Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
W O 95124124 PCT/US95/01544
LNIPROVED INSECTICIDE BAIT EMULSION COMPOSTTION
Field of the Inventio
The present invention relates to an improved insecticide bait emulsion
composition
having a novel emulsion system to impart improved delivery and application
characteristic
thereto.
Backeround of the nv n ion
Various methods and compositions for application of insecticide containing
bait are
described in the prior art. The efficiency of such compositions is improved by
inclusion of
various additives. Pastes or gels provide especially preferred emulsion type
composition
for delivery of insecticidally active ingredients together with food sources
for the target
insect.
The purpose of developing improved delivery systems for insecticide containing
bait emulsion composition is to form a stable bait containing compositions
that will contain
a high percentage of water and at the same time suspend feeding nutrients and
stimulants
in a quantity to induce an insect to feed on the bait.
Insects, such as cockroaches, forage for food and water, they cannot detect
food
from large distances further than 5 to 10 inches. As a result cockroaches
forage for food
along baseboards and behind appliances. As the insect encounters a bait
source, as a bait
station, the insect will examine the bait using its mouth parts and antennae.
If the bait
meets the insects nutritional needs it may consume the bait. If the bait
contains an
insecticidally effective amount of a toxicant, the insect will be killed.
Cockroaches have a
tendency to learn to return to previously investigated area which previously
have provided
a food source.
Gel and paste compositions for the control of cockroaches are desirable means
for
applying food an insecticide in combination in a suitable bait/toxicant
emulsion. Several
previous bait gel or paste form emulsions have been disclosed. For example, U.
S. Patent
4,812,309 describes an insecticidal gel compositions for the control of
cockroaches. The
gellant is a non-ionic surfactant block co-polymer with an average molecular
weight of
CA 02182690 2002-12-24
about 12,500. The composition is either a liquid or a gel depending upon the
temperature at
which the preparation was prepared U. S. Patent 5,021,237 describes a gel
insecticidal
composition useful for the control of cockroaches. The insecticidal gel
compositions comprise a
pentadienone hydrazone as a toxicant, a fatty acid, a lower alcohol, a
gellant, water, a base, and a
hydrocarbon propellant. The gel bait composition comprises an oil-in-water
emulsion of a
toxicant in a corn syrup solution. The gellant is stearic acid. The gel is
delivered by pressured
spray of a bait in viscid form in situations where solid or liquid forms are
not suitable.
Foam compositions have been disclosed, such as an aerosol foam composition.
Although
effective the foam compositions collapse to a thin film and present a form not
ideal for the insect,
for example the cockroach, to pick up with its mouth parts. The emulsion bait
of the present
invention retains its bulk and form for a longer time, thus making it easy for
the cockroach to
ingest.
Summar~of the Invention
The present invention is drawn towards an improved stable insecticide
formulated bait
emulsion composition especially useful for the control of insects, in
particular for the control of
cockroaches, a method of preparing the composition and a method of its use.
More particularly,
the invention relates to an insecticidal emulsion gel or paste composition
comprising an active
ingredient in a stable emulsion employing cross-linked polyacrylic acid
polymer, starch and
modified methylcellulose.
The present invention can be applied to residential as well as industrial
insect infestations
for long-term control. The invention provides a means of delivering a poison
insect bait in viscid
form in situations where solid or liquid forms may not be suitable. Many
species of insect pest
are susceptible to control by the present invention. It is particularly useful
and effective against
cockroaches.
The emulsion composition of this invention has the following advantages over
aerosol
contact and residual sprays, current bait tray technology, and other gel and
paste formulations.
The preparation is non-repellent. There is a higher frequency of bait
placement yielding
more complete treatment and control. The toxicant containing bait emulsion can
be applied and
placed in closer more accessible proximity to the insect harborages than
W 0 95/24124 PCTlUS95/OlS.i.l
3 .. ,...
Zi~2690
standard bait applications, such as bait trays and other gel or paste
formulations. The
present compositions are viscid but sufficientl . fluid to be dispersed from
gas-pressured
cans or mechanically from tubes, syringe, or caulking gun types of application
which apply
the compositions as a bead of material. The toxicant application can be
tailored to
accommodate structural requirements where the material is to be applied. The
emulsion
of the present invention delivers the bait and toxicant in such a form that
remains in a
stable form to be readily available for ingestion by insects for a long period
of time. Some
other advantages include non-staining of porous surfaces, stability at a wide
range of
temperatures, and indefinite pot life during processing and handling. The
present emulsion
contains a high percentage of water (moisture) which is an advantageous insect
attracting
agent, especially for cockroaches.
Ol~iectives of this Inven inn
It is an object of the present invention to provide insecticidal, pesticidal,
or
insecticidal/pesticidal compositions, and method of application of said
compositions that
are dispensable as a viscid flowable materials in an improved emulsion which
overcome the
problems and deficiencies of the prior art.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a composition and
method of
preparation and method of application which is easy to prepare (formulate) and
use
(apply), and which is safe to the environment, but which is effective for use
in controlling
one or more immature and mature stages of terrestrial insects or pests,
particularly, but not
exclusively, insects and other arthropod pests. Of more particular
effectiveness is its use in
controlling cockroaches, i.e., members of the Blatillaria, a suborder of
orthopterous
insects, species of cockroaches, house inhabitors including American
(Periplaneta
americana), oriental (Blatta orientalis), Australian (P. australasiae), German
(Blatella
germanica), brownbanded [(Supella longipalpa (F.)], smokybrown [P. Fuliginosa
(Serville)], and Florida woods [Eurycotis floridana (Walker)] cockroaches.
It is further an object of the present invention to provide a stable emulsion
composition with bait and toxicant that will contain a high percentage by
weight of water
and at the same time suspend feeding stimulants and other additives. The
emulsion can
incorporate a wide variety of potentially incompatible insecticidal or
pesticidal ingredients
into a single, stable and homogeneous or non-homogeneous viscid flowable
delivery
wo ~sizalza
PCTlUS95IO15.t-i
x.:6'9 tl
system to control a broad spectrum of insects or other habit-
associated/related pests, by
delivery thereto the active ingredients.
It is further an object of the present invention to provide a stable emulsion
composition with bait and toxicant that will contain a high percentage by
weight of water
and at the same time suspend feeding stimulants and other additives which will
satisfy the
cockroach nutritional needs and thereafter be consumed as a bait and at the
same time
palatable enough to compete with other food sources in the environment.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a method for
simultaneously or concurrently controlling two or more natural populations of
insects and
habitat-associated pests such as cockroaches, with a single stable emulsion
system, such as
a gel or paste, delivery system.
Still another specific object of the present invention is the provision of
incorporating one or more suspending agent polymers, such as homopo(ymers, and
emulsion stabilizing agents, in order to prepare a delivery system that
retains a high level
of moisture, and at the same time suspends large amounts of non-homogeneous
materials
such as feeding stimulants and an active ingredient.
These and other objects are accomplished by the compositions and methods of
the
present invention and v~ill be apparent from the following detailed
description.
Description of the Invention
The use of the stable emulsions of the present invention provides simple and
easy
techniques for incorporation of a variety of insecticidal, pesticidal, and
insecticidal/pesticidal ingredients with or without other additives, however
preferably with
bait materials, into stable emulsion forms, as pastes or gels, for ease of
application and
presentation of active agents in a suitable terrestrial habitat of the target
insect or pest.
The stable emulsion pastes and gels of the present invention ingredients and
amounts are set forth in Table I below.
WO 9512.112. PCTlUS9510154.i
Z i~82~~~90
TABLE I
EbIULSION BAIT
FORDIULATION
' Range Preferred Ranee
Ingredient Function (% w/w) (% w/w)
active ingredientactive 0.25-20.0 0.25-5.0
fatty acid (lipiddiluent 1.0-20.0 1.0-5.0
phase)
carbohydrate sourcefood 10.0-30.0 20.0-30.0
glycerin or sorbitolsolvent 10.0-20.0 12.0-18.0
protein source food 2.0-10.0 4.0-7.0
vegetable proteinfood 0-10 0-5.0
source
modified gel agent 0.2-0.7 0.3-0.6
methylcellulose
cross-linked gel agent 0.1-1.4 0.1-0.8
~
polyacryIic acid
polymer
odor masking agentmasking agent 0.25-0.75 0.4-0.6
anti-microbial preservative 0.05-1.0 0.05 -0.85
agent
inorganic base pH adjuster 0.35-1.0 0.35-0.70
starch thickener 0-7.5 1.0-7.5
water co-solvent Q.S, Q.S,
Description of the Drawin_e
Figure I is a plot of rheological viscosity versus temperature profiles with
"A"
depicting the stable emulsion of this invention and "B" depicting the prior
art gel.
Desc_rintion of the Pr ferred .mbodiment~
The foregoing objects of the present invention may be accomplished by forming
a
novel mixture or solution of proteinaceous food material and certain other
ingredients,
such as carbohydrates and various binding ingredients and carriers, to
complete the
formulation in a stable emulsion composition.
' The preferred thickening or emulsifying agent is of the class carboxy
1 ~ polymethylene, also known as carboxy vinyl polymers; also described as
vinyl polymer
with active carboxyl groups. This class of vinyl polymer is a cross-linked
polyacrylic acid
w0 9512~i12.1 PCTIUS951015.1-t
218~b9~
q.t.
\ .<
polymer which imparts a unique dispersion performance to the added formulation
with
excellent thickening efficiency and short flow rheology. This material is pH
dependent and
is usually activated at a pH of about 6.0 to about 9.0: When combined with a
starch, a
preferred gel formulation is obtained. Starch has a unique characteristic for
building
viscosity. When dispersed in the presence of a cross-linked polyacrylic acid
polymer
hydrated starch illustrates viscosity development in the solution. The result
is a very
satisfactory gel emulsion that sets and is resistant to flow stress even at
lower viscosities
and higher temperatures.
When starch or a starch derivative is used in the present invention, starch or
a
I 0 starch derivative of any origin may be employed, for example a starch or
starch derivative
from tubers, such as potato, or derived from cereals, such as corn or rice. By
starch is
meant any modified food starch, especially those known as cold water swelling
corn
starch, both waxy (i.e., derived from waxy maize) and non-waxy. The cold water
modified food starch possesses many of the desired characteristics of a
specialty cook up
starch without heating.
The co-gelling agent is a modified alkylcellulose. As used herein, the term
"alkyl
cellulose" includes cellulose in which an average of between about I .1 and
about 2.5 of the
available hydroxy groups on each glucoside unit have been converted to alkyl
ethers. The
term "alkyl" is used to include, usually lower alkyl groups having no more
than about 8
carbon atoms and optionally contain hydroxyl or other functional groups.
Mixtures of
various alkyl cellulose compounds and/or derivatives are likewise useful. It
is preferred
that the alkyl group of tithe alkyl cellulose be primarily methyl. It is also
preferred that the
alkyl group be hydroxypropyl or hydroxypropyl, in combination with methyl. An
especially useful alkyl cellulose is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. All of the
foregoing
alkylcelluloses may be collectively referred to as modified methylcellulose.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention a feeding stimulant
composition comprising on a weight basis:
from about 2.0 to about 10% proteinaceous food material as a feeding
stimuli;
from about 0% to about 10% vegetable protein as a feeding stimuli;
from about 10 to about 30% carbohydrate source; and
from about 1 to about 20% lipid.
W095/2.112~ , PCTIUS9510154.1
~18269U
These feeding/bait compositions have been found to be exceedingly effective
far
consumption by insects, such as cockroaches, for example, Blatella germanica
and
Periplaneta americana, which typically infest locations, both domestic and
industrial, that
contain sufficient food, moisture and shelter for survival.
The carbohydrate source can be selected from is fruit juice, honey, sucrose,
fructose, maltose, arabinose, galactose sugar, lactose, D-lactose, D-
glucosamine and the
like..
Various protein sources may be used in the present formulation. Silkworm pupae
is a by-product of the silk industry obtained during the isolation of silk.
Compositions of
the invention may readily be prepared by grinding the dry pupae by
conventional methods
to maximize the yield of 10-60 mesh particles, which is preferred. Animal
digest is an
acceptable source of animal protein coming from beef, poultry, fish and insect
parts.
Animal digest also includes internal organ parts obtained as by-products from
slaughter
house processing of such animals. These animal materials are preferably
treated prior to
use, as by spray-drying, freeze-drying and oven-drying.
Spray-drying methods are in the prior art and therefore no detailed
exemplification
need be given. However, in the interest of clarity, the following brief
description of spray
drying will be given. Spray-drying is unique in that it dries a finely divided
droplet by
direct contact with the drying medium (usually air) in an extremely short
retention time, 3
to about 30 seconds. This short contact time results in minimum heat
degradation of the
dried product. Drying from a particle generally takes place in two stages, the
constant-rate and the falling rate period. The primary drying force is the
temperature
difference between the surrounding air and the temperature of the particle.
This technique
is particularly effective in preparing poultry liver useful in the present
bait compositions.
Various insect-controlling components are formulated with the attractant
composition. In addition, this emulsion formulation may be formulated with an
active insecticidaI ingredient, preferably a pentadiene-3-one substituted
amidino hydrazone
insecticide as described in U.S. Pat. 4,087,525, for example,
1, 5-bis(a, a, a-trifiuoro-p-tolyl)-1,4-pentadiene-3-one, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-
1H-1,3- diazepine-2-yl hydrazone;
I,5-bis(a, a, a-trifiuoro-p-tolyl)-1,4-pentadiene-3-one, 4,5,6,7-tetrahv_ dro-
1H-1,3-diazepine-2-yl hydrazone hydrochloride;
:-:=
W'O 9512-tl2a ' PCT/US9510154.1
~~~2~9fl
1,5-bis(p-chloropheny()-1,4-pentadiene-3-one, 4-phenyl-I-imidazolin-1-yt
hydrazone hydriodide. The disclosure of U,S. Pat. 4,086,525 is incorporated
herein by
reference thereto, describing the use of these compounds as insecticides.
Other insecticides can be substituted for the substituted amidino hydrazone
insecticide, particularly organophosphates, such as:
cloropyrifos -O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)
phosphorothioate;
carbamates, such as proposux - 2-(I-methylethoxy)phenyl
methylcarbamate;
pyrethroids, such as phenothrin - (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl
2,2-dimethyl-3- (2-methyl-I-propenyl) cyclopropane carboxylate:
chlorinated hydrocarbons;
ffuoroaluphatic sulfonamides, such as sulfluramid - N-ethyl
perfluorooctane sulfonamide;
boric acid;
insect growth regulators, such as hydroprene - ethyl
(E,E)-3,7, I 1-trimethyl- 2,4- dodecadienoate; and
microbially derived compounds, such as avermectin B, (a mixture of
avermectins containing 80% avermectin Bla {5-O-dimethylavermectin Al,(R=C~HS)
and
20% R,b (5-O-dimethyl- 25-de(1-methylpropyl)-25-(I-methylethyl) avermectin
A,,(RCH,).
The lipid phase contains edible oil, a fatty acid, the active ingredient and
emulsifier
and the aqueous phase contains a carbohydrate, thickener, feeding stimulant
and
preservative. Other long chain fatty acids and various lipids would be
acceptable
substitutes or replacements for the fatty acid and lipid components identified
herein.
Therefore, the present invention includes a method for controlling cockroaches
comprising applying in the vicinity of their habitat or infested area an
insecticidal bait
composition comprising an insecticidally effective amount of a substituted
amidino
hydrazone insecticide or fatty acid salt thereof and the stable emulsion of
bait feeding
composition containing feed stimulants according to the present invention.
Additional
edible carriers and additives such as fish meal, sugars, flour and the like
may be added and
the mixture blended until homogeneous.
Antimicrobial and/or antioxidant agents also may be included. Optionally, from
about 0.5% to about 1.0% of an antimicrobial agent such as sorbic acidl
potassium sulfate,
CA 02182690 2002-12-24
Dowcil~~~' 200 (cis isomer of 2-(3-chloroallyl)3,5,7-triaza-1-azonia-I-
adamantine chloride), esters
of p-hydroxybenzoic acid such as propyl paraben/methyl paraben (propyl p-
hydroxy
benzoate/methyl p-hydroxybenzoate), Captan (N-(trichloromethylthio)-4-
cyclohexane-1,3-di-
carboximide), sodium silicate, sodium dehydroacetate and sodium benzoate,
bromo-vitro propane
diods such as 2-bromopropane 1,3-diol, 3-iodo-2-propylbutyl carbamate; and
benzothiazolin-3-
one may be added to inhibit microorganism growth may be incorporated during
formation of the
emulsion composition of this invention.
Testing
Bioefficacy Test
To evaluate the continued efficacy of the active ingredient, hydramethylnon
[tetrahydro-
5,5-dimethyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone[3-[4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]1-[2-[4-
(trifluoromethyl)
phenyl]ethenyl]-2-propenylidene]hydrazone,l,5-bis (a,a,a-trifluoro p-tolyl)-
1,4-pentadiene-3-one
( 1,~,5,6-tetrahydro-5,5-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)hydrazone in the stable
emulsion of this
invention, the insecticide bait product was tested in the following bioassay
test for German
cockroach as the test species.
Three arenas (3 replicates for the treatment) were assembled each containing
20 German
cockroaches of assorted ages and sexes. Each arena was a box cover (16 in. x
10. in. x 6 in.) or
the equivalent with a perforated cover to prevent escape of the test insects.
Each arena was
prepared with harborage and a 4 oz. water bottle with a wick as a water source
for the insects in
the arena. Harborage consisted of a cardboard mailer box (4.5 in. x 2.75 in. x
2.5 in.) with a
triangle entrance cut on one side of the side panel.
After the roaches acclimated for 48 hours samples of the test bait was
introduced into
each arena. Standard conditions consisted of temperature at 80° F and
50 % relative humidity
with a light/dark cycle of 12 hours each.
Each arena was arranged with harborage and water source placed on the farthest
end of
the arena from the bait. Alternate food (3-4 dog food nuggets or the
equivalent) was placed in the
center of the arena. The treatments consisted of the stable emulsion product
of this invention
according to TABLE II, except for 5.9 % (wt.) poultry liver used instead of
5.00 % (wt.).
Cumulative mortality count for each arena was recorded at 3, 4, 5, and 6 days
after the
product was placed in each arena. The results are reported in TABLE A. The
LTso is 3 days and
the LT,", is about 4.5 days.
w0 9512.112.1 PCTlUS951015.7-1
2~ 8~~'69fl ~o
TABLE A
Time
Formulation Bioefficacy
of Arena Day Day Day Day
# 3 4 5 6
Stable emulsionC, 12/20 16/20 20120 20/20
ofthis inventionC, 13/20 18/20 20120 20/20
C, IS/20 18/10 18/20 19/20
Field Evaluation
A field evaluation was conducted to determine the efficacy of the stable
emulsion
composition ofthe present invention. Representative target insects were the
natural
cockroach population in residential apartments naturally infested with
cockroaches, that is,
testing was done under natural field conditions in apartments.
The active ingredient insecticide used was hydramethylnon. The following table
represents the stable emulsion gel bait formulation used in this field
evaluation.
CVO 95/2412~i ~ ~ PCTIUS9SI015.1.1
" 218269
TABLE II
STABLE EMULSIO N BAIT FORMULATION
Ingredient Function Amount
' (w/w
%)
hydramethylnon active 2.15
oleic acid diluent 2.00
com syrup (high fructosefood 30.00
55)
glycerin solvent 10.00
poultry liver food 5.00
chicken broth (100% food 0.66
solids)
hydroxypropyl methylcellulosegel agent 0.40
acrylic acid homopolymergel agent 0.X0
(9003-O1-4)
anti-odor mask WL-20,052*masking agent 0.50
1,2-Benzothiazolin-3-one**preservative 0.50
propyl paraben*** preservative 0.20
methyl paraben*** preservative 0.15
sodium hydroxide pH adjuster 0.70
starch thickener 7.50
water co-solvent Q.S.
* Florasynth Co., Teterboro,8
NJ 0670
** Zeneca Biocides, oic acid; Aldrich.,
Wilmington, DE Chemical C
***Parabens - esters
of p-hydroxybenz
Milwaukee, WI
The procedure for the field evaluation included pte-trapping the apartments
with
sticky traps for 48 hours prior to the application of the emulsion gel
formulation in the
apartment. This was done to establish a control or population count prior to
placement of
the emulsion baits. Emulsion bait was placed in kitchens of the apartments in
the
following areas: under the sink in rear corner, under the stove on both sides;
under
refiigerator on both sides; upper cabinets top shelf, in the rear; lower
cabinets, in rear
corners; pantry; and cabinet above refrigerator. Approximately 20 grams of the
emulsion
gel formulation was distributed among the above locations. This delivered
approximately
the same weight of bait as 12 bait stations. A total of ten (10) apartments,
with ten
replicates for each for the first week, and ten apartments for ten replicates
for the second
week was used. The stable gel formulation was applied using a syringe of 20
grams per
apartment.
W O 95/24124 PCTIUS95/01544
l
12
Results of the field evaluation and bioassays concerning the effcacy of the
stable
emulsion of this invention yields the following results:
After four weeks, there was a mean reduction of cockroach population of
51.72%.
A second test using 1.0% active ingredient according to the above formulation
produced a
result of 79.1 % cockroach population decrease.
RheolQaical Comparison
Rheological measurements were performed using a Bohlin Oscillatory Viscometer
(VOR Model) employing a 30 mm parallel plate measuring system (P 30) with 1 mm
gap
operated at either 0.2, 1 or 10 Hertz at an amplitude of 3% under controlled
temperatures
ranging from 6 to 90°C.
The viscosity versus temperature profiles of two gel formulations are
presented in
Figure I, with arrows indicating the proper scale (in Pascal seconds)
corresponding to the
two data curves. The gel composition of the current embodiment is designated
as "stable
emulsion" corresponding to curve "A". The comparison gel disclosed by previous
patent
U.S. 4,812,309 is designated "Prior Art" gel corresponding to curve "B".
Comparison of
the temperature profiles confirms a high degree of dissimilarity in the
properties of the two
. gels. While the preferred "stable emulsion" of this invention losses some
viscosity with
increasing temperature, the prior art gel slightly increases in viscosity
until it exhibits a
very sharp melting point transition at roughly 75-80°C, after which its
viscosity drops
precipitously to a very Low value. No such melting point transition and
correspondingly
unfavorable drop in visCOSity is observed at any temperature for the prefeaed
"stable
emulsion of this invention.
Other physical parameters of the two gels are presented in Table III at three
temperatures typically encountered under usage conditions. The phase angle,
!d, which
rises from 0° to 90° and which corresponds to the relative
extent of sofid and liquid
properties, respectively, is seen to increase with temperature for the prior
art gel,
indicating that it becomes more liquid-like with increasing temperature. In
contrast, the
phase angle measured for the stable emulsion of this invention decreases with
increasing
temperature, indicating the preferred tendency of this formulation to become
more
solid-like at higher temperatures. Further, comparison ofviscosity values
shows the
preferred stable emulsion maintains a higher nominal viscosity compared to the
prior art
gel over typical usage temperatures.
W0 95/2412 PCTlUS9S10154.1
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TABLE III
PHYSICAL
PROPERTY UNIT Prior Stable
Art Emulsion
Gel
TemperatureF 77 100 120 77 100 120
phase angle,degrees 2.8 3.5 3.1 14.9 14.3 12.9
0
viscosity Pascal's1.25 1.4 1.5 11.5 8.8 7
flow point Ibs/in- 4.4 5.9 3.9 7.9 5.8 4.8
FlowabilitY
Flowability measurements were performed using an Instron Automated Materials
Testing System (Series IX 6.02) using product-filled syringes at controlled
temperatures
ranging from 70 to 120°F.
TABLE IV
Temp.
Gel Type Ambient 100F 120F
Prior Art 6.4 Ibs 8.0 lbs 5.5 lbs
Gel
Stable Emulsion10.8 lbs 7.9 lbs 8.6 Ibs
Flowability
comparison:
Displacement
of .5" product
under
Instron Testing
(Compression
Test) @2"/m
in Xhead
speed.
Cell Load
maximum 20
lbs. Product
displaced
from the
same
size orifice.
Comparison of ffowability values show that the stable emulsion of this
invention
exhibits the more preferential behavior of maintaining a higher flow point
throughout its
temperature range, most notably at 120°F, compared to the prior art
gel, which flows at a
decreased applied pressure at 120°F, and which is thus more likely to
sag and flow
unfavorably from its application point.
Sar Test
The stable emulsion of the present invention was compared side-by-side with
gel
formulations labeled Prior Art I and Prior Art II, which utilized non-ionic
surfactant block
copolymers according to U.S. Pat. 4,821,309. A comparable amount of each gel
type was
applied to a substantially vertical surface at room temperature. The surfaces
were then
wo 9snalz.~ rcarusvs~ols.~a r
.~.~:~~~9t~
exposed to increasing temperatures of 100 to 120°F. When the higher
temperature was
achieved, all the test samples were maintained at this temperature and
successive readings
taken at 3 hours, 6 hours and 48 hours. These results are reported in Table V.
TABLE
V
Gels
Sagging
Test
Gel Type Room 120F 120F 120F
Temp. 100F (3 hrs) (6 hrs)(48
hrs)
Prior Art 0.0 0.0 1.5" s.5" >6"
I*
Prior Art 0.0 0.0 1.2" 5.2" >6"
II* .
Stable Emulsion0.0 0. 0.0 0.0 0.0
This Invention 0
* Prior Art
I and II
gel formulations
utilize
a non-ionic
surfactant
block
co-polymer
according
to U.S.
Pat. 4,812,309.
Consistency - Cohesiveness 1"Consistency-Penetration Method")
s This penetration test provides an arbitrary measure of the firnmess of
plasticized
substances and the like by measuring the distance of a given weight of defined
shape will
penetrate the substance an a certain period of time. The firmness of the
substance is
related to the composition and character of the substance, to the temperature
of the sample
at the time of measurement and to the previous history of the sample. This
test performed
with sample at room temperature, about 70°F t3; 100°F and
120°F. This method is
applicable to plastic fats and solid emulsions such as shortenings, margarine,
butter, paint,
cosmetic creams, gels and similar products.
W0 9512-1121 PCT/US9510154.1
i~82o9u
TABLE V1
Ambient 100F 120F
Test ' Stable Prior Stable Prior Stable Prior
No. EmulsionArt EmulsionArt Emulsion Art
1 st test 70 mm 132 216 mm 275 280 mm 325 mm
. mm mm
2nd test 73 mm 155 210 mm 275 270 mm 325 mm
mm mm
3rd test 68 mm 120 220 mm 273 270 mm 325 mm
mm mm
Average 70 mm 135 215 mm 274 273 mm 325 mm
I mm ~ mm
I
This property lends the stable emulsion of this invention for use in bait
trays as a
high moisture-containing bait toxicant composition. The substance maintains a
satisfactory constant consistency over a wide temperature range.
Although the invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments and
applications, persons skilled in the art to which this invention pertains can,
in light of these
teachings and disclosure, generate additional embodiments without exceeding
the scope or
departing from the spirit of the claims invention. Accordingly, it is to be
understood that
the drawings and description in this disclosure are presented to facilitate
comprehension of
the invention, and should not be construed to limit the scope thereof.
