Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
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ABRASIVE CLEANING COMPOSITION
Technical Field
The invention relates to pourable, homogenous, abrasive,
aqueous liquid detergent compositions containing a particulate
abrasive which are suited to the cleaning of hard surfaces.
Background to the Invention
Hard surface cleaners containing abrasive particles are well
known. Typical compositions comprise one or more surfactants
in solution and a plurality of abrasive particles dispersed
therein. Typical abrasive materials include minerals such as
calcite or dolomite and other materials of relatively high
density. In this art it is generally considered necessary to
ensure that the abrasive particles remain in suspension in the
composition in order that the composition need not be
vigorously shaken before use and that sedimentation, or even
cementing of precipitated particles, is prevented.
In one sub-class of compositions, one or more surfactant
components act as a suspending agent, usually in combination
with a dissolved electrolyte. The presence of the electrolyte
causes the surfactant components) to thicken by the
establishment of a lamellar phase. These compositions are
generally formulated at a pH above 9.0 especially where
calcite is used as the abrasive.
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Surfactants employed as suspending agents in liquid abrasive
cleaners have included, alkyl benzene sulphonates, alcohol
sulphates, alcohol ethoxylates, alkyl amido ethoxylates, fatty
acid soaps and secondary alkyl sulphonates. Combinations of
these surfactants, together with electrolytes are used to form
a suspending system as is well known in the art.
The fine structure of these suspending systems generally
consists of spherical structures ranging from 0.05 to about 10
microns in diameter. These structures are believed to
comprise concentric shells of alternating bilayers of
surfactant molecules spaced apart by thin water layers. The
suspending system is not the only structure which surfactants
can form in the presence of water. The above-mentioned
surfactants can also form micellar structures which are
viscous but are not capable of suspending particles. In
addition, compositions of surfactant and water may separate
into two or more mixed phases with different physical
properties. Exactly which structure is adopted by a
particular surfactant mix is strongly influenced by the ionic
strength of electrolyte in the composition and some surfactant
systems can be exceptionally sensitive to changes in ionic
strength of the electrolyte.
It is also known to use mixed suspending systems in which
polymers are present. It is believed that in such
compositions a part of the suspending activity of the products
arises due to the presence of the polymers.
It is essential, in any commercially practical liquid abrasive
cleaner which employs surfactants as the suspending system,
that the suspending system is stable over the full range of
temperatures encountered in use and sufficiently suspending to
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3
maintain the abrasive particles in suspension for the shelf
life of the product. Where the ionic strength of the
composition changes with temperature, it is difficult to
predict whether a given additive will disturb the suspending
system in such a way that it ceases to suspend particles in
some portion of the range of temperatures to which the
product will be exposed. WO 94/05757 (Unilever) relates to
stable liquid abrasive cleaners containing mixtures of
primary alcohol sulphate and alkoxylated nonionic surfactant
in a specific ratio range, which compositions also contain 1-
20% of a dissolved electrolyte.
A further problem with liquid abrasive cleaners is their
tendency to leave residues which are difficult to rinse away.
This is a particular problem with compositions which contain
insoluble abrasives. There is therefore a need to improve the
performance of abrasive compositions in such as manner that
the overall level of abrasive can be reduced so as to improve
rinsing performance and reduce the possibility of surface
damage by the abrasive.
Solvents are well known components of non-abrasive cleaning
compositions. Typical solvents used in cleaning compositions
include, alcohols (such as ethanol), ethers (such as Butyl
Cellosolve [TM]), paraffins (such as Isopar L [TM]), esters
and terpenes (such as d-limonene). Another known class of
solvents are the alkanolamines. EP503219A (P&G) relates to a
cleaning composition containing 0.1 - 10~ of an alkanolamine.
From EP-A-0269178 (P&G) it is known to use hydrocarbon
solvents in liquid abrasive cleaners, These solvents are
optionally combined with polar solvents such as low water
pN;tvDED SHEEj
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soluble alcohols and diols and highly water soluble
diethylene glycol ether type solvents.
We have determined that it is difficult to include an
alkanolamine solvent at significant levels in a liquid
abrasive cleaner. It is believed that alkanolamines have both
electrolyte and solvent properties and can influence the
structure of the suspending phase. Consequently, as the
temperature of the composition changes, on storage or during
transportation, the level of effective electrolyte in the
composition will also change and this can result in the
p"'v~t~DED S~EE~
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breakdown of the suspending phase and precipitation of
abrasive particles or even phase-separation of the
composition.
Brief Description of the Invention
We have now determined that improved liquid abrasive cleaners
of pH 7-13 can be formulated with significant levels of a CZ-C6
alkanolamine, provided that a hydrocarbon co-solvent is
present. The presence of alkanolamines is desirable at the
alkanolamine can act as both a solvent and as a base to assist
in the removal of difficult soils.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a liquid abrasive
cleaning composition of pH 7-13 which comprises:
a) 0.1-20owt of one or more surfactants forming a suspending
sy s t em,
b) 2-80%wt one or more suspended abrasives,
c) 0.5-10%wt of a Cz-C6 alkanolamine, and,
d) 0.25-10°swt of a hydrocarbon co-solvent
It is believed that the alkanolamine acts both as a base and a
solvent which improves cleaning and so allows the level of
suspended abrasive to be reduced. In turn this is believed to
reduce the possibility of abrasive damage to surfaces and
improve rinsing performance. It is believed that the presence
of the hydrocarbon co-solvent is required to maintain the
stability of the alkanolamine based composition when it is
.r.; .. ~~..:r.'..:,..,....
_T.
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subjected to temperature cycling or storage at extremes of
temperature.
Detailed Description of the Invention
In order that the invention may be further understood various
preferred and/or optional features of the embodiments of the
invention are described below.
Alkanolamines:
Alkanolamines for use in the compositions of the present
invention can be mono- or poly-functional as regards the amine
and hydroxy moieties. Preferred alkanolamines are generally
of the formulation H2N-R1-OH where R1 is a linear or branched
alkyl chain having 2-6 carbons. Suitable alkanolamines
include:
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol,
mono- di- and tri- ethanolamine,
mono-, di- and tri -isopropanolamine, and,
dimethyl-, diethyl or dibutyl ethanolamine,
It is envisaged that cyclic alkanolamines such as morpholine
can also be employed.
Particularly suitable alkanolamines include: 2-amino-2-methyl-
1-propanol, mono-ethanolamine and di-ethanolamine. These
. materials are believed to give improved cleaning on tough or
aged soils. Of these materials 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
(AMP) is particularly preferred.
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Typical levels of alkanolamine in the compositions of the
invention range from 1-5%wt. Higher levels of solvent are
less desirable as these may attack certain plastics materials.
It is particularly preferred to use 2-amino-2-methyl-1-
propanol at a level of 1-3%wt.
Co-solvents:
Suitable co-solvent include saturated and unsaturated, linear
or branched hydrocarbons. Preferred materials include:
CloHl~ terpenes, and,
Clo-C1~ straight chain paraffins
Particularly suitable terpenes include d-limonene.
Particularly preferred paraffins include the material
available in the marketplace as 'Shellsol-T' [TM].
Typical levels of co-solvent range from 0.5-5%wt. It is
particularly preferred to use terpines at levels 1-3%wt. Some
of these terpene materials, such as limonene, have the further
advantage that they, or impurities present in them, exhibit
insect-repellency. We have determined that the terpene
materials give better performance at pH's below 11. The
straight chain paraffins can be used at higher levels than the
terpenes as these materials are less aggressive to plastics.
The paraffins are believed to give better performance at pH's
above 11.
It is preferred that the ratio of the alkanolamine to the
hydrocarbon co-solvent falls in the range 3:1-1:3, with ratios
of 3:1 to 1:1 being particularly preferred.
_. T
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Advantageously, a portion of the co-solvent can be introduced
as a perfume component, although the levels of co-solvent
required will generally require the addition of higher levels
of this component that would normally be present as a perfume
ingredient in cleaning compositions. Preferably the terpenes
are used in this manner as selected terpenes, such as
limonene, have a pleasant citrus smell, whereas paraffins are
generally odourless.
Abrasives:
A dispersed, suspended particulate phase is an essential
ingredient of compositions according to the present invention.
Preferably, the dispersed suspended particulate phase
comprises a particulate abrasive which is insoluble in the
aqueous phase. In the alternative, the abrasive may be
soluble and present in such excess that the solubility of the
abrasive in the aqueous phase is exceeded and consequently
solid abrasive exists in the composition.
Preferred abrasives for use in general purpose compositions
have a Moh hardness below 6 although higher hardness abrasives
can be employed for specialist applications. Lower hardness
materials generally give less surface damage.
Suitable abrasives can be selected from, particulate zeolites,
calcites, silicas, silicates, carbonates, aluminas,
bicarbonates, borates, sulphates, and, polymeric materials
such as polyethylene.
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Preferred average (weight average) particle sizes for the
abrasive fall in the range 0.5-200 microns, with values of
around 10-100 microns being preferred. In this range an
acceptable compromise between good cleaning behaviour and low
S substrate damage is achieved.
Preferred levels of abrasive range from 5-70wt~ on product,
preferably in the range 20-40wto, most preferably >30wt~.
Such levels of abrasive give effective cleaning and good
rinsing.
The most preferred abrasives are calcium carbonate (as
calcite), mixtures of calcium and magnesium carbonates (as
dolomite), sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium sulphate,
zeolite, alumina, hydrated alumina, feldspar, talc and silica.
Calcite and dolomite are particularly preferred due to their
low cost, suitable hardness and colour.
Surfactants:
The composition according to the invention will comprise
detergent actives which are generally chosen from both anionic
and nonionic detergent actives.
Suitable anionic detergent active compounds are water-soluble
salts of organic sulphuric reaction products having in the
molecular structure an alkyl radical containing from 8 to 22
carbon atoms, and a radical chosen from sulphonic acid or
sulphur acid ester radicals and mixtures thereof.
_ ~ __ ___.._ __ T_.___._. .._
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Examples of suitable anionic detergents are sodium and
potassium alcohol sulphates, especially those obtained by
sulphating the higher alcohols produced by reducing the
glycerides of tallow or coconut oil; sodium and potassium
alkyl benzene sulphonates such as those in which the alkyl
group contains from 9 to 15 carbon atoms; sodium and potassium
secondary alkanesulphonates; sodium alkyl glyceryl ether
sulphates, especially those ethers of the higher alcohols
derived from tallow and coconut oil; sodium coconut oil fatty
acid monoglyceride sulphates; sodium and potassium salts of
sulphuric acid esters of the reaction product of one mole of a
higher fatty alcohol and from 1 to 6 moles of ethylene oxide;
sodium and potassium salts of alkyl phenol ethylene oxide
ether sulphate with from 1 to 8 units of ethylene oxide
molecule and in which the alkyl radicals contain from 4 to 14
carbon atoms; the reaction product of fatty acids esterified
with isethionic acid and neutralised with sodium hydroxide
where, for example, the fatty acids are derived from coconut
oil and mixtures thereof.
The preferred water-soluble synthetic anionic detergent active
compounds are the alkali metal (such as sodium and potassium)
and alkaline earth metal (such as calcium and magnesium) salts
of higher alkyl benzene sulphonates and mixtures with
olefinsulphonates and higher alkyl sulphates, and the higher
fatty acid monoglyceride sulphates. The most preferred
anionic detergent active compounds are higher alkyl aromatic
sulphonates such as higher alkyl benzene sulphonates
containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl group in a
straight or branched chain, particular examples of which are
sodium salts of higher alkyl benzene sulphonates or of higher-
alkyl toluene, xylene or phenol sulphonates, alkyl naphthalene
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sulphonates, ammonium diamyl naphthalene sulphonate, and
sodium dinonyl naphthalene sulphonate.
The amount of synthetic anionic detergent active to be
employed in the detergent composition of this invention will
generally be from 1 to 250, preferably from 2 to 200, and most
preferably from 2 to 15o by weight.
Suitable nonionic detergent active compounds can be broadly
described as compounds produced by the condensation of
alkylene oxide groups, which are hydrophilic in nature, with
an organic hydrophobic compound which may be aliphatic or
alkyl aromatic in nature. The length of the hydrophilic or
polyoxyalkylene radical which is condensed with any particular
hydrophobic group can be readily adjusted to yield a water-
soluble compound having the desired degree of balance between
hydrophilic and hydrophobic elements.
Particular examples include the condensation product of
aliphatic alcohols having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms in either
straight or branched chain configuration with ethylene oxide,
such as a coconut oil ethylene oxide condensate having from 2
to 15 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of coconut alcohol;
condensates of alkylphenols whose alkyl group contains from 6
to 12 carbon atoms with 5 to 25 moles of ethylene oxide per
mole of alkylphenol; condensates of the reaction product of
ethylenediamine and propylene oxide with ethylene oxide, the
condensates containing from 40 to 80% of polyoxyethylene
radicals by weight and having a molecular weight of from 5,000
to 11,000; tertiary amine oxides of structure R3N0, where one
group R is an alkyl group of 8 to 18 carbon atoms and the
others are each methyl, ethyl or hydroxyethyl groups, for
instance dimethyldodecylamine oxide; tertiary phosphine oxides
r. _.r -____
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of structure R3P0, where one group R is an alkyl group of from
to 18 carbon atoms, and the others are each alkyl or
hydroxyalkyl groups of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, for instance
dimethyldodecylphosphine oxide; and dialkyl sulphoxides of
5 structure 8250 where the group R is an alkyl group of from 10
to 18 carbon atoms and the other is methyl or ethyl, for
instance methyltetradecyl sulphoxide; fatty acid
alkylolamides; alkylene oxide condensates of fatty acid
alkylolamides and alkyl mercaptans.
The amount of nonionic detergent active to be employed in the
detergent composition of the invention will generally be from
0.5 to 150, preferably from 1 to 10%, and most preferably from
1 to 8o by weight.
Preferably, the compositions contain an amount of both the
anionic and the nonionic detergent active which is chosen,
bearing in mind the level of electrolyte present, so as to
provide a structured liquid detergent composition, ie. one
which is 'self' thickened without necessarily employing any
other thickening agent.
The weight ratio of anionic detergent to nonionic detergent
active may vary and will depend on their nature but is
preferably in the range of from 1:9 to 9:1, ideally from 1:4
to 4:1.
According to a preferred embodiment illustrating this aspect
of the invention, the detergent compositions will comprise
from 2 to 10o by weight of a water-soluble, synthetic anionic
sulphated or sulphonated detergent salt containing an alkyl
radical having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms in the molecule, and
from 0.5 to 8% by weight of an alkyleneoxylated nonionic
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detergent derived from the condensation of an aliphatic
alcohol having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms in the molecule with
ethylene oxide, such that the condensate has from 2 to 15
moles of ethylene oxide per mole of aliphatic alcohol.
It is also possible optionally to include amphoteric, cationic
or zwitterionic detergent actives in the compositions
according to the invention.
Suitable amphoteric detergent-active compounds that optionally
can be employed are derivatives of aliphatic secondary and
tertiary amines containing an alkyl group of 8 to 18 carbon
atoms and an aliphatic radical substituted by an anionic
water-solubilising group, for instance sodium 3-dodecylamino-
propionate, sodium 3-dodecylaminopropane sulphonate and sodium
N-2-hydroxydodecyl-N-methyl taurate.
Suitable cationic detergent-active compounds are quaternary
ammonium salts having an aliphatic radical of from 8 to 18
carbon atoms, for instance cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide.
Suitable zwitterionic detergent-active compounds that
optionally can be employed are derivatives of aliphatic
quaternary ammonium, sulphonium and phosphonium compounds
having an aliphatic radical of from 8 to 18 carbon atoms and
an aliphatic radical substituted by an anionic water-
solubilising group, for instance 3-(N,N-dimethyl-N-
hexadecylammonium)propane-1-sulphonate betaine, 3-(dodecyl
methyl sulphonium) propane-1-sulphonate betaine and 3-
(cetylmethyl phosphonium) ethane sulphonate betaine.
Further examples of suitable detergent-active compounds are
compounds commonly used as surface-active agents given in the
T__ _r __ _
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well-known textbooks "Surface Active Agents", Volume I by
Schwartz and Perry and "Surface Active Agents and Detergents",
Volume II by Schwartz, Perry and Berch.
The total amount of detergent active compound to be employed
in the detergent composition of the invention will generally
be from 1.5 to 30%, preferably from 2 to 15o by weight.
It is an important feature of the invention that the
composition will be capable of stably suspending the particles
of abrasive, so that the consumer does not need to agitate the
composition, for example by shaking it, in order to re-suspend
and re-distribute sedimented particles prior to use. For this
purpose, the composition should have a viscosity at 200C of at
least 5000 Pas at a shear rate of 3 x 10-5 sec.-1 (as determined
by Stokes Law). This viscosity is generally sufficient to
ensure that the particles of abrasive do not sediment on
standing at 200C by more than 1 cm in one month.
The composition according to the invention should also remain
sufficiently fluid, so that it can readily be poured from a
bottle or other container when required for use. For this
purpose, the composition should preferably have a viscosity at
200C, measured using a rotational viscometer which does not
exceed 10 Pas at a shear rate of 21 sec.-1. Preferably, the
viscosity at 200C is no greater than 5 Pas at a shear rate of
21 sec-' .
Suitable rheological conditions to suit these criteria can be
provided by judicial choice of anionic and nonionic detergent
to provide a structured liquid having the requisite suspending
properties, and/or by use of an appropriate amount of an
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alternative structuring agent such as is well known in the
art.
Polymers:
The compositions according to the invention may optionally
contain polymeric structuring agents to aid in providing
appropriate rheological properties to maintain the undissolved
salt or salts uniformly distributed in the composition and in
enhancing their distribution and adherence of the composition
to the hard surface to be cleaned.
Preferred structuring agents include polysaccharides, such as
sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and other chemically modified
cellulose materials, xanthan gum and other non-flocculating
structuring agents such as Biopolymer PS87 referred to in US
Patent No. 4 329 448. Certain polymers such as a polymer of
acrylic acid cross-linked with a poly functional agent, for
example CARBOPOLR, can also be used as structuring agents. The
amount of such structuring agents, when employed, to be used
in compositions according to the invention can be as little as
0.001%, preferably at least 0.01% by weight of the
composition.
In general, the composition of the invention can optionally
comprise from 0.1-1% of polymer.
Optional Ingredients:
The composition according to the invention can contain other
ingredients which aid in their cleaning performance. For
_. .-T__.__.__ ~ .._......._ ___..__ __
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example, the composition can contain detergent builders other
than the special water-soluble salts, as defined herein, such
as nitrilotriacetates, polycarboxylates, citrates,
dicarboxylic acids, water-soluble phosphates especially
polyphosphates, mixtures of ortho- and pyrophosphate, zeolites
and mixtures thereof. Such builders can additionally function
as abrasives if present in an amount in excess of their
solubility in water. In general, the builder, other than the
special water-soluble salts when employed, preferably will
form from 0.1 to 25% by weight of the composition.
Metal ion sequestrants such as ethylenediaminetetraacetates,
amino-polyphosphonates (DEQUEST~) and phosphates and a wide
variety of other poly-functional organic acids and salts, can
also optionally be employed provided they are compatible with
the abrasive material.
A further optional ingredient for compositions according to
the invention is a suds regulating material, which can be
employed in compositions according to the invention which have
a tendency to produce excessive suds in use. One example of a
suds regulating material is soap. Soaps are salts of fatty
acids and include alkali metal soaps such as the sodium,
potassium and ammonium salts of higher fatty acids containing
from about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms, and preferably from
about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms. Particularly useful are
the sodium and potassium and mono-, di- and triethanolamine
salts of the mixtures of fatty acids derived from coconut oil
and ground nut oil. When employed, the amount of soap can
form at least 0.005%, preferably 0.5% to 2% by weight of the
composition. Fatty acid soaps such as Prifac 7901 [TM] have
been found to be suitable for this purpose.
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A further example of a suds regulating material is an silica
or a silicone oil. Where the hydrocarbons according to the
present invention are present at sufficiently high levels
these may themselves provide some or all of the required
antifoaming activity.
Compositions according to the invention can also contain, in
addition to the ingredients already mentioned, various other
optional ingredients such as Colourants, whiteners, optical
brighteners, soil suspending agents, detersive enzymes,
compatible bleaching agents (particularly hypohalites), gel-
control agents, further freeze-thaw stabilisers, bactericides,
preservatives (for example 1,2, benzisothiazolin-3-one), and
hydrotropes.
pH:
Compositions according to the invention are formulated in the
alkaline pH range, and will generally have a pH of from 9.5 to
12.5, preferably about 10 to 12 when calcite is used as the
abrasive. When other abrasives are used the pH can be lower,
but the pH should generally be above the (pKa of the
alkanolamine)-1 and preferably be above the pKa of the
alkanolamine.
Alkalising agents such as sodium hydroxide and sodium
carbonate and acids such as hydrochloric acid can be used to
adjust and buffer the pH as desired.
_ T _ _. T_
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Preferred Compositions:
Preferred compositions according to the present invention
- comprise:
a) 1-5%wt alkali metal carbonate and/or bicarbonate,
b) 1-5%wt alkyl benzene sulphonate,
c) 0-1%wt fatty acid,
d) 1-3%wt ethoxylated alcohol nonionic surfactant,
e) 0.5-2.0%wt of an alkanolamines selected from the group
comprising: 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, mono- di- and
tri- ethanolamine, mono-, di- and tri- isopropanolamine,
dimethyl-, diethyl- or dibutyl- ethanolamine, and
mixtures thereof,
f) 0.5-2.0%wt of a co-solvent selected from the group
comprising: CloHm terpenes, Clo-C,n straight chain
paraffins and mixtures thereof,
g) 20-40% of an abrasive selected from the group comprising:
calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonates, zeolite,
alumina, hydrated alumina, feldspar, talc, silica and
mixtures thereof, and,
h) 0.1-2%wt perfume components other than terpenes,
with the balance comprising minors and water.
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In order that the invention may be further understood it will
be described hereinafter with reference to the following non-
limiting examples:
EXAMPLES
Examples were performed using the following base compositions
(as given in table 1) with varying levels of solvents as
indicated in table 2. Compositions were prepared at pH 10 and
pH 12 as indicated in table 1.
TABLE 1
'Base Compositions pHlO pHl2
Sodium carbonate 3.130 3.130
Sodium 0.53% 0.53%
bicarbonate
I
~Calcite 35.0% 35.0% [OMY Acarb 30-AV: TM
ex. OMYA]
Alkyl Benzene 3.OOo 3.OOo [Petrelab 550: TM
Sulphonate ex. Petresa]
Coconut fatty 0.480 0.480 [Prifac 7901: TM
acid ex. Unichema]
Nonionic 7E0 1.50% 1.500 [Dobanol 23-6.5E0:
TM ex. Shell]
Hydrochloric acid 0.26% - [2M ex. Fisons]
Sodium Hydroxide - 0.420
1,2,Benzisothiazo .016% .0160 [Proxel GXL: TM ex.
lin-3-one ICI]
Perfume 0.50% 0.50% [CL0318A: TM ex.
Quest]
Water to 100% to 100%
r _-____ _.__T _ ____. _.__
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Using the compositions of table 1, the examples of table 2
below were made up adding a total of 2% solvent which was
either 2% amino-methyl propanol (AMP) or 1% amino methyl
propanol plus a co-solvent. The stability of the compositions
was determined during five weeks storage under ambient
conditions and under various modified temperature conditions.
The modified temperature conditions were:
a) Ten freeze-thaw cycles with sixteen hours at below -15
Celsius and 8 hours at 25 Celsius.
b) Five weeks storage at 4 degrees Celsius.
c) Five weeks storage at 37 degrees Celsius.
Failure marked in the columns headed 'temp' in table 2
indicates that the samples separated into two or more phases
when stored under at least one of the modified temperature
conditions. Failure marked in the column headed 'ambi' in
table 2 indicates that the samples separated into two or more
phases when stored under ambient conditions. The examples
with Shellsol T and limonene are embodiments of the invention
the examples with benzyl alcohol, Butyl Digol [TM] (diethylene
glycol mono n-butyl ether) and Dowanol PnB [TM] (propylene
glycol mono n-butyl ether) are comparatives which show that
not all solvents are suitable for use in the practice of the
invention.
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TABLE 2: Storacre Results
Composition pHlO pHlO pHl2 pHl2
Ambi Temp Ambi Temp
Base 2%AMP pass fail pass fail
+
Base 1oAMP to She11So1 T pass pass fail fail
+ +
Base 1%AMP 1% limonene fail fail pass pass
+ +
Base 1%AMP 1% Dowanol PnB pass fail fail fail
+ +
Base 1%AMP 1% Benzyl fail fail pass fail
+ +
alcohol
Base 1%AMP 1o Butyl Digol fail fail fail fail
+ +
From the above results it can be seen that stable compositions
at pH 10 could be made using paraffin (Shellsol T) as the co-
solvent. At higher pH limonene was effective as a co-solvent.
The compositions with ShellSoL-T and limonene both showed
acceptable cleaning performance on tough soils. The
compositions prepared with the Dowanol PnB, benzyl alcohol and
Butyl Digol all showed instability under one or more
conditions of storage at other than ambient temperature.
T _.__-.~.~~ ~
