 46 of the
container 42 is filled to a depth of 40 cm or more
(for example 61 cm) with .filter material 50, similar
to the filter material 20. A water outlet 52 is formed
in the lower portioxi 46 of the container 42. The water
outlet 52 includes an underdrain layer of gravel 54
underlying the sand 50, and a perforated pipe 56 with
end cap 57 lying within the gravel 54 and extending
out through a hole in the lower portion 46 of the
container 42. The gravel 54 arid sand 50 are preferably
separated with a geomembrane 53. The outlet 52 is
constructed in like manner to the outlet 22 with pipe
56 leading to a potable water reservoir 62 (shown in
Figs. 7 and 8) . Preferably, the pipe 56 is embedded in
at least 10 cm of gravel 54. The rate of flow through
the raw water intake 49 must be greater 'than the
maximum rate of flow through the filter sand 50.
When water is added to the container 42
during operation, it may disturb the schmutzdeuke
unless added carefully. To prevent disturbance of the
schmutzdeuke it is preferable to include a diffuser
.:
9
plate 64, shown in Figs. 4, 5 and 6. The diffuser
plate 64, is perforated as the plate 34, with holes 65
and secured as shown in Fig. 4 with bolt 66, nut 67
and washers 68 to the container 42 above the top 51 of
the sand 50. The diffuser plate 64 is located about 3
cm above the top 51 of the sand 50, and 5 mm above the
minimum water level ML (also referred to as the
maintenance water level) and must be capable of
distributing water at a rate greater than the raw
water supplied to the filter container. Water entering
the container 42 during operation gradually percolates
onto the schmutzdeuke without disturbing it.
In the upper portion 44 of the container 42,
pipe 70 extends through the wall of the container 42
and is fitted with a drain 71 and air vent 72. Pipe 70
is at the same level as pipe 49. Pipe 70 with drawin
71 acts as an emergency drain and must have the same
capacity as the pipe 49. The air vent 72 must be of
sufficient capacity to allow air in the filter to
escape while the container 42 is being filled with raw
water, and to enter the filter when water is being
drained from the Filter. Air in the upper portion 44
of the filter should be at atmospheric pressure.
Referring now to Figs. 7 and 8, water flow
from the container 42 to potable water reservoir 62
along pipe 56 is controlled by means such as ball
valve 74 and solenoid valve 76. Pipe 56 is formed by
three lengths of 12 mm PVC tubing joined at unions 78,
and solenoid valve 76 is located tin the central
section of the tubing: The final section of tubing
leads into potable water reservoir 62. The potable
water reservoir 62 is sized to contain a water supply
sufficient for normal use. Flow from the potable water
reservoir 62 may be via drain line 80 and ball valve
,y
~i~~(iC~~
81, or by distribution system 82 on line 83.
Distribution system 82 is isolated from the potable
water reservoir by a ball valve. 84 on line 83, and
provides potable water for use or to the raw water
5 reservoir 88. Distribution of the water is driven by
pump 86 secured on line 83 between unions 85. Water
from the pump 86 may be returned along line 87 leading
to raw water reservoir 88 under control of solenoid
valve 89 on line 87 when required to freshen the
10 filter, or along a continuation of line 83 to lines 90
and 9~. where potable water may be made available from
valves {faucets) 92. Water is supplied from the raw
water reservoir 88 to the container 42 using pump 93
on intake line 49. If the raw water reservoir 88 is
elevated above the container 42, the feed pump 88 may
be replaced by a solenoid valve. The feed pump 88 or
solenoid valve constitute a water inlet control means
for controllably supplying water to the water inlet
line. The drain 71 may be returned directly to the raw
water reservoir 88 or to waste.
Control of water levels in the container 42
and in the potable water reservoir 62 is accomplished
using the water flow controls Gust described and water
level detectors in 'the container 42 and potable water
reservoir 62. The water level detectors in the
container 42 detect the following levels: maintenance
level ML, 25 mm above 'the top 51 of the sand 50; high
level alarm SHLA, 18 cm above the top 51; stop feed
pump SFP, 15 cm above the top 51; and start feed pump
STFP, 50 mm above the top 51 of the sand 50. The
levels are shown in Fig. 8. To maintain the
schmutzdeuke, the water level must be maintained
during periods of nan-use at or near the maintenance
level ML. The maintenance level ML is selected
~::;~,
11
according the criteria described above for the
manually operated slow sand filter.
Water levels in the potable water reservoir
62 are detected by detectors that 'detect the following
levels: high level alarm RHLA; 25 mm from the top 96
of the reservoir 62; stop reservoir flow SRF, 75 mm
from the top 96 of the reservoir 62; start reservoir
flow STRF, 200 mm from the top 96 of the reservoir 62;
and distribution pump cutoff DPC, 50 mm from the
bottom 98 of the reservoir 62, above the outlet lines
80 and 83. The initials refer to the levels shown in
Fig. 8: The detectors are shown schematically at the
levels.
When water is used, water must be pumped
from the potable water reservoir 62 and this water
replaced. The following description describes the fill
cycle for 'the potable water reservoir 62. 6Vhen water
is used from the lines 90 and 91, the distribution
pump 86 is automatically turned an and off as required
forcing water from the reservoir 62 along line 83 to
one of lines 90 and 91 (there may be other lines
similar to 90 and 91). The water level in the potable
water reservoir 62 will then drop. When the water in
the potable water reservoir drops to STRF, solenoid
valve 89 a.s turned on and the feed pump 93 is started.
The feed pump 93 will supply water to the container 42
faster than it can be drained out through line 56 ,
causing th~ water level in the container 42 to rise.
When the water level reaches SFP, the feed pump 93 is
turned off, stopping 'the flow of water into the
container 42. Water in the container 42 will continue
to flow into the pipe 56 and into the reservoir 62
until the SFP level is reached in the container 42.
Then the feed pump 93 is turned on again. This cycle
...;:\
12
is then repeated as required to fill the potable water
reservoir 62.
When the water in the potable water
reservoir 62 reaches SRF due to supply of water from
container 62 on line 56, the feed pump 93 is stopped
but solenoid valve 76 stays open.
It is desirable to drain the container to
the maintenance level ML during times when the potable
water supply is not being used, since this is the
optimum Tevel for the prolongation of the life of the
schmutzdeuke, and the following procedure, which forms
part of the potable water reservoir fill cycle,
accomplishes this. The water level in the potable
water reservoir 62 is allowed to reach RHLA through
draining of filtered water from the container 42 and
when this level is reached, solenoid valve 89 is
opened to drain the potable water reservoir. When the
water level in 'the potable water reservoir 62 reaches
SRF, solenoid valve 89 is closed.,Water then continues
to drain through line 56 from the container 42 and
these steps are repeated as. required until the water
level in the container 42 reaches ML, at which paint
the solenoid valve 76 is closed. This concludes the
potable water reservoir fill cycle.
When water is not used from the potable
water reservoir 62 for 24 hours, it is desirable to
refresh the reservoir water (refresh cycle). Valve 89
is opened allowing patable water to drain into the raw
water reservoir 87 until the level of water in the
potable water reservoir 62 reaches STRF, at which
point valve 89 is closed.
If water in the container 42 reaches SHLA
(water level too high in the container 42), it must be
reduced using the following potable water reservoir
,' ~~~ a~~~
high level reduction Cycle, The feed pump e~ i$ turned
off until the grater level i.n the container 42 reduces
to level ML and valve 89 is opened mntil the water
level, in the potabl~ water reservoir reduces to STRF.
The level of the watHr ,in the container 42 vril~. then
be at ML and the potable water reservoir fill cycle
may then be started.
if the water level in the potable water
reaexvair 62 reaches DPC, the ~r~tAr 1eV~1 in the
potable water reservoir ~~ must be increased, by
6i.Ytlply turn~.rit~ off th8 distribntinn pump 86 until the
water level in the potable neater reservoir E2 reaches
STR.k' .
The alc~e~rithms so described are implemented
iri a Controller 100 connected to receive sic~nal~s from
each of the detectors and °~o cor~t~z~ol the pumps ~6 and
93 arid each of they va~lv~es. The cc~ntrollar may beg a
programmable logic contro~,ler (gLC) such as m~del
number 174'7-.~,2GlGjF l2-.DC SNR S--Ri~'Y available f~~om
2Q Al.le~rt Bradley Co. , programmed aGCarding to the
rxoftwx~re atta4hed hereto acs schedule AP nr may be a
CpL1 (f0~' exempla, Microchip PIC16C5a/57 VLS~
casitrollers ) p~r~agxammed in life manner. The ~es~fterar~e
carries out the process control steps described in
th~.~a patent , doCUment a~xd oould be readily pragramrnnd
by an~r sk~~,lled pragra~mamer from the description in this
patent daCUmerat~. T'hs c,ontrollc~r prcwideA signals to
the pumps and valves to aantrol their operation and
maintain tho water le~rr~la at daaxred levels.
3U A gor~on skilled iz~ the art could make
imtnateriaZ ~aodx~iaatione to the invention de,siribed
and claimed in th~.s patent without departing fxom the
o~s~nce of the irr~rcnt~.c~n.
Ap~~~m
copyright, @ ~,~93 Univexsity T~ohnologa.~e rnternationgl Inc.
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