Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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DIRECT USES OF NEUTRINO ENERGY
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This inventer, Robert W. Beckwith, knows of no existing devices for
use of neutrino energy. Furthermore this inventer knows of no prior art
technology for realizing the proposed neutrino to photon light converter
matrix.
REFERENCES
Robert W. Beckwith is also a co-author of a book, Hypotheses, ISBN#
0-9657178-0-2. Advanced theories contained in this book have been
extended hereinbelow as pertinent to the present invention.
In Draft #3 of this book, submitted for copyright on November 2,
1996, I (Robert W. Beckwith) anticipated that an isotope of carbon, C14,
in crystalline diamond form, would be a superconductor over a wide
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temperature range. After reading in an issue of Scientific American
magazine of the strength of C14 diamond being 10,000 times stronger than
ordinary carbon isotope C12 diamonds, I anticipated that the close
packing of atoms in C14 diamonds would squeeze electrons to the surface
forming a superconducting cloud of electrons above the surface. Recent
theoretical studies of Dr. Ruggero Santilli bear this out although Dr.
Santilli had not extended his theories to the case of C14 diamonds until
I questioned him. He concurred that his theories indicate that with the
very close atomic spacing valence electron pairs of electrons combine
into a particle with a charge of -2 and which tunnel out of the C14
atoms forming the conducting surface cloud that I anticipated.
Dr. Ruggero Santilli's supporting paper "THEORETICAL PREDICTION AND
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE NEW CHEMICAL SPECIES OF MAGNECULES" is
available from: Institute for Basic Research, P. O. Box 1577, Palm
Harbor, FL 34682.
An article by Simon Singh entitled "THE PROOF IS IN THE NEUTRINO"
appeared in The New York Times for Tuesday, June 16, 1998. This
article, in italics, follows:
The Proof Is in the Neutrino
By Simon Singh
This month, a team of Physicists working deep inside a Japanese
mine shaft announced that the neutrino, perhaps the most mysterious
particle in the universe, does indeed have mass. Although fellow
experimenters applauded the discovery and the press reported it
enthusiastically, the most joyous response came from the theoretical
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physicists who devote much of their lives to conjuring up explanations
of the universe and then must wait for experimenters to prove them true.
The neutrino, one of the building blocks of the universe, is the
mos t ghos tl y of parti c1 es, inasmuch as i t has evaded almos t all me
thods
of detection. Its story began in 1930 when experimenters studying the
particles from the decay of radioactive materials were confounded by
their flight path. The detected particles did not fly off in random, but
were skewed in a certain direction.
To make sense of this and also to retain some sense of harmony and
balance, theorists hypothesized that an undetected particle, the so-
called neutrino must be flying off in the opposite direction. It took
another 20 years before experimenters were able to prove that the
neutrino really did exist and was not just a theoretical convenience.
More recen t1 y some theori s is began to bel i eve tha t the neu trino has
a minute mass, and over the last decade experimenters have been trying
to prove or disprove their hypothesis. However, they can measure a
particle only when i t interacts wi th their detector, and neutrinos are
notoriously reluctant to react with anything.
Unlike a photon of light, which will readily interact with the
retina and be absorbed by a sprinkling of flimsy cells, a neutrino can
pass through six trillion miles of lead without leaving any tract of its
passage. It took one of the subtlest measurements in history, made by
one of the most sensitive of detectors, to confirm that the neutrino
does indeed have mass.
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This breakthrough illustrates that the progress of science is a
continual to and from between theorists and experimenters.
While
theorists sit with pencil and paper scribbling models of the universe,
it is up to the exp erimenters in the laboratoryto finda way of testing
these theories. Occasionally, the experimenters lead the way,
generating results that force the theorists revise their models or
to
concoct new ones. This was the case in the 1950's when physicists
discovered new particles (the so-called particle zoo) whose presence had
not been predicted by any existing theory.
Such a "paradigm shift" can have a traumatic impact on older
theorists, who are left behind while a new generation picks up the
pieces. A particularly striking example of this occurred in the early
1900'x, when the quantum revolution upended physics, displacing an
entire generation.
In recent years, theorists have been in the vanguard, postulating
the Standard Model, which has been very successful at explaining
experimental results. Since.then, theorists have been developing new
theories, some of them refinements of the Standard Model, others more
radical.
The trouble is, i t has been difficul t to verify these new theories,
because their predicted repercussions could not be tested by any known
technology. So, while experimentists tried to invent better detectors,
the theorists were pushing farther ahead, adding more hypotheses to
theories that had yet to be proved. This created a house of cards, a
beautifully constructed architecture of theories that rested on purely
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speculative foundations.
The only way to shore up these theories, or demolish them, was by
way of truth. Sir Arthur Eddington, a formidable experimenter in the
early 20th century, called experimentation °an incorruptible watch-dog.
Max Plank, one of the founders of quantum theory, said, ~~An experiment
is a question which science passes to Nature, and a measurement is the
recording of Nature's answer.° The challenge is in constructing the
right experiment. And the scientists in Japan succeed in doing this.
Thanks to them, the hypothesis that the neutrino has a mass is now
a demonstrable fact. This knowledge affects theories about the engine
that powers the sun. It also may explain why astronomers see only a
fraction of all the material that they expect to find in the universe--
will it expand forever or eventually collapse in on itself? All of this
depends on the mass of the neutrino.
Theorists suspected the neutrino has a mass. Experimenters looked,
and they found it. For most theorists this is a joyous occasion. But
there are others whose theories have relied on a neutrino devoid of
mass. For them this month's announcement destroys their hypothesis. It
will mean erasing what is on the blackboard and starting all over
again.
The following article, in italics, was taken, on 10/7/96, from
website http://snodaq.phy.queensu.ca/sno/sno.html, of a leading neutrino
laboratory, as explained in the article:
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THE SUDBURY NEUTRINO OBSERVATORY
The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) is a 1000 tonne heavy water
Cherenkov detector under construction in INCO's CreiQhton mine near
Sudbury, Ontario. Located 6800 feet below ground, SNO is designed to
detect neutrinos produced by fusion reactions in the sun. SNO will
provide revolutionary insight into the properties of neutrinos, as well
as yielding constraints on reaction mechanisms in the sun. The SNO
detector uses 1000 tonnes of heavy water, on loan from the Atomic Energy
of Canada Limited (AECL), contained in a 12m diameter acrylic vessel.
Neutrinos react with the heavy water (D20) to produce flashes of light
called Cherenkov radiation. This light is then detected with a geodesic
array of 10,000 photomultiplier tubes surrounding the heavy water
vessel. The detector is immersed in light (normal) water within a 30m
barrel-shaped cavity excavated from Norite rock. Location in the
deepest part of the mine provides an overburden of rock to shield from
cosmic rays. The detector laboratory is immensely clean to reduce
background radiation signals which would otherwise hide the very weak
signal from neutrinos.
Neutrinos are tiny, possibly massless, neutral elementary particles
which interact with matter via the weak nuclear force. The weakness of
the weak force gives neutrinos the property that matter is almost
transparent to them. The sun, and all other stars, produce neutrinos
' copiously due to the nuclear decay processes within the core.
Since
they rarely interact, these neutrinos pass through Sun and the Earth
the
(and you) unhindered. Other sources of neutrinos include exploding
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stars (supernova), relic neutrinos (from the birth of the universe) and
nuclear power plants (in fact most of the fuel's energy is taken away by
neutrinos). For example, the sun produces over two hundred trillion
trillion trillion neutrinos every second, and a supernova blast can
unleash 1000 times more neutrinos than our sun will produce in its 10-
billion year lifetime. Billions of neutrinos stream through your body
every second, yet only one or two of the higher energy neutrinos will
scatter from you in your lifetime.
A further article is obtained from a University of California at
Berkeley website http://amanda.berkeley.edu/. This describes a massive
neutrino telescope constructed at the south pole briefly described in
the following excerpt taken from the site as of July 26, 1997:
AMANDA
Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array
AMANDA is a detector being constructed at the South Pole, whose
purpose is to observe high-energy neutrinos from astrophysical sources.
An accompanying diagram shows 60 meter diameter holes melted in the
ice at the precise North Pole to depths of 1950 meters . An array of
these holes each having several hundred photomultiplier tube Cherenkov
light detectors for detecting the passage upward of neutrinos that have
gone through the Earth from the north.
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An article, dated February 1999, from Photonics Spectra magazine
describes a neutrino telescope being placed on the ocean floor, off the
coast of France, 2.35 km below the surface. These telescopes have 350-
m-long strings of photomultiplier tubes as neutrino detectors. There
will eventually be an array of eight such strings of detectors.
Known as the Antares project, scientists from France, Spain, The
Netherlands and the UK are involved. Francois Montanet, a physicist at
France's Center for Particle Physics has been, involved in the project
since it began. The article concludes with a summary:
Neutrinos provide an extremely long-range glimpse into the
universe. Because of their high energy, these particles are also
messengers of little understood events and objects.
The foregoing articles give some understanding of the intense
effort going on worldwide to study neutrinos.
Use of fiberglass, being a mixture of glass fibers in a plastic
binder, is well known. C12 carbon fibers are used for the improvement
in strength obtained over glass fibers in applications such as
automobile bodies. When carbon fibers are greatly extended in length
they will be called filaments hereinunder.
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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A force model of the universe is used having far force lines
pulling atoms together and near force lines preventing atoms from
destructively combining. Recent experiments have detected a net
neutrino force taken by the experimenters as evidence that neutrinos
have mass. Believing that neutrinos have force but not mass, the
experimental force is maximized as a basis for this invention. A first
form of the invention produces direct current electrical output. In a
second form a matrix of miniaturized devices of the first form are used
to light dots on a visual output screen thereby producing neutrino to
photon light converters for use in neutrino light viewing glasses and in
neutrino cameras. Superconductors are a fundamental component of this
invention and the use of C14 superconductors is projected to the
carrying of electric power currents on and in transmission and
distribution lines, generators, transformers and motors.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 Detailed description of a neutrino according to this
invention.
Fig. 2 Neutrino power converter utilizing an electrostrictive
body with a capacitor forming an oscillating circuit.
Fig. 3 Neutrino power converter utilizing an electrostrictive
body with a cavity forming an oscillating circuit.
Fig. 4a A top view of the.device of Fig. 2.
Fig. 4b An end view of the device of Fig 2.
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Fig. 5 A neutrino power conversion device using a layer of
diamagnetic material with a grating surface to produce a differential in
force on an electrostrictive body.
Fig. 6a An end view of multifilament C14 superconducting
conductors.
Fig 6b A side vies of conductors of Fig. 6a showing metallic
electric current terminating devices.
Fig. 7a An edge view of a dot matrix device for human seeing in
neutrino light.
Fig. 7b A plan view of the matrix device of Fig. 7a.
A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF NEUTRINOS
This invention extends present theories, including well known
principles of electrical engineering, to engineering designs of devices
using neutrinos as sources of power.
Engineers use six orthogonal dimensions in their daily work with
macro sized systems. These consist of three dimensions of space, one
of time, one of electric fields and one of magnetic fields. Herein
these are labeled x, y, z, T, E and B respectively. It is held herein
that there is no lower limit in size for the use of this six dimensional
model and related advanced theorems.
I, Robert W. Beckwith, hypothesize the existence of two fields of
non-polarized force lines emanating from the nucleus of all atoms in the
universe. I call one the "near" force lines and the other the "far"
force lines. The near lines from one atom repels the near lines from
CA 02283528 1999-09-24
another atom with a magnitude that falls off to values below the far
force lines somewhere in the immediate region outside an atom. The far
lines act to pull atoms together with forces that diminish with
distances apart. The net effect is to pull atoms of the universe
together to a global boundary surrounding atoms within which the near
forces exceed the far forces. A vital effect of the near force lines is
to prevent atoms from destructively combining. A secondary effect,
explained in more detail hereinunder, is to impart information on
neutrinos as they bounce around within atomic structures thereby picking
up information as to where the neutrinos have been.
Neutrinos are capable, with a very low probability, to penetrate
the shielding boundary and destroy the atom. This capability is
described in detail hereinunder.
I hypothesize a force model with the near and far forces explaining
effects which are observed and used by engineers and others working in
the macro world. These hypothesized near and far forces are not to be
confused with the nuclear forces used to explain the binding of neutrons
and protons to form the nucleus of various atoms. Physicists use a set
of dimensions as required by their mathematical model of the nuclear
forces. The relation of these "inner" dimensions of physics and the
six "outer" dimensions of engineering are not known, at least to this
inventer.
I use the far forces to form a force model of the universe
applicable from objects on Earth upward throughout the entire universe.
Our six dimensioned universe is filled with a media consisting of far
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force lines linking all atoms in the universe. The characteristic of
the far force is that it links from one atom to another as some function
of distance regardless of the distance between all pairs of atoms in the
universe (perhaps limiting the expansion of the universe). Since each
atom has an infinite integer-number of such force lines we must think in
terms of far force line density, perhaps a redefinition of aether
(ether) .
Our bodies are therefore pulled downward by all of the atoms of the
Earth giving an effect which we call gravity. Moreover our bodies want
to go in straight lines as defined by the force lines. When we go
around corners in our automobile we experience sideways forces we call
inertia. I propose herein that gravity.and inertia are but behavioral
characteristics of the far force field and do not otherwise exist.
The near force causes visible light (photons) to be reflected from
atoms with photon frequency selectivity thereby giving reflected light
its color. Likewise I believe that neutrinos are selectively reflected
according to their frequency giving color to neutrino light, as
detectable in certain experiments.
These near and far forces appear to operate in the E and B
dimensions as first demonstrated by experiments at Nottingham University
in the UK and confirmed at the High Magnetic Field Laboratory operated
by Florida State University at Gainsville Florida. In these
experiments, strong magnetic fields were used to levitate items
regardless of their composition (both experiments included a live frog) .
It appears that levitation occurred when the applied magnetic force
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field strength exceeded the far force field strength (called gravity)
extending from atoms of the items to atoms of the Earth.
I have trained myself to see in neutrino light. After an hour with
my eyes totally dark adapted in a light free room and unable to see any
visible light whatsoever. I believe that I can, with intense mental
concentration, see in neutrino light. I know of no other wave form with
the penetrating capability which I observe. I can see, for example,
reflected sparkles from a crystal of metallic bismuth in or out of
boxes, giving support to the use of bismuth in this invention as
described in more detail hereinunder. I can also see colors of the
bismuth, reflected neutrino light off of flat stones and other evidence
of the behavior of neutrino light. I believe that while most neutrinos
flow between atoms due to the great distances between atoms as compared
to their global diameter, a fraction bounce around off of the atoms
giving the observed effects. Of course, with the immense energy of the
neutrino field, the few that bounce off still represent considerable
energy.
This observed behavior of neutrino light in relation to bismuth has
been utilized by this inventer in developing the inventive devices
hereinbelow. In support of the validity of this ability I have
demonstrated that, within the darkened room, I can distinguish between
three identical boxes, carefully packed for equal weights. One box
contains a bismuth crystal, one an identical weight of stone and the
third with an identical weight of iron.
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Engineers know that B fields produce forces that cause rotors of
motors to turn. E fields also produce forces that attract conductors
carrying opposite electrical charges and oppose conductors carrying like
charges. Radiated waves, consisting of combinations of the two field
types, must then carry a force vector along with them driving the waves
along force lines at the speed of light.
Photons are easy for us to observe as to their frequency; ie.
color. It is considerably more difficult to observe and measure
individual photons. So it is with radio waves with individual
"wavelets" difficult, but not impossible to produce.
I believe that electromagnetic energy from 60 Hz to photons and
neutrinos follow force lines which vibrate in spiral fashion in the E/B
fields at the frequency of the waves so as to guide them in the
direction of the force lines.
Fig. 1 shows a wave representation of a neutrino. Vector Fd is the
neutrino force F multiplied by distance 'd' (along the dotted path line
but not otherwise shown) in space giving the direction of travel of a
single neutrino packet. Actually Fd does not exist at the center but
force F moves around a cylinder of radius Fq by the action of the vector
combination of rotating quadrature force vector Fq and the central non-
rotating vector Fd. Vector Fq is driven by components of neutrino
energy stored on the E/B plane.
Force F rotates at approximately 1023 cycles per second as estimated
hereinunder. Force F starts at point 1, where the energy exists as a
negative voltage on the -E axis of an E/B plane. A quarter cycle later,
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force F is at point 2, and the energy exists as a positive current on
the +B axis of the E/B plane. A second quarter cycle later, force F is
at point 3, and the energy exists as a positive voltage on the +E axis
of the E/B plane. A third quarter cycle later, the force F is at point
4, and the energy exists as a negative current on the -B axis of the E/B
plane. A fourth quarter cycle later, force F is back at point 1 of Fig.
1, however, the force F has moved one full neutrino space cycle along
the central direction Fd and also one full neutrino period along the
time axis. Let us assume that the diameter of the cylinder is equal to
the space cycle dimension of a neutrino.
Note that Fig. 1 is an isometric drawing of rotation, in three
dimensional space, of force F rotating about a cylinder, this being the
best one can do on a two dimensional piece of paper. The movement of
the neutrino packet in space and time is essentially impossible to
depict graphically. Note, however, that neutrinos move along space/time
planes as do we as we walk around our home, drive a car or ride on an
airplane. Principles of engineering must merge with and agree with
principles of physics.
If a neutrino could be viewed as it comes directly towards you, the
force would be seen moving in a circle. Conceptually, if one were small
enough and stood in the path of the neutrino, one would be struck by
force F from some point on the circle of the force rotation. The
experience would be as if hit by a particle equal in diameter to the
diameter of the neutrino force circle. The neutrino can, therefore, be
said to have a physical size equal to the force diameter. I do not
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believe however, as others believe, that the neutrino has a dual
existence, sometimes a wave, sometimes a mass, but I believe that
neutrinos always are a wave packet as described herein.
A Theorem: An atom has an infinite integer-number of far force
lines emanating from protons and neutrons within the nucleus. Some
lines link with other atoms forming molecules. Some lines extend across
the universe to other atoms, thereby holding the universe together.
A Theorem: Aa atom has a very large number of near force lines
extending in nearly every direction. Each is surrounded by a tube of
strong force lines. To reach a near force line of an atom, a neutrino
must travel along a far force line that has linked with a near force
line within such a tube. In the rare event that this occurs the atom
is annihilated with an immease burst of energy.
Normally a neutriao is repelled into a redirected path past the
atom being phase modulated by the near force lines as it passes. At
the same time the neutrino gives a tiny nudge to the atom contributing
to the random atomic movemeat known as 'Brownian'.
A Theorem: Neutrinos have apparent dimensions in space equal to
the diameter of their rotation of force field. They have effective mass
and a centrifugal force equal to the rotating force creating the force
circle at the frequency of the wave packet. Should one be able to stop
a neutrino, however the energy and mass would be precisely zero since
the neutrino would then no longer exist.
As is well known by radio engineers, the term FM is poorly used to
describe the well known FM radio band transmissions. Actually phase
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modulation (PM) of a fixed carrier frequency is used which produces an
equivalent frequency modulation (FM) with the ratio of FM to PM being
proportional to the modulating frequency. I believe that neutrinos
are technically equivalent to FM broadcast signals except that neutrinos
come in discontinuous wave packets.
A Theorem: As a neutrino passes atoms, existiag individually,
as a part of a molecule in a gas, or as a part of a very complex
molecule such as DNA molecules, they pick up information as to patterns
of atoms. This is accomplished as a phase modulation, PM, of the time
rate of rotation of force F about its circle as shown in Fig. 1.
A Theorem: The information bandwidth of neutrino light is many
many times that of photon light or of the radio frequency spectrum.
A Theorem: The aeutrino is 0.32 x 10'14 meters in diameter aad
has a frequency of 9.4 x l0aa Hz.
Referring to the article from The New York Times for Tuesday, June
16, 1998 given above under Background of the Invention, t h i s
inventer believes that many neutrinos follow strong force lines leading
to any atom in the universe, imparting their force of motion on the atom
and otherwise bouncing away without stopping. The atom moves randomly
in response to these hits in what is well known as Brownian motion. In
the experiment described in the New York Times article I believe that a
very slight beaming of neutrinos was created by the experiment . The
result was a very slight bias in the Brownian motion in the direction of
measurement interpreted by the experimenters as evidence of mass of the
neutrino. I believe that, as with gravity, mass exists only as a
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behavioral attribute of the force field. To that extent, therefore,
neutrinos do have the characteristic of what is generally called
mass.
This invention involves an expansion of the Japanese experiment
described by the New York Times article referenced above into a useful
device for converting neutrino energy into electric power.
DERIVATION OF INFORMATION REGARDING NEUTRINOS
QUESTION: Nhat is the density at the surface of the Earth from solar
neutrinos?
The number of neutrinos from the Sun is 200 x 1036/sec. (See the
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory information given above.)
The Sun is 1.5 x 1011 meters from the Earth.
The area of a sphere at Earth distance from the Sun is:
4~ x (1.5 x 1011)2 = 2.8 x 1023 square meters.
Thus the number of neutrinos coming to a square meter of surface on
Earth from the Sun is:
NE = (200 x 1036) / (2 . 8 x 1023) - 7.14 x 1014 per second.
QUESTION: But that is the diameter of a neutrino?
Note that the 'sweet spot' for neutrinos to bag an atom is
diminishingly small as compared to the bullet! It is the size of the
bullet that counts. The small number of neutrino hits tells us we have
a very small bullet indeed!
There must be a physical size of the sweet spot, however, otherwise
a neutrino would never find it. Let us assume that neutrinos can
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annihilate the smallest stable atom, namely hydrogen. Let us further
assume that the hydrogen nucleus, consisting of a single proton, emits
all of the near and far force lines for that atom. Other elements have
larger nuclei, therefore emitting more far force lines. More far force
lines have greater pull by the Earth therefore more apparent mass.
The size of the hydrogen nucleus is then the size of the sweet spot
into which a neutrino must fit to bag the atom.
In a table of neutron scattering data on page 11-148 of the 78th
1997-1998 edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
(hereinafter referred to as the "CRC reference") the thermal cross
section of a neutron in a hydrogen atom is given as 0.332 barns. On the
previous page of the CRC reference the barn is defined as 10'24 cm2. It
is assumed that this value of cross section is true for a proton
(consisting of a neutron carrying a positive charge). The cross section
of the hydrogen nucleus is therefore equal to 0.332 * 10-28 m2.
It is further assumed that a neutrino is capable of annihilating an
atom of hydrogen if it hits the sweet spot. It is reasonable therefore
to say that the dimension of the tube of strong force lines within which
sits a weak force line is equal to the diameter of a proton. A neutrino
must have this same dimension therefore, as an upper limit of size, to
fit into the tube upon rare occasion and blow up the hydrogen atom. The
neutrino would then fit into the tubes of neutrons and protons within
other elements which all have nuclei larger than hydrogen.
The diameter Dn of a neutrino is then:
Dn = (0.332/~r' * 10-2a m2)~.
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Dn = 0.32 x 10-14 meters.
Let us assume that a neutrino wavelength in time is equal to one
neutrino diameter.
The neutrino frequency Fn is then the speed of light divided by the
wavelength:
Fn = 3 x l0a/ (0.32 x 10-14) - 9.4 x 1022
The neutrino energy at any point on Earth is believed to be many
times the visible and infra red energy from the Sun and there are many
other sources such as the nuclear reactions within Earth itself. It is
quite apparent that sufficient energy is available to power devices
using means as described hereinbelow.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
One concept used in this invention is to make improvements on the
pressures detected from neutrinos in experiments related hereinabove.
These experiments can be interpreted as an indication that neutrinos
have mass, at least so long as they are in motion. Herein this pressure
is directed to an electrostrictive body in such a way as to produce a
direct current (DC) voltage and a direct output current.
The electrostrictive phenomenon is defined herein as the production
of voltages as a result of elastic deformations of a material. In Fig.
2 forces from neutrinos create fixed deformations of a body 3 of
electrostrictive material. This deformation causes a DC voltage across
said body 3 which then drives direct current at that voltage to flow
from devices containing said bodies with suitable layers of material
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attached to said bodies 3.
Fig. 2 shows devices consisting of conductors 2 forming first
layers carrying oscillating currents for deflecting neutrinos to one
side and the other for minimizing forces of neutrinos striking first
surfaces of said devices, electrostrictive bodies 3 forming second
layers, conductors 4 forming third layers, magnetostrictive material 5
having flat outer surfaces forming fourth layers for maximizing forces
from neutrinos striking second surfaces of said devices, and resonating
capacitors 1 connected to opposite ends of said conductors 2 forming
first layers and generating said oscillating currents whereby
differential forces from neutrinos approaching said devices from
opposing directions deform said electrostrictive bodies producing
voltages between said first layers and said third layers.
Barium titanate is the preferred material for said body 3 and
crystalline bismuth is the preferred diamagnetic material.
Output contacts 6 are connected to center points on conductor 2 and
output contacts 7 are connected to conductor 4.
Capacitors 1 are connected by tapered conductors 13 and 14 between
opposite ends of said conductor 2 causing resonant oscillating currents
to flow between said capacitors 1 and the inductance of said first
conducting layers 2 so as to deflect a portion of neutrinos flowing
through said first conducting layers 2 resulting in continuing
differential neutrino forces on said body 3. If this force is not put
to use in creating motion said devices must be restrained from movement
or used in pairs with forces opposed.
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Fig. 4a is a top view of the device depicted in Fig. 2 to show
conductors 13 and 14 tapering to produce lowest inductance to meet
capacitor 1. Fig. 4b is an end view of the device depicted in Fig. 2 to
show the positions of capacitor 1, conductors 13 and 14, body 3 with
sides 10 and 11, diamagnetic layer 5 formed on conducting surface 4 and
having an outer surface 16, conducting layers 2 and 4 and terminal leads
7 and 16.
Fig. 3 shows a device having a microwave cavity 9 with, upper
surfaces 8 and lower surfaces 11. The interior 17 shows the cavity in
conventional form to best illustrate the cavity. .In a preferred form a
layered structure is used with surfaces 8 and il forming layers one and
three respectfully. The cavity interior 17 consists of thin second
layer of dielectric material having low losses at the cavity resonant
frequency. The interior of the cavity is lined with superconducting C14
producing a nearly lossless cavity having high instability and therefore
high propensity to oscillate at the cavity resonant frequency. Layer
three is formed on surface 2 of electrostrictive body 3 with barium
titanate the preferred electrostrictive material. Body 3 then becomes
layer 4. A conducting layer 5 is formed on the surface 4 of body 3.
Diamagnetic material 5 is formed on conducting layer 5 becoming layer 6
with crystalline bismuth being the preferred material. Surface 16 of
layer 6 is flat for receiving maximum force from neutrinos striking
surface 16. Said unstable cavity 9 oscillates at said cavity resonant
frequency causing large oscillating currents to flow in said
superconducting C14. Said oscillating currents create force lines first
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to one side and then the other deflecting some neutrinos around said
body 3 first in one direction and then the other and resulting in a net
reduction in neutrino force striking surface 2 of said body 3. The
resulting differential in neutrino force deform said body 3 creating
voltages between surfaces 2 and 4. Polarities of these voltages depends
on the orientation of said body 3 with output contacts 6 to center
points of third layers labeled positive and output contacts 7 to fifth
layers labeled negative in the example shown by Fig. 3. Said
oscillations create an oscillations on forces on said body 3 to be
superimposed on the net voltage produced by said body 3. By the
electrostrictive characteristics of body 3 said oscillations are
reinforced and maintained.
I, Robert W. Beckwith, believe that C14, when formed in a
crystalline layer, naturally produces unusually close spacing of the C14
atoms. This close spacing is a result of valence electrons of C14
naturally combining into pairs termed isoelectroniums by Dr. Ruggero
Santilli in his reference paper listed hereinabove. Dense materials
created by such electron combination are called "magnecules" by Dr.
Santilli who states that the existence of magnecules is a "mere
consequence" of the forming of isoelectroniums. He further states that
isoelectroniums will tunnel out of their related atoms and form surfaces
of electron pairs; ie. a surface of isoelectroniums.
I further believe that the sideways flow of electron pairs in
oscillatory circuits, as for example shown in Figs. 2 and 3, will form
force lines capable of deflecting some neutrinos approaching said body
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3 from directions into surface 11. These deflections will cause some
neutrinos to flow past body 3 first to one side and then to the other
side as said resonant circuits of Figs. 2 and 3 oscillate thereby
creating a net differential in neutrino forces on body 3.
Figs. 2 and 3 illustrates devices for producing DC outputs into
loads of a wide range of varying resistance. These devices have a very
low source impedance.
By the personal experiences related hereinabove I am certain that
neutrinos reflect from crystalline bismuth undoubtedly imparting force
to the material as they do. The thickness of parts of said devices are
small as compared to the surface of said device and as a result depleted
numbers of neutrinos striking the upper surface of material will be less
than the number striking the lower surface and a net upward force
results.
Fig. 5 illustrates an alternative construction of a device for
extracting electrical energy or useable force from neutrinos. Body 3
with conducting surfaces 2 and 4, diamagnetic layer 5 with flat outer
surface 16 and output terminals 6 and 7 serve the same purpose as in the
devices depicted in Figs. 2 and 3. The resonant circuit formed by
capacitor 1 of Fig. 2 and the cavity 9 of Fig. 3 are replaced by
diamagnetic layer 18 having a grating surface as shown in Fig. 5. This
diamagnetic layer is preferably crystalline bismuth as is body 5. The
grating reflects some neutrinos to one side or the other reducing the
total neutrino force striking the grating to less than the opposing
force striking relatively flat surface 16 thereby creating a net force
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upward as well as electrical output power from terminals 6 and 7, if
desired.
Body, 3 and conducting surfaces 2 and 4 may also be omitted from
devices constructed according to Fig. 5 in which case no electrical
output is obtained and an uncontrollable force is obtained. In this
embodiment of the invention the force may be controlled by combining two
such force only devices at controllable angles with the resultant force
acting at the magnitude and direction as the vector addition of the two
device forces.
Fig. 6a illustrates an end view of conducto>_'s 30 of continuous
filaments 31 of superconducting C14 encased in a plastic binder 32 for
carrying electric power currents. Fig. 6b illustrates a side view of
the conductor of Fig. 6a having a metallic connecter 33 terminating one
end of superconducting filaments 31. The far end of said conductor is
at some distance to the right similarly terminated for the carrying of
electric current.
I believe that C14 is very strong with tensile strengths in the
order of hundreds of pounds per filament. I also believe that it is
quite brittle and will break if bent sharply. Such breakage is avoided
by use the suitable plastic binder 32.
Uses of such conductors are for essentially lossless conduction of
electric power along transmission and distribution lines. Similar
conductors may also be used internal to electric power generators,
electric power transformers and for electric motors. A general 'rule of
thumb' for generators, transformers and motors is "to have copper loss
CA 02283528 1999-09-24
equal to iron loss". Use of C14 superconductors may therefore cut
losses by as much as one half in the generation, transformation,
delivery and use of electric power.
Fig. 7 illustrates converters for converting neutrino light into
visible light. Matrices of miniaturized versions of the devices of
Figs. 3 on first panels create one dot 26 each on second liquid crystal
panels 23 which are visible in incident light. Selectively second
panels 23 are backlighted producing dot matrix displays visible in the
dark.
Knowing that neutrinos reflect from atomic and molecular structures
as do photons of visible light, the matrix of Fig. 7 picks up the
detailed pattern of neutrino light thereby forming pictures on the
visual screen 23 of Fig. 5. In other words, the device of Fig. 7
provides the ability of seeing in neutrino light.
Fig. 7 a) illustrates an edge view of a converter panel with
miniaturized devices 22 mounted on the top of conducting plane 21 and
connected to negative outputs of devices 22. Liquid crystal panel 23
receives positive outputs 25 from individual devices 22 causing dots 26
to be illuminated in proportion to the magnitudes of devices 22 output
currents. Note that these outputs, in turn, are dependent on the
neutrino forces on each particular dot. Backlighting material 24 is
sandwiched between conducting layer 21 and display screen 23 and is
illuminated by an external source. Selectively screen 23 is lighted
using power from a larger device 22 (not shown) dedicated for that
purpose.
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Fig. 7 b) shows a plan view of a converter panel with dots 26
illustrating the possible large extent of the screen depending on the
resolution desired and the degree of miniaturization of devices 22
achieved.
It should be noted that devices having microwave cavities as shown
in Fig. 3 have the advantage over devices as shown in Fig. 2 of
containing said oscillations. In devices according to Fig. 2 radiation
of these oscillations increases losses and may cause interference with
other equipment. It should be noted that the electrostrictive bodies
used hereinabove may be mounted so as to reverse the polarities used for
explanation and that this inventions includes selection of either
reversal of positive and negative potentials.
ADVANTAGES OF THIS INVENTION
Products based on this invention could make humanity independent of
electric power systems with immense improvement in the environment.
The ability to see underground and through solid objects with
greater detail than present technology will be most valuable indeed.
Easy visualization of land mines regardless of materials used may
be of great value.
Detailed underground exploration for valuable material.
Possible uses of force as levitation, propulsion or both.
Reduction of losses in the production, delivery and use of electric
power through the use of superconducting C14 diamond filament
conductors.
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