Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
CA 02209122 1997-06-25
GREEN PRIVACY GLASS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application
No. 60/021,034, filed July 2, 1996.
BACKGROUND OF THF INVENTION
This invention relates to a tinted, green colored soda-lime-silica
glass having a low luminous transmittance that makes it highly desirable
for use as a privacy glazing in vehicles, such as the side and rear windows
in vans. In particular, the glass has a luminous transmittance of 60
percent or less, preferably between about 10 to 40 percent. As used
herein, the term Ugreen colored" is meant to include glasses that have a
dominant wavelength of about 480 to 565 nanometers (nm) and may be
characterized as green blue, green yellow or green gray in color. In
addition, the glass of the present invention generally exhibits lower
infrared and ultraviolet radiation transmittance when compared to typical
green glasses used in automotive applications. The glass is also
compatible with float glass manufacturing methods.
Various dark tinted, infrared and ultraviolet radiation absorbing glass
compositions are known in the art. The primary colorant in typical dark
tinted automotive privacy glasses is iron, which is usually present in both
the Fe203 and FeO forms. Some glasses use cobalt, selenium and,
optionally, nickel in combination with iron to further control infrared and
ultraviolet radiation and color, for example as disclosed in U.S. Patent
Nos. 4,873,206 to Jones; 5,278,108 to Cheng et al.; 5,308,805 to
Baker et al.; and 5,393,593 to Gulotta et al., and European Patent
application EP O 705 800. Others also include chromium with this
combination of colorants as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,104,076 to
Pons; 4,339,541 to Dela Ruye; 5,023,210 to Krumwiede et al; and
5,352,640 to Combes et al.; European Patent application EP O 536 049;
French Patent 2,331,527 and Canadian Patent 2,148,954. Still, other
CA 02209122 1997-06-2~
glasses may include additional materials, such as disclosed in
WO 96/00194, which teaches the inclusion of fluorine, zirconium, zinc,
cerium, titanium and copper in the glass composition and requires that the
sum of the alkaline earth oxides be less than 10 wt.% of the glass.
In producing infrared and ultraviolet radiation absorbing glasses, the
relative amounts of iron and other additives must be closely monitored
and controlled within an operating range to provide the desired color and
spectral properties. It would be desirable to have a dark tinted green
colored glass that may be used as a privacy glazing for-vehicles to
10 complement the green colored glasses typically used in automobiles that
exhibits superior solar performance properties and is compatible with
commercial float glass manufacturing techniques.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a green colored, infrared and
ultraviolet absorbing glass article having a luminous transmittance of up to
60 percent. The composition of the glass article uses a standard soda-
lime-silica glass base composition and additionally iron, cobalt, selenium,
and chromium, and optionally titanium, as infrared and ultraviolet radiation
20 absorbing materials and colorants. The glasses of the present invention
have a color characterized by a dominant wavelength in the range of
about 480 to 565 nanometers, preferably about 495 to 560 nanometers,
with an excitation purity of no higher than about 20%, preferably no
higher than about 10%, and more preferably no higher than about 7%.
25 The glass compositions may be provided with different levels of spectral
performance depending on the particular application and desired luminous
transmittance.
In one embodiment of the invention, the glass composition of a
green colored, infrared and ultraviolet radiation absorbing soda-lime-silica
CA 02209122 1997-06-2~
giass article includes a solar radiation absorbing and colorant portion
consisting essentially of about 0.60 to 4 percent by weight total iron,
about 0.13 to 0.9 percent by weight FeO, about 40 to 500 PPM CoO,
about 5 to 70 PPM Se, about 15 to 800 PPM Cr2O3, and about 0.02 to 1
5 percent by weight TiO2. In another embodiment of the invention, the
glass composition of the article includes a solar radiation absorbing and
colorant portion consisting essentially of 1 to less than 1.4 percent by
weight total iron, about 0.2 to 0.6 percent by weight FeO, greater than
200 to about 500 PPM CoO, about 5 to 70 PPM Se, greater than 200 to
10 about 800 PPM Cr203, and 0 to about 1 percent by weight TiO2.
.
DFTAII FD DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The base glass of the present invention, that is, the major
constituents of the glass without infrared or ultraviolet absorbing materials
15 and/or colorants, which are the object of the present invention, is
commercial soda-lime-silica glass characterized as follows:
Weight Percent
SiO2 66-75
Na2O 1 0-20
CaO 5- 15
MgO 0-5
Al2O3 0-5
K2O 0-5
As used herein, all Uweight percent (wt.%)" values are based on the total
25 weight of the final glass composition.
To this base glass, the present invention adds infrared and
ultraviolet radiation absorbing materials and colorants in the form of iron,
cobalt, selenium, chromium and, optionally, titanium. As disclosed herein,
iron is expressed in terms of Fe2O3 and FeO, cobalt is expressed in terms
CA 02209122 1997-06-2~
of CoO, selenium is expressed in terms of elemental Se, chromium is
expressed in terms of Cr2O3 and titanium is expressed in terms of TiO2. It
should be appreciated that the glass compositions disclosed herein may
include small amounts of other materials, for example melting and refining
5 aids, tramp materials or impurities. It should be further appreciated that in
one embodiment of the invention, small amounts of additional materials
may be included in the glass to improve the solar performance of the glass
as will be discussed later in more detail.
The iron oxides in a glass composition perform several functions.
1 0 Ferric oxide, Fe2O3, is a strong ultraviolet radiation absorber and operatesas a yellow colorant in the glass. Ferrous oxide, FeO, is a strong infrared
radiation absorber and operates as a blue colorant. The total amount of
iron present in the glasses disclosed herein is expressed in terms of Fe2O3
in accordance with standard analytical practice but that does not imply
1 5 that all of the iron is actually in the form of Fe2O3. Likewise, the amount
of iron in the ferrous state is reported as FeO, even though it may not
actually be present in the glass as FeO. In order to reflect the relative
amounts of ferrous and ferric iron in the glass compositions disclosed
herein, the term "redoxn shall mean the amount of iron in the ferrous state
20 (expressed as FeO) divided by the amount of total iron (expressed as
Fe2O3). Furthermore, unless stated otherwise, the term "total iron" in this
specification shall mean total iron expressed in terms of Fe2O3 and the
term "FeO" shall mean iron in the ferrous state expressed in terms of FeO.
Se is an ultraviolet and infrared radiation absorbing colorant that
25 imparts a pink or brown color to soda-lime-silica glass. Se may also
absorb some infrared radiation and its use tends to decrease redox. CoO
operates as a blue colorant and does not exhibit any appreciable ultraviolet
or infrared radiation absorbing properties. Cr2O3 imparts a green color to
the glass and helps control the final glass color. It is believed that the
CA 02209122 1997-06-2
- 5 -
chromium may also provide some ultraviolet radiation absorption. TiO2 is
an ultraviolet radiation absorber that operates as a colorant imparting a
yellow color to the glass composition. A proper balance between the iron,
i.e. ferric and ferrous oxides, chromium, selenium, cobalt and optionally
5 titanium content is required to obtain the desired green co!ored privacy
glass with the desired spectral properties.
The glass of the present invention may be melted and refined in a
continuous, large-scale, commercial melting operation and formed into flat
glass sheets of varying thicknesses by the float method in which the
10 molten glass is supported on a pool of molten metal, usually tin, as it
assumes a ribbon shape and is cooled. It should be appreciated that as a
result of forming the glass on molten tin, measurable amounts of tin oxide
may migrate into surface portions of the glass on the side that was in
contact with the tin. Typically, a piece of float glass has an SnO2
15 concentration of at least 0.05 to 2 wt.% in the first 25 microns below the
surface of the glass that was in contact with the tin. Typical background
levels of SnO2 may be as high as 30 parts per million (PPM).
The melting and forming arrangements used to produce the glass
compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to a
20 conventional, overhead fired continuous melting operation, as is well
known in the art, or a multi-stage melting operation, as disclosed in U.S.
Patent Nos. 4,381,934 to Kunkle et al.; 4,792,536 to Pecoraro et al. and
4,886,539 to Cerutti et al. If required, a stirring arrangement may be
employed within the melting and/or forming stages of the glass production
25 operation to homogenize the glass in order to produce glass of the highest
optical quality.
Tables 1, 2 and 3 illustrate examples of glass compositions which
embody the principles of the present invention. The examples in Tables 1
and 2 are computer modeled compositions generated by a glass color and
CA 02209122 1997-06-2~
.. . .
spectral performance computer model developed by PPG Industries, Inc.
The examples in Table 3 are actual experimental laboratory melts. The
spectral properties shown for Tables 1 and 3 are based on a reference
thickness of 0.160 inches (4.06 mm) and those in Table 2 are based on a
5 reference thickness of 0.154 inches (3.91 mm). For comparison
purposes, the spectral properties of the examples may be approximated at
different thicknesses using the formulas disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
4,792,536. Only the iron, cobalt, selenium, chromium and titanium
portions of the examples are listed in the tables. With respect to the
10 transmittance data provided in the tables, the luminous transmittance
(LTA) is measured using C.l.E. standard illuminant "A" with a 2~ observer
over the wavelength range 380 to 770 nanometers and glass color, in
terms of dominant wavelength and excitation purity, is measured using
C.l.E. standard illuminant "C" with a 2~ observer, following the
15 procedures established in ASTM E308-90. The total solar ultraviolet
transmittance (TSUV ) is measured over the wavelength range 300 to 400
nanometers, total solar infrared transmittance (TSIR) is measured over the
wavelength range 720 to 2000 nanometers, and total solar energy
transmittance (TSET) is measured over the wavelength range 300 to
20 2000 nanometers. The TSUV, TSIR and TSET transmittance data are
calculated using Parry Moon air mass 2.0 direct solar irradiance data and
integrated using the Trapezoidal Rule, as is known in the art.
The optical properties reported in Tables 1 and 2 are the expected
properties of a glass having a base glass composition and colorants,
25 generally as discussed herein, based upon the absorption coefficients of
the glass' constituents, assuming that the glass is homogeneous
throughout and is manufactured by a conventional float glass process, as
is well known in the art.
CA 02209122 1997-06-2~
The information provided in Table 3 is based on experimental
laboratory melts having approximately the following batch components:
cullet A 125 gm
cullet B 22.32 gm
cullet C 8.93 gm
rouge 0.32 gm
Cr203 0.0461 gm
TiO2 0.3-0.6 gm
Se 0.0037-0.0073 gm
graphite 0.015 gm
The cullets used in the melts included varying amounts of iron, cobalt,
selenium, chromium and/or titanium. More specifically, cullet A included
0.811 wt.% total iron, 0.212 wt.% FeO, 101 PPM CoO, 17 PPM Se,
8 PPM Cr203, and 0.02 wt.% TiO2. Cullet B included 1.417 wt.% total
15 iron, 0.362 wt.% FeO, 211.25 PPM CoO, 25 PPM Se, and 7.5 PPM
Cr203. Cullet C included 0.93 wt.% total iron, 0.24 wt.% FeO, 6 PPM
Cr203, and 0.02 wt.% TiO2. In preparing the melts, the ingredients were
weighed out and mixed. It is believed that the material was then placed in
a 4-inch platinum crucible and heated to 2600~F (1427~C~ for 30 minutes
20 and then heated to 2650~F (1454~C) for 1 hour. Next, the molten glass
was fritted in water, dried, put in a 2-inch platinum crucible and reheated
at 2650~F (1 454~C) for at least 1 hour. The molten glass was then
poured out of the crucible to form a slab and annealed. Samples were cut
from the slab and ground and polished for analysis. The chemical analysis
25 of the glass compositions was determined using a RIGAKU 3370 X-ray
fluorescence spectrophotometer. The FeO content was determined using
wet chemistry techniques, as is well known in the art. The spectral
characteristics of the glass were determined on annealed samples using a
Perkin-Elmer Lambda 9 UV/VIS/NIR spectrophotometer prior to tempering
CA 02209122 1997-06-2~
r
,
the glass or prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation, which will effect
the spectral properties of the glass.
The following is representative of the basic oxides of the particular
experimental melts disclosed in Table 3, which also fall within the base
5 glass composition discussed earlier:
SiO2 70-72 wt. %
Na20 12-14wt.%
CaO 8-10 wt. %
MgO 3-4 wt. %
Al203 0.1-0.6 wt.%
K20 0.01-0.15 wt.%
The analysis of these melts also showed that the glasses included about
0.081 wt.% MnO2. It is presumed that the MnO2 entered into the glass
melt as part of the cullet.
CA 02209122 1997-06-25
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TABLE 1 ~cont.)
Ex.25 Ex.26 Ex.27 Ex.28 Ex.29 Ex.30 Ex.31 Ex.32 Ex.33 Ex.34 Ex.35 Ex.36
FeO (wt.%) 0.375 0.75 0.2250.6875 0.375 0.175 0.375 0.625 0.5625 0.375 0.225 0.5
Total iron (wt.%) 1.5000 3.00000.9000 2.7500 1.50000.7000 1.5000 2.50002.2500 1.5000 0.9000 2.0000
Model redox 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250
Cr203 Iwt.%) 0.0250 0.0250 0.02500.0250 0.0250 0.02100.0250 0.0250 0.02500.0250 0.0250 0.0250
CoO (wt.%) 0.0220 0.0220 0.04500.0220 0.0220 0.04500.0300 0.0220 0.02200.0220 0.0400 0.0220
Se (wt.%) 0.0053 0.0027 0.00170.0027 0.0046 0.00110.0027 0.0027 0.00270.0039 0.0017 0.0027
TiO2 (wt.%) 0.2000 0.2000 0.20000.2000 0.2000 0.20000.2000 0.2000 0.20000.2000 0.2000 0.2000
LTA (%) 9.74 9.86 10.49 10.56 10.90 10.99 11.19 11.33 12.15 12.23 12.42 13.04
TSUV (%) 3.39 1.62 18.98 2.00 4.01 26.80 6.28 2.49 3.11 4.74 19.09 3.91
TSIR (%) 10.02 1.58 23.31 2.11 10.06 30.76 10.09 2.85 3.88 10.10 23.41 5.30
TSET(%) 9.54 4.64 19.61 5.29 10.08 24.75 10.84 6.09 7.09 10.72 20.37 8.36
DW (nm) 579.72 549.97 474.57550.01 577.57 473.07487.02 550.02 549.99574.14 475.74 549.87 - D
Pe (%) 31.58 15.12 43.48 13.51 24.63 50.78 9.78 11.87 10.21 17.48 37.70 8.51
TABLE 1 (cont.)
~,
Ex.37 Ex.38 Ex.39 Ex.40 Ex.41 Ex.42 Ex.43 Ex.44 Ex.45 Ex.46 Ex.47 Ex.48
FeO (wt.%) 0.6 0.175 0.3750.5625 0.375 0.375 0.525 0.375 0.3750.4375 0.4875 0.375
Total iron (wt.%) 1.500 0.700 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.750 1.500 1.500
Model redox 0.4000 0.2500 0.25000.3750 0.2500 0.25000.3500 0.2500 0.25000.2500 0.3250 0.2500
Cr203 (wt.%) 0.0250 0.0210 0.08000.0250 0.0250 0.07000.0250 0.0250 0.06000.0250 0.0250 0.0500
CoO (wt.%) 0.0220 0.0400 0.02200.0220 0.0250 0.02200.0220 0.0220 0.02200.0220 0.0220 0.0220
Se (wt.%) 0.0027 0.0011 0.00270.0027 0.0027 0.00270.0027 0.0032 0.00270.0027 0.0027 0.0027
TiO2 (wt.%) 0.2000 0.2000 0.20000.2000 0.2000 0.20000.2000 0.2000 0.20000.2000 0.2000 0.2000
LTA (%) 13.10 13.12 13.23 13.40 13.45 13.53 13.70 13.78 13.85 14.00 14.02 14.17
TSUV (%) 9.03 26.97 6.09 8.50 6.31 6.13 8.00 5.62 6.18 4.96 7.54 6.22
TSIR (%) 3.24 30.90 10.05 3.89 10.14 10.07 4.69 10.14 10.09 7.31 5.66 10.11
TSET (%) 7.78 25.64 10.89 8.22 11.61 11.10 8.74 11.50 11.31 10.00 9.37 11.54
DW (nm) 488.02 474.18 554.18489.76 502.78 553.79492.18 566.66 553.27549.62 496.03 552.58
Pe (%) 11.44 45.13 12.49 9.38 3.22 11.14 7.32 10.21 9.78 6.79 5.31 8.43
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.
,
Referring to Tables 1, 2 and 3, the present invention provides a
green colored glass using a standard soda-lime-silica glass base
composition and additionally iron, cobalt, selenium and chromium, and
optionally titanium, as infrared and ultraviolet radiation absorbing
5 materials and colorants. As may be seen, not all of the examples are the
same color, as indicated by the dominant wavelength (DW) and
excitation purity (Pe). In the present invention, it is preferred that the
glass have a color characterized by a dominant wavelength in the range
of about 480 to 565 nanometers, preferably about 495 to 560
10 nanometers, with an excitation purity of no higher than about 20%, .
preferably no higher than about 10%, and more preferably no higher than
about 7%. It is anticipated that the color of the glass may vary within
this dominant wavelength range to provide a desired product. For
example, a green blue glass may be produced at a dominant wavelength
15 of about 485 to 515 nanometers, preferably about 490 to 510
nanometers, with an excitation purity of no higher than 10%, preferably
not higher than 7%, while a green yellow glass may be produced at a
dominant wavelength of about 535 to 565 nanometers, preferably about
540 to 560 nanometers, with an excitation purity of no higher than
20 10%, preferably not higher than 5%.
The green colored, infrared and ultraviolet radiation absorbing
glasses disclosed in the present invention have a luminous transmittance
(LTA) of up to 60 percent. In one particular embodiment, the glasses
include about 0.6 to 4 wt.% total iron, about 0.13 to 0.9 wt.% FeO,
25 about 40 to 500 PPM CoO, about 5 to 70 PPM Se, about 15 to 800
PPM Cr2O3 and 0.02 to about 1 wt.% TiO2. In another embodiment, the
glasses include about 1 to less than 1.4 wt.% total iron, about 0.2 to
0.60 wt.% FeO, greater than 200 to about 500 PPM CoO, about 5 to
70 PPM Se, greater than 200 to about 800 PPM Cr2O3 and O to about
CA 02209122 1997-06-2~
1 wt.% TiO2. The redox ratio for these glasses is maintained between
about 0.20 to 0.40, preferal~ly between about 0.22 to 0.35, more
preferably between about 0.23 to 0.28. These glass compositions also
have a TSUV of no greater than about 40%, prefera~,ly no greater than
5 about 35%, a TSIR of no greater than about 45%, preferably no greater
than about 40%, and a TSET of no greater than about 50%, preferably
no greater than about 45%.
The glass compositions of the present invention may be provided
with varying levels of spectral performance, depending on the particular
10 application and desired luminous transmittance. In one embodiment of
the invention, for a green colored, infrared and ultraviolet radiation
absorbing glass having an LTA of less than 20% at at least one
thickness in the range of 1.8 to 5.0 mm, the glass composition includes
about 1 to less than 1.4 wt.% total iron; about 0.22 to 0.5 wt.% FeO,
15 preferal)ly about 0.3 to 0.5 wt.%; greater than 200 to about 450 PPM
CoO, preferably greater than 200 to about 350 PPM; about 10 to 60
PPM Se, preferably about 35 to 50PPM; about 250 to 400 PPM Cr20
preferably about 250 to 350 PPM; and 0 to about 1 wt.% TiO2,
preferably about 0.02 to 0.5 wt.%. The glass compositions within this
20 luminous transmittance range have a TSUV of no greater than about
30%, preferably no greater than 12%, a TSIR of no greater than about
35%, preferably no greater than about 20%, and a TSET of no greater
than about 30%, preferably no greater than about 20%.
In another embodiment of the invention, for a green colored,
25 infrared and ultraviolet radiation absorbing glass having an LTA of less
than 20 to 60% at at least one thickness in the range of 1.8 to 5.0 mm,
the glass composition includes about 1 to less than 1.4 wt.% total iron;
about 0.25 to 0.4 wt.% FeO; greater 1~ 200 to about 250 PPM CoO;
about 10 to 30 PPM Se; greater than 200 to about 250 PPM Cr203,
. CA 02209122 1997-06-2~
,
- 23 -
~d a~ut 0.02 to 0.5 wt.~ TiO2.
The glass compositions within this luminous l~ans.,.illal)ce range have a
TSUV of no greater than about 35%, prefe~al~ly no ylt;aler than 20%, a
TSIR of no greater than about 40%, preferably no ~.eater than about
15%, and a TSET of no greater than about 45%, ~)referaLly, no greater
than about 25%.
In another embodiment of the invention, for a green colored,
infrared and ultraviolet radiation absorbing glass having an LTA of 20 to
60% at a reference thickness of 4.06 mm, the glass composition
includes greater than 0.7 to about 2 wt.% total iron, preferably about
0.8 to 1.5 wt.%; about 0.13 to 0.6 wt.% FeO, preferably about 0.14 to
0.43 wt.%; greater than 200 to about 300 PPM CoO, preferably greater
than 200 to about 250 PPM; about 5 to 70 PPM Se, preferably about 8
to 60 PPM; greater than 200 to about 300 PPM Cr2O3, preferably
greater than 200 to about 250 PPM; and O to about 1 wt.% TiO2,
preferably about 0.02 to 0.5 wt.%. The glass compositions within this
luminous transmittance range have a TSUV of no greater than about
35%, a TSIR of no greater than about 40%, and a TSET of no greater
than about 45%.
In another embodiment of the invention, the green colored,
infrared and ultraviolet radiation absorbing glass composition includes
0.9 to 1.3 wt.% total iron, preferably 1.083 to 1.11 wt.%; 0.25 to 0.40
wt.% FeO, preferably 0.306 to 0.35 wt.%; 80 to 130 PPM CoO,
preferably 90 to 128 PPM; 8 to 15 PPM Se, preferably 10 to 12 PPM;
250 to 350 PPM Cr203, preferably 286 to 302 PPM; and 0.1 to 0.5
wt.% TiO2, preferably 0.194 to 0.355 wt.%. These glasses have a
luminous transmittance (LTA) of 25 to 40 percent, a total solar
ultraviolet transmittance (TSUV) of about 25 percent or less, a total solar
CA 02209122 1997-06-2~
.
- 24 -
infrared transmittance (TSIR) of about 20 percent or less and a total
solar energy transmittance (TSET) of about 30 percent or less.
It is expected that the spectral properties of the glass
~ compositions disclosed herein will change after tempering the glass and
5 further upon prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation, commonly
referred to as solarization. In particular, it is believed that tempering and
solarization of the glass compositions disclosed herein will increase the
LTA and reduce the TSUV, TSIR and TSET. As a result, in one embodi-
ment of the invention, a glass composition may have selected spectral
10 properties that initially fall outside the desired ranges previously
discussed but fall within the desired ranges after tempering and/or
solarization.
Glass made by the float process typically ranges from a sheet
thickness of about 1 millimeters to 10 millimeters. For vehicle glazing
15 applications, it is preferred that the glass sheets having a composition
and spectral properties as disclosed herein have a thickness within the
range of 0.071 to 0.197 inches (1.8 to 5 mm). It is anticipated that
when using a single glass ply, the glass will be tempered, e.g. for an
automotive side or rear window, and when multiple plies are used, the
20 glass will be annealed and laminated together using a thermoplastic
adhesive, such as polyvinyl butyral.
It is contemplated that vanadium may be used as a partial or
- complete replacement for the chromium in the glass compositions of the
~ present inventions. More specifically, vanadium, which is expressed25 herein in terms of V205, imparts a yellow-green color to the glass and
absorbs both ultraviolet and infrared radiation at different valence states.
It is believed that Cr203 in the range of about 25 to 800 PPM discussed
above may be completely replaced by about 0.01 to 0.32 wt.% V205.
CA 02209122 1997-06-2~
- 25 -
As discussed earlier, other materials may also be added to the
glass compositions disclosed herein to further reduce infrared and
ultraviolet radiation transmission and/or control glass color. In particular,
it is contemplated that the following materials may be added to the iron,
5 cobalt, selenium, chromium and titanium containing soda-lime-silica glass
disclosed herein:
MnO2 O to 0.5 wt.%
SnO2 0 to 2 wt.%
ZnO O to 0.5 wt.%
Mo OtoO.015wt.%
CeO2 Oto2wt.%
NiO OtoO.1 wt.%
As should be appreciated, adjustments may have to be made to the
basic iron, cobalt, selenium, chromium and/or titanium constituents to
15 account for any coloring and/or redox affecting power of these additional
materials.
Other variations as are known to those skilled in the art may be
resorted to without departing from the scope of the invention as defined
by the claims that follow.
