Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
- WO 95/19753 2 1 8 0825 PCT/US95/00630
CONVERTIBLE BELTED DIAPER
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to absorbent articles such as diapers, incontinence
briefs, diaper holders, training pants and the like, and more particularly, to absorbent
articles having a fastening system that provides the user with different options as to how
the diaper will be constructed and fitted to the wearer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Infants and other incontinent individuals wear absorbent articles such as diapers to
receive and contain urine and other body exudates. Absorbent articles function both to
contain discharged materials and to isolate the materials from the body of the wearer and
from the wearer's garments and bed clothing. Disposable absorbent articles having many
different basic designs are known to the art. For example, U. S. Patent Re. 26,152, entitled
"Disposable Diaper" issued to Duncan and Baker on January 31, 1967 describes a
conventional disposable diaper which has achieved worldwide acceptance and commercial
success. Further, U.S. Patent 4,964,860 entitled "Detachable Two Piece AbsorbentGarment" issued to Gipson et al. on October 23, 1990 discloses a belted absorbent article.
Finally, U.S. Patent 5,246,433 entitled "Elasticized Disposable Training Pant And Method
of Making The Same" issued to Hasse et al. on September 21, 1993 discloses a unitary
disposable absorbent article that can be used as a training pant. However, the absorbent
articles currently available to the public fail to provide many of the benefits that could be
achieved by absorbent articles having a fastening system that allows the user to choose the
most desirable diaper configuration for each particular use.
In the market today, the consumer has a number of different basic diaper designs to
WO 95/19753 ' ~ 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCTIUS95/00630
choose from depending on the desired options, comfort and cost, including conventional
diapers, belted diapers, and "pull-up" type training pants. Conventional diaper designs are
generally the least expensive type of absorbent article to produce and are generally
acceptable for use on small babies and persons who are sick or otherwise confined to a
bed. A conventional diaper is fitted to the wearer by first placing a portion of the diaper
under the wearer (generally, the back portion of the diaper is placed under the buttocks
and rear waist of the wearer) and then pulling the remainder of the diaper through the
wearer's legs. The rear portion of the diaper is then attached to the front portion of the
diaper on each side of the wearer. However, such conventional configurations tend to be
very difficult to use when the wearer refuses to remain still throughout the period of
application. Further, adult wearers often find the conventional type absorbent articles
difficult to put on themselves without assistance. Further, the conventional absorbent
article configuration lacks an easy method for inspection without complete removal of the
absorbent article.
Belted diapers have been introduced to overcome some of the problems with the
conventional type diapers. Belted diapers are generally fitted to the wearer by positioning
the diaper such that the belt can be fastened about the waist of the wearer with the
remainder of the diaper hanging down between the legs of the wearer. The part of the
diaper hanging down from the waist is then pulled through the legs of the wearer and
attached to the belted part of the diaper near the waist. Thus, a belted diaper can be fitted
to standing wearers and can be easily inspected for soiling without completely removing
the diaper. Further, adult wearers often find the belted absorbent article designs easier to
put on without assistance. However, belted diapers are generally more costly than
conventional diapers and some wearers prefer the conventional design to the belted design.
Another popular diaper design has been the "pull-up" type, used in training pants
and incontinence briefs. The "pull-up" design allows the wearer to pull the absorbent
article on as pants and does not require any of the fastening steps of the conventional or
belted type absorbent article designs. Although this feature is desirable for many adult
users and children in their toilet training stage, the "pull-up" design is impractical for many
users. Current "pull-up" designs lack any features that allow the diaper to be checked for
soiling without removal of the diaper and the wearer's outer clothing.
Thus, it would be advantageous to provide an absorbent article having a fastening
2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCT/USg~ 30
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..
system that allows the user to construct and fasten the absorbent article in different
configurations.
Therefore, it is an objective of the present invention to provide an absorbent article
having a refastenable fastening system designed to allow the absorbent article to be
constructed in a conventional, belted or "pull-up" configuration.
These and other objectives of the present invention Will be more readily apparent
when considered in reference to the following description and when taken in conjunction
with the accompanying drawings.
SUMMARY OF THE rNVENTlON
The present invention provides absorbent articles such as disposable diapers,
incontinent briefs, diaper holders, training pants and the like, having a fastening system
that provides the user with different options as to how the absorbent article will be
constructed and fitted to the wearer. The the fastening systems allow the wearer to
choose between conventional, belted, and pull-up diaper configurations. Further, the
fastening systems are designed to ensure easy changing and removal of the absorbent
article as well as easy inspection for soiling. Such absorbent articles comprise a
containment assembly generally comprising a liquid pervious topsheet, a liquid impervious
backsheet, an absorbent core disposed between the topsheet and the backsheet; first and
second belt flaps extending outwardly from opposite sides of the containment assembly;
and a refastenable fastening systems comprising a first fastening assembly for fastening the
diaper in a belted configuration, and a second fastening assembly for fastening the diaper
in a conventional configuration.
The first fastening assembly is designed for constructing the absorbent article in a
belted configuration. Accordingly, the first fastening assembly comprises fastening
elements disposed on the first belt flap and the second belt flap of the absorbent article, the
outer surface of the belt, and the inner surface of the containment assembly in the front
section. In use, the belted configuration is constructed by engaging the fastening element
disposed on the first belt flap with the fastening element disposed on the second belt flap
to form a belt. The fastening elements disposed on the front section of the containment
assembly are then engaged with the fastening elements disposed on the outer surface of the
0 8 2 5 PCT/USg5l00630
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belt to complete the construction in the belted configuration.
The second fastening assembly, designed as an alternative to the first fasteningassembly, provides a system for fastening the absorbent article in a conventional
configuration. Accordingly, the second fastening assembly comprises fastening members
disposed on the inner surface of the first belt flap and the second belt flap and a fastening
element disposed on the outer surface of the containment assembly in the front section.
The absorbent article is constructed in the conventional configuration by engaging the
fastening elements disposed on the first belt flap and the second belt flap with the fastening
element disposed on the outer surface of the containment assembly in the front section.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the diaper constructed in either
the belted or the conventional configuration can be pulled on and off as a training pant.
This option is provided by the special stretch characteristics of the waist and belt features.
The waist and belt features are capable of maintaining sufficient tension to hold the diaper
on the wearer throughout the period of use while providing enough stretch to allow the
diaper to pulled down over the wearer's hips without detaching the fasteners. Thus, in a
prerelled embodiment of the present invention, the design of the diaper and the fastening
system provides a diaper that can be fitted to the wearer in a conventional configuration or
a belted configuration, either of which may be pulled on and off as a training pant if
desired.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DR~WINGS
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly
cl~iming the subject matter which is regarded as forrning the present invention, it is
believed that the invention will be better understood from the following description which
is taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like designations are
used to designate substantially identical elements and in which:
FIG. I is a plan view of a disposable diaper embodiment of the present inventionhaving portions cut away to reveal underlying structure, the outer surface of the diaper is
facing the viewer;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a disposable diaper embodiment of the present invention,
- WO 95/197S3 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCT/US95/00630
the inner surface of the diaper is facing the viewer;
FIG. 3 is a front elevational view of the diaper being fitted onto the wearer in the
belted configuration;
FIG 4. is a side elevational view of the diaper fitted onto the wearer in the belted
configuration;
FIG. 5 is a front elevational view of the diaper fitted onto the wearer in the
conventional configuration;
FIG 6 is a plan view photograph of a preferred embodiment of a polymeric web
material having a strainable network with the deformations facing the viewer;
FIG. ~ is a segmented, perspective illustration of the polymeric web material of FIG.
6 in an untensioned condition;
FIG. 8 is a segmented. perspective illustration of the polymeric web material of FIG.
6 in a tensioned condition corresponding to stage I on the force-elongation curve depicted
inFIG. 10;
FIG. 9 is a segmented, perspective illustration of the polymeric web material of FIG.
6 in a tensioned condition corresponding to stage II on the force-elongation curve
depicted in FIG. 10;
FIG 10 is a graph of the resistive force verses percent elongation co"lpa,i~lg the
behavior of the polymeric web material of FIG. 6, with an otherwise identical, planar base
polymeric web material.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As used herein, the term "absorbent article" refers to devices which absorb and
contain body exudates, and, more specifically, refers to devices which are placed against
or in proximity to the body of the wearer to absorb and contain the various exudates
WO 95/19753 ` 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCT/US9~/00630
discharged from the body. The term "disposable" is used herein to describe absorbent
articles which are not intended to be laundered or otherwise restored or reused as an
absorbent article (i.e., they are intended to be discarded after a single use and, preferably,
to be recycled, composted or otherwise disposed of in an environmentally compatible
manner). A "unitary" absorbent article refers to absorbent articles which are formed of
separate parts united together to form a coordinated entity so that they do not require
separate manipulative parts like a separate holder and liner. A preferred embodiment of an
absorbent article of the present invention is the disposable absorbent article, diaper 20~
shown in Figure 1. As used herein, the term "diaper" refers to an absorbent article
generally worn by infants and incontinent persons that is worn about the lower torso of the
wearer. It should be understood, however, that the present invention is also applicable to
other absorbent articles such as incontinence briefs, incontinence undergarments, diaper
holders and liners, feminine hygiene garments, training pants, and the like.
Figure I is a plan view of the diaper 20 of the present invention in its flat-out,
uncontracted state (i.e., with elastic induced contraction pulled out) with portions of the
structure being cut-away to more clearly show the construction of the diaper 20 and with
the portion of the diaper 20 which faces away from the wearer, the outer surface 40,
facing the viewer. As shown in Figure 1, the diaper 20 preferably comprises a
containment assembly 22 comprising a liquid pervious topsheet 24; a liquid impervious
backsheet 26 joined to the topsheet; and an absorbent core 28 positioned between the
topsheet 24 and the backsheet 26. The diaper preferably further comprises elasticized leg
cuffs 32; ear flaps 38; an elastic waist feature 34; a first belt flap 62; a second belt flap 64;
a first thigh panel 30; a second thigh panel 31; and a fastening system 36 comprising a first
fastening assembly for constructing the diaper 20 in a belted configuration, and a second
fastening assembly for fastening the diaper 20 in a conventional configuration.
The diaper 20 is shown in Figure I to have an outer surface 40 (facing the viewer in
Figure 1), an inner surface 42 opposed to the outer surface 40, a rear waist region 44, a
front waist region 46 opposed to the rear waist region 44, a crotch region 48 positioned
between the rear waist region 44 and the front waist region 46, and a periphery which is
defined by the outer perimeter or edges of the diaper 20 in which the longitudinal edges
are designated 50 and the end edges are designated 52. The inner surface 42 of the diaper
20 comprises that portion of the diaper 20 which is positioned adjacent to the wearer's
body during use (i.e., the inner surface 42 generally is formed by at least a portion of the
--wo 95/19753 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCT/US95/C^6~0
topsheet 24 and other components joined to the topsheet 24). The outer surface 40
comprises that portion of the diaper 20 which is positioned away from the wearer's body
(i.e., the outer surface 40 is generally formed by at least a portion of the backsheet 26 and
other components joined to the backsheet 26). As used herein, the term "joined"
encompasses configurations whereby an element is directly secured to the other element by
affixing the element directly to the other element, and configurations whereby the element
is indirectly secured to the other element by affixing the element to intermediate
member(s) which in turn are affixed to the other element. The rear waist region 44 and
the front waist region 46 extend from the end edges 52 of the periphery to the crotch
region 48. The rear waist region 44 comprises a central region 45 and two belt flaps, the
first belt flap 62, and the second belt flap 64, which typically comprise the outer lateral
portions of the rear waist region 44. The front waist region 46 comprises a central region
47 and a pair of ear flaps designated 38, which typically comprise the outer lateral portions
of the front waist region 46.
The diaper 20 also has two centerlines, a longitudinal centerline 100 and a
transverse centerline 102. The term "longitudinal", as used herein, refers to a line, axis, or
direction in the plane of the diaper 20 that is generally aligned with (e.g. approximately
parallel with) a vertical plane which bisects a standing wearer into left and right halves
when the diaper 20 is worn. The terms "transverse" and "lateral", as used herein, are
interchangeable and refer to a line, axis or direction which lies within the plane of the
diaper that is generally perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (which divides the
wearer into front and back body halves).
The containment assembly 22 of the diaper 20 is shown in Figure I as comprising
the main body (chassis) of the diaper 20. The containment assembly 22 comprises at least
an absorbent core 28 and preferably an outer covering layer comprising the topsheet 24
and the backsheet 26. When the absorbent article comprises a separate holder and a liner,
the containment assembly 22 generally comprises the holder and the liner (i.e., the
containment assembly 22 comprises one or more layers of material to define the holder
while the liner comprises an absorbent composite such as a topsheet, a backsheet, and an
absorbent core.) For unitary absorbent articles, the containment assembly 22 comprises
the main structure of the diaper with other features added to form the composite diaper
structure. Thus, the containment assembly 22 for the diaper 20 generally comprises the
topsheet 24, the backsheet 26, and the absorbent core 28.
W0 95/19753 - - 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCT/US9~)0630
Figure 2 shows a preferred embodiment of the containment assembly 22 in which
the topsheet 24 and the backsheet 26 have length and width dimensions gener~lly larger
than those of the absorbent core 28. The topsheet 24 and the backsheet 26 extend beyond
the edges of the absorbent core 28 to thereby form the periphery of the diaper 2~. While
the topsheet 24, the backsheet 26, and the absorbent core 28 may be assembled in a
variety of well known configurations, exemplary containment assembly configurations are
described generally in U.S. Patent 3,860,003 entitled "Contractible Side Ponions for
Disposable Diaper" which issued to Kenneth B. Buell on January 14, 1975; and U.S.
Patent 5,151,092 entitled "Absorbent Article With Dynamic Elastic Waist Feature Having
A Predisposed Resilient Flexural Hinge" which issued to Kenneth B. Buell et al., on
September 29, 1992; each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The absorbent core 28 may be any absorbent member which is generally
compressible, conformable, non-irritating to the wearer's skin, and capable of absorbing
and retaining liquids such as urine and other certain body exudates- As shown ;n Figure 1,
the absorbent core 28 has a garment-facing side 54, a body-facing side 56, a pair of side
edges designated 58, and a pair of waist edges designated 60. The absorbent core 28 may
be manufactured in a wide variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., rectangular, hourglass,
"T"-shaped, asymmetric, etc.) and from a wide variety of liquid-absorbent materials
commonly used in disposable diapers and other absorbent articles such as comminuted
wood pulp which is generally referred to as airfelt. Examples of other suitable absorbent
materials include creped cellulose wadding; meltblown polymers including coform;chemically stiffened, modified or cross-linked cellulosic fibers; tissue including tissue
wraps and tissue laminates; absorbent foams; absorbent sponges; superabsorbent polymers;
absorbent gelling materials; or any equivalent material or combinations of materials.
The configuration and construction of the absorbent core 28 may vary (e g., the
absorbent core may have varying caliper zones, a hydrophilic gradient, a superabsorbent
gradient, or lower average density and lower average basis weight acquisition zones; or
may comprise one or more layers or structures). Further, the size and absorbent capacity
of the absorbent core 28 may also be varied to accommodate wearers ranging from infants
through adults. However, the total absorbent capacity of the absorbent core 28 should be
compatible with the design loading and the intended use of the diaper 20.
- WO 95/19753 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCTIUS9SA~0630
One embodiment of the diaper 20 has an asymmetric, modified T-shaped absorbent
core 28 having ears in the first waist region but a generally rectangular shape in the second
waist region. Exemplary absorbent structures for use as the absorbent core 28 of the
present invention that have achieved wide acceptance and commercial su~cess are
described in U.S. Patent 4,610,678 entitled "High-Density Absorbent Structures'l issued to
Weisman et al. on September 9, 1986; U.S. Patent 4,673,402 entitled "Absorbent Articles
With Dual-Layered Cores" issued to Weisman et al. on June 16, 1987; U.S. Patent
4,888,231 entitled "Absorbent Core Having A Dusting Layer" issued to .Angct~dt on
December 19, 1989; and U.S. Patent 4,834,735, entitled "High Density Absorbent
Members Having Lower Density and Lower Basis Weight Acquisition Zones", issued to
Alemany et al. on May 30, 1989. The absorbent core may further comprise the dual core
system containing an acquisition/distribution core of chemically stiffened fibers positioned
over an absorbent storage core as detailed in U.S. Patent 5,234,423, entitled "Absorbent
Article With Elastic Waist Feature and Enhanced Absorbency" issued to Alem~ny et al.,
on August 10, 1993; and in U.S. Patent 5,147,345, entitled "High Efficiency Absorbent
Articles For Incontinence Management" issued to Youngl LaVon and Taylor on
September 15, 1992. All of these patents are incorporated herein by reference.
The backsheet 26 is positioned adjacent the garment-facing surface 54 of the
absorbent core 28 and is preferably joined thereto by attachment means ~not sh~wn) such
as those well known in the art. For example, the backsheet 26 may be secu~ed to the
absorbent core 28 by a uniform continuous layer of adhesive, a patterne~ layer of
adhesive, or an array of separate lines, spirals, or spots of adhesive. Adhesives which have
been found to be s~tisfactory are manufactured by H. B. Fuller Company of St. Paul,
Minnesota and marketed as HL-1258. An example of a suitable ~tt~r~lm~nt means
comprising an open pattern network of filaments of adhesive is disclosed in U S. Patent
4,573,986 entitled "Disposable Waste-Containment Garment", which issued to Minetola et
al. on March 4, 1986. Another suitable attachment means comprising several lines of
adhesive filaments swirled into a spiral pattern is illustrated by the apparalus and methods
shown in U.S. Patent 3,911,173 issued to Sprague, Ir. on October 7, 1975; U.S. Patent
4,785,996 issued to Ziecker, et al. on November 22, 1978; and U.S. Patent 4,842,666
issued to Werenicz on June 27, 1989. Each of these patents are incorporated herein by
reference. Alternatively, the attachment means may comprise heat bonds, pressu~e bonds,
ultrasonic bonds, dynamic mechanical bonds, or any other suitable attachment means or
combinations of these attachment means as are known in the art. Embodiments of the
wo 95tl9753 ~ 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 Pcr/uss5~00630
1()
present invention are also contemplated wherein the absorbent core is not joined to the
backsheet 26, the topsheet 24, or both in order to provide greater extensibility in the front
waist region 46 and the rear waist region 44.
The backsheet 26 is impervious to liquids (e.g., urine) and is preferably
manufactured from a thin plastic film, although other flexible liquid impervious materials
may also be used. As used herein, the term "flexible" refers to materials which are
compliant and will readily conform to the general shape and contours of the human body.
The backsheet 26 prevents the exudates absorbed and contained in the absorbent core 28
from wetting articles which contact the diaper 20 such as bedsheets and undergarments,
however, the backsheet 26 may permit vapors to escape from the absorbent core 28 (i.e.,
is breathable). Thus, the backsheet 26 preferably comprises a woven or nonwoven
material, polymeric films such as thermoplastic films of polyethylene or polypropylene, or
composite materials such as a film-coated nonwoven material. A suitable backsheet 26 is
a thermoplastic film having a thickness of from about 0.012 mm (0.5 mil) to about 0.051
mm (2.0 mils). Preferably, the backsheet 26 is embossed and/or matte finished to provide
a more clothlike appearance.
In preferred embodiments of the present invention, at least a portion of the
backsheet 26 is subjected to mechanical stretching in order to provide both a "zero strain"
stretch laminate that forms the thigh panels 30 and 31 and to prestrain the portion of the
backsheet 26 coinciding with the elastic waist feature 34. The backsheet 26 can be
prestrained by directing the backsheet through an incremental mechanical stretching
system similar to the operation described with respect to the formation of the "zero strain"
stretch laminate backsheet and elasticized side panels in U.S. Patent 5,151,092 entitled
"Absorbent Article With Dynamic Elastic Waist Feature Having A Predisposed Resilient
Flexural Hinge", issued to Buell et al., on September 29, 1992. Accordingly, thebacksheet is preferably elongatable, more preferably drawable, but not necessarily
elastomeric, so that the backsheet 26 will, upon mechanical stretching, be at least to a
degree permanently elongated such that it will not fully return to its original undistorted
configuration. In preferred embodiments, the backsheet 26 can be subjected to mechanical
stretching without undue rupturing or tearing. Thus, it is preferred that the backsheet 26
have an ultimate elongation to break of at least 400% to about 700% in the cross-machine
direction as measured using a method consistent with ASTM (American Society of
Testing Materials) D-638. Films suitable for use as the backsheet 26 generally contain a
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high content of linear low density polyethylene. The Clopay Corporation of ~incinnati,
Ohio, manufactures a suitable backsheet under the desi;,nation 1401. Other suitable
materials for the backsheet 26 include RR8220 blown films and RR5475 cas~ films as
manufactured by Tredegar Industries, Inc. of Terre Haute, rN.
Alternatively, the backsheet 26 or portions of the backsheet 26 may cornprise a
structural elastic-like film (SELF) web. A structural elastic-like film web is an extensible
material that exhibits an elastic-like behavior in the direction of elongation witho~l the use
of added elastic materials. The SELF web includes a strainable network havir~ a~ least
two contiguous, distinct, and dissimilar regions. One of the regions is configured so that
it will exhibit resistive forces in response to an applied axial elongation in a dir~ction
parallel to the predetermined axis before a substantial portion of the other region ~evelops
significant resistive forces to the applied elongation. At least one of the regj~s has a
surface-path length which is greater than that of the other region as measured
substantially parallel to the predetermined axis while the material is in an untensioned
condition. The region exhibiting the longer surface-path length includes one or more
deformations which extend beyond the plane of the other region. The SELF we~ exhibits
at least two significantly different stages of controlled resistive force to elongation along
at least one predetermined axis when subjected to an applied elongation in a direction
parallel to the predetermined axis. The SELF web exhibits first resistive forces to the
applied elongation until the elongation of the web is sufficient to cause a substantial
portion of the region having the longer surface-path length to enter the plane o~ applied
elongation, whereupon the SELF web exhibits second resistive forces to filrther
elongation. The total resistive forces to elongation are higher than the first resistive
forces to elongation provided by the first region.
The strainable web material can, in a preferred embodiment, comprise a ~ormed
polymeric film. The strainable web material can be made of a base material that has a
relatively low extensibility under the forces the diaper is normally subjected to when worn.
When formed into the strainable web material as described herein, however, the base
material, thus formed, will be extensible under these forces. The strainable web material
can also be formed into a structure that provides a "force wall" to be created ~t specific,
pre-selected elongations and forces. The strainable web material is preferably comprised
substantially of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). The strainable web material
may also be comprised of other polyolefins such as polyethylenes, including low density
WO 95/19753 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCT/US95~ 0 --
polyethylene (LDPE), ultra low density polyethylene (ULDPE), high density polyethylene
(HDPE), or polypropylene and blends thereof with the above and other materials.
Examples of other suitable polymeric materials which may also be used include, but are
not limited to polyester, polyurethanes, compostable or biodegradable polymers, heat
shrink polymers, thermoplastic elastomers, and breathable polymeric structures.
The strainable web material can be used in various different forms in the diaper 20.
One example of a suitable form of structural elastic-like film is a laminate. The laminate
comprises a strainable web material secured between two longitudinally extensible,
preferably carded nonwoven webs. (In addition, the strainable web material can also be
used in the various other components of the absorbent article described herein. )
The strainable web material is shown in Figs. 6 and 7 in its substantially untensioned
condition. The strainable web material has two centerlines, a longitudinal centerline,
which is also referred to hereinafter as an axis or direction "l" and a transverse or lateral
centerline, which is also referred to hereinafter as an axis or di~rection "t". The lateral
centerline "t" is generally perpendicular to the longitudinal centerline "l". In a p,e~-led
embodiment, the longitudinal centerline l of the strainable web material is aligned with the
longitudinal centerline L of the diaper 20. In other embodiments, however, the
longitudinal centerline l of the web material can be oriented in other directions, depending
on the direction of extensibility desired.
As shown in Figs. 6 and 7, strainable web material 660 includes a "strainable
network" of distinct and dissimilar regions. As used herein, the term "strainable network"
refers to an interconnected and interrelated group of regions which are able to be extended
to some useful degree in a predetermined direction providing the strainable web material
with an elastic-like, relatively low resistive force stage and a relatively high resistive force
stage. The strainable network includes at least a first region 664 and a second region 666.
The first region 664 has an elastic modulus El and a cross-sectional area Al. The second
region 66 has a modulus.E2 and a cross-sectional area A2. The first and second regions
each have a first surface and an opposing second surface. In the preferred embodiment
shown in Figs. 6 and 7, the strainable network includes a plurality of first regions 664 and
a plurality of second regions 666. The first regions 664 have a first axis 668 and a second
axis 669, wherein the first axis 668 is preferably longer than the second axis 669. The first
axis 668 of the first region 664 is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis, 1, of the
- wo 95/19753 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCTrUS9~/00630
strainable web material 660 while the second axis 669 is substantially parallel to the
transverse axis, t, of the strainable web material 660. The second regions 666 have a first
axis 670 and a second axis 671. The first axis 670 is substantially parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the strainable web material, while the second axis 671 is substantially
parallel to the transverse axis of the strainable web material. In the preferred embodiment
of Fig. 6, the first regions 664 and the second regions 666 are substantially linear,
extending continuously in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
strainable web material.
In the illustrated embodiment, a portion of the strainable web material has been"formed" such that the entire strainable web material exhibits a controlled resistive force
along a predetermined axis (which in the case of the illustrated embodiment is substantially
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the web material) when subjected to an applied axial
elongation in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis. As used herein, the
term "formed" refers to the creation of a desired structure or geometry upon the web
material that will substantially retain the desired structure or geometry when it is not
subjected to any externally applied elongations or forces. Suitable methods for forming a
material such as the strainable web material described herein include, but are not limited to
embossing by mating plates or rolls, thermoforming, high pressure hydraulic forming, or
casting.
The web material used in the present invention is comprised of a strainable network
of contiguous, "distinct", and "dissimilar" regions, wherein the strainable network includes
at least a first region and a second region, where the first region has a "surface-path
length" less than that of the second region. The surface path length is measured parallel to
a predetermined axis when the material is in an untensioned state. As used herein, the
term "formed portion" refers to the portion of the material which is comprised of the
desired structure or geometry of the strainable network. As used herein, the term
"surface-path length" refers to a measurement along the topographic surface of the region
in question in a direction parallel to the predetermined axis. As used herein, the term
"distinct" or "dissimilar" when referring to regions, refers to regions within the strainable
network having measurably different surface-path lengths as measured parallel to a
predetermined axis while the web material is in an untensioned condition.
In a preferred embodiment shown in Figs. 6 and 7, the first regions 664 comprise a
W095/19753 - 2 1 8 0 82 5 PCT/US95/00630
substantially planar region. That is, the material within the first region 664 is in
substantially the same condition before and after the formation step undergone by
strainable web material. The second regions 666 include a plurality of continuous,
interconnected, deformations 674 which extend alternately beyond the plane of both the
first and second surfaces (664A and 664B, respectively) of first region 664. In other
embodiments, the deformations 674 may extend beyond the plane of only one of either the
first or the second surfaces of the first region.
The deformations 674 have a first axis 676 which is substantially parallel to the
transverse axis of the web material and a second axis 677 which is substantially parallel to
the longitudinal axis of the strainable web material. The first axis 676 of the deformations
74 is at least equal to, and preferably longer than the second axis 677. To enhance the
two-stage resistive force versus elongation behavior characteristics of (the side flap) of the
present invention, the ratio of the first axis 676 to the second axis 677 is at least 1: 1, and
preferably at least 2: 1 or greater. In general, the greater this ratio, the more pronounced
will be the two-stage resistive force versus elongation characteristic of the web material.
The first region 664 and the second region 666 each have a "projected path length".
As used herein the term "projected path length" refers to length of a region as viewed
perpendicularly to the surface of the web material measured parallel to the pre-determined
axis (i.e., parallel to the longitudinal axis) of the strainable web material 660. The
projected path length of the first region 664 and the projected path length of the second
region 666 are equal to one another.
However, the first region 664 has a surface-path length, Ll, less than the surface-
path length, L2, of the second region 666 as measured topographically parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the web material while the web material is in an untensioned condition.
To enhance the two-stage resistive force versus elongation behavior characteristic of the
strainable web material 660, the surface-path length of the second region 666 is at least
about 15 percent greater than that of the first region, more preferably about 30 percent
greater than that of the first region, and most preferably at least about 70 percent greater
than that of the first region.
The web material 660 exhibits a modified "Poisson lateral contraction effect"
substantially less than that of an otherwise identical unformed web material of the prior art.
- WO 95/19753 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCT/US95/00630
As used herein, the term "Poisson lateral contraction effect" describes the lateral
contraction behavior of a material which is being subjected to an applied elongation.
Preferably the Poisson lateral contraction effect of the web material of the present
invention is less than about 0.4 when the web is subjected to about 20 percent elongation.
Preferably, the web material exhibits a Poisson lateral contraction effect less than about
0.4 when the web material is subjected to about 40, 50, or even 60 percent elongation.
More preferably, the Poisson lateral contraction effect is less than about 0.3 when the web
material is subjected to 20, 40, 50, or 60 percent elongation.
For the strainable web material, the direction of applied axial elongation, indicated
by arrows 680, is substantially perpendicular to the first axis 676 of the deformations 674.
(The amount of axial elongation is distance, D.) As the deformations 74 are able to extend
in a direction substantially perpendicular to their first axis 676, the direction of applied
axial elongation to cause extension in strainable web material is also substantially
perpendicular to the first axis 676 of the deformations 674.
While the direction of applied axial elongation, indicated by arrows 680, is
substantially perpendicular to the first axis 676 of the deformations 674, an applied axial
elongation having a longitudinal component will cause the strainable web material to
extend in the direction of applied axial elongation.
In Fig. lO there is shown an e~emplary graph of a resistive force-elongation curve
720 of a forrned polymeric web material of the present invention along with a similar curve
710 for a planar, base polymeric film from which the web material is forrned. Referring
now to the force-elongation curve 720, there is an initial substantially linear, lower force
versus elongation stage I designated 720a, a transition zone designated 720b, and a
substantially linear stage II designated 720c which displays substantially higher force
versus elongation behavior, corresponding to a resistive force wall beyond which the web
material may undergo additional permanent deformation.
As seen in Fig. 10 a formed web material having a strainable network exhibits a
controlled multi-stage behavior when subjected to an applied elongation in a direction
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the web material. The resistive force to the applied
elongation is significantly different between stage I (720a) and stage II (720c) of curve
720 as compared to curve 710 which does not exhibit this behavior. Referring now to Fig.
WOg5/19753 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCT~Sg5/00630
l(j
32, as the web material is subjected to an applied axial elongation indicated by arrows 680
in Fig. 6, the first region 664 having the shorter surface-path length, Ll, provides most of
the initial resistive force, Pl, to the applied elongation which corresponds to stage I.
While in stage I, the deformations 674 in the second region 666 are mostly out of the
plane of applied elongation and offer minimal resistance to the applied elongation. In the
transition zone between stages I and II, the deformations 74 are becoming aligned with
the applied elongation. In stage II, as seen in Fig. 9, the deforrnations 674 in the second
region 666 have become substantially aligned with the plane of applied elongation and
begin to resist further elongation. The second region 666 now contributes a second
resistive force, P2, to further elongation. The first and second resistive forces to
elongation provide a total resistive force, PT, which is greater than the resistive force
provided by the first region 664. Accordingly, the general slope of the force-elongation
curve in stage II displays the characteristics of a force wall that is significantly greater than
the general slope of the force-elongation curve in stage 1.
The resistive force Pl is substantially greater than the resistive force P2 when(Ll+D) is less than L2. While (Ll+D)is less than L2 the first region 664 provides an
initial resistive force, P I, generally satisfying the equation:
Pl = (Al*El*D)
Ll
When (Ll+D) is greater than L2 the first and second regions provide a combined
total resistive force, PT, to the applied elongation D, generally satisfying the equation:
PT = (Al *EI *D) + (A2~E2*1LI+D-L21)
Ll L2
(Where "*" represents a multiplication sign.)
The maximum elongation occurring while in stage I is considered to be the
"available stretch" of the web material. The available stretch can be effectively determined
by inspection of the force-elongation curve 720, the approximate point at which there is an
inflection in the transition zone between stage I and stage II is the percent elongation point
of "available stretch". The range of available stretch can be varied from about 10% to
- wo 95/19753 2 1 8 08 25 PCT/US95/00630
- 100% or more; this range of elastic-like response is often found to be of interest in
disposable absorbent articles, and can be largely controlled by the extent to which surface-
path length L2 in the second region 666 exceeds surface-path length Ll in the first region
64 and the properties of the base film. Significantly higher forces are required to achieve
percent elongations in the base film equivalent to those percent elongations in the web
660. The approximate extent of stage I can be controlled as desired by adjusting the path
lengths, Ll and L2 in an untensioned condition. The force-elongation behavior of stage I
can be controlled by adjusting the width, thickness, and spacing of first region 664 and the
properties of the base film.
When the web material of Fig. 6 is subjected to an applied elongation, the web
material exhibits an elastic-like behavior as it extends in the direction of applied elongation
and retracts to its substantially untensioned condition once the applied force is removed,
unless extended to the point of yielding. The web material is able to undergo multiple
applications of applied elongation without losing its ability to substantially recover.
Accordingly, the web material is able to retract to its substantially untensioned condition
once the applied elongation or force is removed.
While the web material may be easily and reversibly extended in the direction ofapplied axial elongation, in a direction substantially perpendicular to the first axis 676 of
the deformations 674, web material is relatively non-extensible in a direction substantially
parallel to the first axis 676 of the deformations 674. The plastic deformation imparted
upon the deformations 674 allows the deformations to be extended in one direction, in a
direction substantially perpendicular to the first axis of the deformations, while being
relatively non-extensible in a direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of
extension, in a direction substantially parallel to the first axis of the deformations. In other
embodiments, the strainable web material 660 can be provided with first regions 664 that
extend outward from a center and second regions 666 that are disposed in concentric
circles around the center to make the strainable web material 660 extensible in more than
one direction.
The amount of applied force required to extend the web material is dependent upon
the inherent properties of the base material forming the web material and the width and
spacing of the undeformed regions 664, with narrower and more widely spaced
undeformed regions 664 requiring lower extensional forces to achieve the desired
WO95/197S3 2 1 8 0 82 5 PCT/US95/00630
lS
elongation. The first axis 668, (i.e., the length) of the undeformed regions 664 is
preferably greater than the second axis 669, (i.e., the width) with a preferred length to
width ratio of between 5: 1 and 300:1.
The depth and number of deformations 674 can also be varied to control the applied
force or elongation required to extend the web material of the present invention. In one
prefe~led embodiment, the deformations are formed by two rigid plates having outer
dimensions of 5.0" by 12" by 0.75". On one surface of each plate are a series of meshing
teeth which are substantially triangular in cross section and measure 0.030" at their bases
and taper to a vertex with a radius of 0.008" at the top. The centerlines of the teeth are
spaced evenly and at 0.030" increments. On the "toothed" side of one plate, a series of
grooves are cut which are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the evenly spaced
teeth. These grooves measure 0.031" wide and are continuous over the entire length of
the plate, and are spaced at a distance of 0.25" on center. These grooves correspond to
the undeformed regions of the deformed web of material.
The preferred LLDPE base material is placed between the plates in a hydraulic press
having platens larger than the plates to evenly distribute pressure. The plates are
co.l.p.essed under a load of at least 4,000 pounds. The formed web material is then
removed from between the plates. The available stretch or elongation is increased if for a
given number of deformations, the height or degree of deformation imparted on the
deformations is increased. Similarly, the available stretch or elongation is increased if for a
given height or degree of deformation, the number or frequency of deformations is
increased.
The size of the backsheet 26 is dictated by the size of the absorbent core 28 and the
exact diaper design selected. In a preferred embodiment, the backsheet 26 has a modified
hourglass shape extending beyond the absorbent core a minimum distance of a bout 1.3 cm
to about 2.5 cm (about 0.5 to about 1.0 inch) around the entire diaper periphery.
Preferably, the backsheet 26 is much wider than the absorbent core in the rear waist region
44 so that the side panels 30 in the rear waist region 44 are generally wider in the lateral
direction than the ear flaps 38 in the front waist region 46.
The topsheet 24 is positioned adjacent the body-facing surface 56 of the absorbent
core 28 and is preferably joined thereto and to the backsheet 26 by attachment means (not
-~ WO 95/19753 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCT/US95/00630
1()
- shown) such as those well known in the art. Suitable attachment means are described with
respect to joining the backsheet 26 to the absorbent core 28. In a preferred embodiment
of the present invention, the topsheet 24 and the backsheet 26 are joined directly to each
other in the diaper periphery and are indirectly joined together by directly joining them to
the absorbent core 28 by the attachment means (not shown).
The topsheet 24 is compliant, soft feeling, and non-irritating to the wearer's skin.
Further, the topsheet 24 is preferably liquid pervious permitting liquids (e.g., urine) to
readily penetrate through its thickness. A suitable topsheet 24 may be manufactured from
a wide range of materials, such as porous foams; reticulated foams; apertured plastic films;
or woven or nonwoven webs of natural fibers (e.g., wood or cotton fibers), synthetic
fibers (e.g., polyester or polypropylene fibers), or a combination of natural and synthetic
fibers. The topsheet 24 is preferably made of a hydrophobic material to isolate the
wearer's skin from liquids which have passed through the topsheet 24 and are contained in
the absorbent core 28 (i.e. to prevent rewet). If the topsheet 24 is made of a hydrophobic
material, at least the upper surface of the topsheet 24 is treated to be hydrophilic so that
liquids will transfer through the topsheet more rapidly. This diminishes the likelihood that
body exudates will flow offthe topsheet 24 rather than being drawn through the topsheet
24 and being absorbed by the absorbent core 28. The topsheet 24 can be rendered
hydrophilic by treating it with a surfactant. Suitable methods for treating the topsheet 24
with a surfactant include spraying the topsheet 24 material with the surfactant and
immersing the material into the surfactant. A more detailed discussion of such a treatment
and hydrophilicity is contained in U.S. Patents 4,988,344 entitled "Absorbent Articles with
Multiple Layer Absorbent Layers" issued to Reising, et al on January 29, 1991 and U.S.
Patent 4,988,345 entitled "Absorbent Articles with Rapid Acquiring Absorbent Cores"
issued to Reising on January 29, 1991, each of which is incorporated by reference herein.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, at least a portion of the topsheet
24 is subjected to mechanical stretching in order to provide a "zero strain" stretch laminate
that forms the thigh panels 30 and 31. The topsheet 24 can be prestrained by any methods
as are known in the art including, but not limited to, the methods described herein with
respect to the formation of the "zero strain" stretch backsheet. Thus, the topsheet 24 is
preferably elongatable, more preferably drawable, but not necessarily elastomeric, so that
the topsheet 24 will, upon mechanical stretching, be at least to a degree permanently
elongated such that it will not fully return to its original configuration. In preferred
WO 95/19753 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCT/US95/00630
~()
embodiments, the topsheet 24 can be subjected to mechanical stretching without undue
rupture or tearing. Thus, it is preferred that the topsheet 24 have a low cross-machine
direction (lateral direction) yield strength.
There are a number of manufacturing techniques which may be used to nl~nllf~cture
the topsheet 24. For example, the topsheet 24 may be a nonwoven web of fibers. When
the topsheet 24 comprises a nonwoven web, the web may be spunbonded, carded, wet-
laid, melt-blown, hydroentangled, combinations of the above, or the like. A suitable
topsheet 24 is carded and thermally bonded by means well known to those skilled in the
fabrics art. A satisfactory topsheet 24 comprises staple length polypropylene fibers having
a denier of about 2.2 As used herein, the term "staple length fibers" refers to those fibers
having a length of at least about 15.9 mm (0.625 inches). Preferably, the topsheet 24 has a
basis weight from about 14 to about 25 grams per square meter. A suitable topsheet is
manufactured by Veratec, Inc., a Division of International Paper Company, of Walpole,
Mass. under the designation P-8.
The diaper 20 preferably further comprises elasticized leg cuffs 32 for providing
improved containment of liquids and other body exudates. Each elasticized leg cuff 32
may comprise several different embodiments for reducing the leakage of body exudates in
the leg regions. (The leg cuff can be and is sometimes also referred to as leg bands, side
flaps, barrier cuffs, or elastic cuffs.) U.S. Patent 3,860,003 describes a disposable diaper
which provides a contractible leg opening having a side flap and one or more elastic
members to provide an elasticized leg cuff(gasketing cuff). U.S. Patent 4,909,803 entitled
"Disposable Absorbent Article Having Elasticized Flaps" issued to Aziz et al. on March
20, 1990, describes a disposable diaper having "stand-up" elasticized flaps (barrier cuffs)
to improve the containment of the leg regions. U.S. Patent 4,695,278 entitled "Absorbent
Article Having Dual Cuffs" issued to Lawson on September 22, 1987, describes a
disposable diaper having dual cuffs including a gasketing cuff and a barrier cuff. U.S.
Patent 4,704,115 entitled "Disposable Waist Containment Garment" issued to Buell on
November 3, 1987, discloses a disposable diaper or incontinence garment having side-
edge-leakage-guard gutters configured to contain free liquids within the garment. Each of
these patents are incorporated herein by reference. While each elasticized leg cuff32 may
be configured so as to be similar to any of the leg bands, side flaps, barrier cuffs, or elastic
cuffs described above, each elasticized leg cuff32 preferably comprises a gasketing cuffas
described in the above-referenced U.S. Patent 3,860,003 and a barrier cuffas described in
~- WO95tl9753 2 1 8 0825 PCT/US95/00630
the above-referenced U.S. Patent 4,909,803.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the diaper 20 also comprises ear
flaps 38 that extend laterally outwardly from each longitudinal edge 50 of the containment
assembly 22 in the front waist region 46. The ear flaps 38 provide a structure to which the
rear waist region 44 can be attached when the diaper 20 is constructed in a conventional
diaper configuration. Alternatively, the ear flaps 38 can provide a structure that is
attached to the rear waist region 44 of the diaper 20 when the diaper 20 is constructed in a
belted configuration. The ear flaps 38 may take on a number of different sizes, shapes,
configurations, and materials. The ear flaps 38 may comprise a portion of the material
making up one or more of the diaper elements, including the topsheet 24, and thebacksheet 26. Alternatively, the ear flaps 38 may comprise a separate element or a
plurality of elements affixed to the diaper. Suitable materials for use as the ear flaps 38
include woven webs; nonwoven webs; films, including polymeric films; foams; laminate
materials including film laminates, nonwoven laminates, or zero strain laminates; formed
films; elastomers; composites; structural elastic like-film (SELF) webs or any combination
of materials hereinafter described or as described with respect to the extensible thigh
panels 30 and 31 as are known in the art. The ear flaps 38 may be joined to the
containment assembly 22 by any means as known in the art; for example the ear flaps 38
may be continuously or intermittently bonded to the containment assembly 22 using
adhesive, heat bonding, pressure bonding, ultrasonic bonding, dynamic mechanicalbonding or any other method that is known in the art.
The diaper 20 preferably further comprises an elastic waist feature 34 that helps
provide improved fit and containment. The elastic waist feature 34 is that portion or zone
of the diaper 20 which is intended to elastically expand and contract to dynamically fit the
wearer's waist. The elastic waist feature 34 preferably extends longitudinally outwardly
from at least one of the waist edges 60 of the absorbent core 28 and generally forms at
least a portion of the end edge 52 of the diaper 20. Disposable diapers are generally
constructed so as to have two elastic waist features, one positioned in the rear waist
region 44 and one positioned in the front waist region 46, although diapers can be
constructed with a single elastic waist feature. Further, while the elastic waist feature 34
or any of its constituent elements can comprise a separate element affixed to the diaper 20,
the elastic waist feature 34 may be constructed as an extension of other elements of the
diaper such as the backsheet 26 or the topsheet 24, preferably both the backsheet 26 and
WO95/19753 2 1 8 0 8 25 PCT/US9S~ O
the topsheet 24.
The elastic waist feature 34 may comprise any suitable stretchable or elastomeric
materials. (As used herein, the term "stretchable" refers to materials that are extensible
when forces are applied to the material, and offer some resistance to extension. The term
"elastomeric" refers to materials that extend in at least one direction when a force is
applied to the material, and return to approximately their original dimensions after the
force is released.) Suitable elastomeric materials for use as the elastic waist feature 34 are
described hereinbelow with respect to the extensible side panels 30.
The elastic waist feature 34 may be constructed in a number of different
configurations including those described in U.S. Patent 4,515,595 entitled "Disposable
Diapers with Elastically Contractible Waistbands" issued to Kievit et al. on May 7, 1985
and the above referenced U.S. Patent 5,151,092 issued to Buell; each ofthese references
being incorporated herein by reference. Further, the elastic waist feature 34 may comprise
"pleats" that may be activated by the diaperer to provide additional extension in the waist
regions. (As used herein, the term "pleats" refers to regions of material that have been
folded back upon themselves such that when an activation force is applied the material
unfolds.) This additional extension provided by this pleated configuration is desirable
when the diaper 20 is fitted to the wearer in either the conventional or the belted
configuration and removed by pulling the diaper off the wearer without detaching the
fastening system.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the diaper 20
additionally comprises two thigh panels, such as a first thigh panel 30 and a second thigh
panel 31, as shown in Figure 1. When the diaper 20 is fitted to the wearer, the thigh
panels 30 and 31 cover the buttocks of the wearer and encircle the outer portion of the
wearer's legs. The thigh panels 30 and 31 extend laterally outwardly from, and are
disposed along the longitudinal edges 50 of the containment assembly 22 in the crotch
region 48. (The term "disposed" as used herein means that an element(s) of the diaper is
formed (joined and positioned) in a particular place or position as a unitary structure with
other elements of the diaper or a separate element joined to another element of the diaper.)
As shown in Figure 1, the first thigh panel 30 is joined to the first belt flap 62 and extends
generally longitudinally from the first belt flap 62 along one of the longitudinal edges 50 of
the containment assembly 22 to a location in the crotch region 48. Likewise, the second
- wo 95/19753 2 1 8 0 8 25 PCT/USg5/00630
thigh panel 31 is joined to the second belt flap 64 and extends generally longitudinally
from the second belt flap 64 to a location adjacent the other longitudinal edge 50 of the
containment assembly 22 in the crotch region 48.
The thigh panels 30 and 31 may take on a number of different sizes, shapes,
materials and configurations. In a preferred embodiment, the thigh panels are extensions
of the topsheet 24, the backsheet 26, or both. However, the thigh panels may comprise
separate elements that are joined to the diaper 20. Examples of materials suitable for use
in the thigh panels are hereinbefore described with respect to the topsheet 24 and the
backsheet 26. In an especially preferred embodiment, at least a portion of the material
forming the thigh panels is subjected to mechanical stretching in order to provide a "zero
strain" stretch laminate extensible in at least the lateral direction. This allows the thigh
panels to expand in conjunction with the motions of the wearer and reduces the possibility
of red marks in the regions where the thigh panels contact the wearer. Examples of
suitable methods for prestraining the material forming the thigh panels are described herein
with respect to the topsheet and the backsheet and the above !eferenced U.S. Patent
5,151,092 issued to Buell, et al. which is incorporated herein by reference. The thigh
panels 30 and 31 may be joined to the diaper 20 by any means as known in the art; for
example the thigh panels may be continuously or intermittently bonded to the containment
assembly 22 using adhesive, heat bonding, pressure bonding, ultrasonic bonding, dynamic
mechanical bonding or any other method that is known in the art.
The diaper 20 additionally comprises a pair of belt flaps such as a first belt flap 62
and a second belt flap 64, as shown in Figure 1. The belt flaps 62 and 64 encircle part of
the waist of the wearer when the diaper 20 is fitted to the wearer. When the diaper is
fitted to the wearer in the conventional configuration, the belt flaps 62 and 64 extend from
the rear waist region 44 of the diaper 20 around the wearer's hips to the front waist region
46 of the diaper where the belt flaps 62 and 64 are fastened to the front waist region 46
forming the diaper's waist closure. In the belted configuration, the belt flaps 62 and 64
extend from the rear waist region 44 of the diaper 20 around the wearer's hips where the
belt flaps 62 and 64 are fastened together to form a belt.
Each belt flap is preferably disposed adjacent one of the longitudinal edges 50 of the
containment assembly 22, preferably in the rear waist region 44. While it is not necessary
that the pair of belt flaps be identical, as shown in Figure l, they are preferably mirror
WO95/19753 . 2 1 8 0 82 5 PCT/US9S/C~30
images of one another. Each of the belt flaps 62 and 64 have a proximal edge, a distal
edge, an end edge, an inner surface, and an outer surface. For example, the first belt flap
62 has a proximal edge 66 disposed adjacent one of the longitudinal edges 50 of the
containment assembly 22 in the rear waist re~ion 44 of the diaper 20, a distal edge 68
spaced laterally outwardly from the proximal edge 66, and an end edge 63 runningbetween the proximal edge 66 and the distal edge 68. As shown in Figure 1, the end edges
63 and 65 of the belt flaps 62 and 64 can form a portion of the end edge 52 of the diaper
20, however, embodiments are contemplated wherein the end edges 63 and 65 do notform a portion of the end edge 52 of the diaper 20. The inner surface of each belt flap is
designated 67 and the outer surface of each belt flap is designated 69. As shown in Figure
1, the outer surface 69 of each belt flap is that surface which faces away from the wearer
when the diaper is being worn and generally corresponds to the outer surface 40 of the
containment assembly 22. As shown in Figure 2, the inner surface 67 of each belt flap is
that surface which faces the wearer when the diaper 20 is being worn and generally
corresponds to the inner surface 42 of the containment assembly.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the belt flaps 62 and 64 are at
least partially elastically extensible in the lateral direction to provide a more comfortable
and contouring fit. (As used herein, the term "elastically extensible" refers to materials
that extend in at least one direction when a force is applied and return to approximately
their original dimensions after the force is removed. The "lateral direction" is defined as
the direction parallel to the transverse centerline 102 of the.diaper.) Elastically extensible
belt flaps also provide more effective application of the diaper since even if the diaperer
fits the diaper to the wearer asymmetrically, the diaper will self adjust during wear to
attain an improved fit. Further, elastically extensible belt flaps provide improved dynamic
fit about the waist of the wearer, reducing the possibility of sagging or gapping, and
sustaining the fit of the diaper throughout the time of wear.
The belt flaps 62 and 64 may take on a number of different sizes, shapes,
configurations and materials. The exact length, width and thickness of the belt flaps 62
and 64 will vary depending on the dimensions of the intended user. It is important,
however, that the belt flaps 62 and 64 be long enough in the lateral direction to completely
encircle the waist of the wearer to ensure that the diaper can be properly fitted to the
wearer in the belted configuration. (In embodiments comprising elastically extensible belt
flaps, the dimensions of the belt flaps are preferably taken while the belt flaps are under
`- WO 95/19753 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCT/US95/00630
some tension rather than when the belt flaps are in their relaxed condition. This ensures
that the belt flaps will provide the diaper 20 with the advantages discussed above.) The
belt flaps 62 and 64 may comprise a portion of the material making up one or more of the
diaper elements, including the topsheet 24, the backsheet 26, or the waist feature 34.
Alternatively, the belt flaps may comprise a separate element or a plurality of elements
joined to the diaper 20. If the belt flaps 62 and 64 are separate elements joined to the
diaper 20, they can be joined by any by any means as known in the art. Examples of
suitable attachment means include adhesive bonding, heat bonding, pressure bonding,
ultrasonic bonding, dynamic mechanical bonding or a combination of any of these means
or any other means as are known in the art.
One elastically extensible material that has been found to be especially suitable for
use in the belt flaps is a laminate of two coverstock layers with an elastomeric synthetic
rubber foam sandwiched between the coverstock layers. (As used herein, the term
- "coverstock" refers to any woven or nonwoven materials.) An example of suitable
coverstock material is hereinbefore discussed with respect to the topsheet 24 and the
backsheet 26. Examples of suitable synthetic foams to be sandwiched between the
coverstock layers include: a) crosslinked natural rubber foams preferably having a caliper
of approximately 50 mils and a density of approximately 13.3 pounds per cubic foot
(0.214 grams per cubic cm), such as is available from Fulflex Inc., of Middletown, R.l., or
as available from Ludlow Composites Corporation of Freemont, Ohio and marketed under
the tradename Baby Foam; or b) polyurethane foams having a caliper of approximately 80
mils and a density of approximately 2.06 pounds per cubic foot (0.033 grams per cubic
cm), such as is available from Bridgestone of Yokohama, Japan and marketed under the
tradename Bridgestone SG Polyurethane Foam. Other suitable materials for use as or in
the belt flaps include structural elastic-like film (SELF) webs, as described above, natural
rubber, natural rubber foams, elastomeric scrims, woven or nonwoven elastomeric webs,
elastomeric composites such as elastomeric nonwoven laminates, zero strain stretch
laminates, prestrained stretch laminates or the like. The above referenced U.S. Patent
5,151,092 issued to Buell et al., on September 29, 1992, describes suitable zero strain
stretch laminates and prestrained stretch laminates, and is herein incorporated by
reference.
The diaper 20 additionally comprises a fastening system comprising a first fastening
assembly and a second fastening assembly. The fastening system permits the user to
WO 95/19753 2 1 ~ 0 8 2 5 PCT/US95/00630 `-
construct and fit the diaper 20 to the wearer in at least two different configurations (i.e.,
the diaper is convertible). The first fastening assembly is designed to fasten the diaper 20
in a belted configuration. As used herein, the term "belted configuration" refers to a
diaper that is fitted to the wearer by first constructing a belt about the waist of the wearer
and then completing the application by forming a closure between the front and rear
portions of the diaper. (The term "belt" means any element or elements of the diaper that
fasten together to completely encircle the waist of the wearer prior to forming the closure
between the front and rear portions of the diaper.) The second fastening assembly is
designed to fasten the diaper 20 in a conventional configuration. The term "conventional
configuration" refers to a diaper that is fitted to the wearer without the construction of a
belt as described above. As shown in Figure 5, a preferred embodiment of the present
invention constructed in the conventional configuration is fitted to the wearer by placing
the rear waist region 44 of the diaper 20 under the back of the wearer, pulling the front
waist region 46 through the legs of the wearer to the wearer's waist and fastening the front
waist region 46 to the waist region 44 to form side closures and to complete construction
of the diaper 20.
In prefelled embodiments of the present invention, the fastening system is designed
such that the soft, non-irritating elements of the diaper and the fastening assemblies will
come in contact with the wearer's skin. Further, the fastening assemblies are preferably
integrated to reduce the number of fastening elements needed to achieve the convertible
diaper design. (As used herein, the term "integrated" refers to the coordination of the
fastening assemblies such that one or more of the individual fastening elements used in the
first fastening assembly is also used in the second fastening assembly.) This integration
reduces the cost of the material needed in the fastening system thus reducing the overall
manufacturing cost of the diaper 20.
The fastening system can comprise any attachment means known in the art including
pressure sensitive adhesives, cohesive materials, mechanical fasteners, hook and loop type
fasteners, or any combination of these or any other attachment means known in the art.
Exemplary adhesive tape tab fastening systems are disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,848,594
entitled "Tape Fastening System for Disposable Diaper" issued to Buell on November 19,
1974; and U.S. Patent 4,662,875 entitled "Absorbent Article" issued to Hirotsu and
Robertson on May 5, 1987. Exemplary fastening systems comprising mechanical fastening
components are described in U.S. Patent 5,058,247 entitled "Mechanical Fastening Prong"
- WO 95/19753 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCT/US95/00630
issued to Thomas October 22, 1991; U.S. Patent 4,869,724 entitled "Mechanical Fastening
Systems With Adhesive Tape Disposal Means For Disposal of Absorbent Articles" issued
to Scripps on September 26, 1989; and U.S. Patent 4,864,815 entitled "Disposable Diaper
Having an Improved Fastening Device" issued to Scripps on July I 1, 1989. An example
of a fastening system having combination mechanical/adhesive fasteners is described in
U.S. 4,946,527 entitled "Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Fastener and Method of Making
Same" issued to Battrell on August 7, 1990. Each ofthese patents are incorporated herein
by reference.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fastening system comprises
hook and loop type fasteners. As used herein, the term "hook and loop type fasteners"
refers to fastening means comprising a "hook" component (hereinafter refered to as an
"engaging component") and a complementary loop component (hereinafter refered to as a
"landing component"). The term "hook" is used to designate a material having engaging
elements. Thus, the hook fastening material may also be referred to as a male fastener. It
should also be understood that the use of the term "hook" shou!d be non-limiting in the
sense that the engaging elements may comprise any shapes as are known in the art so long
as they are adapted to engage a complementary landing component.
One embodiment of the present invention comprises a hook fastening material
preferably comprising a base and a plurality of engaging elements extending from the base.
The hook fastening material is intended to engage fibrous elements of a loop fastening
material so as to provide a secure fastening device. Thus, the hook fastening material may
be manufactured from a wide range of materials. Suitable materials include nylon,
polyester, polypropylene, or any combination of these materials. A suitable hook fastening
material comprises a number of shaped engaging elements projecting from a woven
backing such as the commercially available material designated "SCOTCHMATE" brand
No. FJ3402 available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul,
Minnesota. Alternatively, the engaging elements may have any shape such as hooks, "T's"
or any other shape as are well known in the art. A particularly preferred hook fastening
material is described in U.S. Patent S,058,247 entitled "Mechanical Fastening Prong"
issued to Thomas October 22, 1991 which is incorporated herein by reference.
The landing component preferably comprises a fastening element engageable with
the hook component. Thus, the landing component may be manufactured from a wide
wo 95/19753 2 1 8 û 8 2 5 PCT/US95/00630 `-
range of materials and configurations capable of securely engaging the hook component.
For example, the landing component may comprise identical complementary elements or
distinct complementary elements. As used herein, the term "identical complementary
elements" is used to define mechanical fastening systems wherein the engaging elements of
the hook component and the landing component comprise the same configuration or
structure that are interlocking. Examples of such systems are described in Brown et al.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,322,785 entitled "Two Strip Materials Used For Forming Fasteners"
issued on April 16, 1982 and Kellenberger et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,701,179 entitled "Fixed
Position Fasteners For Disposable Absorbent Garments" issued on October 20, 1987. The
term "distinct complementary elements" is used herein to designate a system wherein the
hook component is different from the landing component but is engageable therewith.
In one preferred embodiment, the landing component comprises a plurality of fiber
elements, such as a loop fastening material, that engage the engaging elements of the hook
component. The loop fastening material may be manufactured from a wide range of
materials to provide fiber elements, preferably loops. Suitable materials include nylon,
polyester, polypropylene, or any combination of these materials. A suitable loop fastening
material comprises a number of fiber loops projecting from a woven backing such as the
commercially available material designated "SCOTCHMATE" brand nylon woven loop
No. SJ3401 available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul,
Minnesota. A preferred loop fastening material comprises a tricot knit fabric having a
plurality of nylon filament loops projecting from a backing of nylon such as thecommercially available material designated "Guilford No. 16110" available from Guilford
Mills of Greensboro, North Carolina. A~ternatively, the loop fastening material may be a
non-woven fabric or any other type of fiber material or loop material which are well
known in the art. An inexpensive loop fastening material and a method of making the
same is described in U.S. Patent 5,032,122, entitled "Loop Fastening Material For
Fastening Device and Method of Making Same" issued to Noel et al., July 16, 1991, which
application is incorporated herein by reference.
The fastening elements may be disposed on either the outer surface or the inner
surface of the diaper 20. In a preferred embodiment, however, the fastening elements are
disposed on the diaper 20 such that the fasteners do not irritate the wearer's skin.
Accordingly, the fasteners disposed on inner surfaces of the diaper 20 that come in contact
with the wearer's skin should be soft and non-irritating. In addition, the fastening elements
-- W 0 95/19753 2 1 8 0 8 25 PCTrUS95/00630
may either be a discrete separate element affxed to the diaper 20 or a unitary piece of
material that is neither divided nor discontinuous with an element of the diaper 20 such as
the topsheet 24 or the backsheet 26. While the fastening elements can assume varying
sizes and shapes, they preferably comprise one or more separate patches of material joined
to the diaper 20 to allow for a maximum fit adjustment at the waist of the wearer.
As shown in Figures I and 2, the first fastening assembly of the present invention
comprises a first belt flap closure member 74, a second belt flap closure member 76, a first
front waist region closure member 78 and a second front waist region closure member 80.
The first belt flap closure member 74 preferably comprises an engaging component and is
preferably disposed adjacent the first belt flap's distal edge 68 on the outer surface 69 such
that the fastening surface faces away from the wearer. (As used herein, the term"fastening surface" refers to the surface of a fastening element that is engageable with the
fastening surface of another fastening element or any other surface of any element of the
diaper.) The first belt flap closure member 74 may either be a discrete separate element
affixed to the diaper 20 or a unitary piece of material that is neither divided nor
discontinuous with an element of the diaper 20. When constructing the diaper 20 in the
belted configuration, the first belt flap closure member 74 is engaged with the second belt
flap closure member 76 to form a belt about the waist of the wearer.
The second belt flap closure member 76 preferably comprises a landing component
and is preferably disposed adjacent the second belt flap's distal edge 72, on the inner
surface 67 such that the fastening surface faces the wearer The second belt flap closure
member 76 may either be a discrete separate element affixed to the diaper 20 or a unitary
piece of material that is neither divided nor discontinuous with an element of the diaper 20
such as the topsheet 24. When constructing the diaper 20 in the belted configuration, the
second flap closure member 76 is engaged with the first belt flap closure member 74 to
form a belt about the waist of the wearer. When the diaper 20 is constructed in the
conventional configuration. the second belt flap closure member 76 engages the third
closure member 84 to fasten the rear waist region 44 to the front waist region 46.
The rear waist region closure member 78 preferably comprises an engaging
component and is preferably disposed on the outer surface 69 of the rear waist region such
that the fastening surface faces away from the wearer. The rear waist closure member 78
may either be a discrete separate element affixed to the diaper 20 or a unitary piece of
WO 95/19753 2 1 8 3 8 2 5 PCT/US95/00630
, ( )
material that is neither divided nor discontinuous with the elements of the diaper 20
forming the rear waist region 44 of the diaper 20, such as the backsheet 26. Further, the
rear waist closure member 78 can assume varying sizes and shapes, preferably one or more
separate patches of material joined to the diaper 20 to allow for a maximum fit adjustment
at the waist of the wearer. When the diaper 20 is constructed in the belted configuration,
the front waist region closure member 80 engages the rear waist region closure members
78 to secure the front waist region 46 of the diaper 20 to the rear waist region 44.
The front waist region closure member 80 preferably comprises at least one landing
component disposed adjacent each longitudinal edge 50 of the containment assembly 22 in
the front waist region 46. In embodiments of the present invention comprising ear flaps
38, the front waist region closure member 80 comprises at least one closure member
disposed on each of the ear flaps 38, preferably laterally outboard from the longitudinal
edges 50 of the containment assembly. The front waist region closure member 80 is
preferably a discrete separate element disposed on the outer surface 40 of the diaper 20
such that the fastening surface faces the wearer. However, embodiments are contemplated
wherein the front waist region closure member 80 is unitary with the ear flaps 38 or other
elements of the diaper 20, such as the topsheet 24. Further, the front waist region closure
member 80 may be disposed on the inner surface 42 of the diaper such that the fastening
surface faces the wearer. When the diaper is constructed in the belted configuration, the
front waist region closure members 80 engages the rear waist region closure members 78
to secure the front waist region 46 of the diaper 20 to the rear waist region 44. In the
conventional configuration, however, at least a portion of each front waist region closure
member 80 is positioned against the wearer's skin. Therefore, it is important that the
portion of the front waist region closure members 80 that Will come in contact with the
wearer's skin comprise a soft, non-irritating material.
As shown in Figures I and 2, the second fastening assembly comprises a first
closure member 82, the second belt flap closure member 76 of the first fastening assembly,
and a third closure member 84. The first closure member 82 preferably comprises a
landing component and is preferably disposed adjacent the first belt flap's distal edge 68,
on the inner surface 67 such that the fastening surface faces the wearer. The first closure
member 82 may either be a discrete separate element affixed to the diaper 20 or a unitary
piece of material that is neither divided nor discontinuous with an element of the diaper 20
such as the topsheet 24. When the diaper 20 is constructed in the conventional
21 80825
- WO 95/19753 PCT/US95/00630
- configuration, the first closure member 82 engages the third closure member 84 to secure
the rear waist region 44 of the diaper 20 to the front waist region 46. However, when the
diaper 20 is constructed in the belted configuration, at least a portion of the first closure
member 82 contacts the skin of the wearer. Therefore, it is important that the portion of
the first closure members 82 that Will come in contact with the wearer's skin comprise a
soft, non-irritationg material.
The second belt flap closure member 76 preferably comprises a landing component
and is preferably disposed adjacent the second belt flap's distal edge 72, on the inner
surface 67 such that the fastening surface faces the wearer. (The second belt flap closure
member 76 is described in more detail above with respect to the first fastening assembly).
The third closure member 84 preferably comprises an engaging component and is
preferably disposed adjacent the end edge 52 of the diaper 20, in the front waist region 46.
The third closure member is preferably disposed on the outer surface 40 of the diaper 20
such that the fastening surface faces away from the wearer. The third closure member 84
may comprise either a discrete separate element affixed to the diaper 20 or a unitary piece
of material that is neither divided nor discontinuous with an element of the diaper 20 such
as the backsheet 26. Further, the third closure member 84 can assume varying sizes and
shapes, they preferably comprises one or more separate patches of material joined to the
diaper 20 to allow for a maximum fit adjustment at the waist of the wearer. When the
diaper 20 is constructed in the conventional configuration, the third closure member 84
engages the first closure member 82 and the second belt flap closure member 76 to secure
the front waist region 46 of the diaper 20 to the rear waist region 44.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides the diaperer with at least
three options as to how the diaper may be constructed and fit to the wearer. ~f the
diaperer prefers to use the belted diaper configuration, the diaper 20 is preferably
constructed and applied to the wearer using the first fastening assembly. Preferably, the
diaper is first positioned such that the rear waist region 44 is behind the hips of the wearer
with the front waist region 46 extends toward the wearer's legs. This positions the diaper
20 such that first belt flap 62 and the second belt flap 64 can be fastened together to form
a belt about the waist of the wearer. To construct the belt, the diaperer engages the first
belt flap closure member 74 disposed on the outer surface 69 of the first belt flap 62 with
the second belt flap closure member 76 disposed on the inner surface 67 of the second belt
WO 95/19753 2 1 8 0 8 2 5 PCTIUS95/00630
..~
flap 64. The diaperer then pulls the front waist region 46 of the diaper 20 through the
wearer's legs and up to the wearer's waist. Once in this position, the front waist region 46
of the diaper 20 can be fastened to the rear waist region 44 of the diaper 20. The side
closures are formed by engaging the front waist region fastening members 80, disposed on
the inner surface 42 of the front waist region 46 adjacent each longitudinal edge 50 of the
containment assembly 22, with the rear waist region closure member 78 disposed on the
outer surface 40 of the containment assembly 22 in the rear waist region 44.
If the diaperer wishes to use the diaper in the conventional configuration, the second
fastening assembly is used. The diaper 20 is preferably applied to the wearer in the
conventional configuration by first positioning one of the waist regions, preferably the rear
waist region 44, under the wearer's back. The remainder of the diaper 20 is then drawn
between the wearer's legs such that the other waist region, preferably the front waist
region 46, is positioned across the front of the wearer. The diaperer then grasps the first
belt flap 62 or the second belt flap 64, or both and wraps them around the waist of the
wearer. The diaperer then engages the first closure member 82 disposed on the inner
surface 67 of the first belt flap 62 and the second belt flap closure member 76 disposed on
the inner surface 67 of the second belt flap 64 with the third closure member 84 disposed
on the outer surface 40 of the containment assembly 22 in the front waist region 46. This
forms a waist closure on each side of the wearer and completes the construction of the
conventional diaper using the second fastening assembly.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the diaper can be
used as a pant. For example, the diaper can be constructed in either the conventional or
the belted configuration to form a pant before fitting the diaper to the wearer. The
diaperer or wearer then pulls the diaper up and over the wearer's hips where it is held in
place around the wearer's waist by the inward forces provided by the elastic waist feature.
In this configuration, the diaper can be removed by pulling the diaper down and off the
wearer without releasing the fastening system, or by releasing the fastening system and
removing the diaper from around the wearer's waist. A]ternatively, the diaper can be
constructed and fit to the wearer as herein described with respect to the conventional or
the belted diaper configurations and be removed by pulling the diaper down over the
wearer's hips and offthe wearer without releasing the fastening system. Accordingly, the
diaperer is provided with additional options as to how the diaper will be fitted to and/or
removed from the wearer. This type of diaper is particularly attractive as a training pant
21 80825
-- WO 95/19753 PCT/US95/00630
because it combines the feel of a pant with tlle advantages discussed herein with respect to
ease of inspection for soiling and removal by releasing the fastening system.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and
described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and
modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It
is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications
that are within the scope of this invention.
