Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR
CONTROLLING TRANSLATION OF HCV PROTEINS
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to compositions and methods for controlling the
translation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins. HCV has been referred to as
blood-home non-A, non-B hepatitis virus (NANBV) infection. More specifically,
embodiments of the present invention feature compositions and methods for the
control and regulation of HCV translation in vivo. The compositions and
methods
have applications for decreasing or increasing HCV replication, and decreasing
or
increasing the expression of HCV proteins.
Back~~round of the Invention
The prototype isolate of HCV was characterized in EPO Publication Nos.
318,216; 388,232. As used herein, the term "HCV" includes new groups,
genotypes
and isolates of the same viral species. The team "HCV-1" is used in the same
sense
as in EPO Publication No. 318,216.
HCV is a transmissible disease distinguishable from other forms of
viral-associated liver diseases, including that caused by the known hepatitis
viruses.
i.e.. hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus ((HBV), and delta hepatitis
virus
(HDV), as well as the hepatitis induced by cytomegaloviaus (CMV) or Epstein-
Barn
virus (EBV). HCV was first identif ed in blood-transfused individuals. Post-
transfusion hepatitis (PTH) occurs in approximately 10 ~ of transfused
patients, and
HCV accounts for up to 909b of these cases. The disease frequently progresses
to
chronic liver damage (25-559&).
There presently exists a great need to control the translation process with
respect to viral nucleic acids. Control of the translation process may
constitute an
effective therapy for viral disease. By way of example, without limitation,
the ability
to decrease the expression of viral proteins may limit the disease. The
ability to
~ O 9.1/0800?
2
increase the expression of viral proteins in vivo may give rise to strong
immune
stimulation. The ability to increase the expression of viral proteins may also
produce
greater amounts of viral proteins which can be more readily purified.
The HCV genome is comprised of a single positive strand of RNA. A
schematic representation of the HCV genome is depicted in Figure 1. The HCV
genome possesses a continuous, translational open reading frame (ORF) that
encodes
a polyprotein of about 3,000 amino acids. In the ORF,, the structural
protein(sj
appear to be encoded in approximately the first quarter of the N-terminal
region, with
the remainder of the polyprotein responsible for encoding non-stmctural
proteins.
Tfie HCV genome has an area at the 5' end which is not known to translate
an roteins or 1
Y P po ypeptides. The region is referred to as the 5' untranslated region
(5'UT region or S'-UTR) or the 5' leader region.
The 5'UT region contains up to five upstream ORFs, the first four of which
are overlapping in HCV-1, the prototype HCV isolate (Choo et al., "Genetic _
organization and diversity of the hepatitis C virus," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci
USA
( I 991 ) $$:245 I -2455; Han et aI. , "Characterization of terminal regions
of hepatitis C
viral RNA: Identification of conserved sequences in the 5' untranslated region
and
poly(A) tails at the 3' end,°' Pros. Natl. Acad Sci (USA) (1991) ~:17I1-
1715). The
5'UT region is homologous in nucleotide sequence to pestiviruses (Han et al.).
Primer extension analysis has revealed that two prominent species of HCV
RNA exist in samples derived from infected patients (Han et al.). One of the
species
is longer, and is presumed to be full-length genomic RNA. The longer. full-
length
genomic RNA has a 5' terminus which is predicted to form a hairpin structure
(Han
et al.; Inchauspe et al., Abstract, Third International Symposium on HCV, V.
19,
Strasbourg, France, 1991; Okamoto et al., "Nucleotide sequence of the genomic
RNA
of hepatitis C vims isolated from a human carrier: Comparison with reported
isolates
for conserved and divergent regions," J. Gen Virol. (1991) 72:2697-2704). The
remaining species is shorter, presumably a 5' "subgenomic RNA, the 5' terminus
of
which starts 145 nucleotides from the 5' terminus of the longer ~1A (Han et
al.).
w0 9.E/0800?
~1~8~~~
Antisense polynucleotide molecules for HCV are generally disclosed in EP
Publication No. 388,232.
Disclosure of the Invention
The present invention features compositions and methods for controlling the
translation of HCV proteins from HCV nucleic acid. The invention is based on
the
utilization of nucleic acids complementary to a small region from the 5' end
of HCV
RNA. One embodiment of the present invention features a method of controlling
the
translation of HCV proteins from HCV nucleic acid comprising the step of
contacting
a non-nawrally occurring first nucleic acid with HCV nucleic acid under
hybridizing
conditions. The first nucleic acid is an antisense nucleic acid: it has a
sequence
substantially complementary to a sequence of the sense strand within the 5'IJT
region
of HCV nucleic acid. The sense strand is the strand of genomic or messenger
RNA
which is subjected to the translation process: The first nucleic acid is
placed with the
HCV nucleic acid under conditions whew the two nucleic acids are capable of
forming a hybridization product which hybridization product alters the level
of
translation of the HCV nucleic acid.
The present method can be performed within a subject infected with HCV.
The method may also be used within cells to generate viral proteins of
interest in
vitro. The method may be used as a therapy for HCV infections.
Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention, a method' of controlling the
translation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins from HCV nucleic acid is
provided
comprising the steps of: (a) providing a non-naturally occurring first nucleic
acid
which first nucleic acid comprises a sequence complementary to a sense strand
within
the 5'tTT region of HCV nucleic acid; and (b) contacting said HCV nucleic acid
with
said first nucleic acid under conditions where said first nucleic acid and HCV
nucleic
acid are capable of forming a hybridization product, said hybridization
product
altering the level of translation of said HCV nucleic acid.
In another aspect of this invention, a composition for controlling the
translation of HCV proteins from HCV nucleic acid is provided, the composition
comprising a first nucleic acid or means for making a first nucleic acid
having a
2158427
4
sequence complementary to a sequence of the sense strand within the 5'UT
region of
HCV nucleic acid. Preferably, the sequence of the first nucleic acid is
complementary to
a sequence selected from within (SEQ m NO: 1).
In a further aspect of this invention, a method of controlling HCV is provided
including the steps of (a) generating a first nucleic acid as a transcription
product of a
second nucleic acid operably linked to a promoter; (b) placing the second
nucleic acid and
promoter in a cell infected with HCV, which cell is capable of transcribing
the second
nucleic acid to produce the first nucleic acid. The method can also be
employed to
prevent the expression of HCV proteins in cells which are not infected with
HCV but may
be subjected to infection at some time in the future ("susceptible" cells).
In yet another aspect of the invention, a method of controlling the
translation of
HCV proteins through the nucleotides of the 5'UT hairpin is provided, the
method
comprising the steps of placing and holding the hairpin sequences in one of
two positions,
wherein at least one of said positions is the hairpin configuration.
In a still further aspect of the invention, a kit for the treatment and
control of HCV
infections is provided, the kit comprising as an article of manufacture the
compositions of
the present invention. Preferably, the kit includes instructions for its use,
and may
optionally contain vectors and other vehicles for placing the nucleic acid
into a cell or
individual.
In another aspect of the invention, a method of enhancing the translation of a
first
nucleic acid is provided, the method comprising the step of operably linking
the first
nucleic acid with a second non-naturally occurring nucleic acid having a
sequence
corresponding to sequences within the pestivirus homology box IV of HCV. A
composition for enhancing the translation of a first nucleic acid is also
provided, the
composition comprising a non-naturally occurnng second nucleic acid having
sequences
corresponding to sequences within the pestivirus homology box IV of HCV, which
sequences are capable of being operably linked to the first nucleic acid.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the use of a non-naturally
occurnng
first nucleic acid which first nucleic acid comprises a sequence complementary
to a sense
strand within the 5'UT region of HCV nucleic acid, wherein said first nucleic
acid has a
4a
sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1 said first nucleic acid additionally
comprises a
cholesteryl moiety linked at the 3' end thereof; and wherein
said HCV nucleic acid is contacted with said first nucleic acid under
conditions
where said first nucleic acid and HCV nucleic acid are capable of forming a
hybridization
product, sand hybridization product altering the level of translation of said
HCV nucleic
acid and providing a means of controlling the translation of hepatitis C virus
(HCV)
proteins.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, a composition for
controlling
the translation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins from HCV nucleic acid
comprising a
first non-naturally occurring nucleic acid having a sequence complementary to,
or capable
of being transcribed to form a nucleic acid having a sequence complementary
to, a
sequence of the sense strand with the 5'UT region of HCV, wherein said first
nucleic acid
comprises a sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1 said first nucleic acid
additionally
comprising a cholesteryl moiety linked at the 3' end thereof.
Brief Description of Drawings
'~'' i~c
215827
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the HCV viral genome;
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the HCV viral RNA genome, whicf~
viral RNA genome is modified to include mRNA sequences for chloramphenicol
acetyl transferase (CAT);
5 Figure 3 is a schematic representation of the modified HCV viral RNA
genome with further deletions and modifications;
Figure 4 is a schematic representation of five RNA constructs, pSV2, CAT,
SVCAT, SVACAT, pT7EMCA'T, and EMCVCAT;
Figure 5 is a schematic representation of three RNA constructs, pCMV
(CAT/SV40/LacZ), pCMV (CATIHCVILacZ) and pCMV (CATIpolioILacZ);
Figure 6 graphically depicts activity of the LacZ and LacZ/CAT constructs of
Figure 5; and
Figure 7 shows the rrsults of the effects of ASS antisense molecules on R6
transcription.
Modes f~r Carrying Out the Invention
The present invention will be described in detail as methods and compositions
for controlling the translation of HCV nucleic acid. The compositions and
methods
will be discussed in detail with respect to HCV nucleic acid. However, the
description with respect to HCV nucleic acid is not intended to limit the
invention to
HCV, which is used solely to exemplify features of the invention.
The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated,
conventional techniques of chemistry, molecular biology, microbiology,
recombinant
DNA, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques
are
explained fully in the literature. :See e.g., Sambnook, Fitsch & Maniatis,
Molecular
Cloning; A Laboratory Manual ('1989); DNA Cloning, Volumes I and II (D.N
Glover ed. 1985); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M.J. Gait ed, 1984); Nucleic Acid
Hybridization (8.D. Homes & S:J. Higgins eds. 1984); the series, Methods in
Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc.), particularly Vol. 154 and Vol. 155 (Wu and
Grossman, eds.).
1~'~ 9.i/0~0~:
6 . ~1 ~8~~ ._.
Definitions: Definitions for selected terms used in the application are set
tortl~
below to facilitate an understanding of the invention. The term
"corresponding"
means homologous to or complementary to a particular sequence of nucleic acid.
As
between nucleic acids and peptides, corresponding refers to amino acids of a
peptide
S in an order derived from the sequence of a nucleic acid or its complement.
The term "non-naturally occurring nucleic acid" refers to a portion of genomic
nucleic acid, cDNA, semisynthetic nucleic acid, or synthetic origin nucleic
acid
which, by virtue of its origin or manipulation: (1) is not associated with all
of a
nucleic acid with which it is associated in nature, (2) is linked to a nucleic
acid or
other chemical agent other than that to which it is linked in nature, or (3)
does not
occur in nature.
As used herein, the terms "polynucleotide", "oligonucleotide" and "nucleic
acid" shall be generic to polydeoxyribonucleotides (containing 2-deoxy-D-
ribose), to
polyribonucleotides (containing D-aibose), to any other type of polynucleotide
which
is an N-glycoside of a purine or pyrimidine base, and to other polymers
containing
nonnucleotidie backbones (e.g., protein nucleic acids and synthetic sequence-
specific
nucleic acid polymers commercially available from the Anti-Gene Development
Group, Corvallis, Oa~gon, as Neugene'~ polymers) or nonstandard .linkages,
providing
that the polymers contain nucleobases in a configuration which allows for base
pairing
and base stacking, such as is found in DNA and RNA. There is no intended
distinction in length between the term "polynucleotide" and "oligonucleotide,
" and
these terms will be used interchangeably. These terms refer only to the
primary
structure of the molecule. Thus, these terms include double- and single-
stranded
DNA, as well as double- and single-stranded RNA and DNA:RNA hybrids; and also
include known types of modifications, for example, labels which are known in
the art.
methylation, "caps," substitution of one or more of the naturally occurring
nucleotides
with an analog, internucleotide modifications ouch as, for example, those with
uncharged linkages (e.g., methyl phosphonates, phosphotriesters,
phosphoramidates,
carbamates, etc.) and with charged linkages (e.g., phosphorothioates,
phosphorodi-
thioates, etc.), those containing pendant moieties, such as, for example,
proteins
7
(including nucleases, toxins, antibodies, signal peptides, poly-L-lysine,
etc.). those
with interealators (e.g., acridine, psoralen, etc.), those containing
chelators (e.g..
metals, radioactive metals; boron, oxidative metals, etc.), those containing
alkylators.
those with modified linkages (e.g., alpha anomeric nucleic acids, etc.), as
well as
unmodified forms of the polynucleotide or oligonucleotide.
It will be appreciattrd that, as used herein, the terms "nucleoside",
"nucleotide"
and "nucleic acid" will include those moieties which contain not only the
known
purine and pyrimidine bases, but also other heterocyclic bases which have been
modified. Such m~difications include methylated pmines or pyrimidines,
acylated
purines or pyrimidines, or: other heterocycles. Modified nucleosides or
nucleotides
will also include modifications on the sugar moiety, e.g., wherein one or more
of the
hydroxyl groups are replaced with halogen, aliphatic groups, or are
functionalized as
ethers, amines, or the like:
C.~r~anization of HCV Genome~ Libraries of cDNA of HCV are derived from
nucleic acid sequences present in the plasma of an HCV-infected chimpanzee or
human. The construction of one of these libraries, the "c" library (ATCC No.
40394), is described in PCT Pub. No. W09011443b. The corresponding DNA
sequences relevant to the present invention are set forth herein as (SEQ 1D
NO: 1).
The 5'UT region is approximately 341 nucleotides long, based on at least five
putative full-length HCV clones reported to date (Han et al,; ~Inchauspe et
al. ;
Okamoto et al.). Unlike the polypmtein region, the 5'UT region of HCV isolates
are
highly conserved. As seen in Fig. 2, the 5'UT region contains up to five
upstream
ORFs, the first four of which are overlapping in HCV-1, the prototype HCV
isolate
(Choo et al.; Han et al.). The 5'UT region is substantially homologous in
nucleotide
sequence to pestiviruses (Flan et al.). Thus, the discussion regarding the
regulation of
translation of HCV nucleic acid is applicable to other pestivinases.
Primer extension analysis has revealed two prominent species of HCV RNA
(Han et al.). One species _is longer and presumed to be full-length genomic
RNA.
The 5' terminus of the longer, full-length genomic RNA is predicted to form a
hairpin
structure (Han et al.; Inchauspe et al.; Okamoto et al.). The 5' terminus of
the
~'O 9.x/08002
215847
g
shoreer 5' subgenomic RNA starts I45 nucleotides from the 5' terminus of the
loner
RNA (Han et al. ) .
Nucleic Acids: Embodiments of the present invention feature nucleic acids
that can interact with distinct cis-acting control elements of HCV and
therefore can
block, repress or enhance translation of HCV nucleic acid.
One embodiment of the present invention features a method of controlling the
translation of HCV proteins from HCV nucleic acid coFnprising the step of
placing a
non-naturally occurring first nucleic acid with HCV nucleic acid. The first
nucleic
acid has a sequence complementary to a sequence of the sense strand within the
5'UT
region of HCV nucleic acid. The first nucleic acid is placed with the HCV
nucleic
acid under conditions where the first nucleic acid is capable of forming a
hybridisation product, and altering the level of translation of the HCV
nucleic acid.
Preferably, the antisense nucleic acid o~f this invention is RNA, DNA or a
modifi~i nucleic acid. Examples, without limitation, of modified nucleic acids
are
degradation-resistant sulfutized and thiophosphate derivatives of nucleic
acids, and
polynucleoside amides (PCT Publication No. WO91/16331 to Stec et al.; PCT
Publication No. W088/07544 to Zon et al. ; P. E. Nelsen, et al. , Science (
1991 )
254:1497-1500; M. Egholm, 1ACS, (I992) 114:1895-1897). Particularly preferred
design modifications of the antisense nucleic acids of this invention are
modifications
that are designed to: (1) increase the intracxllular stability of the nucleic
acid; (2)
increase the cellular permeability of the nucleic acid; (3) increase the
affinity of the
nucleic acid for the sense strand, or (4) decrease the toxicity (if any) of
the nucleic
acid. Many such modifications are known in the art, as described in ANTTSENSE
RF..SEARCH AND APPLICATIONS (S.T. Crooke and >8. Lebleu, eds., CItC Press,
1993). Thus, the nucleic acids may contain altered or modified bases, sugars
or
linkages, be delivered in specialized systems such as liposomes or by gene-
therapy, or
may have attached moieties. Such attached moieties include hydrophobic
moieties
such as lipids that enhance interaction with cell membranes, or polycationic
moieties
such as polylysine chat act as charge neutralizers of the phosphate backbone.
Particularly preferred lipids that may be attached are cholesterols. The
moieties may
g
be attached at the 3' or 5' ends of the nucleic acids, and also may be
attached through
a base, sugar, or internucleoside linkage.
Other moieties may be capping groups specifically placed at the 3' or 5' ends
of the nucleic acids to prevent exonuclease degradation. Such capping groups
include, but are not limited io, hydroxyl protecting groups known in the an,
including
glycols such as polyethylene glycols, tetraethylene glycol and the like.
Preferably, the first nucleic acid has at least 10 nucleotides in a sequence
-substantially complementary to a sequence of the sense strand within the
5'tJT region
of HCV. More preferably, the first nucleic acid has at least 12 nucleotides in
such
complementary sequence; more pneferahly, fifteen nucleotides; and, more
preferably,
twenty nucleotides. Preferably, the first nucleic acid has less than 100
nucleotides in
such complementary sequence; and more preferably, less than 50 nucleotides.
Most
preferably, the nucleic acid has approximately 20-30 nucleotides capable of
forming a
stable hybridization product tvith a sense sequence of the 5'UT region of HCV.
The 5'TJT region of the HCV virus is set forth in (SEQ ID NO: 1). One
preferred nucleic acid of ttus invention is capable of binding approximately
23
nuchtides of the 5' hairpin stnacture. The 23 nucleotides are in positions 1-
23 of
(SEQ ID NO: 1). Preferably, the nucleic acid foams a triple helix with the
sequences
associated with the hairpin, inhibiting its cleavage from the remaining
portion of the
messenger RNA.
Another preferred nucleic acid of this invention is capable of binding to a
28 nucleotide area known as:, pestivirus homology box IV. The pestivirus
homology
box IV area spans bases 291: to 318 of (SEQ m NO: I).
A further preferred nucleic acid of this invention is capable of binding to an
area defined by the site at which the long full-length genomic RNA is cleaved
to form
a shorter, subgenomic RNA: This cleavage area spans an area of approximately
SO
nucleotides up and down stream of position 145 of (SEQ ID NO: I).
Still another preferred nucleic acid is denoted "ASS" capable of binding to a
region that overlaps the pestivirus homology box IV spanning bases 277 to 300
of
(SEQ ID NO: 1). In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the ASS nucleic
acid
~ O 9.i/0800?
.....-,
l0 2158~~~
is fully phosphorothioated, i.e., only contains phosphorothioate linkages in
place of
the natural phosphodiester linkages. In another preferred embodiment of this
invention, the ASS nucleic acid is covalently linked to a cholesteryl moiety,
more
preferably through the 3' end of the nucleoside.
S Nucleic Acid Deliverv~ The nucleic acid can be placed in the cell through
any
number of ways known in the art. Cells can be transfected with a second
nucleic acid
capable of generating the first nucleic acid as avtranscription product; e.g.,
by
including the second nucleic acid in a viral cariier as shown in Dulbecco,
U.S. Patent
No. 4,593,002; or by gene therapy methods such as including the second nucleic
acid
in a retroviral vector. One example of antisense gene therapy is described in
an
article by Mukhopadhyay et al., "Specific Inhibition of K-RAS Expression and
Tumorigenicity of Lung Cancer Cells by Antisense RNA," Cancer Research,
51:1744-1748 (1991).
The present invention also contemplates: vehicles for placing the first
nucleic
acid or the second nucleic acid into cells infected with HCV, or cells which
are to be
protected from HCV infection. Examples of such vehicles comprise vectors,
liposomes and lipid suspensions, such as N-(1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl)-
N,N,N-trimethylammonium meehylsulfate (DOTAP), N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-
N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA), and the like. Alternatively, the
lipid
may be covalently linked directly to the first nucleic acid.
The antisense nucleic acid may also be Linked to moieties that increase
cellular
uptake of the nucleic acid. These moieties may be hydrophobic, such as
phospholipids or lipids such as steroids (e.g., cholesterol), or may be
polycationic
(e.g., polylysine). The hydrophobic or polycationic moieties are attached at
any point
to the antisense nucleic acid, including the 3' and Sends, base, sugar
hydroxyls, and
internucIeoside linkages.
A particularly preferred moiety to increase uptake is a cholesteryl group.
Cholesteryl-like groups may be attached through an activated cholesteryl
,r
chloroforrnate, for example, or cholic acid, by meaats known in the art as
reflected in
ANTISENSE RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS, supra. In one example (p. 318) a
11
cholesterol moiety may be conjugated to a 2' hydroxyl group using an
aminolinl:er
and a functional group on tie cholesterol that reacts with an amine. In
another
method, a cholesteryl group is linked to the 3' phosphate using CCI, and
cholesteryl-
oxycarbonylaminoethylamirie as described in R.L. Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad.
Sci. (USA) (1989) $6:6553-6556.
Use of the 5' I3airpiw Enhancement of translation may allow stronger
immune responses. Blocking or decreasing translation of viral nucleic acid may
decrease the pathology of the viral infection. In one aspect of the invention,
a method
of controlling the translation of HCV proteins through the nucleotides of the
hairpin at
nucleotides 1-23 is provided, the method comprising the steps of placing and
holding
the hairpin sequences in one of two positions, at least one of said positions
is the
hairpin configuration. In the hairpin configuration, translation of viral
nucleic acid in
vivo is blocked or substantially decreased. At least one of said positions
comprises a
non-hairpin linear configuration or complete removal of the nucleotides
associated
IS with the hairpin. A linear configuration allows translation of viral
nucleic acid.
Removal of the hairpin nucleotides enhances the translation of viral nucleic
acid.
Preferably, the hairpin structure is stabilized by placing a non-naturally
occurring first
nucleic acid with HCV nucleic acid under conditions in which the first nucleic
acid
forms a triple helix with the hairpin structure.
The sequences associated with the hairpin inhibit translation. One embodiment
of the present invention features a first nucleic acid having a first sequence
capable of
forming a hairpin configuration and a second sequence capable of binding to
mRNA.
Preferably, the first sequences have sequences corresponding to bases I to 23
of (SEQ
ID NO: 1). Preferably, the second s~uences hybridize to the shorter subgenomic
RNA.
Pharmaceutical FormuLations~ The compositions of the present invention may
be prepared for pharmaceutical administration. Injection preparations and
suppositories may usually contain'1-10 mg of the nucleic acid or nucleic
acid.analog
per ampoule or capsule. For human patients, the daily dose is about 0.1-1,000
mg,
preferably 1-100 rng (from :10-20 mglkg to 1000-2000 mg/kg body weight).
~ O 9.x/08002
12 \
However, the particular dose for each patient depends on a wide range of
factors, for
example, on the effectiveness of the particular nucleic acid or nucleic acid
analoc
used, on the age, weight, general state of health, sex, on the diet, on the
time and
mode of administration, on the rate of elimination, combination with other
medicaments jointly used and severity of the particular diseases to which the
therapy
is applied.
Pharmaceutical articles of manufacture:, within the scope of the present
invention, include artacles wherein the active ingredients thereof are
contained in an
effective amount to achieve its intended purpose. A preferred range has been
described above, and determination of the most effective amounts for treatment
of
each HCV infection is with the skill of the art.
In addition to the nucleic acid and their sulfurized and phosphorothioated
analogs of the present invention, pharmaceutical preparations may contain
suitable
excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active
compounds. The
preparations, particularly those which can be administered orally and which
can be
used for the preferred type of administration, such as tablets, drags, and
capsules,
and preparations which can be administered rectally, such as suppositories, as
well as
suitable soiutions for administration parenterally or orally, and compositions
which
may be administered bucally or sublingually, may contain from 0.1 to 99 ! by
weight
of active ingredients, together with the excipiertt. A preferred method of
administration is parenteral, especially intravenous administration.
Suitable formulations for parenteral adrr<inistration include aqueous
solutions of
the active compounds in water-soluble or water-dispersible form. In addition,
suspensions of the active compounds as appropriate oily injection suspensions
may be
administer~i. Suitable Iipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils, for
example,
sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, for example, ethyloleate or
triglycerides.
Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the
viscosity of
the suspension; for example, sodium carboxymetltyt cellulose, sorbitc3l,
andlor
dextran. Optionally, the suspension rnay also contain stabilizers.
21584
13
Additionally, the compounds of the present invention may also be administered
encapsulated in liposomes, pharmaceutical compositions wherein the active
ingredient
is contained either dispersed or variously present in corpuscles consisting of
aqueous
concentric layers adherent to lipidic layers. The active ingredient, depending
upon its
S solubility; may be present both in the aqueous layer and in the lipidic
layer, or in
what is generally tanned a liposomic suspension. The hydrophobic layer,
generally
but not exclusively; comprises phospholipids such as lecithin and
sphingomyelin,
steroids such as cholesterol,: more or less ionic surfactants such as
dicetylphosphate,
stearylamine, or phosphaddac acid, andlor other materials of a hydrophobic
nature.
The diameters of the liposomes generally range from about 15 nm to S microns.
Particularly preferred lipids -for the preparation of liposomes andlor lipid
suspensions
are DOTMA and DOTAP.
DOTAP is commercially available from Boehringer Mannheim, or may be
prepared following the methods described by L. Stamatatos et al., Biochem
27:3917-25 (1988); H. Eibl et al., Bi h s hem 10:261-71 (1979). DOTMA is
commercially available under the name Lipofectin* (available fmm BRL,
Gaithersburg, MD), and is described by P.L. Felgner et al. rcx Nat Acad ci USA
84:7413-17 (1987).
The present invention will now be illustrated by reference to the following
examples which set forth particularly advantageous embodiments. However, it
should
be noted that these emboditrlents are illustrative and are not to be construed
as
restricting the invention in any way.
EXAMPLES
I. MATS AI~TD METHODS
A. Cells. bacterial strains and nlasmids. HUH7, HeLa and HepG2 cells
were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10 ~ bovine
calf serum (Gibco-BRL, Gaithersburg, MD). Cells were grown in the presence of
7 °& COa. All plasmids were grown in Escherichia coli HB101, purchased
from
Gibco-BRL.
V1-O 9.1/0800?
14
B. Enz,~. Restriction enzymes and T4 DNA ligase were purchased
from Boehringer Mannheim (Indianapolis, IN), Taq-polymerise from Perkin El~ner
(Norwall:, CT), T7 RNA polymeaase and RNasin, from Promega (Madison, WI).
C. Contruction of expression plasm;ids The construction of plasmid
pT7EMCAT and pSV2CAT have been described (Elroy-Stein et al., "Cap-dependent
translation of mRNA conferred by encephalomyocarditis virus 5' sequence
improves
the performance of vaccinia virus/bacteriophage T7 hybrid expression system,"
Proc.
Nat,. Acid. Sci (LISA) (1989) 86:6126-6130; Gorman et al., "Recombinant
genomes
which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells," Mol. Cell
Biol
(1989) 2:1044-1051). Plasmid pHCVCAT was constructed by attaching HindIII
sites
at the both ends of the 5'LJT region of HCV cDNA (Han ee al.) by PCR (Saiki et
al.,
"Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thernrostable DNA
polymerise," Science {1988) x:1350-1354) and cloning the resultant fragment
into
the HindIlZ site of pSV2CAT. -
Plasmid pEQ355 was constructed by inserting the 341 by 5'UT region of
HCV-1 into the HindIII/A~718 sites resident in the multiple cloning site of
beta
galactosidase (~ gal) expression plasmid, pEQ176 (Schleiss et al.,
"Trarrslational
control of human cytomegalovirus gp48 expression," J. Virol. (1991) 65:6782-
6789).
The HCV-1 5'LJT' region was generated as a HiirdIll/AsP718 PCR fragment using
B 114, an EcoR l fragment from a lambda vector as template. ,
Plasmid pEQ391 [pCMV{CAT/HCV/LacZ)], was generated by ligating a 716
by HindIll/BanI fragment encoding the CAT gene isolated from plasmid pSV2CAT
(Gorman et al. ) into plasmid pEQ355 at the HindTll site. The HindIll sites
were
ligated and the Banl site and unligated HindIII~site in pEQ355 were blunted
with
Klenow and religated.
Plasmid pEQ416 [pCMV(CATIpoIioILacZ)], was constructed by ligating a 716
by HindTIIBamHI CAT gene encoding PCR fragment generated using pSV2CAT as
template, a 995 by BamHI/XhoI fragment encoding the poliovinas 5' ITT region
along
with ~8 gal expression plasmid pEQ176 digested at the HindIll/Xhol site in the
polylinlcer.
IS 21 ~84~1
pEQ396 is a a gal expression plasmid constructed by cloning the 5'L'T region
poliovirus sequence taken from pLNPOZ (Adam et al., "Internal initiation of
translation in retroviral vectors carrying picornavirus 5' nontranslated
regions," 1.
Virol. (1991) 65:4985-4990): as ari XhoIlPstI fragment blunted using Klenow,
into
pEQ377 digested at XbaI/SnaBI sites in the polylinker. The XbaI site was also
filled
with Klenow to create blunt ends. Transcription of ~ gal in pEQ377 is promoted
by
T7 bacteriophage promoter.
_ Plasmid p(CATJSV40/LacZ) was constructed by ligating the 716 by
HindIall3amHI CAT gene encoding PCR fragment described above, along with SV40
polyadenylation signals and ~ gal expression plasmid pEQ176 digested with
HindIII/~III. The authenticity of all PCR products was verified by sequencing
each
of the resulting segments in the plasmids (Chen and Seeburg, "Supercoil
sequencing:
a fast and simple method for sequencing plasmid DNA," DNA (1985) 4:165-170).
D. Construction of hxbrid CAT RNAs Segments of pSVZCAT vectors
I S were amplified by PCR as described (Saiki et al. ; Shyamala and Ames, "Use
of
exonuclease for rapid polymerise chain reaction based In vitro mutagenesis,"
Gene
(1991) 97:I-6). Each segment is depicted in Figures 2 and 3. Each sense primer
(PSV or P1 to P9) was designed to have a bacteriophage T7 promoter
(TAATACGACTCACTATAG) at the 5' end and a SV40 or HCV sequence of 16 to
18 bases at the 3' end. An antisense primer had a stretch of 40 Ts at the 5'
end and a
complementary SV40 sequence (GGAGGAGTAG) at the 3' end. This sequence binds
to vectors, 350 by after a stop codon in the CAT gene by virtue of a perfect
match of
10 nucleotides and an additional poly A track present in the template DNA. A
segment of pT7ENlCAT was amplified by primers T? and T30.
Each PCR product was transcribed by T7 polymerise with or without cap
analogue (Promega, p2010), rented with DNase, extracted with phenol-
chloroform,
and precipitated twice with ethanol in the presence of 2.5 M ammonium acetate.
Concentration of each poly(A)+ RNA was estimated by LTV absorption and
confirmed
by Northern and dot blot hybridization as described (Han et al., "Selective
expression
of rat pancreatic genes during embryonic development," Proc. Natl. Acid. Sci
16 215847
SA (1986) 83:110-114) using JHC271 as a probe. In SV*CAT, Rl l, R13 and
R14, sequences were internally inserted or deleted by an overlapping PCR
method
(Shyamala and Ames). The PCR products were confirmed to be correct by
sequencing.
E. Translation of hybrid CAT RNAs in vitro: Synthetic RNAs were
translated in nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysate (Gibco-BRL) in the
presence
of 140 mM potassium acetate, as suggested by the manufacture. Additional
studies
examining the influence on K+ion concentration on cap dependence were done in
the
presence of S0, 100, 150, and 200 mM potassium acetate. Aliquots of the
translation
product labeled with [35SJmethionine were analyzed by electrophoresis in a 12%
polyacrylamide gel as previously described (Laemmli, "Cleavage of structural
proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4," Nature (1970)
227:680-685).
F. Transfection of hybrid CAT RNAs into mammalian cells for CAT
assay. Two micrograms each of synthetic RNA was transfected into 1x106 cells
in a
3.5 cm Costar plate (Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, NJ) using 15 mg of
Lipofectin*
(Gibco-BRL) according to the procedure of Felgner et al. "Lipofection: A
highly
efficient, lipid-mediated DNA-transfection procedure," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
(USA)
(1987) 84:7413-7417, modified by the manufacturer. Cells were incubated
overnight
and harvested for CAT assay as previously described (Gorman et al.). The
relative
CAT activity was shown to be linear between 0.5 mg and 5 mg of transfected
RNA.
Post-transfection incubation between 6 hr and overnight did not significantly
affect
CST activity.
For translation of RNAs in poliovirus infected cells, HUH7 cells were infected
with Poliovirus (Mahoney strain, ATCC VR-59) at a multiplicity of infection
(MOI)
of 100. Cells were transfected with RNAs 2 hr after the infection and were
harvested
4 hr after the transfection. Cells maintained normal morphology during the 6
hr
infection, after which they began to change morphology and detach from the
culture
dish.
G. Transfection of dicistronic DNA constructs into cells. Twenty
micrograms of each plasmid DNA purified by banding in a CsCl gradient were
. * trade-mark
1' 2 ~ ~84~~
transfected into 2x106 HUH7 cells by calcium phosphate method (Gorman et al.).
The cells,were harvested 48 hr after transfection and cell extract was
prepared by
repeated freezing and thawing. The CAT assay was performed as described
(Gorman
et al.). The LacZ assay was according to Miller (Miller, Assay of beta-
galactosidase.
In "Experiments in Molecular Genetics", pp. 352-355, Cold Spring Harbour
Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbour, New York, 1972).
EXAMPLE 1
Constmction of RNAs with deletions in the 5'LTT region of the HCV eenome and
rationale for the method
In order to map cis-acting elements) controlling translation in the HCV
genorne, full-length (from nueleotide I to 341 ) or deleted versions of the
5'UT region
of HCV-1 RNA were linked to the coding region of chloramphenicol acetyl
transferase (CAT) mRNA. The constructions are illustrated in Fig. 3 and
described
in Table 1, below.
~~0 9.t/0800?
I8
Table I
Seq. of 5'tJT Deletion or
Construct ID Region Other Feature
R1 1-341
R2 23-341 1- 22 deleted
R3 35-341 1- 34 deleted
~
IO R4 83-341 1- 82 deleted
R5 99-341 1- 98 deleted
R6 1.45-34I 1-144 deleted
R6.hp 145-341 1-144 deleted
with hairpin
bases 1-23 added
at 5' end
1- 23 added
R7 - 218-341 1-217 deleted
R8 255-341 1-254 deleted
RB.hp 255-341 1-254 deleted
with hairpin
bases 1=23 added
at 5' end
R9 322-341 1-321 deleted
R11 1-322 323-341 deleted
R13 1-205 206-341 deleted
R14 I-145 146-341 deleted
R17 145-322 1-144 and
323-341 deleted
Rl8 145-294 1-144 and
295-341 deleted
Each RNA was synthesized by transcribing
a DNA
fragment
with
T7
polymerase, which was first
amplified by PCR to contain
a specific 5' or 3' deletion.
Each RNA was designed to cap at end and a poly A tail (A40)
have a the 5' at the
3' end to increase stability This approach
in cells. allows
an efficient
production
of a
large amount of RNA with uniformly definedand 3' ends. Unlike conventional
5'
DNA transfection strategies,
RNA transfection of cells
using this approach
circumvents possible splicing
and transport problems that
certain RNA molecules may
encounter in the nucleus.
I9
By the same method, _ two additional RNAs were synthesized: 1 ) the S V CAT
with the 5' leader of SV40 early mRNA that served as a positive control for a
conventional cap-dependent translation (Kozak, "The scanning model for
translation:
An update," J. Cell Biol. (1989) 108:229-241), and the EMCVCAT with the S'
leader
of EMCV that served as a positive control for cap=independent internal
initiation (fang
et al. , "Initiation of protein synthesis by internal entry of tibosomes into
the 5'
nontrartslated region of Encephalomyocarditis virus RNA'In vivo," J. Virol.
(1989)
63:1651-1660).
E~~.AMPLE 2
Translation of hybrid CAT I~lVAs in vitro.
In order to conf-trm that synthetic RNAs were biologically active and to
determine their translational profile in vitro, the RNAs of Example 1 were
translated
in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. All RNAs including SVCAT generated a CAT
protein of
the expected size.
The in vitro results can be summarized as follows: 1) In HCVCAT
constructs, Rl to RS produced CAT protein, but only at barely detectable
levels.
This level of translation gradually increased in R6 and in R7, reaching a
maximum
I2-fold increase in R8. 2) At KCl concentration of 140 mM the in vitro
translation
of capped SVCAT and HCVCAT RNAs (R7, R8) was more efficient than that of the
uncapped RNAs by an average of 20-fold. 3) At lower KCI,concentrations (50 to
I00 mM); translation of uncapped R1 template generated CAT protein at levels
comparable to that of the capped R1 template, possibly indicating the
occurrence of
weak internal initiation.
Surprisingly and unexpectedly, these results are contrary to recent data by
Tsukiyama-Kohara et al. "Internal.ribosome entry site within hepatitis C virus
RNA,"
J. Virol. (1992) 66:1476-I48~, who reported the detection of as internal
ribosome
entry site within the 5'ITT region of HCV RNA using rabbit reticulocyte lysate
and
Hela cell extracts. Protein synthesis in vitro using cell lysates does not
always
faithfully represent translation conditions in vivo (Kozak, "Comparison of
initiation of
''""~"° it~0 94/OAOOZ PCT~L s93~r)g~~~n
protein synthesis in prokaryotes, eulcaryotes, and organells," Microbiol. Rev.
(1983)
47:1-45). An alternate approach was used.
E~~AAMPLE 3
5 Translation of hybrid CAT RNAs in vivo and identification of control
elements.
in order to determine the translation profile of the monocistronic constructs
in
vivo, RNAs were transfected (R1 to R18) along with the control RNA, SVCAT,
into
a human hepatocyte cell line (HTJH7) using lipofectin (Felgner et al.). CAT
activities
were monitored, and the data summarized in Table 2.
10 Table 2; ",
Seq. of 5'UT Deletion or CAT
Construct ID Region Other Feature Activity
IS
R 1 I -341 undetected
R2 23-341 I - 22 deleted 0.5
R3 35-341 1- 34 deleted 2.0
R4 83-341 1- 82 deleted 2.1
20 R5 99-341 1- 98 deleted 2.5
R6 145-341 I-.144 deleted 2.I
R6. hp 145-341 1-144 deleted 0.1
with hairpin ,
bases 1-23
added at 5' end
R7 218-341 1-217 deleted 5.2
R8 255-341 I-254 deleted 7.9
RB.hp 255-341 1-254 deleted 0.1
with hairpin
bases 1-23
added at 5' end
R9 322-34I 1-321 deleted 0.6
RI I I-322 323341 deleted undetected-
RI3 I-205 206-341 deleted undetected
R14 I-145 14b-341 deleted undetected
R17 145-322 1=144 and
323=341 deleted 1.5
R18 145-294 I-1~d
295:-341 deleted 0.6
~~
\.~ ' ., ..,:!c:ur...
21
In the full-length construct dtl, CAT activity was repeatedly undetectable
unless the amount of RNA was increased by 10-fold and~more cell extract was
used.
This result suggested that the full-length HCV RNA may not be an efficient
translation template in vivo.
A series of 5' deletion constructs as described in Example 1 were analysed.
CAT activity was first detected in R2 in which the 5' terminal hairpin of 23
nucleotides was removed. This activity increased by 4-fold .in R3 and a
similar level
~f activity was detected in R4, RS and R6, which were systematically deleted
for
ORF 1 to 4.
The 5'LTT sequence ir> R6 was identical to that of the 5' subgenomic RNA
detected in vivo (Han et al., 1991). The CAT activity further increased by 2-
fold in
R7 in which the AUG colon of ORF 5 was removed and an additional 1.5-fold in
R8
which mtains only 8fi nucleotides of 3' proximal sequence. The construct R8
represents maxiaraum CAT activity. These data suggest that sequences upstream
from
nucleotide 255 including the small ORFs are inhibitory to the translation from
the
major initiation colon for the polyprotein.
The maximum CAT activity seen in R8 decreased sharply upon a further
deletion of 67 nucleotides in the R9 construct. This result suggests that an
efficient
positive control element that stimulates translation may be present downstream
from
nucleotide 255. This 86 nucleotide region contains a 28 nucleotide sequence
with
90 % identity to pestiviruses and is referred to as the pestivinas homology
box IV ,
designated in Fig. 2 and 3 as PEST-IV (Han et al., 1991). To determine whether
the
PEST-IV element is solely responsible for the observed translation
stimulation, the
RNA construct R6 was subjected to deletion analysis.
The construct R6 has a deletion of sequence l-145 of the S'U'T region
removing the portion of the 5' terminus of HCV RNA associated with inactive
constructs. R6 was favored for deletion analysis over R8. A 3' deletion in R8
would
generate RNA with a short 5'UT region.
w0 9aiosoo?
~~~~~~7
22
Upon transfection, the CAT activity seen in R6 was reduced 1.5-fold by a
deletion of 20 nucleotides from the 3' end of Ftb, in the construct R17 and a
further
2.5-fold decrease by an additional deletion of 28 nucleotides, in the
construct R18.
These data indicated that additional upstream and downstream sequences from
the PEST-IV were necessary for maximum translational enhancement. The PEST-IV
sequence appears to be a pan of a positive ~-acting element which can be
transferred
to a heteroiogous 5' leader. Turning now to Fig. 4, this 28 base sequence was
inserted into the SVCAT to create SV*CAT and conferred an increase in CAT
activity of 3-fold.
Other RNA constructs were made with:3' deletions. No CAT activity was
detected in R11 and R14 as well as in R13, all of which contained the 5'
hairpin.
These data are consistent with the view that the 5' hairpin is inhibitory to
the
translation of HCV RNA.
EXAMPLE 4
The effect of 5' hairpin of HCV on the translation of CAT RNAs
Since RNAs with the intact 5' terminus were all inactive irrespective of the
downstream sequences, a potential 5' hairpin structure resident in the most
distal 23
nucleotides was evaluated with respect to the observed translation inhibition.
Accordingly, the S' hairpin was linked to the 5' terminus of the two active
RNAs, R6
and R8. These RNAs, R6hp, RBhp, were transfected into HUH7 cells and the CAT
activity was measured.
Returning to Table 2, the juxtaposition of the hairpin on these constnrcts
nearly abolished the translation as demonstrated by the relative CAT activity.
The
data suggest that the 5' hairpin is a potent translation inhibitor, although
complete
inhibition requires more nucleotides than the 23 nucleotide hairpin alone.
EXAMPLE 5
Translation of hybrid CAT RNAs in t~oliovirtis-infected cell
Poliovirus infection is known to inhibit the cap-dependent taanslation of
cellular mRNA and thereby promote translation of its own or heterologous RNA
~'"~.. : W .. ~~ -e.. a ::e cJ'v -
23
which contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRE,S) within its 5' UT region
(Jang et
al. , "Initiation of protein synthesis by internal entry of ribosomes into the
5' nontranslated region of Encephalomyocarditis vines RNA in vivo," J. Virol.
(1989)
63:1651-1660; Macejak and Sarnow, "Internal initiation of translation mediated
by the
5' leader of a cellular mRNA," Nature (1991)353:90-94; PelIetier and
Sonenberg,
"Internal initiation of translation of eukaryotic mRNA directed by a sequence
derived
from poliovirus RNA," Nature (1988) 334:320-325). This inhibition is believed
to be
mediated indirectly by the poliovirus encoded proteinase. 2A, by activating an
unidentified latent cellular protease which in turn cleaves p220, a component
of the
cellular cap-binding protein complex (e1F-4~ (Soneneberg, "Cap-binding protein
of
eukaryotic mRNA: functions. in initiation and control of translation," Prog.
Nucleic
Acid Res. Moles. Biol. (1988) X5:173-297).
Hybrid CAT RNAs with various 5'UT regions were transfected into HLTH7
cells infected with poliovirus. This strategy was designed to determine the
cap
I S dependency of each RNA and to detect the possible existence of a weak
internal
ribosome entry site (IRE,S) which may be present in the HCV 5' UT region.
As expected, poliovirus infection increased CAT activity by 7-fold in
EMCVCAT over a positive control RNA for internal initiation ~y-Stein et al.).
In
contrast, the polio infection substantially decreased, CAT activity in SVCAT
as well as
in two HCV constntcts, R6 and R8, respectively. The lowered CAT activities
seen in
poiiovirus infected cells were further diminished if infected cells were
incubated
longer (2.5 hrs) prior to RNA transfection. The CAT activity of R1 remained
undetectable regardless of poliovirus infection. This result strongly suggests
that an
IRES is not present in the 5'UT region of HCV RNA.
With the exception of the Itl construct, the constructs tested in the above
experiment contained large deletions of the 5'UT region. It is possible that
such
deletions may have affected a putative IRE.S structure and/or function. To
evaluate
the effect of such deletions, constructs with less extensive deletions were
tested for
their ability to translate CAT protein in poliovirus, infected cells. In
agreement with
the previous results, the CAT activity of the R1 constmct remained
undetectable in
,""~ WO 94/08002
24
the presence or absence of poliovirus infection. Constructs R2 to RS showed
relative
levels of CAT activity similar to those described previously when tested in
the
absence of poliovirus infection. However, the CAT activities of the HCV leader
templates were practically abolished in the poliovirus infected cells.
In addition, templates SVCAT and R1 to R3 were tested in a similar protocol
using uncapped messages. The uncapped templates were inactive in transfected
cells
whether or not the cells were subsequently infected with poliovirus. These
results
strongly suggest that monocistronic messages with cis-acting regulatory
elements
derived from the HCV 5'UT region are translated by a cap-dependent mechanism
and
that the HCV 5'-noncoding region does not have an IRES element.
EXAIvIPLE 6
Translation of dicistmnic mRNA in HT.JH7 cells.
The possible presence of an IRE.S within the 5'UT region of HCV was further
tested by transfecting HUH7 cells with DNA constnacts designed to transcribe a
dicistronic mRNA. 'Thus the 5'UT region of HCV RNA, was placed as an
intercistronic spacer between CAT as the first'cistron and I,acZ as the second
cistron.
The linked DNA was cloned into an expression vector, in which transcription is
driven by the strong enhancer-promoter of the major immediate early gene in
cytomegaloviaus (CMV). Positive and negative control dicistronic vectors, in
which
the 5'UT region of HCV was replaced with the 5'UT region of poliovims and the
3'UT region of SV40 early gene were constntcted as depicted in Figure 5.
Upon transfection into HUH7 cells, all three constructs supported translation
of the first CAT cistron at a comparable level:: Turning now to Figure 6, the
enzyme
activities of the thr~ constructs are summarized in bar graph form. The
dicistronic
construct with the HCV leader did not support: the translation of the second
LacZ
cistron at a level comparable to the dicistronic' control construct employing
a
poliovirus leader. These data support the earlier evidence generate;l using
rnonocistronic constructs that the full-length 5'UT region of HCV genortie
does not
contain an IRES.
25
EXAMPLE 7
Translation of HCV RNA constructs in HeLa and He G2 cells.
Transient transfection assays can give different readouts that are cell line
dependent.. In order to ensure that the results obtained were not confined to
HUH7
cells, Rl, R7 and R8 constructs were transfected into HeLa and HepG2 cells.
The
resultant patterns of CAT activity were qualitatively similar to that observed
in HUH7
cells.
EXAMPLE 8
The control of the control elements f the 5'TTT re ion of HCV with antisense
molecules.
Methods of making oligonucleotide analogs and derivatives and their use as
antiviral agents are reported in, inter g~ali' ; PCT W088I07544 and PCT
W091116331.
Sulfurized oligonucleotide analogs are prepared for use as antisense agents in
accordance with the teachings of PCT W091I16331. A 23 base phosphorothioate
oligonucleotide corresponding to the antisense of bases 1-23 of (SEQ ID NO: 1)
is
synthesized by the phosphoramidite method on an automated synthesizer (model
380B
Applied Biosystems, Foster City,, California). The standard synthesis protocol
is
followed, except that in the.place,of the oxidation step, a sulfurization step
is
substituted, which sulfurization step precedes the capping step. Thus, the
synthesis
consists of repeated cycles of detritylation, coupling, sulfurization, and
capping.
Separation of the final product from the synthesis column and purification is
accomplished by standard means.
The sulfurization step is perfomaed by exposing the growing chain to a 0.2 M
solution of O,O-dusopropylphosphorodithioic acid disulfide in pyridine for one
minute
at room temperattare. The yield ~f trityl ration released during the
detritylation steps
is anticipated to average 99 ~ . The trityl yield is both a measure of
coupling
efficiency and a measure of ,the sulfurazation, since nonsulfurized or
oxidized trivalent
phosphorous linkages in the-oligonucleotide are labile to cleavage during
detritylaeion.
The 23mer corresponding to the antisense of bases 1-23 of (SEQ ID NO: 1) is
cleaved from the support and deprotected with concentrated ammonium hydroxide
at
~~O 9x/0$002
26
SS~C for 6 hours. The tritylated oligonucleoti-de is isolated by HPLC,
detritylated.
and precipitated as sodium salt. The phosphorothioate analog is resistant to
nucleases
normally present in cells.
It is anticipated that cells cultured with concentrations of the
phosphorothioate
oligomer would be resistant to HCV viral infection at concentrations as low as
0.~
mM.
It is anticipated that the 23mer oligonucleotide analog complementary to
Sequences 1-23 of the sense RNA, decreases the translation of HCV messenger
RNA
by binding to and stabilizing the hairpin configuration.
EXAMPLE 9
Control of the S'UT re ion usir,~ an anti-hairgin molecule
This example utilizes a 28 nucleotide sequence corresponding to the sequences
of pestivirus homology box IV. In accordance with International Patent
Application
No. PCT W088/07544, a phosphorothioate flligonucleotide analog complementary
to
bases 291 through 318 of (SEQ ID NO: 1 ) is synthesized.
The phosphorothioates of the present invention are synthesized in an.Applied
Biosystems 380-B DNA Synthesizer in a manner similar to that of the synthesis
cycle
for normal phosphate oligonucleotides using O-methylphosphoramidite. The major
difference is in the reagents used during the oxidation step.
A 5 ~ sulfur solution consisting of 7.5 :grams of S8 elemental sulfur,
dissolved
first in 71 ml carbon disulfide along with 71 ml pyridine and 7.5 ml
triethylamine. is
used as the oxidizing reagent. The total volume given is sufficient for a 3
column
synthesis of a 30mer.
Before and after the oxidation step, the column is washed repeatedly with a
1:1 solution of carbon disulfide and pyridine to remove any residual sulfur-
which
might precipitate in the lines. For a three column synthesis of a 30mer, a
total
volume of 380 m1 of this solution should be sufficient. The solutions should
be as
anhydrous as possible, and should be remade for each new synthesis.
27
The sulfur oxidation is not, as rapid as iodine oxidation, and thus requires a
waiting step of 450 seconds during the synthesis cycle, as compared to 30
seconds for
the iodine oxidation waiting step. Additionally, the end procedure is slightly
altered
in that the reverse flush is held five seconds longer ehan normal for a total
of ten
seconds to ensure the removal of any resulting salts dissolved in methanol
after
thiophenol is delivered to the column.
The 28 nucleotide phosphorothioate nucleic acid ahalog is synthesized by
automatically changing the oxidation cycle at the required point. After
cleavage from
the column and deblocking in aqueous ammonia (60~, 10h), phosphorothioate
oligomers and block copolymers are puriFed via reverse phase HPLC (PRP-1
column, 1 ~ triethylammonium acetate buffer, pH 7-acetonitrile (20 °~o
, increase to
40~ at 20 minutes), and the solution is extracted with two equal volumes of
ethyl
acetate, frozen in dry ice, and lyophilized.
The solids are dissolved in 0.3 ml of 1M NaCI, and the product is precipitated
by the addition of 3.5 volumes of absolute ethanol. The acetate salts. of some
phosphorothioate oligomers, particularly the homopolymer dC2a, are extremely
insoluble in livt NaCI. Introduction of a small amount of ammonia vapor (not
aqueous ammonia), by a Pasteur pipette solubilizes all the solids.
Cells brought into contact with solutions containing 0.5 mM concenerations of
the 28 nucleotide analog are anticipated to exhibit resistance to the HCV
infection or
HCV expression of viral proteins.
EXAMPLE 10
Control of the 5'UT region using AS5 antisense molecules
A 24-mer antisense oligonucleotide designated ASS, which binds to nucleotides
277-300 of the 5' UT region of HCV region was synthesized as above with the
following sequence:
5' CCTATCAGGCAGTACCACAAGGCC 3' (SEQ. ID NO. 2)
AS5-PO designates the AS5 oligonucleotide having nonnal phosphodiester
linkages. AS5-PS designates the AS5 oligonucleotide wherein all the
internucleoside
~1~842~
28
linkages are phosphorothioate linkages, and is synthesized as in Example 9
above.
ASS-3' CHOL-PS and ASS-3' CHOL-PO designate the ASS-PS and -PO
oligonucleotides respectively, wherein a cholesteryl group is added to the 3'
end of
the molecule, and were synthesized by Lynx Pharmaceuticals (Foster City, CA).
The
cholesteryl group may also be added to the 3' end by methods described herein.
The antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) were tested in the following assay to
determine their ability to inhibit translation controlled by the 5' UT region
of HCV.
HUH-7 cells were grown as described in Materials and Methods. Various
antisense
molecules (ASS-PO, ASS-PS, ASS-3' CHOL-PS, and a control 21-mer sequence
derived from herpes simplex virus (HSV) in -PO, -PS and 3'-CHOL embodiments)
were supplemented to the HUH-7 cell culture medium at varying final
concentrations
of 0.1 to 1.0 ~M and incubated for 12-24 hours.
After incubation with the ASO, cells were then transfected with test RNAs (R6
and SVCAT RNA as described in Example 5 and Figures 2 and 3) as follows: 2 to
4
~,g of each RNA were mixed with 15 ~,g of Lipofectin* (Gibco-BRL) in 200 ~1 of
phosphate buffered saline, incubated for 15 minutes and added to the cells as
described in Section F of Materials and Methods, above. CAT activity was
assayed as
in Section F above (C.M. Gorman et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. (1982) 2:1044-1051).
The
results are displayed in Figure 7.
Columns 2 and 11-13 contain SVCAT template RNA, while columns 3-9 and
14-18 contain R6 template RNA. Columns 1-3, 10-11 and 14 are controls with no
ASO incubation. The remaining columns contain ASS or HSV control ASOs as
indicated. The data show that the ASS-3' CHOL-PO and ASS-3' CHOL-PS ASOs
specifically inhibit CAT transcription and translation under control of the
HCV 5' UT
region, and do not inhibit such transcription and translation under control of
the SV40
promoter region.
The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the
general nature of the invention that others can, by applying current
knowledge, readily
modify andlor adapt for various applications such specific embodiments
,yf ,~~r * trade-mark
~_~; ",_,
29 ~~ ~~~~7
without departing from the general concept, and therefore such adaptations and
modifications are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of
equivalents of the disclosed embodiment.
'"~""~ ~~p 94/0800?
SEQUENCE LISTTNG
( 1 ) GENERAL INFORMATION:
(i) APPLICANT: Jang H. Han, ; Richard R. Spaete, Byoung J. Yoo,
Byung S. Suh, Mark J. Selby, Michael Houghton, Michael S. Urdea
(ii) TTTLE OF INVENTION: METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR
CONTROLLING TRANSLATION OF HCV PROTEINS
(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: : 1
(iv) CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS:
(A) ADDRESSEE: Chiron Corporation
(B) STREET: 4560 Horton Street
(C) CITY: EmeryvilIe;
(D) STATE: California
(E) COUNTRY: USA
(F) ZIP: 94608
(v) COMPUTER READABLE FORM:
(A) MEDIUM TYPE: Diskette, 5.25 inch
(B) COMPUTER: IBM compatible
(C) OPERATING SYSTEM: MS-DOS Version 3.3
(D) SOFTWARE: WordPerfect 5.1
(vi) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA:
(A) APPLICATION NUMBER: Not Available
(B) FILING DATE: Not Available
(C) CLASSIFICATTON: Not Available
(vii) PRIOR APPLICATION DATA:
(A) APPLICATION NUMBER: 071952,799
(B) FILING DATE: September 28, 1992
(viii) ATTORNEY/AGENT INFORMATION:
(A) NAME: Goldman, Kenneth M. _
(B) REGISTRATION NUMBER: 34,174
(C) REFERENCEIDOCI~T NUMBER: 0044.002
(ix) TELECOMMUNICATION INFORMATION:
(A) T ELEPHONE: (5.10) 601-2719
(B) I ELEFAX: (~ 10) 655-3542
WO 94/08002 ' PCT/L'S93/09200
2 i 58~~~'
31
(C) TELEX: Not Available
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 1:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 341 nucleotides
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA
(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (ATCC ~f 40394)
(C) INDIVIDUAL ISOLATE: ns5hcvl
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTTON: SEQ ID NO: 1
GCCAGCCCCC TGATGGGGGC GACACTCCAC CATGAATCAC40
TCCCCTGTGA GGAACTACTG TCTTCACGCA GAAAGCGTCT 80
AGCCATGGCG TTAGTATGAG TGTCGTGCAG CCTCCAGGAC 120
CCCCCCTCCC GGGAGAGCCA TAGTGGTCTG CGGAACCGGT 160
GAGTACACCG GAATTGCCAG GACGACCGGG TCCTTTCTTG 200
GATCAACCCG CTCAATGCCT GGAGATTTGG GCGTGCCCCC 240
GCAAGACTGC TAGCCGAGTA GTGTTGGGTC GCGAAAGGCC 280
TTGTGGTACT GCCTGATAGG GTGCTTGCGA GTGCCCCGGG 320
AGGTCTCGTA GACCGTGCAC C 360
(3) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 2:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 24 nucleotides
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 2
CCTATCAGGCAGTACCACAAGGCC
