Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING WORLDWIDE DATA ON THE EARTH'S RESONANCE
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
i
The Earth has a natural resonance of electromagnetic energy
excited by lightning strokes and other phenomena. Tesla sensed the
resonance in experiments carried out in 1899 to 1900.
Fig. 1 shows idealized angular distributions of the vertical
electric and horizontal magnetic components of the lowest four
normal modes of the Schumann resonances to be explained below. The
sphere represents the Earth, and the excitation source is assumed
to be a vertical lightning channel at the top of the sphere. The
distributions are azimuthally symmetric about the polar axis. In
each component the field amplitudes are plotted in two ways, first
as a gray scale density, and then as a height (extensions radially)
above the sphere. This figure was obtained from http://dsentman.
gi.alaska.edu/schumann.htm on March 2, 1999.
An informative paper (hereinafter identified as reference S1) ,
by Davis D. Sentman is titled "Schumann Resonances" and was
obtained from http://dsentman.gi.alaska.edu/~heavner/rs/conf/
icae96/schres/index.html. In this reference, S1, Schumann states
that there is a continuous average of 100 lightning strokes per
second around~the Earth. It is proposed herein that data be taken
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from around the Earth using methods and apparatus according to the
present invention. Remodeled from actual data, the form may be
quite different than the simplistic single lightning stroke model
of Fig. 1. Such a detailed model based on the actuality of the E
field will also imply the correctness of the magnetic components of
Fig. 1.
The following is a quotation from the book The Cycles of
r
Heaven by Guy L. Playfair and Scott Hill, St. Martins Press, New
York City, 1978, ISBN # 0-312-18053-5.
"In 1952, W. O. Schumann of Munich University published an
important paper on the mechanism by which ELF (extra low frequency)
and VLF (very low frequency) waves are set up in the space between
Earth's surface and the ionosphere. This interspace constitutes a
concave spherical cavity resonator - a conductive sphere surrounded
by a dielectric - and Schumann found that when ELF wavelengths come
close in length to that of the circumference of the Earth, a
resonant system, which produces the 'Schumann resonances', is set
up. Power spectra of these resonances reveal amplitude peaks at
7.8, 14.1, 20.3, 26.4 and 32.5 Hz: all well within the ELF range."
While this reference is rather superficial as to the studies
underway of the Earth's resonance, it is valuable in its summaries
of work going on concerning effects of low frequency acoustic and
electromagnetic waves on human and animal behavior. Researchers in
human and animal behavior may find data obtained by the methods of
this invention useful.
The coherent frequency component is often called the Schumann
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frequency after W. O. Schumann and is sometimes said to be
approximately 7.32 Hertz. This value can be approximated by
dividing the speed of light by the circumference of the Earth.
Excerpts from Sentman, D.D., "Schumann Resonances," in CRC Handbook
of Atmospheric Electrodynamics, (Hans Volland, ed.), CRC Press,
Boca Raton, 1985, are available from http://ddentman.gi.alaska.edu/
schuchar.htm. The following are quotes from this Sentman excerpt:
"The lowest frequency components of the impulse (from
lightning) can circumnavigate the global circumference several
times before suffering serious degradation, and the phase addition
and cancellation of waves the global circumference several times
along multiple paths produce a resonant line spectrum.... These
resonances, called Schumann resonances, have been observed at many
different locations and can, in principle, be detected from any
place on the planet."
The term "Resonant line spectrum" is taken herein to mean a
continuous coherent E (Electric) wave with frequencies at the
fundamental or higher modes of Earth's resonance (See. Fig. 1).
The Sentman excerpts list 152 references including those by
Schumann.
We have assumed hereinbelow that the resonant line is at 7.32
Hz, however resonant lines may also exist within bands of energy
which Sentman lists around 14 and 20 Hz. No mention is found in
reference S1 of harmonics of coherent E waves which by definition
are synchronous with fundamental waves to which their phase is
referenced as.,described in detail hereinbelow.
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In reference S1 Sentman also describes "Q-bursts" in the form
of very large discrete events that occur at random intervals at the
rate of several to tens of events per hour. Sentman states that Q
bursts may be caused by large lightning transients but otherwise
are presently unexplained.
A further reference, hereinafter known as S2, by Heavner and
Sentman was obtained from http://elf.gi.alaska.edu/~heavner/rs/
conf/icae96/schres/index.html. This and reference S1 identify
locations where related measurements are made. These include Table
Mountain and Learmonth California, Australia, Brazil, and several
sites in Alaska. The equipment used for measurement is large and
expensive including shielded magnetic pickup coils mounted
underground. On the other hand, the area covered is small as
compared to the entire surface of the Earth.
A reference, hereinafter known as S3, by Hickey, Heavner and
Sentman was obtained from http://dsentman.gi.alaska.edu/iarbands
.htm and covers events that occur only at night. A paper by
Sentman and Fraser "Simultaneous observations of Schumann
resonances in California and Australia: Evidence for intensity
modulation by the local height of the D region, J. Geophys. Res.,
96, 15973 describes equipment in use at Table Mountain California
for continuous observations since 1993.
These references give the time duration of past observations
which are generally small as compared to continuous observations.
In general it appears that much fine work has been done in forming
mathematic models for the many complex resonant modes of excitation
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of the Earth's resonance. The gathering of data, especially in
continuous modes is more recent with many phenomena, such as the Q-
burst, looking for further understanding.
One coherent component of the E wave has been reported to be
7.32 Hz and of sufficient stability as to be useable as a frequency
reference. Many lightning events consist of a leader stroke and
many following strokes. It is said that a frequency in the range
r
of 7.32 hz can be seen in the repetition rate of the follower
strokes of lightning which may sometimes approach 100 in number.
While a coherent frequency of the E wave has no sense of
rotation with respect to the Earth, harmonics may add up to a wave
which does. Knowing this and the direction of the rotation would
be of interest.
The "DC component" is well known as the Earth's magnetic field
used by compasses to determine direction. The node for this
component, however is not at the pole of rotation of the Earth and
local anomalies sometimes confuse readings of direction. The
coherent frequency of the E wave may have an axis . What is its
relation with respect to the axis of the DC component?
It is known that the Earth's rotation carries the atmosphere
with it as it rotates, producing reactions generally known as the
Coriolis effect. It is known that this effect causes storms within
the atmosphere to rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere and
counter clockwise in the southern atmosphere. Energy from the
Earth's rotation is thus carried by the atmosphere to provide the
rotational energy of the storms. Rotational rates of storms are
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far greater than the rotational frequency of the Earth, with
tornados being the highest.
It is reasonable, therefore, that the Earth also carries the
resonant electromagnetic energy with it as it rotates thus creating
vortices in the electromagnetic field. While it is true that the
resonant energy has no mass and therefore not immediately analogous
to the effects of the Earth's rotation on the mass of the
atmosphere, there may be reasons for similar relations between the
electromagnetic field and the Earth's rotation. There is no
indications readily available to indicate that this matter has been
the subject of investigation.
QUESTION: Are electromagnetic vortices then created rotating
clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counter clockwise in the
southern? Are they of various diameters with those associated with
tornados among the highest?
Electromagnetic vortices may develop with respect to the
electromagnetic wave much like tornados develop in the atmosphere.
If so could some be either continuing vortices or ones that often
reoccur at certain places on Earth?
The combined effect of the electromagnetic field and its
complex modes of oscillations may be a source of great energy and
may have effects on the weather. For the purpose of this invention
we hypothesize the field as the driving force for major tornados.
The hypothesis will be stated in positive terms. It is to be
understood that a hypothesis is a "theory" or possible truth and
that research to determine the truth related to the hypotheses
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stated here is of obvious importance. Inventive means for
obtaining data for this suggested research are given below.
HYPOTHESIS: Rotation by the Earth of the complex electromagnetic
oscillations known collectively as Schumann resonances forms
electromagnetic vortices which move in unknown ways over the
surface of the Earth. These vortices may be potential sources of
great energy.
There is a spot on the Sherman ranch in Nevada, owned by
Robert Bigelow, where UFO activity is said to be very high.. Col.
John Alexander operates the National Institute of Discovery Science
which Bigelow set up to sponsor scientific research into phenomena
related to UFOs.
This inventor herein has first hand memory of the
"Philadelphia Story" in which the mine sweeper IX97 was moved back
in time two weeks from a location in the water just off a birth in
the Philadelphia navy yard to a previous location docked at Newport
News, Virginia. As told by Dr. Horton of Bell Laboratories who
made the trip, the power of three phase 7.5Hz generators were
brought up and up in an attempt to move down the bay by one hour.
When nothing happened with full power, they moved the frequency
slightly and instantly jumped to Newport News, Virginia. The
indication is that the generators suddenly became synchronous with
the Earth's 7.32 coherent frequency and produced the two week time
shift.
Unmodified minesweepers used a single phase current generator
to run a very, large current through huge cables draped into the
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water from the bow, along both sides of the boat connecting to a
generator on the fantail. The frequency used was about 7.5 Hz
matching the resonant frequency of the German magnetic ship
detector.
The detector consisted of a sealed tube with a permanent
magnet sliding in oil inside the tube. Springs at either end gave
the mechanism a resonance of about 7.5 Hz. It is believed that the
choice of this frequency close to the Earth's resonance was purely
coincidental.
The IX97 was outfitted with three special current generators
tied to a large control panel with circuitry which held their
output currents 120° in phase angle. The three currents were fed
into the two cables along the port and starboard sides and the
third to a cable hanging on masts just above the cabin. The
currents, tied together at the bow, added to zero.
The IX97 was thus outfitted very quickly by the General
Electric Co., as the inventor herein members. It is likely that
Tesla's early experiments in moving objects with rotating magnetic
fields were not repeated and therefore the significance of
synchronizing with the Earth's resonance was not recognized.
For a complete account of the authors experience with the
"Philadelphia Story" please refer to a book, HYPOTHESES, written by
the inventor of this patent application and available from
bookstores using R.R.Bowker's Books in Print.
QUESTION: Could extraterrestrial spacecraft be using an
electromagnetic vortex, consistently operating at the Sherman
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ranch, to obtain energy for teleporting to and from a home planet?
Could advanced craft, either military or private, use energy from
the coherent frequencies to levitate, teleport and time travel?
It is clear that "dust devils" as seen in the western desert
do not rotate at as high a frequency as 7.32 Hz and that their
behavior can be explained and understood without reference to the
coherent component of the E wave. It is also evident that funnel
clouds extending downward during tornado weather conditions do not
initially have this higher rate of rotation. The question i.s, at
what point, if any, does energy from the coherent frequency of the
E wave enter the cell of rotating air?
HYPOTHESIS: As a tornado grows in intensity, fed only by thermal
energy from the atmosphere, an inner column of low pressure is
created from the centrifugal forces in the funnel. The highest
wind speeds are on the boundary of this tube of low pressure, being
difficult to detect and measure. When the rotational speed of this
tubular layer of air reaches a coherent frequency of the E wave,
the rotational speed locks with it synchronously extracting energy
to greatly increase the power of the tornado.
QUESTION: Which comes first, movement of an electromagnetic vortex
to a storm center or creation of such a vortex by a storm center?
Fig. 2 shows the structure of a fully developed tornado. The
funnel cloud 30 is visible and often photographed moving down its
destructive path. The inner surface boundary 31 is seldom, if
ever, seen and photographed. The center core 32 of very low
pressure has pccasionally been measured. It is held accountable
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for buildings being literally blown apart such as one on October 3,
1992 that destroyed a two story building housing the Beckwith
Electric Company.
This tornado would likely be classified an F2 of "significant"
strength. The observed circumference of about 300 meters falls
midway in the Class F2 range with maximum wind speeds, as measured
by doppler radar, of 60 meters per second. From this one can
calculate a center core 3 of Fig. 2 of 0.26 meters or 10" in
diameter to produce a rotation of 7.32 cps of this central core.
Within this core the velocity must fall to nearly zero in the
"calm" center of rotating storms.
This center seems smaller than might be expected, however this
may be the size high in the sky where the highest vacuum may exist
in relatively clean air. Lower where the funnel is filled as a
water spout if over water and filled with debris if over land the
core may be larger and the maximum velocity less.
For a tornado core with a circumference of 0.82 meters the
frequency can be calculated as: 0.82 x 108 - 82 megahertz, well
within the lower television band. The lowest television frequency
is channel 2 at 54 mHz. Before the era of cable TV, channel 2 was
frequently used as a tornado detector with the screen "going white"
when a tornado was nearby. The core may vary in diameter and
produce frequencies over a range of TV frequencies. Even very
large tornados may have small center cores producing these high
frequencies. Note also that these frequencies may well be produced
at the higher ends of the funnel where they will propagate over
CA 02283530 1999-09-24
large distances.
QUESTIONS: Are vortices associated with human levitation and do
they also produce frequencies at the lower TV frequencies? Are
coherent frequencies of the E wave sources of energy for other
phenomena including teleportation and time travel? Is this the
energy that persons with psychic abilities sense? Can humans light
up screens of TVs with rabbit ear antennas?
HYPOTHESIS: Within the core of a fully developed tornado a
divided space (see HYPOTHESES) forms with the power to levitate
material objects, carry them high into the sky and then drop them
to the ground.
QUESTION: Did this result in automobiles being picked up and
deposited in a heap in a gully as resulted from tornados in Georgia
on or about April 5, 1998?
QUESTION: Is this levitation or just suction by a vacuum?
RELATED PATENTS:
1) METHOD AND APPARATUS PROVIDING HALF-CYCLE DIGITIZATION OF
AC SIGNALS BY AN ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER, U. S, Patent No.
5,315,527, describes apparatus and methods for sensing positive
half cycles of AC signals.
2) APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR SAMPLING SIGNALS SYNCHRONOUS
WITH ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER, U. S. Patent No. 5,544,064,
describes apparatus and methods useful for obtaining digital
samples of AC waves synchronous with free running analog to digital
converters (ADCs).
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3) A METHOD FOR OBTAINING THE FUNDAMENTAL AND ODD HARMONIC
COMPONENTS OF AC SIGNALS, U. S. Patent No. 5,774,366, describes
methods for obtaining the fundamental component and odd harmonics
of half wave AC signals.
4) TWO WAY PACKET RADIO INCLUDING SMART DATA BUFFER AND
PACKET RATE CONVERSION, U. S. Patent Application Serial No.
710,816, filed on September 23, 1996 describes apparatus and
methods of communicating synchronously with the power frequency as
useful in the present invention.
5) DISTRIBUTION CIRCUIT VAR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING ADAPTIVE
CAPACITOR CONTROLS: U. S. Patent #5,541,498 issued Jul. 30, 1996.
6) MULTIFUNCTION ADAPTIVE CONTROLS FOR TAPSWITCHES AND
CAPACITORS: U. S. Patent #5,646,512 issued Jul. 8, 1997.
7) INFINITE SPEED SPACE COMMUNICATIONS USING INFORMATION
GLOBES, U. S. Patent Application serial number 083315 dated April
14, 1998.
8) TWO WAY PACKET RADIO INCLUDING SMART DATA BUFFER AND
PACKET RATE CONVERSION, U. S. Patent Application Serial No.
710,816, filed on September 23, 1996 describes apparatus and
methods of communicating synchronously with the power frequency as
useful in the present invention.
U. S. Patents No's. 5,315,527, 5,541,498, 5,544,064,
5,646,512, 5,774,366 and U. S. Patent Applications Serial Nos.
710,816, 059738 all by Robert W. Beckwith the inventor herein, are
incorporated herein by reference.
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U.S. Pat. No. 4,686,605, "METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR ALTERING
A REGION IN THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE, IONOSPHERE AND MAGNETOSPHERE"
filed by the inventor, Dr. Bernard J. Eastlund, on Jan. l0. 19s5
and issued Aug.ll, 1987 appears to be the basis for the High-
s frequency Active Auroral Research Project (HAARP). This secret
system is deployed from the northernmost to the southernmost points
of Alaska and may be used to modify the coherent component of the
E wave. Reference is made to a book "ANGELS DON'T PLAY THIS HAARP"
by Jeane Manning and Dr. Nick Begich, Earthpulse Press for a
detailed description of this system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Use is made of devices such as electric utility controls,
protective relays and digital fault recorders which take several
hundred digital samples of alternating current voltage waves per
cycle from overhead power lines. These lines act as large low
frequency antennae for picking up E signals from the Earth's
natural electrical resonance. Computers, using search and track
algorithms, select digital samples synchronous with the Earth's
electromagnetic field resonance from these devices, and use cross
correlations to extract data as to the resonance and place the data
on the Internet . Organizations have this information available for
research as to the worldwide nature of the Earth's resonant field.
The data gathering is accomplished at a very low additional cost
from electric utility devices which take digital samples of
alternating current (AC) power frequency voltages as a matter of
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their normal functioning. Telephone lines where they are overhead
and not in cables are alternative existing lines already in place
for other purposes and useable to pick up signals from the Earth's
resonance. A sensor receiver for direct measurement of atmospheric
electromagnetic signals from overhead lines is included.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 Angular distributions of Schumann resonant modes.
Fig. 2 The structure of a tornado.
Fig. 3 The method of selecting digital samples related to
a lower variable search frequency.
Fig. 4 A diagram for the collection of digital samples of
AC voltage waves, analyzing for components related to the coherent
frequency of the E wave and placing on the Internet.
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of a receiver for direct detection
and measurement of coherent components of the E wave from overhead
power lines.
Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of a battery operated receiver for
direct detection and measurement of coherent components of the E
wave from overhead telephone lines.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE
PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
THE PURPOSE OF THIS INVENTION
A first purpose of this invention is to use digital samples of
waves obtained from overhead wire lines at rates corresponding to
expected coherent and related harmonic frequencies of Earth's E
(electric) component of electromagnetic resonance. A second
r
purpose is to use said digital samples to find time profiles of
randomly occurring bursts (such as Q-bursts) of information of
predictable length in time.
First sources of said digital samples are pre-existing devices
taking digital samples of alternating current (AC) waves at higher
rates than required for this invention wherein selected samples are
used and others discarded. Such devices, include tapchanging
transformer and regulator controls, protective relays and digital
fault recorders, operate from overhead electric power lines.
Communication ports are generally available on these devices for
use in obtaining the samples for the purpose of this invention.
Some devices, in particular digital fault recorders, provide
time stamps for the data. If desired this data can be downloaded
and processed with programs that are equivalent to real time
processing but in fact are not.
Second sources are devices especially designed for taking
digital samples from wire lines which may include electric power
lines, telephone lines and even electric fence lines so long as
they are overhead and ungrounded.
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The overall purpose is to utilize combinations of these
devices to obtain worldwide data and to use this data to form
models of the actual E field replacing the theoretical "Electric"
models illustrated along the top row of Fig. 1.
THE USE OF CROSS CORRELATION
In the aforesaid first purpose, cross correlations are made
between selected digital samples from said devices and tables of
sine anc~ cosine functions to measure magnitudes of fundamental
components of coherent waves and phasers components of related
harmonics, said phasers using said fundamental components as phase
references.
Tables of values of sine and cosine functions are converted
into time functions which selectively form digital templates for
full wave and half wave periods. These periods are the reciprocal
of the frequencies being sought. In practice devices often are
served from an external computer, such as a lap top, where requests
to search for a particular coherent frequency are converted to
terms most fitting to the device. In a typical case, the term used
by the device may be a range of clock cycles of do-nothing steps.
This technique uses neither a period or a frequency but
nevertheless performs the required function. Thus the terms
"period" and "frequency" will be used interchangeably hereinbelow
in describing techniques for seeking, acquiring, locking and
tracking coherent waves.
Cross correlation is defined as:
C = (Ea x b)'~/ (Eaz + Ebz)'~
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Where C is a correlation number and "a" and "b" are functions
each represented by a series of digital values. Each sum, E, is
computed over the range of the values of "a" and "b". It is
generally required that "a" and "b" have the same number of sample
values . In the general case "a" is any monotonic function of a
variable such as time and "b" is another monotonic function of the
same variable. The cross correlation gives the similarity of the
two functions for whatever reason.
As used herein for the first purpose, functions "a" and "b"
are limited to the special case of sine waves in time with related
harmonics.
Values are chosen from tables of the sine function at time
rates that produce a time variable digital value rate at a selected
search frequency. As they are chosen the values are multiplied by
the next available sample from overhead lines and a sum of the
products formed.
The square root of said first sum is computed forming the
numerator of the above described correlation function as the
magnitude of a phaser component.
The denominator of this equation is a normalizing calculation
that gives values of correlation, C, between 1 and -1. C generally
represents the probability that a - b. A probability of 1
indicates a certainty, 0 represents a lack of correlation and -1
indicates the certainty that "a" is a mirror image of "b".
For the aforementioned second purpose the numerator is divided
by the denominator to obtain probabilities of signal
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identification. The denominator is obtained by forming a second
sum of the square of said next available samples along with said
first sum. The second sum is then added to a precomputed sum of
the square of the stored table of values and the square root of the
addition of these two sums computed forming the denominator.
FINDING COHERENT E SIGNALS
(This is the first purpose of this invention)
A Beckwith Electric Model M-2667 Load Tapchanging Transformer
Switch Control described in patent 5,646,512 cited above is used as
a typical illustration of a device already taking digital samples
of AC waves and using the samples for other purposes. A total of
240 samples of each half cycle of a 60 Hz wave are taken each
cycle. This device demonstrates a resolution of O.Olo in
measurement of AC voltage waves.
Since it can be assumed that the positive and negative halves
of an AC voltage wave are identical except for polarity sign, this
is equivalent of 480 samples per cycle or 480 x 60 = 28,800 samples
per second. This provides approximately 3934 samples for each of
the cycles of a 7.32 Hz signal within a single second. This then
is 537 samples per cycle at 7.32 Hz, nearly the same as the 480
samples per cycle used at 60 Hz.
In normal operation the M-2667 makes 20 samples of AC voltage
per second, with time required to also process AC current waves.
When used to furnish samples for detection of the coherent
component of the E wave, the M-2667 is switched to voltage only
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control, acceptable for short periods of time while furnishing said
samples. During this time samples are available 60 times per
second and adequate for purposes of this invention.
It is reasonable that a cooperating utility, perhaps
compensated for its participation, could dedicate l00 of the time
for controls to furnishing the desired samples. The resultant
degradation in the functioning of his control would be tolerable.
Other devices such as digital fault recorders are available most of
the time since their use during a fault utilizes but a tiny portion
of their time.
Some utility devices such as fault recorders store time
stamped sampled AC wave data. In general, then, these devices
provide a first choice of using data from the devices in real time
as it is taken and a second choice of making calculations "off
line" from stored data.
Fig. 3 illustrates details for selecting the fundamental
component of various frequencies from a stream of samples of an AC
voltage wave which precess (beat) with relation to a 1/8
subharmonic of the 60 Hz power frequency. Column 0 shows the first
53 samples of such a stream of data. Note that accurate digital
time stamp are available that can be received from a time service
and added at the start of this stream accurately providing the time
of sample 1 of column 0 of data. By providing the frequency of the
60 Hz voltage signal, the times of all succeeding samples of column
0 are also known.
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Column A shows numbers from a stack of values of a sine wave
matched in a computation procedure with every eighth sample of
column 0. This procedure provides samples for computation of the
cross correlation between the sine wave and the samples of the AC
voltage.
Column B represents values of the fundamental component of a
target wave at an expected slightly lower frequency than the 1/8
subharmotiic of the power frequency. Value B1 is seen matched to
Ol, B2 most nearly matched to 09, B3 most nearly matched to 018, B4
most nearly matched to 026, B5 most nearly matched to 034, B6 most
nearly matched to 043 and B7 most nearly matched to 051. It is
seen that the value of the AC wave that matches is advancing by a
count of about 2 out of 50 samples. This indicates the correlation
will find a frequency component about 4% lower than the 1/8
subharmonic of 7.5 Hz or about 7.2 Hz. In practice there will be
more than eight samples from electrical utility devices between
those taken in this example.
Note that taking the nearest match may be best when analyzing
data off line. In processing data in real time, however, it is
only practical to take the next sample as it comes along in time.
As an example of the formation of a time function by selection of
values from a table of sine values, consider the following:
Suppose that one frequency of 7.330 Hz is contained in a scan
of frequencies used to locate the target frequency which turns out
to be 7.321 Hz. The period of 7.330 Hz is its reciprocal or
0.1364256 seconds. Converted to microseconds this is 136,426ms.
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Further assume that this is to be time selected from a sine table
having 100 values. The computer program for this process runs in
real time, selecting a value from the sine table every 136.4
microseconds. This assumes that the resolution of the program is
0.1 microsecond.
It is noted that unavoidable round-off errors are created and
one can convert the 136.4 microsecond sampling period back to a
value of~ 7.331 Hz actually being used. This implies use of a 10
mHz processor to create the signal, with a program, written in
assembly language, counting processor clock cycles to time the
selection of values from the sine table.
Little is known about the amount of electromagnetic noise
present in the range of 7.32 Hz, however it must be expected that
it will be necessary to obtain the target Earth's reference signal
buried in considerable noise. In order to approach the resolution
of 0.01% obtainable from each measurement of a power frequency
cycle in the aforementioned M-2667 control it is necessary to track
the Earth's resonant frequency averaging out results of many cycles
of measurement .
A search, acquire and track technique is used in which a first
scan of frequencies approximately locates the target frequency.
Subsequent scans of ever decreasing steps in frequency difference
above and below the first approximation are made until a sufficient
accuracy is obtained effectively locking onto an accurate value of
the target frequency.
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The correlation computation acts as a narrow band frequency
filter with the bandwidth becoming narrower as the number of values
of "a" and "b" is increased.
As used in this invention, "A" in the numerator of the
correlation equation becomes the magnitude of an unknown wave
represented by samples "a". "B" in the numerator is the template
function of a known wave being sought represented by a table of
values "~b". Thus "A" is selectively the fundamental or harmonic
components of a coherent frequency of the E wave and "B" is the
matching table of values required to obtain the selected component.
The fundamental component of a coherent frequency of the E
wave is represented by a phaser, A = m + jn, where the magnitude of
the phaser in polar form is the magnitude of the fundamental
component and the angle is the time difference between the template
and the fundamental component.
When phase locked, m = A (n being controlled around zero) and
harmonics may be measured as phasers Ar = pr + jqr with "m" as the
phase reference of the harmonic phasers and "r" the order of the
harmonic.
Preferably computation is preformed by programs written in
assembly language using no interrupts and with operating loops
timed to be synchronous with analog to digital converters (ADCs) of
microprocessors on which the programs run. This is as described in
U. S. Patent No. 5,544,064 referenced above. These programs access
values of tables B spaced in time so as to produce a template time
function. This the frequency of the template is variable in steps
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CA 02283530 1999-09-24
as small as one step of said loop. Generally this equals one clock
cycle of said microprocessor.
Said program loops are made synchronous as required by adding
do-nothing steps. The template frequency is then varied by adding
or subtracting these do-nothing steps thus changing the time
between accessing values from said table and changing the period
and frequency of the template wave. Hereinafter, references to
changing the search (template) frequency refers to the procedure of
this paragraph.
Fig. 4 illustrates one way in which data is taken for electric
utility control purposes and at the same time made available for
experts around the world to construct an analytical model of the E
wave in order, for example, to explore the possibility that it
contributes energy to form tornados.
Substation fence 1 defines an electric power distribution
substation housing load tap changing transformer 2 supplying power
to distribution line 18. The voltage supplied to line 18 is
adjusted by load tap changer (LTC) 22 in response to tapchanger
control 4. Line 18 is provided with power factor compensating
capacitors 10 at various points along line 18, said capacitors 10
in turn switched on and off by switches 8 in turn controlled by
capacitor control 11. Part way along lines 18 regulators 9 may be
provided to further adjust the voltage on extension 19 of said
distribution line 18. Regulators 9 are controlled by regulator
controls 17.
Additional capacitors 10 switched by switches 8 controlled by
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CA 02283530 1999-09-24
controls 11 are provided along lines 19. Data is extracted from
controls 4 via radios 3 to radios 5 in turn connected to telephone
lines 7. In some instances telephone lines 7 are mounted on poles
20 located outside the fence 1 in order to protect lines 7 from the
ground potential rise within the substation caused by ground faults
within the substation fence 1. In other instances the telephone
lines 7 are terminated on wooden poles 20 utilizing the insulating
properties of wood to protect telephone lines 7 from temporarily
high potentials of the ground within the substation fence 1.
Radios 3 may also provide data to radios not shown within vehicles
6. Data may also be extracted from controls 17 via radios 3 to
radios 5 in turn connected to telephone lines 7. Regulators 9 are
often mounted on wooden cross beams between two poles carrying
lines 18 and 19. Telephone lines 7 may be mounted on the same
poles or may be on separate poles 21 placed along the same right of
way as lines 18 and 19. Radios 3 may also provide data to radios
not shown within service vehicle 12. Switches 8 are controlled by
controls 11, however communications is not generally provided to
controls 11 since it would likely duplicate the information
obtainable from controls 4 and controls 17.
Computers 13 dial up radios 5 over lines 7 connected to local
telephone service by modem 23. Computer 13 obtains data from
controls 4 and 17 via radio links 3 and 5 as each radio is selected
by computer 13. This data is buffered by computer 13 and fed into
The Internet 16 at selected intervals using a medium speed
connection, typically an ISDN line 24. The data is transferred via
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CA 02283530 1999-09-24
The Internet 16 to server 14 via connection 25, generally a type T1
telephone line. Data is obtainable from server 14 by computers 15
located around the world and typically connected to The Internet 16
by phone lines 26.
It is to be understood that The Internet 16 includes local
area networks and electric utility owned networks all combined in
a complex communications system. This system can be expected to
evolve from the system of the present to a future one quite
different in nature but which will still accommodate the inventions
contained herein.
Digital data from said sensors and from AC wave shapes are
time stamped and brought to computers in raw data form for
integration into a centralized study of the Earth's resonance.
Fig. 5 is a circuit diagram of a receiver for direct detection
of a selected coherent frequency of the E wave by obtaining power
and samples of the E wave from any overhead power or telephone
line. Samples are taken as required for acquiring, locking and
tracking of the coherent frequency of the E wave and not by
selection from a larger number of samples taken for other purposes .
In order to increase the sensitivity of this receiver to the
E wave signals, the fundamental component of the power frequency is
suppressed by a twin T notch filter. Since harmonics of power
frequency supply voltages can be expected to fall below 2%,
components of the coherent frequency of the E wave are raised
approximately 50 times as compared, for example with the
aforementioned M-2667 device, and fed into the analog to digital
CA 02283530 1999-09-24
converter (ADC) of the receiver.
The receiver furnishes phaser components of the fundamental
and harmonic components of a selected coherent frequency of the E
wave by conventional communications ports. In addition, three
phase outputs are provided for driving external devices, such as
synchronous motors, rotating at the precise frequency of the
selected coherent component of the E wave.
Fig. 5 shows a circuit diagram for a dedicated receiver 58 to
directly measure coherent frequencies of E waves as picked .up on
overhead electric power lines. Fig. 5 consists of electrical plug
40 bringing AC voltage, typically 120 VAC, to power supply 41 of
receiver 58. Power supply 41 supplies power for microprocessor 52
terminals VDD and VSS and transistors 55, 56 and 57. Microprocessor
52 high reference VRH is connected to VDD and low reference VRL is
connected to VSS, high AC input voltage 63 is also connected to
microprocessor 52 digital sampling analog to digital converter
input ADCO via a twin T filter and resistor 49. Said twin T filter
consists of a first T made up by serial resistors 42 and 43 with
shunt capacitor 47 in parallel with a second T made up by serial
capacitors 44 and 45 with shunt resistor 46. Resistor 49 and
diodes 50 connected to VDD and 51 connected to VSS protect
microprocessor 52 input ADCO from excessive voltages.
Microprocessor outputs consist of communications ports 53 such as
RS232, parallel connected volatile RAM and non-volatile flash
memory 54 and three phase outputs capable of driving devices
external to xeceiver 58 such as synchronous motor 59 at speeds
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CA 02283530 1999-09-24
synchronously related to coherent E elements of the Earth's
electromagnetic resonance. Said three phase outputs are formed by
binary ports OCO, OC1 and OC2 driving three phase lines 60, 61 and
62 via drive transistors 55, 56 and 57. Said three phase outputs
consist of square waves rotating in the sense 0-1-2 from said
outputs OCO, OC1 and OC2 as timed by program means contained in
receiver 58 when locked synchronously with a received coherent
signal.
The circuit of Fig. 5 is derived from the aforementioned M
2667 control by eliminating components relating to control and
adding said twin T filter and circuits to produce said three phase
outputs.
This device is suitable for plugging into a convenience
outlet, nominally 120 VAC in the United States and is operational
wherever said outlet is fed from transformers in turn connected to
overhead power lines. Operational at selected frequencies of 50
and 60 Hz, adapting plugs and voltage dropping transformers,
familiar to a world traveler, are used to operate the receiver in
countries where required. When installed in areas of tornado
activity, the harmonics may furnish indications of electromagnetic
vortices involvement in tornado strength.
Fig. 6 illustrates a second dedicated receiver 59 selectively
used for receiving spectral E waves of the Earth's resonance from
overhead telephone lines (not shown) through external telephone
connector 71 and ground connection 72. Receiver power 70 typically
consists of three 1.5 Vdc batteries serially connected to supply
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CA 02283530 1999-09-24
4.5 Vdc to microprocessor inputs VDD and VSS. All other components
and their functions are as shown for receiver 58 as described above
with reference to Fig. 5. Receiver 59 typically drives synchronous
motor 59 as also shown in Fig. 5. Such motors may be used to
rotate magnets at rates synchronous with a coherent wave for
research purposes.
These dedicated circuits measures only positive half cycles of
the of the E wave as described in U. S, Patent No. 5,315,527
referenced above. The steps of searching acquiring and tracking
are related to the positive half cycles with the expectation that
seldom, if ever will there be significant changes in the coherent
frequency of the E wave from one half cycle to the next.
These steps are modified to the following:
An original best guess as to the frequency of the E wave is
made and phaser A is taken twice. The one with the highest value
of the real component, "m", of the phaser is accepted and followed.
The amount of rotation of the phaser is calculated and if less than
a predetermined amount it is considered that the signal has been
acquired. If not, the frequency is made to search over the
expected range of the frequency and phaser A taken twice and again
the one with the highest value of the real component, "m", of the
phaser is accepted and followed. The amount of rotation of the
phaser is again calculated and if less than a predetermined amount
it is considered that the signal has been acquired. This process
is repeated until examination of phaser A indicates acquisition.
Tracking, is accomplished by raising and lowering the template
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frequency an amount proportional to the j term "n" of phaser A,
always in the direction that reduces the beat to zero. After a few
beat cycles, the correction is faster than the beat and the beat is
reduced to zero, the template and the coherent frequency of the E
wave has no long term phase difference between them and harmonics
are measured.
Phasers Ar are obtained by using tables of "r" cycles of sine
and cosine functions corresponding to one half cycle of a coherent
component of the E wave . A string of computations in a loop is
now:
Use 180° sine tables to compute m.
Use 180° cosine tables to compute n.
After acquisition of the coherent frequency of the E wave,
time for the negative half cycle equal to the measured period of
the positive half cycle is skipped until measurement is resumed.
Samples from positive half cycles are stored for processing
harmonic calculations during negative half cycles. Tables for
harmonics are used corresponding to half cycles of the fundamental
component. Use is made of well known symmetry of odd and even
harmonics and harmonic computations made between adjacent half
cycles of fundamental components.
Moving calculations of harmonics into the "unused" negative
half cycles results in use of shorter synchronous loops during
positive half cycles following only the fundamental component of
the coherent component of the E wave. Shorter loops result in more
samples per cycle of the wave, thus narrowing the bandwidth of the
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CA 02283530 1999-09-24
correlation filter, giving better signal to noise ratios and
improving the acquisition and tracking of the signal.
Tracking consists of making measurements and computations and
observing long term variations in characteristics of the coherent
components of the E wave.
An original best guess as to the frequency of a coherent
frequency of the E wave of interest is made and phaser "A" is taken
twice. The amount of rotation of the phaser is calculated and if
less than a predetermined amount it is considered that the signal
has been acquired. If not, the frequency is made to search over the
expected range of the frequency of the coherent frequency of the E
wave and phaser "A" examined for acquisition. Note that the
rotation of the phaser below a selected amount is equivalent to
saying that the beat frequency between the template and the
coherent frequency of the E wave is less than a given amount and
finding the coherent frequency of the E wave is indicated.
At this point there is a beat between the template and the
coherent frequency of the E wave and it is desirable to lock them;
ie. eliminate the beat. This is accomplished by raising and
lowering the template frequency an amount proportional to the j
term "n" of phaser A, always in the direction that reduces the beat
to zero. After a few beat cycles, the correction is faster than
the beat and the beat is reduced to nearly zero (n is nearly zero).
The template and the coherent frequency of the E wave will have no
long term phase difference between them, the magnitude of A is now
equal to "m" and harmonics may be measured.
CA 02283530 1999-09-24
In more detail this invention includes searching for,
acquiring and tracking expected frequencies of coherent E waves of
the Earth's electromagnetic resonance consisting of the steps of:
a) obtaining digital samples of signals from existing wire
lines,
b) storing N values of 180 of a sine function,
c) storing N values of 180 of a cosine function,
d) ' forming frequencies of N digital values by sequences
spaced by time difference ~t of accessing said values from .said
tables B of values of sine waves,
e) forming sums of N products of said digital values of a
sine function
with N said
digital samples
of signals,
f) forming sums of N products of said digital values of a
cosine function with N said digital samples of signals,
g) computing the following substeps for one half cycle time
equal t o N * Wit,
1- taking the square root of the sum taken by using
sine functions thereby obtaining magnitudes of real
components "m" of phasers,
2- taking the square root of the sum taken by using
cosine functions thereby obtaining magnitudes of reactive
components "n" of phasers,
3- obtaining magnitudes "A" of said phasers by taking
the square root of real magnitudes squared added to
reactive magnitudes squared,
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4- obtaining angles of said phasers as the angle whose
sine is real magnitude/reactive magnitude,
5- if said angle is from 90° to 180° waiting an
additional one half cycle period,
6- choosing said frequency by changing ~t so as to
search through expected values of said coherent
frequencies,
computing the rate of rotation of said phaser from
one determination to the next,
8- when said rate of rotation is below a preselected
value making said change in frequency proportional to
reactive magnitudes of said phasers using the polarity
whereby said coherent frequencies are acquired,
9- tracking said frequencies as desired, and
10- exiting said substeps when requested by
communications.
h) outputting said magnitudes of phasers and frequencies of
acquired coherent E waves, and
i) returning to step d)
Harmonic phasers Ar may also be obtained after substep 10 by
using tables of "r" cycles of sine and cosine functions
corresponding to one cycle of the template. Each harmonic phaser
stack of values must have the same number of values as the
template. Phaser computations take place in the synchronous loops
referred to above. It is reasonable that a good representation of
the shape of ,the coherent frequency of the E wave is made by
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finding the fundamental and the second, third, fourth and fifth
harmonic phaser. A string of computations in a loop would then be:
Use a 720° sine table to compute p2.
Use a 720° cosine table to compute q2.
Use a 1080° sine table to compute p3.
Use a 1080° cosine table to compute q3.
And so on through the phaser components for the fifth
harmonic; producing a total of eight harmonic phaser components.
These components may be combined with the real, m, term of the
fundamental component and the E wave shape displayed and studied
within the resolution of five harmonics.
Tracking now consists of maintaining the lock, making
measurements and computations and observing any long term
variations in characteristics of the coherent component of the E
wave . By combining data from various places on Earth the worldwide
nature of the coherent frequency of the E wave can be studied.
FINDING Q-BURSTS
(The second purpose of this invention)
In the period 1955 to 1960 an adaptive filter was developed by
a group in the Research Laboratory of the General Electric Company
in Schenectady NY using digital computers available at the time.
This filter needed know only the approximate time duration of any
randomly occurring monotonic (single valued) function. It then was
able to find the signal deeply buried in noise in a process
included the following steps:
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CA 02283530 1999-09-24
1) Digitally sample the noise for the chosen time duration
forming stack of samples.
a
2) Compute the running correlation between the first stack
and a stack
with the
oldest
sample
discarded
and a new
sample
added.
3) When the correlation exceeded a minimum positive
probabili ty, average the first and the present stack as a new
starting~ stack.
4) Continue the process and averaging by weighting. old
averages by the number of stacks averaged and with each new stack
weighted as one.
5) Increase the threshold towards one as the signal emerges
and the robability of detection approaches unity.
p
This process is adapted to discovering signals such as the
Q-
burst as follows:
a) Choose known coherent frequencies within various
frequency bands of the Earth's resonance.
b) Choose a time duration as measured by the number of full
cycles of each said chosen frequency.
c) Measure the amplitude of each said full cycle forming
a
first sta ck of said amplitudes.
d) Continue the process of steps 1) through 5), above, until
the time function of a Q-burst is obtained.
e) Repeat steps a) through d) using known coherent
frequenci es forming a multi-frequency model of a Q-burst.
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CA 02283530 1999-09-24
This model should be useful in hypothesizing sources which
cause the phenomena.
In more detail this invention includes obtaining time profiles
of randomly spaced bursts of low frequency electric (E) waves of
predictable time duration of the Earth's electromagnetic resonance
by the following steps:
a) obtaining digital samples of signals from existing wire
lines,
b) selecting initial limits of positive correlation,
c) selecting upper values for said limit,
d) digitally sampling signals at selected uniformly spaced
intervals for said predicted time duration initializing push-down
stacks A of signals
with newest
signals at top
of stacks and
oldest
at bottom of stacks,
e) forming loops consisting of substeps 1- through 8-,
1- taking new samples of signal,
2- copying stack A, adding said new samples to top of
copied stack and discarding samples at bottom of copied
stack thereby forming stack N,
3- cross correlating stack N with stack A obtaining
correlations between -1 and +1,
4- if correlation is less than said limit returning to
substep 1-,
5- if correlation is greater than said limit
multiplying samples from stack A by C, adding said new
sample and dividing by C + 1 thus revising stack A,
CA 02283530 1999-09-24
6- incrementing said limit upward by percentage
a of
therange from the value of the limit to +1,
7- incrementing a count C by one and returning to
substep 1-,
8- exiting the loop when said correlation exceeds said
upper value,
f) outputting stack A to computers selectively via the
Internet, and
g) returning to step a).
whereby stacks A outputted are time profiles of randomly
spaced bursts of E waves useful for research as to the cause of
random signals such as Q-bursts. Note that the fundamental
component of such bursts may be zero in which case harmonics are
not defined, having no basis for a phase reference.
ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION:
1. Makes use of existing overhead power and telephone lines
around the world.
2. Provides a low cost means for obtaining continuous data
from many points around the world for proving or modifying
mathematical models of fundamental E components the Earth's
resonance.
3. Provides data in phaser form for modeling the E field
fundamental component and harmonics using the fundamental as phase
reference.
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CA 02283530 1999-09-24
4. As one alternative provides easy to install and operate
computer programs for extracting data from existing controls,
protective relays and fault recorders.
5. As a second alternative provides a dedicated receiver for
obtaining data from telephone and power lines.
6. Dedicated receivers are easy for use by non-
professionals.
7. Simple means for inputting phaser information on the
Internet from any point on Earth for distribution worldwide..
~ March 30, 1999 R. W. Beckwith
20
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